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Greenblatt Self-Fashioning the Swerve in Het New Historicism Van Stephen Greenblatt

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Greenblatt Self-Fashioning the Swerve in Het New Historicism Van Stephen Greenblatt Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Nicolas Vandeviver Greenblatt Self-Fashioning The Swerve in het new historicism van Stephen Greenblatt Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de Vergelijkende Moderne Letterkunde Academiejaar 2011-2012 Promotor Prof. dr. Jürgen Pieters Copromotor Dr. Ben De Bruyn Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Nicolas Vandeviver Greenblatt Self-Fashioning The Swerve in het new historicism van Stephen Greenblatt Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de Vergelijkende Moderne Letterkunde Academiejaar 2011-2012 Promotor Prof. dr. Jürgen Pieters Copromotor Dr. Ben De Bruyn v Woord vooraf Il en est des livres comme du feu de nos foyers; on va prendre ce feu chez son voisin, on l’allume chez soi, on le communique à d’autres, et il appartient à tous. (Voltaire 1838: 808) Een masterproef is het eindpunt van een reis. Het is de bestemming van een tocht die ik vier jaar geleden ben begonnen. De tocht bracht me van de wrok van Achilles naar het gekreun van Saskia De Coster. Van de mooiste en soepelste hexameters van Vergilius naar een subliem hoofdstuk van Jennifer Egan weergegeven in powerpoint. James Joyce deed me proza lezen alsof het poëzie was, bij anderen leek poëzie dan weer op proza. De tocht bracht me tot in de hemel met Dante, liet me onbewust pagina’s lang in de lucht zweven met Multatuli, en bracht me weer neer tot aan de drempel van de hel met Ronsard. Af en toe week ik van het pad af, hield ik halt bij Antonioni en Hitchcock, maar steeds keerde ik terug. Uit liefde voor de literatuur. Iets grijpt me aan in boeken. Keer op keer. Misschien is het wel het vuur waarover Voltaire spreekt? Het vuur dat wordt overgedragen door het gesprek met de tekst. Dat in je brandt. Dat je wil delen, moet delen met anderen. Een masterproef is dan ook niet alleen het eindpunt van een reis, het is de vrucht van een gesprek. Gesprekken heb ik op deze tocht veel gehad. Steeds was mijn promotor prof. dr. Jürgen Pieters bereid om met me in dialoog te treden. Tegen het einde van deze tocht zat ik bijna wekelijks op zijn bureau om te praten over wat ik geschreven had. Hij gaf me de nodige kritiek, zette me aan om te herschrijven wat ik al had, en raade me werken aan die hij op een wonderbaarlijke wijze steeds wist terug te vinden tussen die berg boeken op zijn bureau. Ook mijn copromotor dr. Ben De Bruyn heeft veel met me gesproken. Hij was kritisch, heel kritisch, maar steeds met de allerbeste bedoelingen. Hij zette me aan om door te schrijven, om die belangrijke deadline te halen. En met succes. Zonder deze gesprekspartners zou deze masterproef er heel wat anders hebben uitgezien. Beide verdienen dan ook mijn oprechte dank. Ik bedank ook graag de vele mensen die mijn tocht gedurende deze vier jaar aangenaam hebben gemaakt. In de eerste plaats mijn broer, omdat ik deze tocht zonder de vele koffiepauzes nooit had kunnen vervolledigen. Daarnaast ook mijn ouders, die ontelbaar veel meer verdienen dan slechts deze ene zin. En natuurlijk ook de vele vrienden die ik ben tegengekomen op deze tocht. Sommigen van hen zijn al lang een nieuwe weg ingeslagen, anderen blijven hopelijk nog lang, heel lang, samen met mij op hetzelfde pad. vii Inhoud Woord vooraf ........................................................................................................................................... v Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 1 I. The Swerve in het new historicism ..................................................................................................... 13 1. Greenblatts fascinatie voor Lucretius: “Resonance and Wonder” ............................................ 15 2. “Pour la petite histoire”: de historische anekdote in het new historicism ............................... 26 3. Greenblatts historisch atomisme .............................................................................................. 36 4. “But nature to her bias drew in that”: the swerve in het new historicism ................................ 42 5. Een poging tot conclusie ........................................................................................................... 57 II. The Swerve in de humane wetenschappen ....................................................................................... 59 1. New historicism of new belletrism? .......................................................................................... 59 2. Greenblattian Negotiations: The Swerve en The Return ........................................................... 68 3. De circulatie van sociale energie in The Swerve ........................................................................ 78 4. Greenblatt Self-Fashioning – From acting out to cashing in? ................................................... 92 5. Nog een poging tot conclusie .................................................................................................. 108 Epiloog ................................................................................................................................................. 109 Bibliografie .......................................................................................................................................... 115 viii Unlike Brunelleschi’s massive cupola, the greatest dome constructed since classical antiquity, Lucretius’ great poem does not stand out against the sky. But its recovery permanently changed the landscape of the world. (Greenblatt 2011: 218) 1 Inleiding Het is crisis. De financiële middelen voor het hoger onderwijs zijn beperkt en dreigen door de huidige Europese schuldencrisis niet onmiddellijk toe te nemen. De toekomst van het hoger onderwijs ziet er somber uit. In het Verenigd Koninkrijk werd daarom in 2010 geopperd om het inschrijvingsgeld aan de instellingen voor het hoger onderwijs bruusk te verhogen. Op dat moment studeerde ik als uitwisselingsstudent aan de University of Kent in Canterbury. Ik heb de gevolgen zelf meegemaakt. Een golf van protest rolde over het land. Studenten bezetten wekenlang universiteitsgebouwen en de toegang tot de hoofdbibliotheek van de campus in Canterbury werd zelfs enkele dagen geblokkeerd. De universiteit lag even lam. Canterbury was niet de enige universiteit in opstand. In het hele land werden campussen bezet en staakten professoren uit solidariteit hun lessen. In november 2010 kwamen tienduizenden studenten samen in Londen om hun ongenoegen te uiten met de besparingen op het onderwijs. Het was het grootste studentenprotest in twintig jaar (Davis et al. 2010). Kop van Jut waren de conservatieve Tories die de besparingen voorstelden. Studenten bezetten het hoofdkwartier van de Tories, beklommen de daken van kantoorgebouwen en banken, en maakten amok in de straten van Londen. De betoging ontaardde zo in een grimmige strijd tussen studenten, oproerkraaiers en ordediensten. De betoging betekende het hoogtepunt van het studentenprotest. Kerstmis naderde en de studentenprotesten namen geleidelijk aan af. De rust keerde terug in heel wat universiteiten, maar niet in Canterbury. Een aantal studenten bleef volharden en hield een universiteitsgebouw bezet. De bezetactie aan de University of Kent was de langste van alle studentenprotesten. Hoewel de universiteit het studentenprotest steunde en openlijk genegen was, veroordeelde ze tegelijkertijd de actie als illegaal en wou ze niet weten van een verlaging in inschrijvingsgelden (Pidd 2010). Dame Julia Goodfellow, de vicekanselier van de universiteit, ondertekende zelfs een open brief aan het parlement met de vraag om desondanks alle protesten de inschrijvingsgelden te verhogen (Smith et al. 2010). De University of Kent leek net als de Romeinse god Janus wel twee gezichten te hebben. Een vermoeden dat toenam wanneer de bezetters beweerden dat gedurende de ijskoude kerstvakantie – de campus lag bedolven onder een dik pak sneeuw – de verwarming opzettelijk werd afgelegd (Pidd 2010). Ondanks deze erbarmelijke omstandigheden waren de studenten bereid om op te komen voor hun idealen en Kerstmis en Nieuwjaar ver weg van hun familie te vieren. Op 5 januari om twee uur ‘s middags kwam er een officieel einde aan de studentenprotesten in het 2 Verenigd Koninkrijk. Uitgeput, koud en hongerig verlieten de zes overgebleven studenten het universiteitsgebouw (Pidd 2011). De studenten hadden de strijd verloren. De verhoogde inschrijvingsgelden werden goedgekeurd in het House of Commons. Studeren aan de universiteiten in het Verenigd Koninkrijk werd meer dan dubbel zo duur en zou een undergraduate student alleen al zo’n £9000 per jaar aan inschrijvingsgeld kosten (Sedghi & Shepherd 2011). Het verzet was gebroken. Het hoger onderwijs staat onder druk, en de humane wetenschappen nog het meest. Ook in Vlaanderen ziet de toekomst voor de humane wetenschappen er allesbehalve rooskleurig uit. ‘Verdubbel het inschrijvingsgeld’ (Ysebaert 2011), roepen sommige stemmen in de samenleving. De humane wetenschappen worden verweten geen bijdrage te leveren aan de economie en moeten dus niet langer gesubsidieerd worden door de maatschappij. Jongeren worden aangespoord om arbeidsmarktgerichte studies te ondernemen en de “nutteloze” humane wetenschappen te laten voor wat ze zijn: een zinkend schip. Als voorzitter van de Modern Language Association ontging Stephen Greenblatt deze tendens ook niet en daarom vroeg hij in zijn presidentiële toespraak aandacht voor de toekomst van de humane
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