MINICOMPUTER CONCEPTS by BENEDICTO CACHO Bachelor Of
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Pdp11-40.Pdf
processor handbook digital equipment corporation Copyright© 1972, by Digital Equipment Corporation DEC, PDP, UNIBUS are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1·1 1.1 GENERAL ............................................. 1·1 1.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS . 1·2 1.2.1 The UNIBUS ..... 1·2 1.2.2 Central Processor 1·3 1.2.3 Memories ........... 1·5 1.2.4 Floating Point ... 1·5 1.2.5 Memory Management .............................. .. 1·5 1.3 PERIPHERALS/OPTIONS ......................................... 1·5 1.3.1 1/0 Devices .......... .................................. 1·6 1.3.2 Storage Devices ...................................... .. 1·6 1.3.3 Bus Options .............................................. 1·6 1.4 SOFTWARE ..... .... ........................................... ............. 1·6 1.4.1 Paper Tape Software .......................................... 1·7 1.4.2 Disk Operating System Software ........................ 1·7 1.4.3 Higher Level Languages ................................... .. 1·7 1.5 NUMBER SYSTEMS ..................................... 1-7 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE. 2-1 2.1 SYSTEM DEFINITION .............. 2·1 2.2 UNIBUS ......................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Bidirectional Lines ...... 2-1 2.2.2 Master-Slave Relation .. 2-2 2.2.3 Interlocked Communication 2-2 2.3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR .......... 2-2 2.3.1 General Registers ... 2-3 2.3.2 Processor Status Word ....... 2-4 2.3.3 Stack Limit Register 2-5 2.4 EXTENDED INSTRUCTION SET & FLOATING POINT .. 2-5 2.5 CORE MEMORY . .... 2-6 2.6 AUTOMATIC PRIORITY INTERRUPTS .... 2-7 2.6.1 Using the Interrupts . 2-9 2.6.2 Interrupt Procedure 2-9 2.6.3 Interrupt Servicing ............ .. 2-10 2.7 PROCESSOR TRAPS ............ 2-10 2.7.1 Power Failure .............. -
A Screen Oriented Simulator for a DEC PDP-8 Computer
University of Wollongong Research Online Department of Computing Science Working Faculty of Engineering and Information Paper Series Sciences 1983 A screen oriented simulator for a DEC PDP-8 computer Neil Gray University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/compsciwp Recommended Citation Gray, Neil, A screen oriented simulator for a DEC PDP-8 computer, Department of Computing Science, University of Wollongong, Working Paper 83-2, 1983, 65p. https://ro.uow.edu.au/compsciwp/69 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] THE UNIVERSITY OF WOlLONGONG DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE A SCREEN ORIENTED SIMULATOR FOR A DEC PDP-8 COMPUTER .". N.A.B. Gray Department of Computing Science University of Wollongong Preprlnt No 83-2 January 25. 1983 P.O. Box 1144. WOLLONGONG. N.S.W. AUSTRALIA telephone (042)-282-981 telex AA29022 A Screen Oriented Simulator for a DEC PDP-8 computer. N.A.B. Gray. Department of Computing Science. University of Wollongong. PO Box 1144. WOllongong NSW 2500. Austr"1lia. ABSTRACT This note describes a simulator for the DEC PDP-8 computer. The simulator is intended as an aid tor students starting to learn assemDly language programming. It utilises the simple graphIcs capaDilities of the terminals in the department's laboratories to present. on the termI nal screen. a view of the operations of the simulated computer. The complete system comprises two versions at me program tor simulating a PDP-8 computer and a simplified "assembler" tor prepar Ing students' programs for execution. -
Connecticut DEEP's List of Compliant Electronics Manufacturers Notice to Connecticut Retailersi
Connecticut DEEP’s List of Compliant Electronics manufacturers Notice to Connecticut Retailersi: This list below identifies electronics manufacturers that are in compliance with the registration and payment obligations under Connecticut’s State-wide Electronics Program. Retailers must check this list before selling Covered Electronic Devices (“CEDs”) in Connecticut. If there is a brand of a CED that is not listed below including retail over the internet, the retailer must not sell the CED to Connecticut consumers pursuant to section 22a-634 of the Connecticut General Statutes. Manufacturer Brands CED Type Acer America Corp. Acer Computer, Monitor, Television, Printer eMachines Computer, Monitor Gateway Computer, Monitor, Television ALR Computer, Monitor Gateway 2000 Computer, Monitor AG Neovo Technology AG Neovo Monitor Corporation Amazon Fulfillment Service, Inc. Kindle Computers Amazon Kindle Kindle Fire Fire American Future Technology iBuypower Computer Corporation dba iBuypower Apple, Inc. Apple Computer, Monitor, Printer NeXT Computer, Monitor iMac Computer Mac Pro Computer Mac Mini Computer Thunder Bolt Display Monitor Archos, Inc. Archos Computer ASUS Computer International ASUS Computer, Monitor Eee Computer Nexus ASUS Computer EEE PC Computer Atico International USA, Inc. Digital Prism Television ATYME CORPRATION, INC. ATYME Television Bang & Olufsen Operations A/S Bang & Olufsen Television BenQ America Corp. BenQ Monitor Best Buy Insignia Television Dynex Television UB Computer Toshiba Television VPP Matrix Computer, Monitor Blackberry Limited Balckberry PlayBook Computer Bose Corp. Bose Videowave Television Brother International Corp. Brother Monitor, Printer Canon USA, Inc. Canon Computer, Monitor, Printer Oce Printer Imagistics Printer Cellco Partnership Verizon Ellipsis Computer Changhong Trading Corp. USA Changhong Television (Former Guangdong Changhong Electronics Co. LTD) Craig Electronics Craig Computer, Television Creative Labs, Inc. -
Lecture 04 Linear Structures Sort
Algorithmics (6EAP) MTAT.03.238 Linear structures, sorting, searching, etc Jaak Vilo 2018 Fall Jaak Vilo 1 Big-Oh notation classes Class Informal Intuition Analogy f(n) ∈ ο ( g(n) ) f is dominated by g Strictly below < f(n) ∈ O( g(n) ) Bounded from above Upper bound ≤ f(n) ∈ Θ( g(n) ) Bounded from “equal to” = above and below f(n) ∈ Ω( g(n) ) Bounded from below Lower bound ≥ f(n) ∈ ω( g(n) ) f dominates g Strictly above > Conclusions • Algorithm complexity deals with the behavior in the long-term – worst case -- typical – average case -- quite hard – best case -- bogus, cheating • In practice, long-term sometimes not necessary – E.g. for sorting 20 elements, you dont need fancy algorithms… Linear, sequential, ordered, list … Memory, disk, tape etc – is an ordered sequentially addressed media. Physical ordered list ~ array • Memory /address/ – Garbage collection • Files (character/byte list/lines in text file,…) • Disk – Disk fragmentation Linear data structures: Arrays • Array • Hashed array tree • Bidirectional map • Heightmap • Bit array • Lookup table • Bit field • Matrix • Bitboard • Parallel array • Bitmap • Sorted array • Circular buffer • Sparse array • Control table • Sparse matrix • Image • Iliffe vector • Dynamic array • Variable-length array • Gap buffer Linear data structures: Lists • Doubly linked list • Array list • Xor linked list • Linked list • Zipper • Self-organizing list • Doubly connected edge • Skip list list • Unrolled linked list • Difference list • VList Lists: Array 0 1 size MAX_SIZE-1 3 6 7 5 2 L = int[MAX_SIZE] -
Go Forth with TTL !
Go Forth with TTL ! The Gigatron TTL Color Computer Forth for a Very Unusual Processor Ken Boak SV Fig. Forth Day 2019 . In September of 1975, MOS Technology launched the 6502 at the Wescon75 Computer Conference in San Francisco. Chuck Peddle and his team had created a very lean, stripped down, small die cpu. Costing just $25, the 6502 was a fraction of the cost of its nearest competitor. At that time the Intel 8080 was $360 and the Motorola 6800 was $175 . The 6502 was clearly a disruptive usurper. 25 year old, HP Engineer, Steve Wozniak, realised that this new microprocessor would be a game-changer and went on to incorporate it into the small computer he was developing. That machine went on to become the Apple I. In 1975 7400 TTL was the “Bread and Butter” of logic design: 7400 series TTL integrated circuits were developed in the early 1960’s. Initially quite expensive so mainly used in Military and Aerospace applications. By the early 1970’s TTL had become a versatile family of standardised, low cost,. easy to use logic. Typically about $1 per device. 7400 series logic was widely used in the design of minicomputers, including the PDP-11, the Data General Nova 1200 and later models of PDP-8. TTL was a viable, faster and cheaper processing solution than the emerging 8-bit microprocessors such as MOS 6502, Intel 8080 and the Motorola 6800. Essential Reading 16-bit TTL CPU board from Data General Nova 1200 The Gigatron TTL Computer – What is it? Started as a Hackaday.io project in Spring 2017 by Marcel van Kervinck of The Hague, Netherlands. -
Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, Great Ideas, Moore’S Law, Abstraction, Computer Components, and Program Execution
Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, great ideas, Moore’s law, abstraction, computer components, and program execution ITSC 3181 Introduction to Computer Architecture https://passlab.github.io/ITSC3181/ Department of Computer Science Yonghong Yan [email protected] https://passlab.github.io/yanyh/ Lectures for Chapter 1 and C Basics Computer Abstractions and Technology ☛• Lecture 01: Chapter 1 – 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, great ideas, Moore’s law, abstraction, computer components, and program execution • Lecture 02 - 03: C Basics; Compilation, Assembly, Linking and Program Execution • Lecture 03 - 04: Chapter 1 – 1.6 – 1.7: Performance, power and technology trends • Lecture 04 - 05: Memory and Binary Systems • Lecture 05: – 1.8 - 1.9: Multiprocessing and benchmarking 2 § 1.1 Introduction 1.1 The Computer Revolution • Progress in computer technology – Underpinned by Moore’s Law • Every two years, circuit density ~= increasing frequency ~= performance, double • Makes novel applications feasible – Computers in automobiles – Cell phones – Human genome project – World Wide Web – Search Engines • Computers are pervasive 3 Generation Of Computers https://solarrenovate.com/the-evolution-of-computers/ 4 New School Computer 5 Classes of Computers • Personal computers (PC) --> computers are PCs today – General purpose, variety of software – Subject to cost/performance tradeoff • Server computers – Network based – High capacity, performance, reliability – Range from small servers to building sized 6 Classes of Computers -
Appendix D an Alternative to RISC: the Intel 80X86
D.1 Introduction D-2 D.2 80x86 Registers and Data Addressing Modes D-3 D.3 80x86 Integer Operations D-6 D.4 80x86 Floating-Point Operations D-10 D.5 80x86 Instruction Encoding D-12 D.6 Putting It All Together: Measurements of Instruction Set Usage D-14 D.7 Concluding Remarks D-20 D.8 Historical Perspective and References D-21 D An Alternative to RISC: The Intel 80x86 The x86 isn’t all that complex—it just doesn’t make a lot of sense. Mike Johnson Leader of 80x86 Design at AMD, Microprocessor Report (1994) © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. D-2 I Appendix D An Alternative to RISC: The Intel 80x86 D.1 Introduction MIPS was the vision of a single architect. The pieces of this architecture fit nicely together and the whole architecture can be described succinctly. Such is not the case of the 80x86: It is the product of several independent groups who evolved the architecture over 20 years, adding new features to the original instruction set as you might add clothing to a packed bag. Here are important 80x86 milestones: I 1978—The Intel 8086 architecture was announced as an assembly language– compatible extension of the then-successful Intel 8080, an 8-bit microproces- sor. The 8086 is a 16-bit architecture, with all internal registers 16 bits wide. Whereas the 8080 was a straightforward accumulator machine, the 8086 extended the architecture with additional registers. Because nearly every reg- ister has a dedicated use, the 8086 falls somewhere between an accumulator machine and a general-purpose register machine, and can fairly be called an extended accumulator machine. -
Specification of Bit Handling Routines AUTOSAR CP Release 4.3.1
Specification of Bit Handling Routines AUTOSAR CP Release 4.3.1 Document Title Specification of Bit Handling Routines Document Owner AUTOSAR Document Responsibility AUTOSAR Document Identification No 399 Document Status Final Part of AUTOSAR Standard Classic Platform Part of Standard Release 4.3.1 Document Change History Date Release Changed by Change Description 2017-12-08 4.3.1 AUTOSAR Addition on mnemonic for boolean Release as “u8”. Management Editorial changes 2016-11-30 4.3.0 AUTOSAR Removal of the requirement Release SWS_Bfx_00204 Management Updation of MISRA violation com- ment format Updation of unspecified value range for BitPn, BitStartPn, BitLn and ShiftCnt Clarifications 1 of 42 Document ID 399: AUTOSAR_SWS_BFXLibrary - AUTOSAR confidential - Specification of Bit Handling Routines AUTOSAR CP Release 4.3.1 Document Change History Date Release Changed by Change Description 2015-07-31 4.2.2 AUTOSAR Updated SWS_Bfx_00017 for the Release return type of Bfx_GetBit function Management from 1 and 0 to TRUE and FALSE Updated chapter 8.1 for the defini- tion of bit addressing and updated the examples of Bfx_SetBit, Bfx_ClrBit, Bfx_GetBit, Bfx_SetBits, Bfx_CopyBit, Bfx_PutBits, Bfx_PutBit Updated SWS_Bfx_00017 for the return type of Bfx_GetBit function from 1 and 0 to TRUE and FALSE without changing the formula Updated SWS_Bfx_00011 and SWS_Bfx_00022 for the review comments provided for the exam- ples In Table 2, replaced Boolean with boolean In SWS_Bfx_00029, in example re- placed BFX_GetBits_u16u8u8_u16 with Bfx_GetBits_u16u8u8_u16 2014-10-31 4.2.1 AUTOSAR Correct usage of const in function Release declarations Management Editoral changes 2014-03-31 4.1.3 AUTOSAR Editoral changes Release Management 2013-10-31 4.1.2 AUTOSAR Improve description of how to map Release functions to C-files Management Improve the definition of error classi- fication Editorial changes 2013-03-15 4.1.1 AUTOSAR Change return value of Test Bit API Administration to boolean. -
Case No COMP/M.1694 - EMC / DATA GENERAL
EN Case No COMP/M.1694 - EMC / DATA GENERAL Only the English text is available and authentic. REGULATION (EEC) No 4064/89 MERGER PROCEDURE Article 6(1)(b) NON-OPPOSITION Date: 06/10/1999 Also available in the CELEX database Document No 399M1694 Office for Official Publications of the European Communities L-2985 Luxembourg COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 06.10.1999 SG(99)D/7991 In the published version of this decision, some information has been omitted pursuant to Article 17(2) of Council Regulation (EEC) No PUBLIC VERSION 4064/89 concerning non-disclosure of business secrets and other confidential information. The MERGER PROCEDURE omissions are shown thus […]. ARTICLE 6(1)(b) DECISION Where possible the information omitted has been replaced by ranges of figures or a general description. To the notifying party Dear Sirs, Subject : Case No IV/M.1694-EMC/DATA GENERAL Notification of 3-09-19999 pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation No 4064/89. 1. On 3 September 1999, the Commission received a notification of a proposed concentration pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/891 by which EMC Corporation (“EMC”), USA, will acquire sole control of Data General Corporation (“Data General”), USA. 2. After examination of the notification the Commission has concluded that the notified operation falls within the scope of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 and does not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the common market and with the EEA Agreement. I. THE PARTIES 3. EMC Corporation , based in the U.S.A, is active mainly in the design and manufacture of a wide range of information technology products, including hardware, software and related services. -
Computer Organization & Architecture Eie
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE EIE 411 Course Lecturer: Engr Banji Adedayo. Reg COREN. The characteristics of different computers vary considerably from category to category. Computers for data processing activities have different features than those with scientific features. Even computers configured within the same application area have variations in design. Computer architecture is the science of integrating those components to achieve a level of functionality and performance. It is logical organization or designs of the hardware that make up the computer system. The internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of micro operations it performs on the data stored in its registers. The internal structure of a MICRO-PROCESSOR is called its architecture and includes the number lay out and functionality of registers, memory cell, decoders, controllers and clocks. HISTORY OF COMPUTER HARDWARE The first use of the word ‘Computer’ was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculation or computation. A brief History: Computer as we all know 2day had its beginning with 19th century English Mathematics Professor named Chales Babage. He designed the analytical engine and it was this design that the basic frame work of the computer of today are based on. 1st Generation 1937-1946 The first electronic digital computer was built by Dr John V. Atanasoff & Berry Cliford (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer named colossus was built for military. 1946 – The first general purpose digital computer- the Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer (ENIAC) was built. This computer weighed 30 tons and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used for processing. -
2200, Canmath 201.Qxd
An Introduction to the Computer Age Computers are changing our world. The small amount of training. Amazingly invention of the internal combustion engine enough, as the size has decreased, the power and the harnessing of electricity have had a has increased and prices have plummeted. profound effect on the way society operates. How does the computer age affect the The widespread use of the computer is Christian? What is the history behind the having a similar and perhaps even greater computer? What are the fundamental parts impact on our society. of a computer and how do they work In only decades, computers have shrunk together? What are the uses, advantages, from mammoth, room-filling machines that and limitations of computers? Do I need a only the highly educated could operate to computer? This LightUnit and those follow - tiny devices held in the palm of the hand ing it will begin to answer some of these that the average person can use after a questions for you. Section 1 Computer Background Any study must be based on definitions very specialized field, new words have come about the subject. If definitions are not into being, and many common words have understood, there is little hope that much acquired new definitions. Some of the words can be learned about the subject. The goal of may already be familiar to you, but in the the first section of this LightUnit is to pro - context of computers, they may take on a vide a basis for the rest of the course by different meaning. Therefore, do not assume defining computer and many terms associ - you know the definition even if the word is ated with computers. -
Aviion SERVERS and WORKSTATIONS PLUS
"Great products ••• fantastic support!" Buzz Van Santvoord, VP of Operations, Plow & Hearth, Inc. Buzz Van Santvoord, Plow & Hearth When you've got 100 telesales reps VP of Operations, and Peter Rice, processing 6,500 orders a day your President, with a selection of items computer system had better work! from their catalogue. Virginia ba ed, Plow & Hearth, Inc. i a $30 million mail order company, specializing in product for country living. Mailing over 20 million catalogue a year and with an e tabli hed ba e of over 1 million cu tomer , it computer y tems are critical to the onver ion of the AOS / VS OBOL program to ACUCOBOL company' ucce and growth. commenced in June and the ystem went live on a Data General A VUON 8500 in September, in plenty of time for the Chri tma ru h. To meet it pecific need Plow & Hearth had inve ted The AIM plu AVUON combination gave the bu ine a dramatic more than $500,000, over a period of 13 year , developing a boo t: "The much fa ter re pon e time improved morale and Data General MY-ba ed y tern in AOS{VS COBOL with 300 increa ed our tele ale capacity without adding a body, and the program and 70 INFOS databa e . But by early 1995 the extra order gained gave u our be t Chri tma ever." company realized that their MY9600 didn't have the capacity to make it through the bu y Chri tma ea on. Expert migration consultants Buzz Van Santvoord, Vice Pre ident of Operation explains: Thi ca e tudy illu trate how Tran oft' AIM offering i more "A move to Open Sy tern wa our preferred strategic direction.