St° '"Sllk°N Cd Drcuits

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

St° ' students to learning on their own. Both computational power and scientific ad- 9. j. r. Anderson. The ttfMr^q <m&ition groups got the same lectures and read vances in the understanding ofcognition. d Universilv (Mril^ass., the same material. All students complet- m" - We havefocused on the consequencesof ">" ACT* is the most recent"*in a series of theories ed the lessons. However, students work- intelligent tutoring methods for pedago- ff^lSt U^t^eTSr^If ing witn the computer tutor spent 30 gy. However, we should stress that data Thought, a name that has only historical signifi- percent less time doing the problems collected in these pedagogical experi- n. STerown and K. VanLehn. Costive Sci 4 associated with the lemons and scored ments advance the science of human „ "\mQ) - -43 percent better on the final exam than cognition. SiS^^^^ the Students Working On their own. Press. New York. 1982). References and Notes 13. J. R. Anderson and R. Jeffries. Hum. Comput. , in press. i ? c r. wn a fro rid J Grecno, in Research Brief- 14. B. S. Bloom.Educ. Researcher 13. 3 (1984). demy Prt>s Washing- 15> c Boyle and J R Anderson Overalloverall Assessment ofDC ' and7" , ' ncu " mTi'> n ,-., automated instruction of geometry"^"«"proof 2. D Sleeman and J S. Brown. Eds., Intelligent paperpresented at theAmerican Educa- g Sys,ems Academic , „ __ ioo-n < New York, tion Researchiwsi.aii.il rvs>utiauunAssociation meetings, New Or-ur- Researcht> . on ". ... , iS*°?"982) leans. intelligenttutoring is now v . A April 1984. on the threshold of a methodology that ' ' L2^^i£SSS^JKSKS'te will make qualitativechanges abil- M^.r^-S""hlske New York Times < 9 December*' "' gence<i9Bi)i. in our f9'84) ' ity to instruct Students on topics that 5. J Carbonnel] lEEE Trans. Man-Machine W. L SUSdH^, f P^ro"/"fiSlli ' in The many students find difficult. This 1 00 0 b k M Chi results 6. frT^ZTiv (June 1984) * °° - ' from afortuitous convergence R- Anderson « (1984). mfZ?*^^ * * of techno- J- {■ Cognitive Sci. 87 19. Supported by contract NOOOl4-84-K-0064 from 8' S A logical advances in .he availability of k^l^3°&Xi. '" "' ' ically sell for $10,000 to $100,000 and superminicomputers sell for $100,000 to $500,000. 3) A new computer class can be pro- ducedby combining parts in a new way. Multis: A New Class of The supercomputer and various micro- processor-based computers including Multiprocessor Computers workstations and multis emerged in this fashion. In 1964. the supercomputer class was introduced with the CDC-6600, C. Gordon Bell although large computers, including IBM's Stretch, had been built earlier. Seymour Cray's CDC-6600 contained rfx „ . about a half-million denselypacked, Fre- cost and selling pnce, thereby increasing on-cooled transistors connected with g ictecZToevthafrr th£ effectlveness for cu «*«. up For discrete circuits. Since the CDC-6600. «"uSs I ITJ aCCOrdmgly'TT thef : examPle < computers" were es- Cray has designed nearlyall ofthe super- v" tnrt t ?' ,meg ciTTd,^ " tabHshed in 195 With the Univac computers, which have madeuse ofvari- ge U which cost between $300,000 $5 ° and mil-*' ous forms of parallel computation to T>pical> one technology is used until Tni^r"^7 ""T \ hon. The best known family of main- execute a single instruction In Cray's mtr dUCed by IBM m 1%4 *«*■« 'speed is obtained by" o- or anotheftltol "" the"SyStem° 360 Which em ' WaS based Cessine vectors a < over million float- eLTo *"" tech"^V- In the early ing-pomt operationsper second. Cray's manTas' S"JT-^ g? ?" " IBM imrodUCed the 3? SeriesS suPerc"P"ters sell for $4 million to siHconsilicon chip, and microprocessors*" ' chin^ni con- which used integratedcircuits; and° most million V nte" t,y tHe 43XX~3BOX S6rieS' WhiCh In 19?K a Single Chl rocessor the W tS WUh , > P "e^Ta^ S^-l ES r Use f hlgh-Perf°"nance integral- Intel 4004 microprocessor, was intro-- mant «">m ir , an St Sll n Cd drCUitS ° intr dUCed duced and used in a nmge of H ° K° ""*" ' - apph- cZeJ^l Z. 2) ° St d3SS f COmpUt - Cations from calculato Tcost teeT, V"'" n ers WlthV'"'the ' "*' controSL acteris^ d!SSiP same'^Perf° °^nce° as a pre- for microwave ovens. In*1975, Altair packinlden tv rTKT !!7H ' !nH vlous computer can be produced, which introduced the first home- computer, different ways in which technolog.es Seremwa^ the will result in new applications for com- based on Intel's 8080 microprocessor ha t£d na ! PUterS- MinicomPuters a d Phonal Today, microprocessors have" the La" vaTetv of\ZnntmpUter daSSeSr basedJ on comP"ters are the best known" products tures necessary nrice n° for building high-speed fFif of this design path. The first minicom- computers with u/VWhen a new virtual memory that technology becomes puter, the PDP-8, which was the result compare favorably with minicomputers available,there are usually three ways to of second-generation technology, was This high-performance component of lU tW f WhlCh gCnerate introduced in 1965 Djgital Equip- negligible cost has permitted the Ve i ° intro- aSSeS:° nt C By 1972, 91 compa- duction of many new n Th?,ecme hnn v , u classes of comput- ii technology can be used to in- "nies had°?°T*tion.formed to build minicomputers __ crease the performance of an existing with the third-generation technology,in- _c - Gordon Bell is vice Chairman ofTechnology ofcomputers ration class while maintainingthe tegratedcircuits (2). Minicomputers typ- Ma"sachu^ensPSiCorP° - We,les,ey Hills 462 SCIENCE. VOL. 228 3* j Interact., ■ «, skills", Press,■— »-v.^ ium, nuii r>ew ,T ," ' a/., 8, t S C!I ' ,atCSt trans,Stor S $20 reC rS W3S C reSU ■ ' -ft ers (2), including lap and home comput- asymmetric processing is that all the permits a trade-off between expensive ers ($2OO to personal computers operating-system functions are per- high-speed memory, and large, cheap to multiple-user formed by a single processor, which can low-speed memory. Since the content of (shared) microcomputers ($6OOO to create a bottleneck in that processor, each cache is associated with a proces- workstations to IBM developed both symmetric and sor, extra logic must be added to the and microprocessor-based asymmetric dual processors, including system to delete "cached" copies of multiprocessors, or multis to the System 370 and System 308Xseries data or instructions that have been modi- It is with this newest class of computers (4). The IBM Attached Pro- fied by anotherprocessor. If a processor computers, the multis, that we will be cessor however, is asymmetric uses stale data, incorrect calculations i concerned. and, addition, requires f in the master can occur. i processor to perform the input-output function. Multiprocessors, Multicomputers, In the past, uniprocessors had a cost The Structure of a Multi and Multis advantageover multiprocessorsbecause the cost of switching and cabling is pro- Multis are based on advances in mi- Multiprocessors are computers that portional to the number of processors croprocessor technology and the cache two or moreprocessors capable the (5). memory 2). ! contain and memories in system As a (Fig. They use a single set of of independently executing instructions result ofprogram sharing, a multiproces- wires called a bus for all communication and gainingaccess to programs and data held in a common memory. A processor is the part of the computer that carries Summary. Multis are a new class of computers based on multiplemicroprocessors. out computational work by retrieving The small size, low cost, and highperformance of microprocessors allowthe design instructions from memory and perform- and construction of computer structures that offer significant advantages in manufac- ing operations on data that were also ture, price-performance ratio, and reliability over traditional computer families. Cur- retrieved from memory. Thus informa- rently, commercialmultis consist of 4 to 28 modules, which include microprocessors, tion in a multiprocessor can be freely common memories, and input-output devices, all of which communicatethrough a used by and exchanged among all pro- single set of wires called a bus. Adding microprocessors together increases the cessors. performance of multis in direct proportion to their price and allows multis to offer a In contrast, multicomputers consist of performancerange that spans that of smallminicomputersto mainframe computers. ! interconnected, independentcomputers, Multis are commercially available for applications ranging from real-time industrial each ofwhich has a processor, thatcom- control to transaction processing. Traditional batch, time-sharing, and transaction j municate by passing messages through systems process a number of independent jobs that can be distributedamong the fixed links or a switch such as a local- microprocessors of a multi with a resulting increased throughput (number of jobs area network. Intel recently introduced a completedper unit of time). Many scientific applications(such as the solvingof partial series of multicomputers,called the Intel differentialequations) and engineeringapplications(such as thechecking of integrat- iPSC Family of Concurrent Supercom- ed circuit designs) are speededup by this parallelcomputation; thus, multis produce puters, which have 32, 64, or 128 com- results at supercomputer speedbut at a fraction of the cost. Multis are likelyto be the puters connected in a hypercube config- basis for the next, the generationof computers a generationbased on parallel uration. Within a model, each computer processing. — is connected to five, six, or seven other computers through message-passing links that can transfer dataat arate of 10 sor with N processors requires less between processors, memories, and in- megabits per second. memory than N independentcomputers, put-output devices. This bus and corn- Since a multiprocessor can be parti- but the multiprocessor's memory must puter structure was pioneered in Digital tioned into independent computers and be faster and larger than a uniproces- Equipment Corporation's single-proces- use common memoryfor intercommuni- sor's.
Recommended publications
  • Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, Great Ideas, Moore’S Law, Abstraction, Computer Components, and Program Execution
    Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, great ideas, Moore’s law, abstraction, computer components, and program execution ITSC 3181 Introduction to Computer Architecture https://passlab.github.io/ITSC3181/ Department of Computer Science Yonghong Yan [email protected] https://passlab.github.io/yanyh/ Lectures for Chapter 1 and C Basics Computer Abstractions and Technology ☛• Lecture 01: Chapter 1 – 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, great ideas, Moore’s law, abstraction, computer components, and program execution • Lecture 02 - 03: C Basics; Compilation, Assembly, Linking and Program Execution • Lecture 03 - 04: Chapter 1 – 1.6 – 1.7: Performance, power and technology trends • Lecture 04 - 05: Memory and Binary Systems • Lecture 05: – 1.8 - 1.9: Multiprocessing and benchmarking 2 § 1.1 Introduction 1.1 The Computer Revolution • Progress in computer technology – Underpinned by Moore’s Law • Every two years, circuit density ~= increasing frequency ~= performance, double • Makes novel applications feasible – Computers in automobiles – Cell phones – Human genome project – World Wide Web – Search Engines • Computers are pervasive 3 Generation Of Computers https://solarrenovate.com/the-evolution-of-computers/ 4 New School Computer 5 Classes of Computers • Personal computers (PC) --> computers are PCs today – General purpose, variety of software – Subject to cost/performance tradeoff • Server computers – Network based – High capacity, performance, reliability – Range from small servers to building sized 6 Classes of Computers
    [Show full text]
  • 2200, Canmath 201.Qxd
    An Introduction to the Computer Age Computers are changing our world. The small amount of training. Amazingly invention of the internal combustion engine enough, as the size has decreased, the power and the harnessing of electricity have had a has increased and prices have plummeted. profound effect on the way society operates. How does the computer age affect the The widespread use of the computer is Christian? What is the history behind the having a similar and perhaps even greater computer? What are the fundamental parts impact on our society. of a computer and how do they work In only decades, computers have shrunk together? What are the uses, advantages, from mammoth, room-filling machines that and limitations of computers? Do I need a only the highly educated could operate to computer? This LightUnit and those follow - tiny devices held in the palm of the hand ing it will begin to answer some of these that the average person can use after a questions for you. Section 1 Computer Background Any study must be based on definitions very specialized field, new words have come about the subject. If definitions are not into being, and many common words have understood, there is little hope that much acquired new definitions. Some of the words can be learned about the subject. The goal of may already be familiar to you, but in the the first section of this LightUnit is to pro - context of computers, they may take on a vide a basis for the rest of the course by different meaning. Therefore, do not assume defining computer and many terms associ - you know the definition even if the word is ated with computers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cpu Performance
    LECTURE 1 Introduction CLASSES OF COMPUTERS • When we think of a “computer”, most of us might first think of our laptop or maybe one of the desktop machines frequently used in the Majors’ Lab. Computers, however, are used for a wide variety of applications, each of which has a unique set of design considerations. Although computers in general share a core set of technologies, the implementation and use of these technologies varies with the chosen application. In general, there are three classes of applications to consider: desktop computers, servers, and embedded computers. CLASSES OF COMPUTERS • Desktop Computers (or Personal Computers) • Emphasize good performance for a single user at relatively low cost. • Mostly execute third-party software. • Servers • Emphasize great performance for a few complex applications. • Or emphasize reliable performance for many users at once. • Greater computing, storage, or network capacity than personal computers. • Embedded Computers • Largest class and most diverse. • Usually specifically manufactured to run a single application reliably. • Stringent limitations on cost and power. PERSONAL MOBILE DEVICES • A newer class of computers, Personal Mobile Devices (PMDs), has quickly become a more numerous alternative to PCs. PMDs, including small general-purpose devices such as tablets and smartphones, generally have the same design requirements as PCs with much more stringent efficiency requirements (to preserve battery life and reduce heat emission). Despite the various ways in which computational technology can be applied, the core concepts of the architecture of a computer are the same. Throughout the semester, try to test yourself by imagining how these core concepts might be tailored to meet the needs of a particular domain of computing.
    [Show full text]
  • DX11-8 System 360/370 Channel to PDP-11 Unibus Interface Maintenance Manual
    EK-DXIIB-MM-002 DX11-8 system 360/370 channel to PDP-11 unibus interface maintenance manual digital equipment corporation • maynard, massachusetts 1st Edition, August 1972 2nd Printing (Rev) March 1973 3rd Printing July 1973 4th Printing May 1974 5th Printing (Rev) January 1976 Copyright © 1972,1973,1974,1976 by Digital Equipment Corporation The material in this manual is for informational purposes and is subject to change without notice. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no respon­ sibility for any errors which may appear in this manual. Printed in U.S.A. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts: DEC PDP FLIP CHIP FOCAL DIGITAL COMPUTER LAB CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1.1 Purpose of Manual 1-1 1.2 System Description 1-2 1.3 Mechanical Description 1-5 1.4 Specifications 1-5 1.4.1 Physical 1-6 1.4.2 Environmental 1-6 1.4:3 Electrical 1-6 1.4.4 Performance 1-6 1.5 Engineering Drawaing Drawings 1-7 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND ACCEPTANCE TEST 2.1 Summary of Installation Functions 2-1 2.2 Installation and Acceptance Test Requirements 2-2 2.2.1 Equipment Required 2-2 2.2.2 Diagnostics Required 2-2 2.2.3 Space Requirements 2-3 2.2.4 Power Requirements 2-3 2.2.5 Information Requirements 2-5 2.2.6 Test Schedule 2-6 2.3 Unpacking and Inspection 2-6 2.3.1 Unpacking 2-6 2.3.2 Inspection 2-7 2.4 Installation 2-7 2.4.1 PDP-II and DX11-B Cable Installation (within PDP-II System) 2-7 2.4.2 IBM Device Address Jumper Installation 2-8 2.4.3 Interrupt Vector Address Jumper Installation 2-12
    [Show full text]
  • PDP-11 Bus Handbook (1979)
    The material in this document is for informational purposes only and is subject to change without notice. Digital Equipment Corpo­ ration assumes no liability or responsibility for any errors which appear in, this document or for any use made as a result thereof. By publication of this document, no licenses or other rights are granted by Digital Equipment Corporation by implication, estoppel or otherwise, under any patent, trademark or copyright. Copyright © 1979, Digital Equipment Corporation The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: DIGITAL PDP UNIBUS DEC DECUS MASSBUS DECtape DDT FLIP CHIP DECdataway ii CONTENTS PART 1, UNIBUS SPECIFICATION INTRODUCTION ...................................... 1 Scope ............................................. 1 Content ............................................ 1 UNIBUS DESCRIPTION ................................................................ 1 Architecture ........................................ 2 Unibus Transmission Medium ........................ 2 Bus Terminator ..................................... 2 Bus Segment ....................................... 3 Bus Repeater ....................................... 3 Bus Master ........................................ 3 Bus Slave .......................................... 3 Bus Arbitrator ...................................... 3 Bus Request ....................................... 3 Bus Grant ......................................... 3 Processor .......................................... 4 Interrupt Fielding Processor .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    1 The Function of Computation As in music theory, we cannot discuss the microprocessor without positioning it in the context of the history of the computer, since this component is the integrated version of the central unit. Its internal mechanisms are the same as those of supercomputers, mainframe computers and minicomputers. Thanks to advances in microelectronics, additional functionality has been integrated with each generation in order to speed up internal operations. A computer1 is a hardware and software system responsible for the automatic processing of information, managed by a stored program. To accomplish this task, the computer’s essential function is the transformation of data using computation, but two other functions are also essential. Namely, these are storing and transferring information (i.e. communication). In some industrial fields, control is a fourth function. This chapter focuses on the requirements that led to the invention of tools and calculating machines to arrive at the modern version of the computer that we know today. The technological aspect is then addressed. Some chronological references are given. Then several classification criteria are proposed. The analog computer, which is then described, was an alternative to the digital version. Finally, the relationship between hardware and software and the evolution of integration and its limits are addressed. NOTE.– This chapter does not attempt to replace a historical study. It gives only a few key dates and technical benchmarks to understand the technological evolution of the field. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 The French word ordinateur (computer) was suggested by Jacques Perret, professor at the Faculté des Lettres de Paris, in his letter dated April 16, 1955, in response to a question from IBM to name these machines; the English name was the Electronic Data Processing Machine.
    [Show full text]
  • What We Learned from the PDP-11
    ABSTRACT Gordon Bell, William Il. Strecker November 8, 1975 COMPUTER STRUCTURES: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THE PDP-ll? Over the FDP-11’S six year life behave in a particular way? about 20,000 specimens have been Where does it get inputs? HOW built based on 10 species (models). does it formulate and solve Al though range was a design goal, problems? it was unquantified; the actual range has exceeded expectations 3. The rest of the DEC (5OO:l in memory size and system organization--this includes price]. The range has stressed the applications groups assoc ia ted baa ic mini (mall computer with market groups # sales, architecture along all dimensions. service and manufacturing. The marn PM.5 structure, i.e. the UNIBUS, has been adopted as a de 4. The user, who receives the facto standard of interconnection final OUtQUt. for many micro and minicomputer systems. The architectural Note, that if we assume that a experience gained in the design and QrOduc t is done sequentially, and use of the PDP-11 will be described each stage has a gestation time of in terms Of its environment about two years, it takes roughly (initial goals and constraints, eight years for an idea from basic technology, and the organization research to finally appear at the that designs, builds and user’s site. Other organizations distributes the machine). ala0 affect the design : competitors (they establish a deaign level and determine the product life): and government IsI 1.0 TNTRODUCTTON and standards. There are an ever increasing number Although one might think that of groups who feel compel led to computer architecture is the sole control all products bringing them determinant of a machine, it is all common norm : the merely the focal point for a government (“5) , testing groups such specification.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Computers, Chronological Record of Events – Particularly in the Area of Technological Development – Will Be Explained
    Computer Organization 1. Introduction STUDY MATERIALS ON COMPUTER ORGANIZATION (As per the curriculum of Third semester B.Sc. Electronics of Mahatma Gandh Uniiversity) Compiled by Sam Kollannore U.. Lecturer in Electronics M.E.S. College, Marampally 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS The first electronic computer was designed and built at the University of Pennsylvania based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units. I Generation : 1945 – 55 II Generation : 1955 – 65 III Generation : 1965 – 75 IV Generation : 1975 – 89 V Generation : 1989 to present First Generation (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer IBM 701) Vacuum tubes were used – basic arithmetic operations took few milliseconds Bulky Consume more power with limited performance High cost Uses assembly language – to prepare programs. These were translated into machine level language for execution. Mercury delay line memories and Electrostatic memories were used Fixed point arithmetic was used 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the earlier mechanical and relay based electromechanical technology Punched cards and paper tape were invented to feed programs and data and to get results. Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory Mainly used for scientific computations. Second Generation (Manufacturers – IBM 7030, Digital Data Corporation’s PDP 1/5/8 Honeywell 400) Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.
    [Show full text]
  • DHQ11 User Guide
    EK -DHQ 11-UG.002 DHQ11 User Guide Prepared by Educational Services of Digital Equipment Corporation Second Edition, July 1987 Copyright © 1987 by Digital Equipment Corporation All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors herein. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: mmDDmrM DEC MASSBUS RT-l1 DECmate PDP UNIBUS DECsystem-IO PIOS VAX DECSYSTEM-20 Professional VAXBI DECUS Rainbow VMS DECwriter RSTS VT DIBOL RSX Work Processor FALCON CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCOPE................................................................. 1-1 1.2 OVERVIEW ........................................................... 1-1 1.2.1 General Description ................................................ 1-1 1.2.1.1 Modem Control Facility ....................................... 1-2 1.2.1.2 Self-Test Facility .............................................. 1-2 1.2.1.3 Diagnostic Programs .......................................... 1-2 1.2.1.4 Preventing Data Loss ......................................... 1-2 1.2.2 Physical Description ............................................... 1-2 1.2.2.1 On-Board Switchpacks ........................................ 1-3 1.2.2.2 Communications Standard ..................................... 1-3 1.2.3 Versions Of The DHQl1 ........................................... 1-4 1.2.4 Configurations ...... Ie. • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
    [Show full text]
  • Integriti Access Controller (IAC)
    Integriti Access Controller (IAC) An IP based master controller The Integriti Access Controller (IAC) is an IP based master controller for the Integriti modular hardware system. The Integriti Access Controller can be used to control and monitor up to 8 Doors or Lift cars on the Integriti RS-485 LAN). The IAC supports two doors/four wiegand and 16 RS485 SIFER readers and is expandable up to eight doors/ eight wiegand readers with the simple addition of 2 Door expander boards via the UniBus in-cabinet expansion interface. Equipped with an Ethernet Port, the IAC can be used both stand alone or expanded further via its UniBus and RS-485 Sub-LAN ports. The flexible, modular design of the IAC’s system parameters and Sub-LAN architecture allows a single standalone controller to be expanded to form a network of RS-485 expansion modules of up to 100,000 Users, 512 Zone Inputs, 250 Areas/ Zone Partitions and up to 80 card readers and 40 Doors. Integriti’s multi-controller architecture allows any number of IAC’s and or ISCs to be combined within the Integriti software package to form a globally managed small, medium or enterprise sized system where the entire network of controllers is managed as a whole. This architecture allows for an infinite number of Readers, Doors, Areas, Zone Inputs and Outputs. Doors Terminals Users LAN Modules Review Events No Smart Card 12 24 10,000 2 60,000 Expanded 40 80 100,000 16 100,000 Key Features Uni-Bus In-Cabinet Expansion ISC On board Features UniBus is an innovative in-cabinet bus which allows the • RJ45 - 10/100 Ethernet Port Ethernet Connected Services • RS-485 Sub-LAN • Connectivity to Integriti Software connection of Expansion devices, Communications devices and • USB Master & Slave Ports • SkyTunnel® Cloud Services & Door & Reader expansion devices on a common Plug & Play • UniBus In-Cabinet Expansion Interface Smart Phone connectivity • Multipath-IP / GSM STU Port (Port bus.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Types of Computers Contents
    1. Types of Computers Contents 1 Classes of computers 1 1.1 Classes by size ............................................. 1 1.1.1 Microcomputers (personal computers) ............................ 1 1.1.2 Minicomputers (midrange computers) ............................ 1 1.1.3 Mainframe computers ..................................... 1 1.1.4 Supercomputers ........................................ 1 1.2 Classes by function .......................................... 2 1.2.1 Servers ............................................ 2 1.2.2 Workstations ......................................... 2 1.2.3 Information appliances .................................... 2 1.2.4 Embedded computers ..................................... 2 1.3 See also ................................................ 2 1.4 References .............................................. 2 1.5 External links ............................................. 2 2 List of computer size categories 3 2.1 Supercomputers ............................................ 3 2.2 Mainframe computers ........................................ 3 2.3 Minicomputers ............................................ 3 2.4 Microcomputers ........................................... 3 2.5 Mobile computers ........................................... 3 2.6 Others ................................................. 4 2.7 Distinctive marks ........................................... 4 2.8 Categories ............................................... 4 2.9 See also ................................................ 4 2.10 References
    [Show full text]
  • Unibus: a Universal Hardware Architecture for Serial Bus Interfaces with Real-Time Support
    UNIBUS: A UNIVERSAL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR SERIAL BUS INTERFACES WITH REAL-TIME SUPPORT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MEHDI DUMAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING JANUARY 2015 Approval of the thesis: UNIBUS: A UNIVERSAL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR SERIAL BUS INTERFACES WITH REAL-TIME SUPPORT submitted by MEHDI DUMAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the de- gree of Master of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Gönül Turhan Sayan Head of Department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Assoc. Prof. Dr. ¸SenanEce Güran Schmidt Supervisor, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Gözde Bozdagı˘ Akar Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. ¸SenanEce Güran Schmidt Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt F. Bazlamaçcı Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., METU Dr. Nizam Ayyıldız ASELSAN,REHIS˙ Dr. Salih Zengin TÜBITAK˙ SAGE Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: MEHDI DUMAN Signature : iv ABSTRACT UNIBUS: A UNIVERSAL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR SERIAL BUS INTERFACES WITH REAL-TIME SUPPORT Duman, Mehdi M.S., Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Supervisor : Assoc.
    [Show full text]