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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1 . See, for instance, Jonathan Culler, Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 72–73—Culler mentions White in this context—and his “The Turns of Metaphor,” The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), 188–209. See Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). See also Jacques Derrida, “White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy,” Margins of Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 207–71. 2 . Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957, rpt. 1973). 3 . Longinus on the Sublime , trans. W. Rhys Roberts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1899), ch. 2, ch. 9. 4 . S e e Plotinus: The Enneads, ed. and rev. B. S. Page and trans. Stephen Mackenna (London: Faber & Faber, 1962), ch. 1. 5 . Stanley Fish, “Rhetoric,” Critical Terms for Literary Study , ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 220–21. See, for instance, Richard Rorty, The Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982). 6 . A n t o i n e C o m p a g n o n , Literature, Theory, and Common Sense , trans. Carol Cosman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 7. The French original has a more provocative title: Le Démon de la théorie: Littérature et sens commun (Paris Editions du Seuil, 1998). 7 . Compagnon, 10. 8 . Compagnon, 11. See Julien Gracq, En lisant en écrivant (Paris: José Corti, 1981), esp. 174. 9 . C o m p a g n o n , 1 1 – 1 2 . 10 . Compagnon, 12–13. See René Wellek and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1949). 11 . “False perceptions” is Compagnon’s term (14) and “false dilemmas” is Pierre Bourdieu’s in The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field , trans. Susan Emanuel (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), 193. 198 ● Notes to Pages 4–17 12 . Patricia Waugh, “Revising the Two Cultures Debate,” The Arts and Sciences of Criticism , ed. David Fuller and Patricia Waugh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 33–34. See Jonathan Hart, “Introduction,” City of the End of Things: Lectures on Civilization and Empire (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1–34. 13 . David Lodge, “Literary Criticism and Literary Creation,” The Arts and Sciences of Criticism , ed. David Fuller and Patricia Waugh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 152. 1 4 . Bertolt Brecht Diaries 1920–1922 , ed. Herta Ramthun and trans. John Willett (London: Eyre Methuen, 1979), 42–43. 1 5 . I n Bertolt Brecht: Chaos According to Plan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, rpt. 1994), 174, John Fuegi ends with “lots of theories,” and in the “Introduction” to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms , ed. Irena R. Makaryk (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), vii, Irene Makaryk ends with “newspapers.” 1 6 . Bertolt Brecht Journals [1935–1955], trans. Hugh Rorrison and ed. John Willett (London: Methuen, 1993), 90–91. 1 7 . Bertolt Brecht Journals [1935–1955], 91. 1 8 . Bertolt Brecht Journals [1935–1955], 91. 1 9 . W a l t e r B e n j a m i n , Selected Writings Volume 1 1913–1926 , ed. Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Jennings (Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996), 219. 2 0 . B e n j a m i n , 2 1 8 . 2 1 . B e n j a m i n , 2 2 6 . 2 2 . H a y d e n W h i t e , The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory 1957–2007 , ed. Robert Doran (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2010), 271. 23 . W. J. T Mitchell, “ Critical Inquiry and the Ideology of Pluralism,” Critical Inquiry 8 (1982), 612–18; White, Fiction, 223–25. In the chapter “Historical Pluralism and Pantextualism,” White discusses Mitchell’s view of theory and history. 2 4 . W h i t e , Fiction , 225. 2 5 . W h i t e , Fiction , 310–17. 2 6 . L o d g e , 1 3 8 ; W h i t e , Fiction , 315. 27 . See James Clifford, Routes—Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth- Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). 2 8 . Bertolt Brecht Diaries 1920–1922 , 21. 2 9 . Bertolt Brecht Journals [1935–1955], 422–23. 3 0 . W h i t e , Fiction , 316. Chapter 1 1 . The original reads: “Dès son origine, . elle est toujours définie comme une discipline en crise.” Armando Gnisci, “La Littérature comparée comme Notes to Pages 17–19 ● 199 discipline de décolonisation.” My translation here and below unless other- wise indicated. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée [ CRCL/RCLC ] 23 (1996), 67. I would like to thank Wladimir Krysinski, Amaryll Chanady, and their colleagues in Littérature Comparée at l’Université de Montréal for their invitation and hospitality in 2005 and for the bilingual session that surrounded my original paper. It was good to be back in one of the cities of my youth. My thanks also to Wladimir Krysinski and to Jean Bessière of the Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III) for reading and encouraging this article and to the editors and readers of Revue de littéra- ture comparée for their suggestions, interest, and support. For an earlier version of this chapter, see Jonathan Hart, “The Futures of Comparative Literature: North America and Beyond,” Revue de littérature comparée 2006/1—N317, 5–21. My thanks to the editors and to the publishers, Klincksieck, for permis- sion to reprint. 2 . The original reads: “une discipline véritablement mondiale.” Gnisci, “La Littérature comparée,” 77. See also Letteratura comparata: Storia e testi , ed. Armando Gnisci and Franca Sinopoli (Roma: Sovera, 1995). 3 . Tania Franco Carvalhal, Literatura Comparada (São Paulo: Ática, 1986). 4 . Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée CRCL/RCLC 23 (1996), 75. The original reads: “La littérature comparée existe au Brésil depuis longtemps: en réalité, dès le temps où on a commencé à réfléchir sur la formation de la littéra- ture Brésilienne et sur la création d’un project de literature nationale.” 5 . Walter Moser, “La Littérature Comparée et la crise des études littéraires,” Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée [ CRCL/RCLC ] 23 (1996), 43. The original reads: “Une discipline nomade.” 6 . Moser, 44. The original reads: “La précarité du statut de leur discipline peut même se tourner en avantage.” 7 . See Alvin Kernan’s The Death of Literature (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990) and Susan Bassnett’s Comparative Literature: A Critical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), especially 47. 8 . Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Death of a Discipline (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), xii. 9 . Spivak, xii. 1 0 . S p i v a k , 1 . 1 1 . S p i v a k , 3 . 1 2 . S p i v a k , 5 . 1 3 . S p i v a k , 6 . 1 4 . S p i v a k , 8 – 9 . 15 . Spivak, 13. 16 . Spivak, 23. 1 7 . S p i v a k , 2 6 – 3 4 . 18 . Spivak, 52. 19 . Spivak, 55. 20 . Spivak, 65. 200 ● Notes to Pages 19–20 21 . Spivak, 66. 22 . Spivak, 96, 101. 2 3 . S p i v a k , 1 0 2 . 24 . See, for instance, Marshall McLuhan, The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York: Vanguard Press, 1951) and his The Gutenburg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962); Roland Barthes, Mythologies (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1957). For a dis- cussion of Roland Barthes, Marshall McLuhan, Northrop Frye, and others in regards to mythology, ideology, technology, and culture, see also Jonathan Hart, Northrop Frye: The Theoretical Imagination (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), and Hart, Interpreting Cultures: Literature, Religion, and the Human Sciences (London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). For related debates, see Jonathan Hart, “Introduction,” City of the End of Things: Lectures on Civilization and Empire (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1–34. 2 5 . The Republic of Plato , trans. Francis MacDonald Cornford (1941; New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1945, rpt. 1968), especially, book 10. 26 . Philip Sidney, “An Apology for Poetry,” in English Critical Texts: 16th Century to 20th Century, ed. D. J. Enright and Ernst de Chickera (London: Oxford University Press, 1962, rpt. 1975), 3–49. 27 . See, particularly, Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Defence of Poetry , ed. Mrs. Shelley, reprinted from the edition of MDCCCXLV (Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs- Merrill Company, 1904), “Part First.” 28 . Karl R. Popper, “Die Logik der Sozialwissenschaften,” (1972), in Der Positivismusstreitin der deutschen Soziologie by Theodor W. Adorno et al., 3rd ed. (Darmstadt: Luchterhand, 1974), 108, in Douwe Fokkema, “Comparative Literature and Canon Formation,” Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/ Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée [CRCL/RCLC] 23 (1996), 53. 29 . Fokkema, “Comparative Literature and Canon Formation,” Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée [CRCL/RCLC] 23 (1996), 53. 30 . Linda Hutcheon, “Comparative Literature’s ‘Axiogenic’ State,” Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée [ CRCL/RCLC ] 23 (1996), 35. 31 . Hutcheon, p. 39. 32 . Hutcheon, p. 40. 33 . These reports of the American Comparative Literature Association can be found at http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/Levin.html for the American Comparative Literature Association Report on Professional Standards (First or Levin report, 1965); http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/Green.html for the (Second or Greene report) (Submitted to the American Comparative Literature Association by the Committee on Professional Standards, September, 1975); http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/ Bernheim.html for the (Bernheimer report, 1993). The Bernheimer report was later published as Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism , ed. Charles Bernheimer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
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