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Apie Janinos Degutytės Epistoliką, Arba Kaip Buvo Rašomi Laiškai

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Apie Janinos Degutytės Epistoliką, Arba Kaip Buvo Rašomi Laiškai ISSN 0258–0802. LITERATŪRA 2010 52 (1) APIE JANINOS DEGutytėS EPistoliką, ARBA KAIP buvo RašOMI LAIšKAI Jurgita žana Raškevičiūtė Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių literatūros katedros doktorantė Būtent žmogaus asmenybės variantiškumas, sovietinio literatūros laikotarpio rašytoja, kurį plėtoja ir stimuliuoja visa kultūros istorija, jos knygos neperžengė Nepriklausomybės, yra daugybės žmogaus komunikacinių ir kultūrinių veiksmų pagrindas. kurios paskutiniaisiais gyvenimo metais, JURIJ LOTMAN1 prasidėjus Sąjūdžiui, labai laukė, slenksčio. Tad ir jos epistolinis palikimas priklauso Įvadinės pastabos būtent tam laikotarpiui ir gana įvairiai bei Šis straipsnis radosi iš gana ilgo Janinos iškalbingai jį liudija, sakytume, pasakoja. Degutytės epistolikos rinkimo, skaitymo, Gana gausi J. Degutytės epistolika siūlo ne- tvarkymo, tyrimo2. Rašyti apie laiškus, re- maža skaitymo kelių: pradedant tam tikrų gis, paprastas, bet podraug – sudėtingas už- socialinių tvarkų, tapatybės formavimosi, davinys. Gal visų pirma todėl, kad laiškai sąmoningumo struktūrų, sovietmečio bū- nėra a priori duotas tekstas, o veikiau teks- ties ir buities skaitymu, baigiant laiško kaip tas, kurį susidėlioji pats, kurio egzistavimo žanro specifikos pajutimu, pastanga sugauti tvarką lemia skaitymo, tam tikra hermeneu- ir aprašyti komunikacinį tankumą, kalbos tinė suvokėjo tvarka, o dar tiksliau – laiškų judėjimą. Juolab kad šiuo metu turimi J. De- ir suvokimo tvarkų sandūra (o laiškų tvarka gutytės laiškai, apimantys 1954–1988 me- yra nepastovi, mirganti, išsidėsčiusi laike, tus, yra labai saviti, skirtingo turinio, lemti sinchroninė ir diachroninė drauge). J. De- rašymo laikotarpio, situacijos ir adresato. gutytė (1928–1990) debiutavo šeštojo de- Skaitant laiškus ima ryškėti tam tikri laiš- šimtmečio pabaigoje, 1959-aisiais, ir grei- ko kaip komunikacijos būdo bruožai, kurie tai tapo ypač skaitoma ir vertinama autorė gali būti būdingi šiam žanrui apskritai, bet (jos pirmoji knyga Ugnies lašai, pasibaigus visada suvokiami tik per jo jutimiškumą, tiražui, buvo persirašinėjama). J. Deguty- faktiškumą, visada modifikuojami atskiro tės gyvenimas susiklostė taip, kad ji liko susirašinėjimo konkretumo. Svarbus dalykas – komunikacinio tin- 1 Jurij Lotman, Kultūros semiotika, vertė D. Mitai- klo, komunikacinės-interpretacinės ben- tė, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2004, 34. 2 Darbas dirbtas drauge su kolegėmis dr. Giedre drijos išryškėjimas laiškuose, kuris susi- Šmitiene ir Aiste Birgere. Nemaža šio straipsnio pamąs- mezga ieškant to, ką jie nurodo už savęs tymų, žvilgsnio perspektyvų radosi iš dialogo apie laiš- kus su G. Šmitiene. (kito laiško, rašiusio asmens etc.), sekant 81 ir atrandant naujus komunikacijos takus, iš kontrastą. J. Lotmano laiškų knygoje kitų naujo mėginant atkurti buvusį tinklą. Mat balsų, be jo paties, nėra ir aš, pirmąkart skaitydami laiškų knygas paprastai susidu- skaitydama korespondenciją, šį stygių riame su centrinės figūros rašytais laiškais, aiškiai suvokiau. Vardai, ypač privatūs, o adresatai lieka daugiau ar mažiau ano- intymūs kreipiniai, kuriais kreipiasi J. Lot- niminiai, žinomi tik knygų sudarytojams. manas, yra tikriniai, bet suvokėjui, skai- Noriu pasakyti, kad tokios knygos papras- tytojui – daugiau ar mažiau bendriniai, tai būna orientuotos į figūrą, vieno asmens neturintys savo balso ir nedalyvaujantys kalbėjimą ir tik toks jis mums pasiekiamas, komunikacijoje; jie yra anoniminiai (šiuo bet neleidžia užčiuopti ir sugauti komuni- atveju žinojimas, kad tai sesuo – maža kacijos, kalbos judėjimo tarp asmenų, pa- ką keičia), todėl laiškas – iš esmės dia- prastai tariant, susirašinėjimo. loginė struktūra – darosi monologiškas, Jau turėdama galvoje J. Degutytės laiš- nors nuolat suponuoja atsakymą ir palieka skaitytojui intrigą ir neįmanomą užpildyti kus, suvokime susiformavusias tam tikras suvokimo spragą. Todėl gyvenamasis pa- bendrijos kalbėjimo ir veikimo pasaulyje saulis ir socialinė energija, kuri cirkuliuoja struktūras, iš esmės turėdama juos kaip laiškuose, senka ir darosi sunkiai, geriau- nuolatinį ir neišvengiamą kontekstą ar siu atveju gana vienpusiškai perskaitoma foną kitiems laiškams suvokti, pradėjau ar lieka labiau nujaučiama. Šis stygius skaityti Jurijaus Lotmano korespondenci- aprašytas norint parodyti, koks suvokimo jos knygą3. Ją pasirenku kaip pavyzdį dėl modelis ir kokia kryptis formuojasi tiriant tam tikrų laiko bei turinio sąsajų ir, žino- centrinę, dominančią figūrą, bet drauge į ma, atsitiktinumo. Daugiausia omenyje tu- mąstymą ir suvokimą aktyviai įtraukiant riu pluoštą laiškų šeimai (dėl minėtų sąsajų kitus susirašinėjimo dalyvius. Tuomet iš ir intymiosios komunikacijos specifikos); naujo įsikūnija ir įgauna reikšmę teiginys, laiškai rašyti iš tarnybos armijoje vietų ir kad žmogaus pasaulis iš esmės yra inter- Estijos. J. Lotmano gyvenamoji terpė vi- subjetyvus, ir skaityti jo reikšmes turime siškai kitokia nei J. Degutytės, juolab įdo- skaitydami jo susijimo su gyvenamuoju mūs panašumai, lemti istorinio laiko, kai pasauliu, t. y. aplinka ir kitais, modusus. skaitydamas matai panašų daiktų, maisto, Tada suvokėjo sąmonėje ima dėliotis tam knygų persiuntimą, daugybinius buitinius tikras naratyvas, pasakojimas apie pasaulį tinklus, jungiančius asmenis kaip rūpes- ir save, naratyvas, turintis savus persona- čio bendrijas, žinančias apie sviesto, kurio žus, įtraukiantis jų pasijas, veiksenas, jau- siunčiama šeimai iš Estijos, stygių. Tačiau senas, pabaigas. Epistolika nėra balsas, o J. Lotmano laiškus čia aptariu ne dėl šio balsų sampynos, jei norime – sambalsiai, bendrumo, o dėl šio bendrumo įtaigauto per kuriuos ima ryškėti tam tikro laiko pa- intersubjektyvumo, laiškų polilogiškumo saulis, reikšminės jo struktūros. O kadangi suvokimo, atsiradusio pajutus tam tikrą tyrėjo žvilgsnis neišvengiamai krypsta į vieną figūrą, kitų balsai, kalbėjimo būdas leidžia pasirodyti, būti perskaitomam cen- 3 Юрий Михайлович Лотман, Письма (1940– 1993), Москва: Языки русской культуры, 1997. trinės figūros kalbėjimui. 82 Dar vienas svarbus komunikacijos ly- tiksliai įvardijantis šio straipsnio uždavinį gmuo yra laiško kaip daikto aspektas. ir problemiką. Laiškų masyvas, kuris yra Išsikeliant laiškams iš pirmo žvilgsnio uždara ir drauge atvira visuma, Jurijaus elementarų klausimą, kaip galimas kal- Lotmano žodžiais, galimas įvardyti kaip bėjimasis (ne apsikeitimas informacija) „atminties dialektas“. Mokslininkas, kal- laiškais, galima sugauti rašto, popieriaus, bėdamas apie atmintį kultūrologijos po- rašalo etc. kaip tam tikro kūno ir kalbos žiūriu, teigia, kad „Kultūros atmintis ne tik gesto bei balso ekvivalentumą. Laiškas vieninga, bet ir vidujai įvairi. Tai reiškia, kaip daiktas intensyviai liudija savo laiką kad jos vieningumas egzistuoja tik tam ti- ir jo manieras. krame lygmenyje ir suponuoja, jog esama Šiame straipsnyje bus bandoma sukti atskirų „atminties dialektų“, atitinkančių savotišką hermeneutinį ratą tarp konkre- kolektyvų, sudarančių tos kultūros pasaulį, taus laiško, J. Degutytės epistolikos ir to, vidinę organizaciją.“5 Renkant, grupuo- kas paaiškėjo tyrinėjant šį archyvą apie jant laiškus susidėlioja tam tikras stabilus laišką apskritai, apie laišką kaip kultūros (kiek jis toks gali būti) laiškų masyvas, faktą ir jo turinį. Juolab įdomus šis proce- pasirodo jo sistema, veikianti pagal savus sas gyvenant dabarties terpėje, kurioje laiš- dėsnius. Pagrindinis šios sistemos bruožas kas kaip jutiminė, taktilinė, materiali for- yra jos dinamiškumas ir neužbaigtumas, ma yra veik nunykęs. Nuolat galima justi mat į vientisą masyvą laiškus sudeda tyrė- skirtį tarp tyrinėjamo laikotarpio laiško ir jas, o pats masyvas visada išsklidęs laike dabarties, pagauti atitikmenis tarp buitinio ir erdvėje, visada pilnas tuštumų, kurios raštelio ir SMS žinutės, pokalbio telefonu nurodo galimus, galbūt sunykusius, užpil- ir sėdimo rašyti, kai norisi pasikalbėti, kai dymus. O skaitantysis, laike nutolęs suvo- laiškas prasideda iš noro kreiptis („Ma- kėjas, gauna nuorodas į daugybę skaitymo niau, kad jau neberašysiu Tau, o lauksiu ir supratimo strategijų, nes skaitymo kodo lauksiu sugrįžtant, tačiau neištveriu...“4). ar tvarkos šis tekstas (laiškų masyvą va- Bendrosios laiško kaip teksto ir kultūros dinsime tekstu) neduoda; pagrindinis jo dokumento struktūros bus mėginamos per- tvarkos bruožas – savą logiką turinti ne- prasti remiantis kultūrologinėmis Jurijaus tvarka, nurodanti buvusią tvarką. Jeigu su- Lotmano pozicijomis, o laiškų turinys bus vokiame šį tekstą kaip tam tikros asmenų skaitomas mąstymą grindžiant daugiausia grupės komunikaciją ir kalbėjimąsi apie fenomenologine nuostata. gyvenamąjį, „mes“ pasaulį, galime jį pa- vadinti atminties dialektu, tam tikru laike Laiškas kaip kultūrinis pasakojimas išsidėsčiusiu pasakojimu, kurį surenkame „Bendra kalba, paskiri balsai“ – Alfonso ir sukonstruojame visada patys. Privatus Lingio knygos pavadinimas, pavydėtinai susirašinėjimas, laiškų tekstas yra buvu- sio ir esamo kultūros pasaulio struktūros 4 Lenos Rapalienės laiškas, 1985 X 14 (laiškai, dalis, kuri, jeigu iškeliama iš archyvų, jau šalia kurių nenurodytas archyvo indeksas, laikinai yra pas šio straipsnio autorę, vėliau bus perduoti Maironio lietuvių literatūros muziejui). 5 Lotman, 2004, 295. 83 kitu būdu ima dalyvauti kultūros pasau- lizuojančios Paulio Ricoeuro naratyvumo lyje. „[...] bet kuri dinamiška sistema yra koncepciją, „Papasakotas laikas Ricoeurui panardinta erdvėje, kurioje išsidėsčiusios yra ir asmeninis (t. y. biografinis) laikas, kitos tokios pat dinamiškos sistemos, taip ir tarpasmeninis (t. y. kultūros) laikas“8.
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