C 885-2010 1 The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure Transport Association Waterborne for The World PIAN

PIANC The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure 1885-2010 century th cult war and and war cult history book is is century: sustainable st e story probably of the and the International Navigation Congress was born. Congress Navigation International and the

book highlights, the of technical descriptions major roughout are book, is members, of distinguished will by a commission prepared development, climate change, sea need rise and the level climate for working with development, Th nature. built during the and achievements, which were developments engineering existence. 125 years of PIANC’s On 25 May 1885, the fi rst Inland Navigation Congress was in Brussels, held Congress rst Inland Navigation fi the 1885, On 25 May After on these questions. debate forum for an international a providing Ocean the with merged Congress some years, Inland Navigation the Congress Navigation postwar 20 years, last of the changes of the rapid quarter the During the Congress in Paris, 1900, a Permanent International Commission Commission International 1900, a Permanent in Paris, Congress During the were Statutes years later was Congresses set up. Two Navigation for the was PIANC a fact.adopted. PIANC changed considerably years, an Association over the from every four years, a Congress an Association to organising technical setting high ranking reports. and publishing standards Th Th Associationdeserved be recorded. technical to oldest the result. Th Association, early years of the you along the take diffi the and will elaborate on the challenges of the 21 of the challenges on the and will elaborate PIANC, Th e World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure

‘An association in a changing world, 1885-2010’ J.U. Brolsma (editor): PIANC, The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure, an association in a changing world, 1885-2010

EAN 9782872231737 ISBN 978-2-87223-173-7

© PIANC / AIPCN 2010, all rights reserved

Published by PIANC, Boulevard Albert II, Box 3, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium Printed by Peeters N.V. www.pianc.org Th is publication was made possible by:

Main sponsors:

ICOPMAS Compagnie Nationale du Rhône

Deltares PIANC USA

Jan de Nul n.v. Royal Boskalis Westminster nv

Van Oord Grand Port Maritime du Havre Corporate Sponsors:

Consulting Engineering Services (India) Private Limited,

Mr. S. Ghosh, Honorary Vice President of PIANC and Managing Director

Maatschappij van de Brugse Moffatt & Nichol Artes Group nv Zeevaartinrichtingen nv

JAPAN Dredging & Port de Bruxelles Port of Rotterdam Reclamation Engineering Association

Maritime Research Institute Netherlands Consulting Engineering Services (India) Private Ltd, Porto de Lisboa Mr. S. Ghosh, Honorary Vice President of PIANC

PIANC België / PIANC Nederland Ports & Harbours Association of Japan AIPCN Belgique 5 PIANC - AIPCN 53 11 21 74 44 37

17 71 17

20

72 50 12 48

56 58 11

53 73 24

67

61

40

34 43 59

37 14 22 62

53 32

26 68 28

9

66

50

46

38 33

War and postwar periodWar (1945 – 1970) Delta Plan Seaway Lawrence Finances and membership container St. postwar End of the era The Delta Study commissions Congresses Study Kiel Canal Docks London Kiel 4. Interwar years (1919 – 1939) Recommencement Publications Management Dam Zuiderzee Finances and membership System River Mississippi The 5. Ship lifts in Germany Rhône of the development The Executive Bureau logos Executive First Canal Panama of PIANC creation The work at PIANC Surviving war the commissions of activities Resumption Study postwar First Congresses Headquarters Section No Regional 22nd Congress – 19th Sport Navigation and Pleasure 2. (before Establishment of PIANC 1885) steamship The Congress Navigation First 3. (1885 – 1914) early days The Congresses Inland Navigation Congress Ocean Navigation Congresses Navigation International 1. Introduction Table of contents of Table Congresses International PIANC - AIPCN 6 Palm Jebel AliIsland, Dubai ofthe Extension Panama Canal Safeguarding the future Safeguarding Tsunami protection Working with Nature Publication breakwater policy Climate PIANC inthefuture 8. change LeHavre 2000 Port Three Gorges Waterway-cross Dam Falkirk at Monaco’s Wheel Magdeburg Strategic floating Plan breakwater 2006-2010 National Promotion Sections International Commission Smart co-operation Mediterranean Rivers COPEDEC Days Award JackNichol Navigation Young Professionals Commission Congresses Revision Statutes andRegulations Website andelectronic dictionary Under anewmanagement New housestyle Two inBelgium ship7. Twenty-first lifts century Kansai Main-Danube offshore At the end ofthe century Thames Canal airport Barrier Social imageandadministration Changesinlocation, National aspects The Congresses ofthe 1990s Sections Attracting Young Professionals Care forthe environment Gustave Willems Award COPEDEC Centennial Recreational Congress Technical Navigation Developing Commissions Three countries Finances Congresses New Times (1970–2000) arechanging 6. rules

80

78 126 94

131

106

143 114

81 139 104

122 148

124

82 130

89

143 144 85

111

125 140

87 134

149 88 136 93 90

94 107 132

112 98

96

108 113

96 154 120 116 119 115 128 146 150 77

101 7 PIANC - AIPCN 156

174 163 158 159 171

173 156

166 161

Annexes Annexes Illustrations Acknowledgements and annual meetings Congresses Awards countries bearers Member Office publications Major Statutes Abbreviations

9 PIANC - AIPCN This book,This distin- of commission by a prepared become point well in our 2010 may a turning and other Commission’ ‘History the I thank guished members, early you along the will take Association,years of the difficult the war and post- war years, last of the rapid changes quarter the on the and will elaborate century 20th of the century: 21st sustainable of the develop- challenges change, sea rise needment, climate level and the book the Throughout are nature. for working with highlights,technical short of major descriptions engineering developments and achievements, 125 years of PIANC’s built during the which were existence. its widening aiming at as is PIANC long history, to scope its in order membership and broadening be challenges water- able many deal the with to are infrastructure borne transport related and the facing. job and demon- did a splendid authors, who really during had for PIANC they dedication the strated – in some I also thank cases half a century. – over sponsorsthe support, who, by their made it pos- book. such a richly illustrated publish sible to history book this dedicate to I would like Finally, past of the and the PIANC-members many the to voluntary their contribu- through that present, Association of the recognition the ensured tions as a source of solid technical guidance. den EedeEng. Eric Van President and

During these first was no perma- years, there On 25 May 1885, the first Inland Navigation first the 1885, On 25 May Navigation Inland Congress was held in Brussels, was a forum held providing Congress on these questions. debate for an international Congress some years,After Inland Navigation the Congress Ocean the Navigation with merged was born. Congress Navigation International the but only continuity guarantee to organisation nent consecutive local for the committees organising occasion the Congresses. In 1890, at fourth of the it wasCongress, decided a permanent establish to 1900, a Perma- in Paris, Congress the During body. Navigation for the Commission International nent statutes years later wasCongresses set up. Two During its adopted. 125 years lifespan, PIANC were and several survivemanaged Wars to two World crises. Associationeconomic The was flexible enough and new needs times changing adapt to to of its membership. changed PIANC considerably years, an Association a the over from organising every four years,Congress an Association to setting high ranking and publishing standards technical technical oldest probably reports. story of the The Association this deserveshence be recorded, to history book lying before you. is that At the end of the 19th century, international international century, 19th the of end the At for waterborne demand consequent and the trade increasedtransport considerably. infrastructure and major projects of steamships introduction The Canal Panama of the construction as the such need of know- an additional exchange for created how. 1. Introduction

11 PIANC - AIPCN the interests of commerce and navigation, is feasi- is navigation, and of commerce the interests of the advantage take to order in that, ble and indispensable facilities for access and operation offer must kind all, of this above a canal which extend should from to the canal of Limon the Gulf the on decided resolution This Panama’. of Bay the of Isthmus the in canal interoceanic of the location debate a passionate the same time, At Panama. regard with Kingdom United the in on was going Canal. Ship of the Manchester the construction to bridge aqueduct swing unique its with The canal important Another 1894. opened in was eventually The Suez Canal, opened a major was in 1869, driving force for the development of steam navigation, because sailing was not allowed on the canal. The waterway was enlarged several times as ships grew bigger and bigger, but it needed continual dredging. maintenance International Congresses International organisations wasAmong the new international Inter- Canal du d’Etudes International Congrès the May 15 of on Study for the Congress (International océanique Paris in convened Canal) Interocean the the at headquarters of the Société1871 de Geog- 22 coun- represented delegates 136 where raphy Ferdinand President, its Congress the tries. During one Canal Suez the de Lesseps, who completed reso- crucial the aloud read before, year a half and lution: ‘TheCongress believes the that excavation of an interoceanic canal at sea level, so desirable in It was 1885, a time of full prosperity and at the zenith of an outstanding of an expansion,It wasfull of zenith 1885, a time prosperity industrial the and at of heavy industry. development perfection and the the engine which was due to steam of the to new approach as the considered were organisations international century, 19th During the of 1815 of Vienna and Treaty between Congress The stable nations. and peaceful relations creating such rivers on international for ships of all nations had confirmed principle of free navigation the as Rhine the and Danube, Act the of Mannheim basis international the for the to of 1868, leading of the creation the for treaty a Rhine on the and in 1857 to for Navigation Commission Central Danube Commission. 2. (before Establishmentof PIANC 1885) PIANC - AIPCN 12 tion became in many countries a matter of national national inmany amatter of countries became tion improvement ofthe existing This waterways. ques- foranurgent called ofvessels and inthe number waterways. The increase ofthe size ofvessels lated strong development viainland oftransport of the But railways. the steam stimu- engine also of bulkcargo, were infavour more orlessneglected forthe increasing transport of primeimportance Therailway navigable waterways, network. although to the constructing the andequiping efforts its like alldevoted other industrial hadabove countries, Belgium, oftheIn the preceding course decades tional Railway Congress held year. was the same Interna-many ofvisitors, andthe first thousands Antwerp International which Exhibition, attracted organised inLondon1851.In1885,there the was exhibitions World the too, first being Exhibition tional in Brussels. Inland Navigation Congress him to the support organisation of the Interna- ofinternationalprofit Conferences and stimulated Thiseign. result convinced the Belgian king of the Congo with King IIof Leopold Belgium its sover- as signature of an agreement to create the state of 1885 the with February in Conference that ended Berlin the was at that time meeting international The 19th the century era was ofthe large at Bremen in October 1884, when when 1884, October at Bremen in of such aCongress had already been acclaimed of theFirst Inland Theidea Navigation Congress. decided to establish the Organisation Committee them donating thesum BFRand of100 they in all, each numberingmet in of Brussels, fifty The leading members ofthese four organisations • • • • known as: a leadingrole. men These Associations hadformed played GillesnearBrussels, andcouncillorofSt. neer aminingengi-Congress Mr. inBrussels. Gobert, A. forces inanattempt to Navigation organise the first inearly1885,thatIt was afewindividualsjoined First Navigation Congress cargo vessels. as also employed were and common more became steamships 19th the century, of half second Inthe waters. shallow for Paddlepassenger transport. wheelers were especially suitable for used mainly were waterways inland on steamships Initially in Belgium. in Belgium. asway to ofpublicopinion Malines started the sea Louvainof linkingtowns and Brugge, like Brussels, from nationalsupport governments. The question that oftime wouldinthe gain course importance

Cercle Industriel et Commercial deMalines Cercle deBruges-Port deMer Chambre Libre deCommerce deLouvain Bruxelles de Maritime Installations des Cercle numerous numerous 13 PIANC - AIPCN What are the best means for consolidating best the for consolidating means are What banks? What the are advantages of the different lock systems? success achieved first the by The Navigation

• • Thirteen reports were presented to the audience. conclusions, which rise to gave the questions All the the participants. on by voted Following were Congress were excursions to Heyst on the Belgian port a deep-water coast, where was to planned, Ghent- the to Rupelmonde, near Canal Brussels the to from Louvain canal the to and Canal Terneuzen conclu- most important Dyle. the of One river the was it and was continue to Congress the of sions Vienna in Congress second the hold to decided in 1886. cir- favourable the was not solely due to Congress evolution a natural nor to time, of the cumstances of past events. It was above energy the all thanks to of a handful who of men, far-sightedness and the possibilities of scientific of the and fully aware were about revolu- to were technical discoveries, that whole range of technical a life and create tionise interna- a vast only which and problems questions grips. to was capable of coming organisation tional What are the necessary the are for a mari- What conditions be canal to useful?time belong to canals maritime desirable that it Is be and should they free? toll state the best the digging for engines are canals? What

On narrow waterways, sailing was not possible and one had to rely on horse- or even manpower. In 1895, a so-called double header is pulling a barge through the Erie Canal. German, Dutch and Belgian engineers met, after engineers Belgian and Dutch German, they had undertaken a tour together to study theinland waterways and ports of Germany. des Installations Some members Cercle of the part the in taken had de Bruxelles Maritime was the it ranks from and that their excursion idea of the Congress Navigation originated. efforts the d’Andoy, Through Moreau Baron of Palais Industry Agriculture, of Public and Minister the of granted support government Belgian the Works, hall Congress,Navigation Inland International an and Brussels, in instituted was PIANC, of fore-runner the historic the The first 1885. first its in there held Congress which in 1885 was Monday Congress held on the of session May 25 par- hundred four were des Académies. There ticipants from thirteen countries. The Organising Committee had prepared eighteen technical and economicquestions to be examined and dis- cussed such as: • • • The steamship

The steamship Rotterdam, launched in 1908, passes the white cliffs of Dover. The need to discuss questions related to the ever larger steamships was a driving force in establishing PIANC. At the same time the steamship, through its speed and reliability, made the world smaller and made it easier to travel to Congresses around the world.

The 19th century was the age of steam and, as far as PIANC is concerned, the age of the steamship. During previous centuries, navigation had to rely on wind and sails. But wind is not a very reliable source of power, sailing ships needed a large crew to handle their sails and the size of the wooden ship was limited by the properties of the construction material. James Watt invented the steam engine in 1782 or at least a practical and usable steam engine. After several small scale experiments, the American Robert Fulton constructed in 1807 the steamship North River to start a regular service on the Hudson River between New York and Albany. He equipped his ship with Boulton & Watt steam engines. In 1812, Henry Bell was the first in Europe to start a steamboat service on the river Clyde and in 1816 the first (British) steamship sailed on the river Rhine. So far, the examples concerned inland navigation only. The first sea-going steamship was the Savannah, built in 1818 for a service along the American coast. The Savannah was equipped with a 90 hp one-cylinder steam engine, giving the ship a speed of 6 knots. A 5 m diametre paddle wheel was fitted on both sides of the ship. The ship was not the commercial success her owners hoped for and was sold to a European company. She made the trip to Liverpool under her own power, thus becoming the first ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean by steam pro- pulsion. However, the steam engine was in operation for 85 hours only. The rest of the time, the crossing was made in the old-fashioned way by sail, mainly to save coal. The first, real transatlantic steamship and recognized as forerunner of modern shipping is the Great Britain, designed by the legendary Isambard Brunel. He combined three major innovations in his ship: steam power, steel hull and a propeller instead of the vulnerable paddle wheel. The ship was launched on 19 July 1843 and made her maiden voyage to New York two years later in an astounding fourteen days. The Great Britain still exists! In 1970 the hull was recovered and towed back to her homeport Bristol, where she docked as a museum ship now. In the second half of the 19th century, famous steamship companies emerged: the Peninsular & Orient Steam Navigation Company (P&O) in 1835, the Cunard Line in 1840, the Hamburg-Amerika Packetfahrt in 1847, the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique in 1855 and the Holland- America Line in 1873, to mention only a few. A major impulse for steam navigation was the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Sailing ships were not allowed to pass through the canal, so steamships were the only option and the famous clipper Cutty Sark, launched in 1869, came too late. The steamships, ocean going as well as inland, quickly grew in size and number, creating a demand for larger ports, quays, locks and canals. This was a challenge to engineers, because many aspects were new and unfamiliar. The state-of-the-art of civil engineering was lagging behind. The need to discuss the questions with colleagues was the driving force to establish PIANC. Steamships not only became bigger, they became faster: the greyhounds of the sea. Competition to win the Blue Ribbon for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic became a matter of national prestige. By its speed, the steamship made the world smaller. Overseas travel- ling took less time and was more reliable than ever before. For instance, visiting a Congress in Europe would be too time consuming for an American engineer in the age of sail. Now, the trip was a matter of days and could be planned exactly. Without exaggeration, one might say that an Association like PIANC would not have been feasible without the steamship. In that respect, the steamship deserved to be shown on the PIANC-logo, that first appeared in 1904.

17 PIANC - AIPCN The invitation of the city of Frankfurt-am-Main city of the of Frankfurt-am-Main invitation The down the Danubedown the boats on the Danube of the between Company and Turn- Vienna Navigation redoubtable passage the time, that Severin at with, Gate. Iron of the in that Congress of the meeting third hold the to city canal- in 1888 was The accepted. unanimously Main of the betweenisation Mainz and Frankfurt of a vast port river most the creation with and the of holding reason the were equipment advanced of way Frankfurt. at It was an excellent Congress the people be aim to letting followed know the and the III had been achieved. Frederick Emperor work that The Congress. on the bestowed patronage his were opened 1888. There on 20 August Congress 710 participants as or as 12 countries, from many of Brussels (400) and Congress the had attended The archive of PIANC, in the basement of the Brussels Head- quarters, contains the proceedings and papers of all Congresses. All reports were printed in the three official languages of the Association: English, French and German. The archive was a primary source for the research needed to write this book. years, e early 1885-1914 sions of the constructional works relating to to works relating constructional of the sions artificial navigable waterways utility economic pointeconomic of view Seven first reports The submitted. three where ques- last the conclusions; rise to gave questions The next Congress. the was adjournedtion until office of an international proposal institute to to back was referred Congresses Navigation Inland next Congress. of the Committee Organising the travel able to were Congress of the members The 2. normal profiles dimen- of canals and the The 3. waterways navigable of Operation 4. of maritime canals and their Construction Inland Navigation Congresses Congresses Inland Navigation dele- Austrian Brussels the Congress, During the should besecond the Congress proposed that gate Vienna. 1886, in pro- This following year, the held posal invitation The was by acclamation. accepted of opinion similar also a current coincided with to that which had given rise to the idea of the was focusedBrussels meeting. In Austria, attention of canals connecting Dan- the establishment on the ube major German the rivers. Congress with The 1886, but it was 19 June preceded 15 to lasted from Ratisbon Vienna, from to excursion by a steamship was openedpassing via Passau. on Congress The actingas patron. Rudolf, Archduke 15 June by the 307 participants 12 countries. from were There of examination including the programme The as follows: worded four questions, 1. the from waterways of navigable study The The first Navigation Congress of 1885 was a success and it was obvious that another one should be another of 1885 wassuccess and it was a obvious that Congress firstThe Navigation there and was others. Yet, followed by many one year later was held next Congress planned. The for a permanent statutes prepare to in 1898 decision was taken That was no standing organisation. had merged Congress Inland Navigation the Meanwhile, in 1902. Association, accepted which were and organised were twelve Congresses War Great the Before Congress. Ocean Navigation the with fulfilled need apparently the PIANC 1,000 delegates. for exchange increased over to attendance the by its meetings. biennial field in the navigation of technical of inland and maritime information 3. Th PIANC - AIPCN 18 created to ensure the continuity of the institution. the of continuity the ensure to created Ludwigshafen. yet, noorganisation As had been and Mannheim Mainz, Gustavsburg, region: the of ports Rhine the to visits to devoted were Congress daysto two the Congress. Thelast of next the setup, withwas the aim of submitting areport tional ofInland Commission Navigation Statistics by Mr. time, an Also Engels. Interna- forthe first H. opened 1898 at the Technical University of Dresden hydraulicfirst world-wide, laboratory which was thecreationwith navigation. This ofthe pushed andtests of structures the perfecting concerned the necessity of hydro-technical research, hydraulic time theFor the Congress first insisted upon rivers. navigable canalising and regulating of necessity the underlined Congress the conclusions, its In River estuaries, their navigability andtheir 6. The from utility the agricultural ofview point 5. What are the economic advantages ofmari- 4. Which vehicles oftraction are andmodes 3. Improvement ofriver navigation 2. Reformofinlandnavigation statistics 1. with sixquestions, which were worded asfollows: (307)together.Vienna dealt The reports fourteen of sailing and steam ships. steam and sailing of amix for wasdesigned canal the that shows section cross The visit. to itworthwhile –whichmade worksites Ship Canal Manchester the on progress in activity wasgreat there time, At that Manchester. in washeld Congress fourth the 1890, The maintenance canals of navigable of the navigability ofrivers andthe construction time penetrating canals inland large waterways navigable most appropriate forthe conditions ofthe sued and the means being utilised forthis andthe utilised meanssued purpose. being throughout the per- worldthe being goalwhich was way asuitable ofmakingknown seemed the city a viewto of ensuringthe industrial independence in progress on the Manchester with Canalworksites Manchester at atime when great was activity ing ofanInternational Navigation Congress in the Congress fourth at Manchester in1890.The hold- ofManchester invitedmunicipality PIANC to hold and worded follows: as beforehand, whichwere infoursections divided from abroad. Ten precise questions fixed hadbeen 1,042,including 423 was ofparticipants number Agriculture andTrade andIndustry. The total Ministers ofPublic Works, the Navy, the Colonies, patronage ofthe President ofthe Republic and the Commerce. The Congress under the placed was in Paris extended was bythe Paris of Chamber each Congress could correspond. upwith Committee whichtheset of Executive andnational committee shouldbe alocal country however taken onthe wish that expressed ineach tion, but still nottaken. adecision was was Action ofamore the thoroughformed subject examina- tion of aPermanent Commission and wasraised Forth Bridge.Yet again,the question ofthe forma- atripincluded to to Scotland visit of the Firth the Congress, andthe excursions after the Congress ofthe wereThe ShipCanal works visited during and recommended the application ofthe report. from inthe the report contained Commission,as principle ofstatistics related to inlandnavigation Among the conclusions, the Congress adopted the State, operation andcost ofcanals 3. Inlandnavigation statistics: study ofthe report 2. ofdif- Description Rivers andinlandcanals. 1. which were worded asfollows: with dealt fourquestions, reports The thirty-seven Trade. 490. was The ofparticipants total number PresidentMichael Hicks-Beach, ofthe of Board theof HRH PrinceofWales andpresided bySir The invitation to holdthe 1892Congress fifth, from the commission at appointed Frankfurt b) Maritime canals Tidal improvement rivers: ofestuaries and a) ofnavigableing the waterways banks and propulsion methods oncanals; ofprotect- navigable waterways; means oftraction ferent The Congress under placed the was patronage The Manchester Company ShipCanal andthe mouths 19 PIANC - AIPCN waterways tions seven questions had been beseven fixed questions to in advance discussed, and thirty-three reports been had sub- mitted concerning: 1. of navigable and maintenance Construction operation 2. Technical 3. ques- and economic operation Commercial 4. rivers navigable of Improvement the stressed Congress In its the conclusions, necessity speed the of increasing traffic,of river ports,of perfecting of internal equipment the being waterways closed by ice, and of preventing traction of the monopolisation the of studying service. was during one of a painful incident There Delta a boat on the waters, trip After excursions. the Hague. The to by train participantsthe returned guests down and as a result, the broke train The Hague, but in The dinnertime did not arrive at to excursions other the midnight. But long after new locks Haarlem, the IJmuiden at Amsterdam, Zuiderzee such misfor- did not sufferand the from Assembly the that Congress It was alsotune. this at was called a proposal upon deal with aimed to at with Congress Navigation Inland of the merger the Congress. Ocean the Navigation The Congress had its sixth meeting in the in the had its meeting sixth Congress The waterways including taxes and tolls estuaryincluding the Around the turn of the century steamships dominated the harbour here like view, in the Rotterdam Maashaven. Few the sailing war, sailing ships were still in use. After the 1914-1918 ship had practically disappeared. Netherlands, at The Hague, in 1894. The initiative initiative Hague, in 1894. The The at Netherlands, Royal Institute in the originated meeting for the Committee of Engineers, Organising the and chaired was formed Institute by members of the of inspector-general former Conrad, J.F.W. by Mr. Rijkswaterstaat. Queen Emma of the Netherlands of the be patron the to consented graciously had number of participants The Congress. was 1,048, among distributed abroad including 766 from sections Four subdivided18 nationalities. into Fifty-four reports were submitted on these ques- these on submitted were reports Fifty-four proposed Congress the tions. its conclusions, In to intended measures a series of new technical profitability the safetyincrease and of navigation. It stressed the importance of for navigation the after the The excursion a country. of economy Congress was a kind of marathon, covering the included and of France South and Southeast Centre, Marseilles. to from Lyon Rhone the down a trip 1. 1. of navigable and maintenance Construction 2. of barges as traction such operation Technical 3. questions, and economic operation Commercial 4. part, maritime in their of rivers Improvement PIANC - AIPCN 20 Navigation fora Congress, anopportunity offering nent Commission were present at the Inland fifth problems,due to taken. noaction was financial to Congress,It but decided holdasecond was 1890. Mr. President. Bernard elected was M.E. meeting on25October in Paris first andhadits and accepted. The Permanent Commission settled idea ofaPermanent Commission wasproposed arrangedinterest to them. After the Congress, were visits to severalof the World that Exhibition were ofparticular French visited parts those The 243participants dredging. ports. construction,ment, port access channels and At once,1889, dealingwith amongothers hydraulic equip- the lasting from 20until sessions, 25 Septemberfive Navigation Congress. The Congress consisted of tions Ocean called Congress, butusuallyitwas The correct translation Maritime is: Construc- of them was the the was them of Tower, ofCongresses aseries wasorganised. One forthe constructionin 1889,famous ofthe Eiffel ofthe ParisOn the occasion World Exhibition NavigationOcean Congress In 1892nearlyallthe ofthe members Perma- Congrès desTravaux Maritimes . would assumethe title ofInternational Navigation stated thaton, anditwas infuture the Congress a lively discussion, the merger wasvoted proposal of the 1894InlandNavigation Congress, after quite At similarCongresses. at the two, closingsession present concernedto be forthe people difficult be Congresses aswell overlapped anditwould two Congress Secondly, ever since. the audience ofthe onthe agendahad been ofthe InlandNavigation equipment ofmaritime andport canals The subject cities Belgian totime connecting the canals sea. Congress to was agreat extent devoted to mari- After InlandNavigation all,theoverlapping. first Inland Navigation were Congress. Most subjects andthe ofthe Ocean the scope a linebetween to draw difficult itwas place, kind.Inthe first of its to British several ports. the closingofthe Congress, excursions were made Navigation Congress. Duringthe eight days after Ocean more ofthe then first the 243participants many 526participants, Congress asuccess: was Navigation Congress inLondonnextJuly. The to Ocean holdthe decided Itwas second meeting. position of steam in the first half of the 20th century. 20th the of half first the in steam of position dominant the overtook and shippropulsion to applied been already 1892, in had patented engine, diesel the However PIANC logo. first the on appeared like liner.thisone atransatlantic of Asteamship example wasafine 1914 Aquitania Cunard’s steamer four-funnel Nevertheless, thisNevertheless, the meeting last wouldbe 21 PIANC - AIPCN The Congress lasted five days and ended by a a by ended and five lasted days The Congress did not fail to observe the traditional forms which which forms fail observedid not to traditional the by accorded patronage high established: been had King Leopold II of Belgium, honorary presidency accepted by both Prince Albert and by the Ministers Ministers the by and Albert Prince both by accepted of and Works, of Finance Public and of Agriculture Affairs.Foreign was Congress the of The President G.Helleputte. Mr. afternoon Castle the and the in Laeken to of visit the in de Bruxelles Royal Palais the at festivities was visit to organised A final excursion evening. was meeting the of The success Seraing. Liege and far greater then of that the previous Congresses. time if on miscellaneous 24 submitted participants as There were 1,374 including 865 were from reports well 71 as countries. discussed foreign be 32 questions 18 only given the would that less important being latter the communications, questions was permitted. work of divided The programme the navigable inland and rivers, canalised sections: five into questions maritime canals, maritime and rivers tidal canals, the of each for Conclusions lighterage. ports taxes, and and tolls on voted were Congress expressed the wish that the Central and The GeographicThe Society the of Lisbon invited The seventh Congress, held in Brussels in the the in Brussels held in Congress, The seventh opened a new series of meetings, 1898, which year as as well inland embrace the same time at would of the honour had had Belgium navigation. ocean hence first Congresses; the of series inaugurating the inaugurate to Belgium for be natural would it sub- somewhat was perhaps The argument second. to happy too was case only Belgium any in but tle, Congress this of The organisers be convinced. let it International Navigation Congresses Navigation International Navigation Congress to have its in Lisbon meeting have to Congress Navigation occasionin 1897 on the fourth of the centennial expedition. da Gama’s of Vasco departure of the because was not accepted, invitation next The the it was should be in 1896. Instead held Congress but certain in Italy, reunion this decided have to those circumstances under and arose problems next Congress the it was not possible organise to 1898. until Congress and would be calledCongress upon deal with to and of inland both of ocean navigation questions navigation. Shortly after electric 1890 cranes made their appearance. They had many advantages over the steam and hydraulic cranes of those days : less heavy machinery, flexible positioning along the quayside, efficient with regard to energy and much cheaper per hour to operate. London Docks

The West India Dock, one of the many docks in the Port of London, was opened in 1802. In the 19th century, the London Docks were an example for ports all over the world. The dock was originally equipped with hydraulic cranes. The peak year for the London Docks was 1960, then a rapid decline started. Now, the London Docklands are the example of urban redevelopment.

In the 18th century, London had become a major port for trade world- wide, but particularly from the lucrative West and East Indies. At that time, ships berthed at or alongside the river bank and discharged their cargoes into lighters. A fleet of lighters crowded the river to ferry the goods from ships in midstream to the river wharves. At low tide, ships would rest on the mud. All transhipment was done by hand, the produc- tivity was low and there were easy pickings from lightermen and crews. There was every opportunity for piracy and smuggling. Moreover, lighter- men had a powerful monopoly and were able to charge extremely high rates. In 1795, a committee of West India merchants declared that their trade was threatened unless proper provisions were to be made for discharging and warehousing goods. There was much debate about provision of docks for London. The merchants proposed that a dock be built for their ships and an act passed Parliament to authorise construction. There was opposition to construction of a private dock, but no acceptable solution for funding docks for general use was found. Work on the West India Dock began in 1800 and it was opened in 1802, followed by the London Dock in 1805. The East India Company opened its dock in 1806, the Surrey Commercial Docks on the south bank, which specialised in trade with the Baltic and North America, followed from 1807 on. In 1828 the first phase of dock building ended with the completion of St. Katherine Dock, supervised by the famous engineer Thomas Telford. The Royal Victoria Dock, which was opened in 1855, was much further away from the City and was the first to be linked up by a railway system. In 1886, the West India Dock Company built the Tilbury Dock and Passenger Landing Stage, 40 km downstream from London Bridge. Tilbury turned out to be a strong competitor for the City docks. The last London dock to be built was the King George V Dock, which was opened in 1921. Of course, the participants of the 1923 PIANC Congress in London visited this new maritime dock. An important feature of the London Docks was that they were enclosed within 6 m high walls. The docks had extensive six story high warehouses adjacent to the berths to limit the efforts needed to discharge cargo and store it in the warehouses. Thus, loss of quality, theft and smug- gling were prevented. There were variations between docks. Some had transit sheds, where goods were stored for short periods or sorted into batches before going to the warehouses. In 1840 hydraulic cranes were introduced. Such cranes worked on water pressure, provided by a steam pump. Sometimes, water pressure was used too to open and close lock gates and bridges. The enclosed docks were connected to the river by locks. Inside the dock, the water level was kept at a constant level, thus enabling transhipment at any time. Via the Regent’s Canal and the Grand Union Canal, the docks were connected to the inland waterway network. By the end of the 19th century, there was a fierce competiton between dock companies. Sailing ships had been replaced by steam ships and the size of the ships had increased enormously. The main river channel was no longer deep enough, but the necessary improvements could not be realised. In 1909 the Port of London Authority (PLA), a public trust, took over the private companies. It did not aquire the wharves, which were left in private hands. The peak year was 1960: over 60 million tonnes of goods passed through the Port of London. Then the descent started, because of new cargo handling techniques. In 1967 the East India Dock was the first to close and the last upstream docks, the Royal Docks, stopped operation in 1981. The London Docks, once the example for other ports around the world, now became the example of urban redevelopment: the London Docklands. PIANC - AIPCN 24 1923 and 10.0 in 1948. Corthell was not believed 1923 and10.0in1948.Corthell not believed was vessels of10,000tonnes at adraught of9.4min Hepredicted steamers onthe oceans. wouldappear from stated the that U.S.A. inthe future enormous ous communications. The ofMr. paper Corthell E. ofthe Congress, well 15miscellane-4 sections as as the given 10questions were submitted there forthe 761 were from on 27foreign countries. 41reports at as thethe previous same, Congress, 1,322ofwhom The ofdelegates number remained more orless atand the Rouen Maritime Seine andLeHavre. traction onthe andto canals the Lower Seine the wereVisits electric to to see arranged Douai The workofthe Congress lasted days. forseven around grouped themeetings Universal Exhibition. to the toject uniformdiscipline applicable allthe thus andwas sub- the 1900Universal Exhibition in Paris ofthe ofCongresses series formedpart of operation.’ maintenance and construction, navigation, affecting matters many important on opinion of consensus because utility, great of is itCongress shows the gates stated: ‘...what the we result getas of the of inland boats. The report tonnage the measuring for system uniform a of ofthe American dele- European StatesEastern onthebasics should agree The eighth International Navigation Congress Congresses. Navigation of Association International Permanent the of start formal wasthe This Association. the of working the detail in which governed approved, were Statutes draft This Congress 1902 the Congress. of venue the was Düsseldorf, near Rhine of great importanceAn inland steamship passes the across ship-bridge the River to PIANC, because submitted there with apreliminary simultaneously to the nextCongress was inParis,1900.The report sion wasinstructed work to onits submitareport forapermanent organisation.plan This commis- of aStudy to whichwas Committee, draw up a organisation. This in1898to led the establishment ensure continuity bythe formation ofapermanent Manchester Congress, to the members decided committee forthe Congress itself. In1890,at the manent organising organisation, onlyalocal infact thereinitiative. years, noper- Duringthe was first The InlandNavigation aprivate Congress as started Th procedures. screws ofmechanical andthe traction perfecting ofmultiple andthe ofshallowdraught, use in cases ofsteam the ofriver use vessels, turbines ous types the recommended study Congress oftheThe vari- the adaptation andoperation intrading ports. with the exception concerning ofthe two, last had adraught or10.5m. of34.5feet shipTitanic the passenger of1912alreadyright: But inlater his prophecies years, proved to be thetical andwere adreamer called and apoet. hypo- be to considered were ideas His time. that at ecreation ofPIANC Conclusions were voted onforallthe questions, 25 PIANC - AIPCN the deci- the In the course of the Düsseldorf Congress, a Düsseldorf course a the of In the Congress, for the Executive Bureau managing the financial managing the Executivefor the Bureau publi- and the archive the library, resources, the cations Association. of the Article the 7 recorded Commission local of the Organisation responsibilities left extent a great which was Congress, to for the One of its local tasks the to organisation. was to official three documents in the the lan- translate guages. second The part rules, of the articles the 11 for arrangements the 19, was to devoted through the Congress sessions in conformity with admitted that communications might be submit- be would specific which in ted of subjects, list the was it to decided Moreover, beforehand. published the question; for each a reporter-general designate work would then be condensed andsummarised very it would make in advance, which easy to arrive as in short as As time conclusions possible. at from official three were there 1885, in beginning the and French English, Congress: the at languages simul- be published to had publications German. All Second the until languages these taneously in World War. was held Commission Permanent of the meeting had drafted Commission Study on 2 July 1902. The working the in detail governed which regulations, Association. were discussions,of the they After of twen- consisted These rules or statutes approved. ty-one articles. first The article goal concerned the Association: inland and oceanof the improve to Association The would benavigation. by directed com- (PIC), mission Com International a Permanent General Annual day present the parable with its seat have and in Brussels.Assembly, Following in Congress 1900, eighth the from decisions the Bureau, would be PIC the assisted by a Permanent and Council, be present the to compared with consisting now Headquarters, a Executive Bureau, Secretary-General and the twoof the Presidents and if needed assistant secretaries. Important tasks sions of 1901. Not surprisingly, the main and almost the of 1901. Not surprisingly, sions of organisation was the activity of PIANC only for an audit provide rules did not Congresses. The financial of the report. Nevertheless, President for persons asked verify willing to Helleputte the was an Auditing on there then accounts and from Corthell Mr. American Delegate The Committee. start the to Association of the referred in a rather launched the today have poetic ‘We saying: way Permanent ship of all, the finest and greatest Congresses, Association of Navigation International necesse”; two her “Navigare her commo- name is and De captain her Rote, is Helleputte are dores

sels forms the Permanent Commission of the of the Commission sels Permanent the forms Congresses Navigation among its members. It shall comprise Messrs. L.G. and A. Helleputte, de Rote Dufourny, and Secretary-GeneralPresidents com- of the shall be bureau seated in Brussels, This mission. Congresses, where Navigation of the birthplace of these Congresses organisation idea of the the was proposed first for the Each time. country memberand, if it seems shall appoint a titular member. useful, a substitute be to action to taken for the responsible are next the of meeting of the site the determine a period within as near asCongress possible to years.three On the cover of the 1904 Annual Report of the Executive Bureau appeared a logo: a four funnel steamship, resembling the biggest liners of those days. The steamship was an icon of technical progress and therefore suitable logo. as PIANC’s were adopted unanimously and were greeted with were and unanimously adopted were The Permanent applause. prolonged and enthusiastic The conclusions of the final meeting 3 August 1900 3 August final meeting of the The conclusions draft of Statutes for the Permanent International International Permanent the for draft of Statutes question Congresses. The Association of Navigation viability and Association, resources of the of the be to solved. remained several still After however, proposed: meetings, were following conclusions the 1. set up in Brus- vommission, study present The 2. from shall be constituted Bureau A Permanent 3. and its bureau Commission Permanent The International Commission of Navigation Congresses, CommissionInternational of Navigation 1901, June 24 on first Brussels the in meeting time delibera- the for of work a new method accepted tions of the Congress. Henceforth, there would and navigation ocean two for sections: one be only of The number navigation. the other for inland section, for each six, to was three reduced questions object form the could six questions these only and widen to Congress. the order In at discussions of was reports, possibility the the by fieldthe covered PIANC - AIPCN 26 countries. TheCongress also was attended by 1,756 delegates, 787 of whom were from 27 foreign were there Congresses: previous for recorded figure delegates considerably exceeded the maximum by HIHCrown Prince Wilhelm. Thenumber of The Congress under the was patronage and opened Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and the Hanseatic towns. The Congress closed with amajor excursion to the the Rhine Province and Westphalia were foreseen. 1902, days. Various forfive lasted excursions in The work of the ninth Congress in Düsseldorf, PIANC atwork later Ocean, Panamaand Pacific Canal. named the Atlanticstruction ofalarge between shipcanal States Congress hadat last provided forthe con- changeable products.’ Afewdays the United before, of navigation andreducing the cost ofworld’s inter- byimproving our commonhumanity the methods this beneficent workofpromoting the interests of to navigate forward ing officers the shipandcarry Let usallremain andhelp ourcommand- onboard Dufourny, ofusare thousand over aboard. two to inaugurate the canal. the inaugurate to IIwasable Wilhelm 21 on 1895, Emperor June years, eight After canal. the dig to used were trains steam small and excavators 1887. in steam Large started Construction km. 500 almost by seas two the between voyage the shortens and Sea Baltic the and Sea North the connects Canal Kiel or Wilhelm Kaiser The (PIARC). (PIARC). forRoad Congresses International Association nent in 1908 withto agreat extend the Statutes ofPIANC and started a sister organisationtries decided to create asimilar institution, copied cess of the Navigation several Congresses, coun- called Perma-and problems concerning Dueto thesuc- roads. trial nations newtechnical had to questions face the automobile, the administrations ofthe indus- proceedings were published well. as conclusions. the following After Congresses such issued, givingwas in detail the discussions and book 780-page a Congress the After languages. official three the in Congress the before lished onthequestions were Thereports pub- cations. mitted for the questions, and 43 on the communi- and communications. sixteen were reports 40 sub- for Ocean Navigation with each three questions oneforInland sections: Navigationtwo and one divided Theprogramme into ofwork was 2,000. 299 ladies, thus bringing the total to more than With the upcoming system, of anewtransport 27 PIANC - AIPCN 855 ladies bring- gress was a consider- was gress At the meeting of the Permanent International International Permanent the of meeting the At accepted the invitation with gratitude. The patronage The patronage gratitude. with the invitation accepted Nicolas II. Emperor by was Congress of the provided Ghercevanoff President be the to wasMr. intended lasted for five days. Technical excursions to the Lake the to excursions lasted for five days. Technical III Canal,and Emanuele Vittorio the and to Como during provided Vizzola the were to power stations to devoted one excursions, these five Two days. Chioggia, up to Po on the and inland navigation, ports the visiting of ocean navigation to other the Genoa, Naples and La Spezia, tenth concluded the Con the Once again Congress. able success and the number of delegates signifi- number of delegates able success and the it Congresses: of previous that exceeded cantly 33 different from 2,119 including 1,745 reached also were foreign There countries. Commission in 1906, Mr. M. 1906, in Ghercevanoff,Commission Mr. the his of decision confirmed the delegate, Russian government to hold the eleventh Congress at immediately 1908. The PIC May in Petersburg St. ing the total to almost 3,000. The programme of programme almost 3,000. The to total ing the two was divided again into work Congress for the ques- four with sections: one for Inland Navigation, for Ocean and one and six communications tions and seven commu- four questions with Navigation Fifty-ninenications. for the submitted reports were fifty-eight and com- thirteen on the questions eight munications. The Congress suggested that a competition be a competition suggested that Congress The International Permanent of the meeting the At There was a further peculiarity. Under the the was Under a further peculiarity. There Participants of the 1902 Congress in Düsseldorf, Germany, Germany, Düsseldorf, in Congress 1902 the of Participants pose for the official photo. There were over 2,000 participants, including almost 300 ladies. The fashion of those days prescribed enormous hats, blocking the view of those standing behind! held in Milan, where there was to be an International be was to an International there in Milan, where held was transport. Exhibition There of land and water city the from of Liège,also PIC but the an invitation Congress the of The work Milan. of favour in decided Congress-hall was the famous wine store of the of the was famous the Congress-hall store wine city of wine in of Düsseldorf. About 350,000 litres deposited in these bottles and 70,000 were barrels the of cellars. thoughts the Maybelarge it inspired sessions. during the As far known, delegates as it is had its meet- Congress again a Navigation never ings store. of a wine on top opened seek which could reduce improvements, to the costs of transporting coal and coke by boat. use the of recommended same Congress The in canals and ports.ocean lighters of question The was also next Congress for the place and date the Commission. of the examined meeting during the United in the a meeting Some members preferred works because going on States interesting of the Assembly General The opi- expressed the there. be could organised next Congress the nion that years. two or three after Italian Brussels in 1903, the at held Commission extended government, of his on behalf delegate, be to Congress an official tenth for the invitation Kiel Canal

A steamship passes underneath the bridge of Levensnau, 42 m above the Kiel Canal. The Kiel Canal is one of the busiest artificial inland waterways. In 2008 excluding recreational craft 42,811 ships passed through the canal. The total cargo movement was above 100 million tonnes. Further enlargement of the canal and locks has been planned.

In 1878 a ship owner and businessman of the city of Hamburg, Hermann Dahlström, presented to the German Government the concept of a canal connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. In 1886 the route from the estuary of the River Elbe via Rendsburg to the Kiel Fjord was decided upon. The German navy was the decisive factor in the choice of this route. Eight years after Kaiser Wilhelm I had laid the foundation stone, Kaiser Wilhelm II was able to inaugurate the canal on 21 June 1895, called, until 1948, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal or internationally the Kiel Canal. In 1923 the canal was made international by the Treaty of Versailles. Germany revoked this special regulation in 1938. In 1986 the Council of the European Economic Community declared in general the principle of free service applicable to the maritime shipping which then was summarised by the EU-service-directive. Because of liberal regulations for EU member countries and for third countries, previous different schools of thought of the legal position of the canal can be left open. The voyage through the 98.6 km canal results in an average advantage of almost 500 km between the ports of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea compared to the seaway around the Skagerrak. At the mouth of the canal to the tidal River Elbe, the maximum range of tide is 9 m, the normal tidal difference is 2.8 m. At the mouth of the canal to the Baltic Sea, the water level of the canal corresponds to the normal water level of the Baltic Sea with maximum wind surge of 3 m. At both ends there are two locks with two chambers each. The ‘old’ locks (125 × 22 × 9.8 m) from 1895 have mitring gates, two ebb tide and two flood tide doors per chamber. The lock transit time is about thirty minutes. The ‘new’ locks (310 × 42 × 14.0 m) constructed in 1914 have three sliding gates per chamber. The transit time is about forty-five minutes. Because of funda- mental reconditioning of the two ‘new’ locks it is necessary to build a new great lock in Brunsbüttel, in order to keep the increasing navigation continuing during the time of reconstruction. In Kiel-Holtenau the ‘old’ locks first are to be renovated. The sight of the vessels transiting through the canal is spectacular as is the silhouette of the 10 high bridges with headroom of 42 m above the water-level. The most spectacular high bridge is the nearly hundred years old railway bridge at Rendsburg, constructed within two years, and in operation since 1913. Including the ramps it has a total length of 5.5 km, because the steam locomotives only could manage a gradient of 1 in 150. The riveted steel-girder construction of 17,740 tonnes of steel has a length of 2.486 m. Below the bridge an aerial ferry is suspending on steel ropes. The system of bridge and ferry is classified as a technical monument. On account of the lower dimension of the canal in the eastern section, currently the maximum dimension of vessels is limited to 235 × 32.5 × 7.0 m; for vessels of less than 160 m length the maximum draught is 9.5 m. Because of the limited dimensions of the canal there are stringent regula- tions for oncoming and overtaking traffic and for this purpose twelve widened passing places (sidings) equipped with mooring dolphins, are used for waiting. The Kiel Canal is the busiest artificial inland waterway in the world. In 2008 – excluding sport and pleasure boats – 42,811 vessels, on average 117 per day, passed the canal. The sum of the gross tonnes was 175,159,970. The total cargo amounted to 105,869,136 tonnes. Further growing of the volume of traffic especially of container feeder shipping is prognosticated, underlining the attractiveness of the canal. Against this background the bottleneck of the eastern part of the canal shall become enlarged as a first step from now 44 m to 70 m width at bottom (width in the western 80 km today 90 m). Then vessels with maximum dimensions of 280 × 32.5 × 9.5 m can pass through the canal. An additional planning objective is deepening of the canal to 12 m for the purpose of 10.5 m maximum draught. All necessary decisions will be based on a benefit-cost analysis and an environmental impact assessment. PIANC - AIPCN 30 communications. on thequestions Thereports questions on and the seven reports thirty-six ten the for submitted were reports Fifty-nine and four communications. questions with five communications and oneforOcean Navigation for Inland and questions Navigation three with five gramme of divided work into was sections one two 1,250was and 21 states were represented. Thepro- visits to the Baltic ports. The number of delegates and the other, devoted to ocean navigation, included down the Volga Rybinsk from to Nijni-Novgorod, devoted to inland navigation and included atrip simultaneousby two excursions. Oneof these was duced. The actual Congress sessions were followed Falls and to plants using the motive power pro- the Imatracanals, Falls, to the Lake Ladoga, Norova the to excursions were there Congress the during the Congress ofthe Thework Congress. of Secretary-General lasted ofPresident andat time thesame thefunction from 31Mr. had to take Timonoff over De and assumed May to 7 Junedied just before the opening of the Congress, so and But Mr. tragically Ghercevanoff Secretary-General. of the Congress and Mr.V the deTimonoff .E. President G. Helleputte. G. President is beard, awhite with table, the Behind meeting. 1906 the of participants the 1901. shows in time photo This first the for met Assembly, General Annual day present the of fore-runner the Navigation, of Commission International Permanent The Mr. Timonoff, De the took chair. present andthe President ofthe previous Congress, the Congress, PIANC Presidents the two were not Congress At the inperson. PIC meeting preceding Taft, indicated his whoalso readiness to the open under the patronage ofPresident WilliamHoward heldwas at Philadelphia from 23to 28May 1912, quite convenient. Eventually, the Congress twelfth the Bureau Executive itself, the delay infact was ofproblemsbilities the Because at to results. see Delaying the Congress better wouldoffer possi- programme to elaborate their waterway network. early.too The US implementing was anextensive that1909 the informed PIC was 1911 wouldbe of publication However, ofthe proceedings. in includingthe costs 50,000 USD forthe expenses, Congress. The US Congress abudget of reserved twelfth the host to prepared was States United the nextevent in1911.The government ofthe to have logical rated itwouldbe bythreeso years, PIANC. of languages official three the in Congress the wereand the reports published general before The tenth andeleventh Congress were sepa- 31 PIANC - AIPCN At the meeting of the Permanent International International Permanent the of meeting the At excursions in the surroundings of Philadelphia. After the Congress the participants left on a lengthy excursion through the States of Pennsylvania and Buffalo,the of Boston, Albany, cities the New Jersey, and Huron Lake Superior, Lake Detroit, Niagara Falls, was provided Canada also to A visit Milwaukee. were The excursions government. by Canadian the long, excellent an delegates give to but exceptionally engineering works and water- overall view of the itinerary. States and Canada, it was indis- ways of the United lengthy a such have to pensable Willebroek,Commission held at Belgium, on invita- the was accept it to decided 1913, 19 June thir- hold the to government Swedish the of tion teenth Congress A sudden at Stockholm in 1915. pre- of 1914 summer the of war in declaration had Congress the further and preparation vented to be cancelled. There were some 750 participants and 20 gov- The Erie Canal connects Albany on the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The opening of the 580 km artificial waterway caused in 1825 a dramatic decrease transport in over-land costs. Originally 1918, 3, in lock taken of mules. photo by This towed were barges shows a steamboat. The canal’s peak yearwith was in 1885 33,000 ship movements. the canal is mainly used for Today purposes. recreational ernments were officially represented. Once again two was in sec- divided Congress the for work the ques- three with Navigation tions, one for Inland for one and communications three and tions four and questions three with Navigation Ocean Fifty-twocommunications. reports submit- were sixty and seven for the six questions the ted on The Congress its noted con- in communications. for the a general of method absence the clusions of rivers andimprovement recommended that be perfected should by procedures different the models. reduced-scale on researches studies and The Congress recommended also that for each be should dimensions typical canals of network self-propelled or boats towed of trains that adopted, traffic the boats be used, should that be should the operationof locks that regulated, and should were there Congress, the During be mechanised. PIANC - AIPCN 32 Mr. Debeil’s illhealth to led death in1909andthe new assignment that little time leftforPIANC. was occupied with this hewas so for worries: a cause toreason congratulate him, butat time the same Minister Post ofRailways, andTelegraph. a Itwas President in1902.In1907,Mr. Helleputte became Permanent Bureau elected well andwas in1901as meetingutes Hechaired ofthe the forPIANC. first the Study Commission, whichprepared the stat- Congress andfollowingthe inBrussels Chairmanof from Mr.dency Rote De in1904. well,Ponts over as took the presi- et Chaussées Mr. Director-Generalet Debeil, Chaussées. of A. involvementand the heavy ofthe Ponts Belgian oriented, andonemoreone technical politically ment. the Thus tradition Presidents, started oftwo Mr. Dufourny ChiefEngineer at depart- the same and Ponts etChaussées of Director-General was Professor at the University ofLouvain. Mr. Rote De departmentBelgian forbridgesand roads and Engineer ofthe Ponts theHonorary et Chaussées, Mr.Secretary-General. Helleputte at was that time Presidents ofPIANC andMr.became Dufourny A. Bureau in1902,Mr. Helleputte deRote G. andL. After the formalestablishment ofthe Executive Executive Bureau Georges HelleputteGeorges hadchaired the 1898 Corps of Engineers. Army States United the of responsabilities main the of one was navigation for open River Mississippi the Keeping Europe. outside Congress first the Congress, Philadelphia the of year the 1912, in River Mississippi the on work at Epsilon dredger Steam bers, chaired by Mr.bers, Dufourny, charged wouldbe to aprivate publisher. Acommission offourmem- The printing anddistribution contracted wouldbe administrative terms languages. in sixorseven navigation waterways, woulddescribe and tionary dic- Congressthe inMilan.It wasenvisaged that dictionary.technical The upat ideacame the 1905 of PIANC. Oneofhis jobswas the preparation ofa Secretary-General official the first 1902 hebecame of the in International idea and Association the the Congress heworked out of1898inBrussels, andHankow. Beijing of arailway between After extraordinary mission to Chinaforthe construction andtheBrussels river onan Rupel. was But healso such asthe construction ofamaritime canal between involved with1874. Hewas many large projects, Alexis Dufourny joint the Ponts in et Chaussées Mr. Richald waspromoted to Secretary-General. that hewouldkeep until his death in1923,and Mr. Dufourny President, appointed was ajob to the ofDeputy-Secretary. position Chaussées andProfessor at the University ofGhent, to Mr. appoint ofPonts ChiefEngineer Richald, et J. was solution Presidents. Theof the two temporary duringthe PIC meetingcussed of1908inabsence Bureau without leadership. was The matter dis- was One yearafter the death ofPresident Debeil, 33 PIANC - AIPCN Mr. A. DufournyMr. was Secretary-General from the startof the Permanent After Bureau in 1901. the death of President Debeil, he appointed was as second President. He would keep this position untildeath his in One 1923. ofhis jobs the was preparation of a technical dictionary. The logo of 1910 showed besidesThe logo a steamship, of 1910 a sailing boat, a Egyptian felucca according to experts. There is no explanation for including the felucca. Artistic reasons perhaps. The enormous plume of smoke and bow wave of the steamer suggests high speed. old-fashioned experts the to sailing ship. According an Egyptian felucca, is this a wooden sailing ship a shortwith bowsprit, rigged two sails. with lateen Egyptian sail- no particular reason for the is There few in the an explanation there ing ship, nor is documents left from that time. this Anyhow, logo would be used 1993! until First logos 1904 Annual Report of the cover On the of the appeared a logo:Executive a four funnel Bureau a rectangular within box, steamship word left the ‘necesse’. word box the of the and right ‘navigare’ 1909 report on the Executive Bureau of the Then, had lost two steamer funnels and itsthe appear- a cross- ance had changed an ocean to from liner enormous and the bow The wave ferry. Channel suggested high speed.plume of smoke One year again a new, report was with the decorated later, this time circular logo. Only one funnel of the was an was foreground left and in the steamer Mr. G. HelleputteMr. was President of the seventh Congress in 1898. He chaired the first meeting of the Permanent Bureau and was elected President Helleputte of in Mr. 1902. PIANC became Minister but of Railways, Post in 1907, and Telegraph remained President of until PIANC 1925. with preparation of the dictionary. The troubles at at troubles The dictionary. of the preparation with work and before the delayed Executive Bureau the was tech- no further of the discussion 1932 there of a publication the However, nical dictionary. on Rivers,‘Bibliographic Notes Canals and Ports’, field world-wide in the of of publications a review Association, of the operation which had started in library of the acquisitions of the 1908, and reviews 1932. until continued Panama Canal

Construction of the Panama Canal started in 1881 by a French company. They encountered serious problems, such as landslides and diseases killing the labour force. In 1904 the Americans took over. The first idea of a sea-level canal had to be abandoned in 1906 and it was decided to construct locks. The 77 km long canal was completed 1914. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe the opening was without celebrations.

On 15 August 1914, the Panama Canal was opened without celebra- tion. However, the massive construction project was completed two years ahead of schedule and under budget at a total cost of 336,650,000 USD. The official ceremony to observe completion of this great engineering achievement, which was delayed because of the outbreak of war in Europe, was not held until 12 July 1920. Although the canal was built by the United States between 1904 and 1914, it had been preceded by several earlier efforts to construct a waterway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Under various corporate structures French involvement lasted from 1881, when the first engineers arrived, to 1904 when the United States purchased the assets of the New French Panama Canal Company for 40 million USD. With the enthusiastic support from President Theodore Roosevelt, funds from the U.S. Treasury and an agreement for perpetual control over the Canal Zone, the United States established the Isthmian Canal Commission. Under the terms of the original agreement, the United States paid the Republic of Panama 10 million USD and 250,000 USD annually. Initially using old French equipment, and learning nothing from the mistakes of the French, the United States continued construction of a sea-level waterway. By 1906 the idea of a sea-level canal had been abandoned, and Congress voted to approve a lock canal. President Roosevelt, faced with selection of a new Chief Engineer, was determined to find someone who would see the project through to completion. Engineer officer Lieutenant Colonel George Washington Goethals took charge in April 1907, as Chief Engineer and Commission Chairman. Among those working on the project was Colonel William Crawford Gorgas, who by combating malaria, eradicating yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and generally improving health conditions, made it possible to construct the canal. The canal, which is 77 km (48 miles) long, reduced the ocean travel distance from New York to San Francisco by about 12,875 km (8,000 miles). The canal consists of three sets of locks and a series of lakes. The Gatún Dam on the Chagres River forms the largest, Gatún Lake. Built of rock taken from the Culebra Cut, the dam is 2.4 km (1.5 miles) long. The locks, which are built in pairs to permit simultaneous transit in the same or opposite directions, are uniform in size. Each lock is a massive, concrete box measuring 300 m (1000 feet) long, 33 m (110 feet) wide and 12 m (40 feet) deep. Steel gates composed of two leaves close each end of the locks. Each of the hollow structures is 20 m (65 feet) wide and 2 m (6.5 feet) thick. The height of the gates varies from 14 m (46 feet) to 25 m (82 feet). They are operated by electric motors. The Culebra (renamed Gaillard) Cut extends for 14.8 km (8.75 miles) through the Continental Divide at a depth of 13 m (43 feet). Construction of the cut, which is 90 m (300 feet) wide at its base and 240 m (800 feet) wide at its upper rim, required the removal of an estimated 76,455,486 m3 (100 million cubic yards) of rock and soil. A vessel entering the canal near Colon at the Atlantic Ocean end is raised 25.5 m (85 feet) by the three Gatún Locks to Gatún Lake. After crossing the lake for 24 km (15 miles), the vessel passes through the Gaillard Cut for approximately 15 km (8.75 miles) to the Pedro Miguel Locks, which lower it 9.5 m (31 feet) and the two Miraflores Locks, which lowers the ship 16.5 m (54 feet) to sea level near Balboa. It takes from eight to ten hours for a ship to pass through the canal from ocean to ocean.

37 PIANC - AIPCN became President of PIANC. When he suddenly died shortly shortly died suddenly he When PIANC. of On the D. Boukaert occasion Mr. of 1926, of the PIC-meeting President became after PIC-meeting, the outbreak the II 1939 of War World prevented the appointment of a successor. There were two questions to be answered: be answered: to two questions were There Recommencement War Great before PIC the last of the meeting The growled guns later, was A few months 1914. in May cease-fire the of 11 November After Europe. over and especially1918, Europe Belgium, battle- the field was of Europe, in ruins. It was not before 22 December Executive of the Committee 1919 that calledPIANC in Brussels meeting an extraordinary Association. of the restart activities to the Thirteen amongst present, were and institutions countries and the of China, Persia representatives were which Executive Committee The Suez Canal Company. G. Helleputte samewas the war: as before the Mr. J. Richald, and Mr. Presidents, A. Dufourny, and Mr. Secretary-General. tohow deal with the former enemies and how the like to organise the next Congress? And of course solve, to points practical some were there countries. these from payments of sequestration opportunities for were hand, there On the other countries of (re)appearance the of because PIANC and Czechoslovakia like Europe, of map the on for the first was The solution Poland. question – very practical: as as soon discussion – after long of League the in be accepted would countries those be would they 1926, in happened which Nations, Germany Eventually, as well. PIANC in welcomed dur- Remarkably, 1927. in Association the rejoined the of one remained German years, these all ing The interwar years were a period of recovery, short economic prosperity and depression after the the after short prosperity and depression economic a period of recovery, years were interwar The ships were and shipping slowed down, many in Octobercollapse exchanges stock of the 1929. Trade service, era. came first into steam the motorships of the laid up. Nevertheless end announcing the I, its it took several activities. recommence years before was PIANC able to War World After was in 1919, but it was Commission not International firstThe postwar Permanent of the meeting in 1939 pre- II War of World outbreak took place. The Congress thirteenth the before that 1923 only being were So, interwar period, from held. during the there Congress seventeenth the vented years between members during the the with the in touch keep Congresses. To four Navigation first the parts In addition, Bulletin. decided of the start PIC Congresses, the to in 1926 a half-yearly interwar period, During the first the interna- Dictionary war. published before the were Technical created. were commissions study tional 4. Interwar – 1939) years (1919 PIANC - AIPCN 38 ling too inadequate to take a decision. decision. a take to inadequate too ling forinternationalties communication and travel- situation too still confused and was the possibili- Finally difficult. to the second question, also Congress, anext was answer The Association. the of languages official As usual,As there one were on Inland sections, two gates 29 from countries and institutions attended. of theInstitution 550 Some ofCivil Engineers. dele- the opened Congress VI, in theGeorge Great Hall TheDukeCongress. of York, wholater King became intended. Kingnally patron George Vwas of the heldin 1923,was ten the years year after origi- Congress thirteenth the Eventually after. year the 1921, would betoo soon and the same heldfor year, next apreference The forLondon. expressed forother ThePIC open options. the doorwas Sweden had suspended its prewar invitation, so One year later aregular there was PIC meeting. Congresses

the President concluded that the Attending not jobthose an aCongress easy was invitation. the confirmed telegram governmental 1924 June in and a Government Egyptian the of the Universal Suez Canal Company approached Mr.have Congress in Africa! first its Quellennec notit favourably was received. Now PIANC would Cairo had suggested in been 1913, but at that time Theideaofhavingcapital ofEgypt. aCongress in Bristol and Liverpool. of Southampton,made to theports Manchester, were excursions Congress, the After visited. were of London, where several ofthe newwarehouses by east made steamboat to theRoyal was Docks, in the Royal During an Castle. excusion the week, the delegates to Windsor, where theyhad lunch Western Railway provided aspecial train to bring dealt with TheGreat in the submitted reports. powerelectric and larger dimensions ofships were like utilisation forthe production ofwaterways of Navigation and oneonOcean Navigation. Questions guests. the impress to fail not did and 1001 nights from tale like afairy looked setting whole the and aristocracy Egyptian the illuminations, The Palace. Royal the in areception for ticipants par- the invited and Congress the of waspatron Fuad King Africa. in held Congress first wasthe Cairo in 1926The Congress The venue for the 14th Congress Cairo, was the 39 PIANC - AIPCN PIC adjourned, deferring the decision until the PIC PIC the until decision the adjourned,PIC deferring members con- (European) of 1928. Most meeting Brazil and consuming to too time a trip sidered its claim, so press PIC Spain to the did not want Of course,decided organis- the of Italy. in favour ers and 1930 needed some for preparations time would not be a good because choice Road the As a year. planned for that was already Congress was in September 1931 Congress 15th the result of the Palace historic impressive, the in in Venice, Doges. open- the honoured Emmanuel Victor King open- the after Right presence. ing session his with was on regatta held a traditional ing ceremony, from 915 delegates The Canal Grand of Venice. the discussed institutions and international 45 countries founda- under of water infiltration like questions of embankments, regularisation and through tions ports access to rivers, railway and coastal defences. was dedi- one week there Congress, the Following to tours and post-Congress excursions to cated of a naviga- creation on the works Po, River on the the and Milan, to betweenble waterway Venice and River Piave power plants in the hydro-electric Genoa, Rome, ports the to of Marghera, Trieste, as well as diplomats and members of the the of members and diplomats as well as , There were three proposals, three Brazil, from were Spain, There The 15th Congress was held in the historic Venetian Palace of of Palace Venetian historic the in held was Congress 15th The Immediatelythe Doges after in 1931. the opening, the delegates observed a traditional regatta on the Grand Canal. The Congress was expensive for PIANC, mainly because of the printing costs of the lengthy many, papers. he had to travel six days from the Netherlands Netherlands the from days six be Jitta, eventually Josephus who would J.P. Mr. days. by travel days years, for seventy-two remembered to PIANC-member four Genoa, to had train he by days two Cairo: to ship to Alexandria and finally by train to Cairo. all at extensively checked were suitcases heavy His the of patronage the I accepted Fuad King borders. December was Congress,which held from 14 9 to at personally delegates the he received and 1926, Egyptian officials Palace. fromgovern- Royal his ment attend. The illumina- to invited were aristocracy was the whole and marvellous tion of the halls a fairy nights. from tale like 1001 looked setting Of 400 made the course from delegates 36 nations Upper in Delta dams the to Nile, the on excursions to from Ismalia Canal Suez the on Egypt sailed and treas- the Jitta remembered Josephus Mr. Said. Port ures of Farao discovered Toetanchamon, just four floor Egyptian the the on of standing before, years Museum. was originally that next Congress for the and Italy, a difficult choice, the for 1930. Avoiding envisaged Zuiderzee Dam

In 1928, the last gap of the Zuiderzee Dam was closed. A storm surge, flooding large areas near Amsterdam stimulated the decision to close the salt water lake. The dam is 32 km long, reaching 7 m above mean sea level. The closure of the final gap was a great achievement, taking into account the high currents in the final stage of the operation.

During the 11th century, a series of severe storms created the Zuiderzee in the centre of the Netherlands, a 6,700 km2 salt-water estuary. At that time and in the following centuries, there were no technical means to reclaim the lost land. During the 19th century however, steam-pumps came into use and reclamation of the Zuiderzee seemed to be feasible. Many plans were drafted, but the government was reluctant to start a project of this size. In 1886 a group of well-to-do people established the Zuiderzee Association to investigate the possibility of building a solid dam across the mouth of the Zuiderzee, the so-called Afsluitdijk. The Association appointed the Civil Engineer Cornelis Lely to develop a Master Plan. Mr. Lely presented his plan in 1891. Because of the huge size of the Zuiderzee, he split up his plan in several parts which could be realised independently of each other, but in the end would form a consistent entity. The most difficult part of the plan was the 32 km closure dam that would change the Zuiderzee into a sweet water basin and prevent further salinisation of the polders in Holland. Four new polders were envisaged to create additional agricultural land. The remaining 1,200 km2 area would be needed for temporarily storage of rain and river water. By coincidence, this area was situated above a less fertile sandy bottom. The government appointed an official commission to review the plan and their report, published in 1894, was in favour of Lely’s proposals. Also in 1894, at the occasion of the 6th Congress of PIANC in The Netherlands, the report of Lely was discussed into depth. After the Congress, a cruise was organ- ised on the Zuiderzee to see the future building sites. PIANC returned in 1935 following the 16th Congress in Brussels. Realisation would last several decades. When Mr. Lely became Minister of Public Works in 1913, he insisted on approval of a law on the closure of the Zuiderzee. But it took a storm surge, flooding large areas near Amsterdam, to get a positive decision. In 1918, at last, Lely could commence his job. The first part of the closure dam, between the mainland and the island of Wieringen, was completed in 1924, but due to the economic depression the start of the main dam was postponed once more. In 1925, after a change of government, the work was restarted. The dam was eventually closed in 1932, almost forty years after publication of the Lely’s first plan. There were many uncertainties: bottom conditions, tides, currents and in particular: where to plan the discharge sluices and how to perform the final closure-operation. The first hydraulic experiments were carried out in a laboratory in Karlsruhe, Germany. As from 1927, Thijsses’s new Hydraulic Laboratory in Delft was available. The construction of the Afsluitdijk initiated the scientific approach of hydraulic engineering in the Netherlands. The 32 km long dam is 60 m wide at the waterline and reaches 7 m above mean sea level. Crane barges dumped boulder clay in the water to form a first dam. Behind this dam, a body of sand was washed. Wooden mattresses protected the bottom and the slopes. Layers of stone were dumped on the vulnerable outside of the dam. On the top and inner side, a layer of clay was sufficient. The final closure was a very critical operation. Hydraulic models helped to determine the most desirable location, the time of the closure and the work schedule. In fact, the successful closure was no less than a miracle. The closure dam proved to be a reliable defence against storm surges. Even in 1953, when the southwest of the Netherlands suffered from enor- mous flooding, the Afsluitdijk could withstand the storm attack without problems. Three of the four envisaged polders were completed. The fourth was no longer needed for agriculture. Meanwhile nature and recreation were considered more valuable. PIANC - AIPCN 42 and Naples. The Congressand Naples. asuccess was 700 from 43 different countries, did not suffer too too 43 countries, from didnot700 suffer different cancelled. 16th Congress. Allreceptions andfestivities were daysQueen Astrid, five the ofthe before opening accident of traffic ofthe fatal because owed The the choice. was eventBelgium overshad- was representative ofArgentina unwell, so became Russian representative didnotshowupandthe tions from Russia andArgentina well, butthe as Thisof the time, there Association. were applica- Moreoverin Belgium. the 50th itwas anniversary the centennial railway in1935ofthe built first of the International and andUniversal Exhibition forthe applied Congress Belgium in Brussels. because until 1935.The Congress occurred forthe third time the 16th So, Congressto fouryears. notheld was Congresses from the statutorily required three totion, extend decided itwas the interval between one! the expensive as previousCongress as twice was ofthe the many andlengthy papers, because outcome Mainly the lessfavourable. financial was Apparently, about thenumber ofparticipants, situa- economic ofthe difficult because Mainly ; however, would rage over Europe again. over Europe rage would months later war that four expected nobody but tional relations were already somewhat strained, interna- The detail. in programme the explained In the PIC meeting of 23May 1939, Mr. Leopold E. Congress year until 1940, which reasonable. seemed the requested German Section to postpone the With reference tothepreparation time needed hold the Congress in Berlin, accepted. which was only the invitationwas to ofthe German Section the Permanent International Commission, there 1937 the During 17th the of mee Congress. of ting were no immediate candidates for the organisation atechnicalthe Zuiderzee, highlight. delegates to the see Afsluitdijk (Closure Dam) of Baudouin’. Other technical excursions enabled the Ghent-Terneuzen on board the packet-boat ‘Prince made ontheCanal Atrip was the Netherlands. visits were in Belgium paid and to several ports to visit Canal. Other theconstruction oftheAlbert Thedelegates wereand invited breakwater design. currents and water level, maintenance ofwater depth concerned and bottom bank erosion, regulation of papers 108 The depression. economic the much from Lock. Wijnechem the at here seen be can and Canal Albert the of site construction the visited delegates The cancelled. were festivities and receptions All Belgium. of Astrid Queen of death tragic the by wasovershadowed event The Brussels. Congress: first the of city the to returned and years fifty for In 1935, existence in PIANC, Probably due to the economic depression, there there depression, economic the to Probably due 43 PIANC - AIPCN be considered as a predeces- a as be considered

An additional result of the 14th Congress was Congress 14th of the result additional An was a there Congress, Also 14th during the commission itself, but by its successor, that was was that but by its itself, commission successor, established in 1970. Commission International of the establishment the purpose The (ICOLD). on Large Dams of the and coordinate centralize was ‘to Commission on started various countries studies in the the started commission The its work in subject’. this of the Congress July 1928 in connection the with and Suppliers of Producers Union International a logical in Paris, combination, of Electric Power built for generating because were dams most large 1928 From electric power and not for navigation. and outgrew independently worked on ICOLD in membership. PIANC and Buoying special of heads of Lighting meeting Services, unificationof maritime the deal with to it desirable thought signalling. representatives The to have more frequent meetings than were allowed was a sepa- Congresses. So,by the in 1929, there Maritime Signalling Conference International rate could in London that Association of Lighthousesor International of the was not (IALA), that an organisation Authorities 1957. founded until in 1924 the in 1924 the , As a result of the 14th Congress in 1926, PIANC in 1926, PIANC Congress 14th As of the a result Study commissions Study Navigation organised only In principle PIANC PIC. annual meetings of the and the Congresses to be could not answered questions sometimes But countries instance: it several For Congress. times during the European by used was concluded that there were contradictions statistics between report shipping and transport. Every country used a classification of its own. Eventually A special moment, watched by many spectators: a bucker dredger ploughs its way through a dike in order to construct a new harbour basin, in this casethe Rotterdam Walhaven. it established and matter, this decidedPIC study to for the recommendations write to a commission four The statistics. unification of inland navigation had itsman commission first in mid 1925 meeting proposing its report twoand delivered later, years should be based. statistics principles on which the which would not remain commission, This as could be commission, considered only study of Working system present of the forerunner the Groups. the commission: decided start study to another of Stresses Study for the Commission International had its commission first The meet- Waves. Due to years of delib- in 1928. It took many ing in Paris conclu- came to commission before the erations sions. final The reports not published by the were The Mississippi River System

The United States Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorised the construction of twenty-six locks and dams in the Mississippi River System. Most of them were built between 1930 and 1940 and their useful lifetime is running out. Near the McAlpine Locks and Dam in the Ohio River, a tributary of the Mississippi, a 1,200 feet long second lock is being constructed.

The Mississippi River rises in Lake Itasca, Minnesota, and flows for 3,781 km to the Gulf of Mexico. With major rivers such as the Missouri and Ohio Rivers and numerous other tributaries, the Mississippi drains 3.1 million km2 that are parts of thirty-one states and two provinces in Canada. The Upper Mississippi handles over 100 million tonnes of cargo annually, while the Lower Mississippi handles nearly 500 million, including 170 million in foreign trade. Other aspects and purposes of the system include wildlife habitat, recreational boating, fishing and swimming, sources of public and industrial water supply, hydropower, and emergency and national defense. Although congressional legislation over the years expanded the respon- sibility for navigation of the Corps of Engineers, the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorised twenty-six locks and dams and a 2.7 m (9 ft) chan- nel 120 m (400 ft) in width on the entire Upper Mississippi River. The Upper Mississippi extends for more than 950 km from near Cairo, Illinois, where the Ohio River joins the Mississippi, northward to beyond St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam at Minneapolis, Minnesota. To improve navigation on this stretch of the river, engineers determined that a series of locks and dams would be needed. These improvements overcame impediments to navigation such as rapids, shallow water, sand and gravel bars, and meandering channels. Following Congressional authorisation of a 2.7 m (9 ft) channel on the Ohio River (1910) and on the Illinois River (1914), pressure was brought to authorise a 2.7 m channel for the Upper Mississippi. Since then a series of locks and dams that lift vessels 120 m in elevation and facilitate commercial barge traffic on the river between St. Louis and Minneapolis have been constructed. Most of the locks and dams were built between 1930 and 1940. The dimensions of the locks authorised by the 1930 legislation are 33.5 m (110 ft) by 182.8 m (600 ft). Legislation in recent years has authorised construction of several larger locks, 366 m (1,200 ft) in length. The Lower Mississippi River flows about 1,600 km from the confluence of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi Rivers at Cairo, Illinois, southward to the Gulf of Mexico. In contrast to the upper portion of the river, the lower portion is free flowing. Levees and wing dams direct water flow forcing it to accelerate toward the centre of the channel and to reduce sediment accumulation. Among notable features of the Lower portion of the river are: a system of levees, bank protection, inland deep water ports at Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Old River Control project. Levees are designed to provide aides to improved navigation and to pro- tect land adjacent to the river from flooding. There are 2,445 km of levees and 24 km of flood walls. Bank protection techniques that U.S. engineers learned from European and Japanese engineers led to the present, modern concrete mattress design. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, is an inland deep water port that is located 370 km from the Gulf of Mexico and accommodates ocean-going vessels with a 13.7 m (45 ft) channel. There are several locks in the vicinity of Baton Rouge that are designed to provide barge access to the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. The Old River Control Project is designed to pre- vent the Mississippi River from shifting its channel, taking a new route to the Gulf of Mexico In addition the project includes a navigation lock that enables barges to move from the Mississippi River to the Red or Atchafalaya Rivers. PIANC - AIPCN 46 from PIANC. Research (IAHR)anditoperates independently and ofHydraulicEngineering national Association Today founded. Research was the itis Inter- named International ofHydraulic Structures Association suggested: ‘Wouldsuggested: advisable to study itnotbe the Committee, Mr. deRouville andMr. A. Wortman H. satisfactory. ofthe Inthe Auditing 1924report this tofrom fouryears, situation two nolonger was published in1932. edition was The ofoperationthe last ofthe field Association. andPorts’, Canals Rivers, areview ofpublications in the publication Notes of‘Bibliographic on started Commission were distributed. In1908,PIANC of the meetings ofthe Permanent International yearthe minutes andonceper and Proceedings, the membership. Theyreceived the Congress Papers there Congresses, with littleBetween was contact Publications During the 16th PIANC Congress in1935the When the period between the Congresses grew . Bibliography 4. Chronicle 3. Originalmemoirs notes ortechnical 2. 1. relating such Documents to the Association, of the Bulletin shouldcomprise: tries onmatters concerning navigation. issue Each andofprogress madeinallcoun- the Association to the informthem events in occurring about bers, the mem- between connection establish acloser togive the wouldbe Bulletin atrial. purpose Its the 1925PIC meeting resulted inthe decision to gories ofsubscriptions’. Alongdiscussion during bilities andofaneventual revision cate- ofcertain consideration taken possi- being ofthe financial scriptions whilstavoiding frequent too defections, oftheir the annualsub- and facilitate collection the zealofouradherentsrevive more efficaciously can they that so Congresses, the of interval the idea ofadifferent organisation ofpublications in basis for the 1954 European classification of inland waterways. inland of classification 1954 the for European basis the formed barges such of dimensions The stream. down and up barges towed tugs paddle steam powerful Rhine, River the On Congress, andrelated material preparation minutes, ofthe annualreports, as 47 PIANC - AIPCN tions and prepare parts prepare of of the hundreds and tions sketches. It was It job indeed. enormous sketches. an The first 1934, in was published Weirs River on chapter and three more chapters would follow before 1940. General would make revisions, verify trans- revisions, the make General would la After his retirement, President Helleputte was succeeded by Viscount S.E. de Vyvere who Van had a long political career, was it 1956 In Belgium. of Minister Prime becoming eventually his turn to retire. branches of interest A to commis- the Association’. pro- to agreed and Secretary-General by J.M.sion, chaired 1932 Millecam, July 28 on work started duce fourteen chapters. Each commission member Chapters chapters. some for be responsible would would be published as soon as they were ready, the vari- to relating The terms random order. in be would fields for PIANC ous technical relevant reproduced in several languages, starting with necessary American expres- the (if English French, Dutch. and Italian Spanish, German, too), sion construction of work for constituent ele- Plans could chapters Such be included. would ments 1,000 over plans.easily contain The Secretary- 23.5 cm) and had × The PIC decided at its 1932 Annual Meeting Meeting Annual 1932 its at decided The PIC to start ‘the creation by our Association of a Association our of a by creation startto ‘the Dictionary giving, most impor- for the Technical technical the to referring languages, terms tant 80 pages. The table of contents recorded: the the recorded: 80 pages. table of contents The of the meeting, PIC of the Statutes minutes the Association and technical articles exten- on the mechanical traction of Antwerp, Port sion of the canals, and navigation hydro-power French in the and of Le Havre worksin Switzerland, Port in the beginning, the waterways. From Dutch on the was a possibility Bulletin. in the advertise there to Bulletin, cost of the the cover to Nevertheless for Individual Membershad to contribution the be per 25 Belgian raised Francs year. 20 to from II War of World Between outbreak the 1926 and published. were 28 Bulletins Bulletin number 1 was in January published Bulletin 1926 and German. English languages:in three French, It was a small booklet (15 After long discussion the decided PIC to start a Bulletin to period between the membership in the with touch in keep Congresses. This is the front page of the first Bulletin, issued in 28 BulletinsBetween 1926. and were 1939, published. 1926 Ship lifts in Germany

The Niederfinow ship lift, northeast of Berlin, connects the rivers Oder and Havel. After being in service for over seventhy-five years without breakdown, there is a need for a new ship lift able to accommodate modern inland vessels with dimensions of 110 × 11.5 m. In this case a lock was out of the question because of the weak subsoil. The lift height is 36 m.

PIANC dealt since its beginning with the structures of locks and ship lifts. In the centenary book the article ‘From low lift locks to structures for dealing with large differences in head’ describes in detail the history of the ship lifts. The table gives the main data of the six ship lifts built or under construction in Germany. The ship lift Henrichenburg (1a) is the oldest one and with its five caissons also today an engineering highlight. It surmounts the height from the waterways cross of the Rhine-Herne Canal and the Wesel-Datteln Canal to the highest reach of the Dortmund-Ems Canal. To meet the increasing demand for transport capacity a lock (95 × 10 × 2.65 m) with 70 % saving of process water by 2 × 5 recuperation basins next to the ship lift came into operation in 1917. In 1962 a second ship lift (1b) was inaugurated for fulfilling the increasing demand for transports with modern 1,350 tonne vessels. This gave way to take the first one (1a) – 1989 classified as a technical monument – out of operation. To reduce the costs of trans- ports by push tows in 1989 a new lock (190 × 12 × 4.0 m) was completed. In 2006 the second ship lift (1b) and the first lock – also classified as technical monument – were taken out of operation. no location year type height velocity dimensions of trough [m] total design [m] of rise length width depth weight of vessel [m/min] of trough [t] [t] water Henrichenburg 1 trough 14 - 1a Dortmund-Ems 1899 6.0 68.0 8.6 2.5 2340 800 5 floats 16 Canal Henrichenburg 1 trough 1b Dortmund-Ems 1962 13.7 7.8 90.0 12.0 3.0 5000 1350 2 floats Canal Niederfinow 1 trough 2a Oder-Havel 1934 36.0 7.2 85.0 12.0 2.5 4300 1000 counterweights Canal Niederfinow 2013 1 trough 2b Oder-Havel 36.0 12.0 115.0 12.5 4.0 9000 2100 expd. counterweights Canal Rothensee 1 trough 16.0 - 3 Mittelland 1938 7.8 85.0 12.2 2.5 4000 1000 2 floats 18.7 Canal Lüneburg 2 troughs 34.0 - 4 Elbe Lateral 1975 12.6 100.0 12.0 3.4* 5800* 1350 counterweights 38.0 Canal * after reconstruction measures 1979/81

Next to the River Oder the ship lift Niederfinow (2a) is the junction between the German inland waterways and the Polish inland waterways and the Baltic Sea. After being in service for more than seventy-five years without any breakdown there was the need for a new construction to accommodate modern ships. A lock was out of the question because of the subsoil, which is sensitive to dynamic loads and therefore inadequate for its foundation. The water yield of the upper River Havel with a low water flow volume of 2.2 m3/s is too low for supplying a lock. Furthermore the transport capacity of a ship lift is higher in comparison with a lock of such a lifting height. These reasons are valid for the decision to build a new ship lift (2b) with dimensions fulfilling the demand of adequate navigation. Decisive factors to build the ship lift Rothensee (3) were the volume and the structure of traffic and the height. From 1938 to 2001, when the new 190 m lock Rothensee was opened, the ship lift was the only link between the Mittelland Canal and the River Elbe. The 115 km long Elbe Lateral Canal was built from 1969 to 1976 con- necting the port of Hamburg and the industry regions of Rhine-Ruhr. To surmount the difference of water levels between the River Elbe and the Elbe Lateral Canal of about 38 m there was chosen a ship lift near Lüneburg (4) with two separate operating troughs (100 × 12 × 3.5 m), having regard to the costs of construction and operation. As the water level in the Elbe can vary about 4 m an additional special gate was constructed at the lower gates. Also special measures had to been taken against the coincidence of surge waves from the emptying operation of the upstream situated lock Uelzen and of manoeuvring ships causing belts of water level of +/– 40 cm within the trough. After more then thirty years in operation first considerations are now made for constructing an additional 190 m lock or a second ship lift with 115 m length fulfilling the conditions of increasing push-towing. PIANC - AIPCN 50 Ponts et Chaussées in 1925. in Chaussées et Ponts hydrauliques in 1921 and Directeur des Général appointedHe was Directeur desVoies Générale and Scheldt and the Canal Ghent-Terneuzen. Lys, Meuse rivers the included which waterways of Mr. involved was Bouckaert with improvement Mr. During D. Bouckaert. his career at the Ministry, at of the the occasion PIC meeting of 1926, to over presidency, the handed then He years. three only for served Chaussées, Ponts et des Générale Mr. according EGevaert, to tradition Directeur passed away years. ofPIANC fortwenty-eight Secretary-General in 1923.language considerably. Eventually as hewouldserve tunity to improve ofthe his English knowledge However,British Army inFrance, whichgave himthe oppor- the war1914-1918inthe Engineering Corps ofthe his successora construction engineer, during hehadserved Directeur Général des Voies hydrauliques. Being yearsbyMr.seven ofthe deputy Millecam, J.M. afterover byMr. succeeded whowas Lambin, A. to the retire. first was In1921his role taken was Richald initially job.Secretary-General continued its on the technical dictionary. thetechnical on working 1956 in continued he hisretirement World War After II. and depression the of difficulties organisational and financial the with deal to had He PIANC. of Secretary-General was the Mr. Millecam Mr. J. of Vyvere, De presidency whole the During the GreatAfter War, the prewar Executive Committee Management Of the two prewar Presidents, Mr. prewar Presidents, the two Of Dufourny decrease of the value of the portfolio was reported. reported. was ofthe valueofthedecrease portfolio presidential responsibilities alone. Mr. years, difficult these the Vyvere hadto De carry vented the appointment ofasuccessor, andduring The outbreakPIC meeting. ofWorld War IIpre- 1939 ofMr. onemonth after that Bouckaert, year’s ofill-health. PIANC because of State. In1956,hehadto retire President as of a Viscountcy, Minister appointed andhewas himthe honourof upon bestowed King Albert Prime Minister After ofBelgium. his retirement career,long political a eventually becoming had from ofLaws the UniversityDoctor ofLouvain, Viscountde Vyvere. Van originallya deVyvere, Van byViscount S.E. succeeded in 1925,hewas the contribution. Bulletin continued without couldnotbe raising avoid extreme The publication printing ofa costs. forthe 1926Congress restrictedreports was to andgeneral involved. The ofpapers costs length ofthe rejected languageswas because official additionalin 1922to andSpanishas adoptItalian there were fewfundsfornewinitiatives. Aproposal But andbonds. invested instocks which couldbe year, Every period. interwar there asurplus, was ation notunfavourable duringthe ofPIANC was Congresses situ- PIANC hadto The save. financial between interval the during that meant This a great extent ownresources. from with its funds ofthe theCongress costs Originally PIANC paid to Finances andmembership con But PIANC couldnotavoidannual receipts. the fourtimes the about Francs, 1.3 millionBelgian hadgraduallygrownBy to 1930,the portfolio were paying subventions and/orcontributions. countries sixty Over andgovernmental bodies ished didthe ofPIANC. finances world-wideandso the Auditing Committee. publication ofaBulletin resulted from by aproposal the For to instance, make suggestions. the liberty The committee had to the books. check meeting, met once ayear persons, orthree whichconsisted committee, oftwo ad-hoc ofthe Auditing byareport nied Committee. This integrally published was inthe Bulletin, accompa- His speech condition ofthe Association. financial International the yearabout Commission every PIANC was shocked bythe shocked PIANC sudden was death in When long-time President Helleputte retired The Secretary-General reportedThe Secretary-General to the Permanent During the 1920s, nationalDuring the flour- 1920s, economies sequences ofthesequences depression. economic In1931a , shortly before thePIC before shortly 51 PIANC - AIPCN

total individual life corporate

939

1

938 1

in the years prior to the next Congress, the mem- the Congress, next the years prior to in the had not contin- bership increased threat again. The statedin Committee Auditing the ued, although remains (financial) situation 1939: ‘Nevertheless, the very serious and we feel that nothing should be done to make it worse’.

937

1

936

1

935

1

934

1

933

1

932

1

931 0 1 500

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

PIANC membership figures 1931-1939 showed a remarkable membershipPIANC figures 1931-1939 increase of Individual Members after During 1934. this period, there were approximately 500 Life Members, to 20 30% of the total membership. membership -type sail on the French Canal du Nord. peniche Barges of the the of Barges Construction of this canal started but due to two wars in 1913, 1961. until completed not was it depression, economic the and A remarkable feature is the canal tunnel at Ruyaulcourt. A new connection between the Seine and Scheldt estuary has been designed and will eventually replace the canal du Nord. By 1938 the loss had become 1938 the 11%, aboutBy same the expenses. as total amount the Several the times proposed contri- Committee the raising Auditing to was Executive Committee reluctant The bution. follow because the advice, Association the had lost some and several early 1930s members in the coun- 1934 After subventions. their had failed pay tries to

53 PIANC - AIPCN

. Thus the the . Thus to PIANC. Eventually Reichskommissar Reichskommissar unanimously of the opinion that PIANC’s PIANC’s opinion that unanimously of the

Mr. Leopold, a civil servant member of and prewar Mr. PIC,the was appointed of militarydanger supervision He left was avoided. Secretary-Generalthe liberty complete and inde- offices the come to pendence and he did not even German delega- the Association. way, of the In this of financial the safeguard helped situation to tion premises, The two war. the during the employees survived of PIANC and archives documentation war absolutely intact.the announced that the German delegation would would delegation German the that announced salary peacetime of the half other the the of pay to Brussels to had delegation fundstwo the the clerks from Leopold E. Mr. the in possession At 1940 Congress. already for the sent he time same Secretary-General, the with matters discuss in of of appointment question thorny the particular a military Resumption of activities Resumption Secretary of Brussels in 1944, the liberation the After activities, peacetime but resume to tried General too diffi- were circumstances the moment for the Permanent of the meeting a regular organise to cult com- a restricted Instead Commission. International Belgium, the from of delegates mittee, consisting Netherlands, States, the UK and United France, on 11 December in Brussels delegates met 1946. The were Mr. Millecam decided to turn to the prewar First prewar the to Millecam decided turn to Mr. During the early days of the occupation of of occupation of the days early During the Trade and navigation had to recover too from the war and soon surpassed prewar levels. After the After the levels. prewar surpassed soon and war the from too recover to had navigation and Trade Surviving war the no. 29 was ready Bulletin of war, break-out the At for printing, was suspended but its dispatch until pre- the Bulletin, the of printing time the 1947. At advanced was well paratory Congress work for the and thirty-two papers had been received by Head- the situation, quarters. international In view of the decided course Committee in the of Executive be had to postponed. Congress the 1939 that Suez-crisis of 1956, the size of oil tankers increased rapidly, forcing ports to adapt fairways and quays. quays. and fairways adapt ports to forcing rapidly, increased tankers oil of size the 1956, of Suez-crisis On theEuropean inland waterways, push-towing was introduced, increasing inland navigation in of numbers increasing led to prosperity growing least, not but last And way. unprecedented an deal. to had PIANC which with problems technical caused factors these boats. All recreational PIANC survived World War II without too many problems. The offices, the archives and even the the even and offices, The archives problems. the many too II without War World survived PIANC first postwar the and again restart to years several took it war, the After safeguarded. were finances to was back figure membership the a decade After 1949. until be organised not could Congress the of One 1956. in bloc less en or more retired Committee Executive The level. prewar the suc- of A series years. twenty-six next the for serve would who G.Willems, was Mr. Presidents new of beginning the in But established. were commissions study New was organised. Congresses cessful needed. were changes significant some that developed feeling uncomfortable an 1970s, the 5. – 1970) (1940 period postwar and War Delegate of Germany, Mr. J. Gährs, asking him for Mr. of Germany, Delegate First Delegates the Gährs consulted a solution. Mr. and Italy Netherlands France, and the from Brussels, the German Army wanted to take posses- take to wanted Army German the Brussels, Association. of the Because premises sion of the of Secretary-General of the relinquished they protests and even- but only for some months intentions, their Delobel, Hofman and Mr. two the clerks,tually Mr. work. without Secretary-Generalfound themselves sole the repre- time Millecam, that was who at sentative in Brussels, Executive of the Committee consented to grant them an allowance of half their soon He was faced after, problems with pay. monthly and subscriptions because of subventions payment was impossible Belgian countries and the other from on its paid bonds, dividends no longer state State last the income source. Thus, which constituted be to exhausted. threatened resources PIANC’s PIANC - AIPCN 54 Mr. unanimously. elected Naeyer was De and the extension ofthe Ghent-Terneuzen. Canal ofhis workonthe Ghent Circularbecause Canal at the Ministry.civil servant well-known Hewas General ofthe Ministry ofPublic Works, the highest trotechnical engineer andat the time Secretary- Mr.posed: deNaeyer, Robert ahydraulic àndelec- pro-the was FirstDelegate ofthe Section Belgian where(Belgium) the seated.By PIC was tradition, toand belonging the nationality ofthe country bythesen Permanent International Commission cho- to be Presidentstwo andaSecretary-General, that the Committee Executive shouldconsist of thebefore war. 6ofthe Statutes Article prescribed elected to succeed Mr. Bouckaert, who died shortly were represented. President First, anewsecond was Central Commission forNavigation onthe Rhine Eighteenla Loi155inBrussels. countries andthe inthe Residence Palace, Rue in the de newoffice 1947 PIC meeting held was on7October postwar the first So Germany andJapan. for the time being, countries allmember upon except, acall should be step resumed andtheactivities first shouldbe of suitable candidates. alack of because Secretary-General the replace to volunteered but 1956, in World War Mr. retired II. Nayer De before just died who Mr. Bouckaert succeeding asPresident, was appointed Section, Belgian the of Delegate Naeyer, Mr. De First In 1948, R. of 310,000 BFR and expenses of230,000BFRamong of 310,000BFRandexpenses The receipts budget for1947 showed for arestart. pay their annualsubvention again,cleared the way bad.tion nottoo was together in1947,PIANC’sfactors condi- financial of5%.Taking oncapital the Belgium tax allthese among scientific organisations, wasexempted from the prewar below level. just PIANC,classified was which investments of1.25millionBFR, portfolio This the included of1.18millionBFR. an increase 1938,the credit-balance31 December showed Compared to the situation2.65 millionBFR. of of acapital disposal July 1947,PIANC hadat its Attion ofthe the forthe clerks. end salaries of was the contribution from the German delega- to reduced minimum, andthere astrict had been andotherprinted costs personnel andmailed, the war. Onthe other hand,noBulletins hadbeen to almostzerohad declined of duringthe course the incomefrom subventions andcontributions situation stated As before, of the Association. Trade Centre near Brussels North Station. North Trade Brussels near Centre World the to Ministry Belgian the with moved Headquarter In1991, PIANC. of PIANC office postwar wasthe laLoi, de 155 Palace, Rue Residence Jugendstil the of entrance The This andthe promise countries ofseveral to President Vyvere the financial explained De 55 PIANC - AIPCN The 1949 Congress clearly illustrated the pre- the clearly illustrated 1949 Congress The conclusion that the earliest year for which the the year for which earliest the that conclusion could be arranged, would beCongress 1949. Berlin In July 1947, the was of course question. out of the an official handed government invita- Portugese Executive the Restricted Committee. The to tion decidedExecutivelater Committee a fortnight up a provisional and drew invitation the accept to and communications. of questions programme subjects The 1940 Berlinchosen Congress for the thirty-two and topics reports current still were had been receivedat Headquarters before the war. It was could be 1940 programme the decided that cir- maintained, current but would be to adapted ‘Experience from In fact words cumstances. the only war’ insertedthe in several topics. thirty- were The reports in either could be presented existing two German The language was banned or French. English as an official language. of PIANC. printing The carious financial situation very papers expensive were Congress of the costs of publication left for the were and few resources PIC Dictionary. The Technical of the new chapters support to decided ask UNESCO dictionary. the to The matter of the 17th Congress was discussed Congress 17th of the matter The At the PIC meeting of 1950, the Austrian First Austrian of 1950, the meeting PIC the At The general cargo ship was the work horse of the fifties and sixties. Then the container emerged and almost completely replaced general cargo. The many slim quay-sidecranes were replaced by huge portal cranes to tranship containers. Delegate, Mr. J. Huber, proposed to invite Germany Germany invite proposed to J. Huber, Mr. Delegate, no objections, so were again. There participate to be1951 to in PIANC rejoined Western-Germany family PIANC The followed by Japan next year. the again! was complete Committee Restricted of the meeting during the in December the came committee to 1946. The Dictionary and the preparation of the 17th Congress. 17th of the Dictionary preparation and the report the lacked The Executive of the Committee still membership. There the usual table recording the It waswas in 1950 that too much uncertainty. could be totalmembership list published again. The 1,786 and it had dropped 2,570 in 1,939 to from the decadeback come to another to would take level. prewar which 110,000 BFR for staff. For this purpose this BFR for staff.which 110,000 For Mrs. Marie-Madeleine was Daneels appointed to was HQ very English the staff. Her good, because she had served dur- Force Royal Air British in the was premises of the war years. rent ing the The Part of the Belgianagain paid government. by the Technical Illustrated the wasbudget dedicated to St. Lawrence Seaway

The 3,770 km St. Lawrence Seaway connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes. Vessels have to be lifted 75 m to reach Lake Superior. The Seaway was completed in 1959. The participants of the Ottawa Congress were present at the inauguration of the new Welland Canal By-Pass in 1973. Special ships have been built for navigation on the St. Lawrence Seaway, such as this self-unloader Calcite.

The St. Lawrence Seaway is a 3,770 km (2,342 mile) marine transporta- tion artery connecting the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the interior of North America. In addition to the transportation system, the project includes hydro-electric power generating facilities. The project, which costed over 1 billion USD, was completed on schedule five years after the first earth was moved. At the opening ceremony in June 1959, Queen Elizabeth II and President Dwight D. Eisenhower recognised the diplomatic and engineering accomplishment that was represented by the seaway. Never in history had two nations cooperated to build a navigation and power project of such size. The system of canals, locks, and dams was designed to permit ocean going vessels to reach inland ports such as Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago in the United States and Toronto, Canada, and fourteen other Canadian ports. It is the world’s longest deep-draft inland waterway. Construction was authorised by the Canadian Parliament in 1951, and by the United States Congress in 1954. In Canada, the St. Lawrence Seaway Authority was responsible for construction and maintenance. The St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, a public corporation created by Congress, was responsible for construction of facilities in the United States. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers served as construction agent for the American corporation. Over 20,000 people were employed during construction. The project involved technical, political, financial and environmental issues. In Canada eight communities of 6,500 residents were relocated to three new towns in Ontario. In addition, 64.4 km (40 miles) of mainline railroad and 56.3 km (35 miles) of highways were moved and rebuilt. In the United States power lines, roads and bridges and railroad track were relocated. Engineering improvements included dredging channels, and con- structing new canals to a depth of 27 feet (8 m), building locks as well as constructing hydro-electric facilities. The completed project includes nineteen locks: seven locks between Lake Ontario and Montreal, eight locks on the Welland Canal opened in 1932, and four Soo locks built at various times between 1914 and 1968. The project includes: the Wiley-Dondero Canal, 16 km (10 miles) in length, with the Snell and Eisenhower Locks; the South Shore Canal, 22.5 km (14 miles) in length from the Port of Montreal to Lake St. Louis, with the Ste. Catherine and St. Lambert Locks; the Beauharnais Canal, 17.7 km (11 miles) in length, which connects Lake St. Louis and Lake St. Francis, has two locks; the Iroquois Canal, which has one lock and a water control facility; the St. Mary’s Falls Canal, which connects Lakes Huron and Superior, and has four parallel locks; and the Welland Canal, which links Lakes Ontario and Erie, and has eight locks. The seven locks between Montreal and Lake Ontario lift vessels 75 m (246 feet) above sea-level, and the eight locks in the Welland Canal lift vessels 100 m (326 feet) over the Niagara Escarpment. Each lock is 233.5 m (766 feet) long, 24.4 m (80 feet) wide, and 9.1 m (30 feet) deep over the sill. Approximately 91 million litres (24 million gallons) of water are used to fill a lock. Lockages take about 45 minutes. The navigation and hydro-electric power projects cost: 131 million USD for the U. S. navigation facilities, 340 million USD for the Canadian naviga- tion facilities and 300 million USD each for the power facilities in New York State and the Province of Ontario. PIANC - AIPCN 58 still was an absolute must for theAssociation. for must still anabsolute was to the afund Congress finance Establishing years. budget forthepositive year1951andfollowing donation. These measures resultedvoluntary ina prewar were requested to LifeMembers make a subventionsmental were by50%andthe increased the govern- from 75.00BFRtoraised 100.00BFR, avoided. The forIndividualMembers was be fee less, couldnot ofthe anincrease fees membership International Engineering Organisations. Neverthe- subsidy wasreceived from the UATI, the Union of printing ofchapter 5ofthe Dictionary. Additional granted BFR85,000to years, for several enable In 1951UNESCO, with asubsidy that received was lished before thelished before war, there oninland asection was were represented. Following the pattern estab- registered bodies and24governments and official approximately andcorporate bodies 500persons situation, economic the Despite difficult success. The 1949,inLisbon. 19 September Congress a was Congress held from was 10to postwar The first Congresses First postwar comprised 94 papers discussing 13 topics, resulting discussing 13topics, 94papers comprised questions andcommunications. sections The two Again,there chosen. was were sections, the two The question putto was avote Italy, andRome, the PIC inJune1950didnotresult inaclearresult. GreatSpain, andItaly. Britain, The deliberations of 18th Congress held in1953:Brasil, whichwouldbe to 110. amounted papers of number The harbours). in waves in sea-water, penetration headroom ofbridges, of erosion,four communications concrete (coastal tions (regularisation and ofestuaries, oildepots) ques- navigationMaritime with dealt intwo was navigation). valueofinland economical ments, protectionnications (design oflocks, ofembank- and three commu- reservoirs) storage of function large(acceleration differences inhead, oftransport, on inlandnavigation three comprised questions communications were formalised. The section forquestions and Beforehand subjects discussed. During the Congress, technical questions were navigation onmaritime navigation. andasection recognised as a major problem. asamajor recognised wasgenerally this before long ports, in pollution concerned Congress the of Communications the of One Gandolfo. Castle PiusXIIat Pope with wasameeting programme the of highlight many, the For 1953 the for Congress. city host wasthe Rome Four countries to proposed organise the 59 PIANC - AIPCN des des pean Code for Inland Navigable Waterways. Waterways. Navigable Inland for Code pean More successful were the commissions follow- were requested to compile a paper compile situa- on the to requested were Several received papers were country. in their tion the but indeed Bulletin, in the published and response effect com- was to too little study the mission. One was the Congress. called 1953 from the ing International Commission for the Study of the Unification of Signalling along Inland Waterways. Commission of the Central The Chief-Engineer was appointed J. Verhey, Mr. Navigation, for Rhine Chairman. This Commission was recognised by the Committee for of Inland the Transport UN Economic Commission for Europe as thetechni- 1957, In job. the for most appropriate cal body, police was work with of extended scope the of the work the 1962, in Eventually, regulations. ECE the was by published commission PIANC CEVNI: of Européen Code name the under English: in or, Intérieure de Navigation Voies Euro has been updated force, in still is which The code, times. several The closure of the Suez Canal initiated the rapid development of very large crude oil tankers. Ports and waterways had to be adapted to take these vessels. quickly PIANC responded on the technical problems resulting from the new phenomena by establishing a study commission called the Oil Tankers Commission. Study commissions Study dis- were questions During Congresses, technical was too large problem the sometimes cussed. But solve In Congress. to or complicated during the commission case of a study that establishment the meet- 1951 PIC the instance at was For an option. ing, study it was decided start to an international of ports. depth on the of size commission The and traditional ocean going vessels was growing actually Before satisfactory. no longer rules were Sections National commission, starting study the in 2,740 pages of text, assembled 13 volumes. in New rules, Section proposedAmerican by the and the of assured PIC by the distribution accepted opening Congress. papers of the of the in advance opening session of Rome.The Capitol was in the Remarkable was subject the com- of one of the pollutionmunications: in harbours, long before number The recognised. was generally problem this of highlight the of participants was many, 686. For XII Pius Pope with was programme meeting a the at Castel Gandolfo. PIANC - AIPCN 60 The need forThe need such acommission followed the from Tankers Oil the called simply latter Commission. oflarge cargo andgeneral oil tankers, berthage the improvement of handling were: of subjects The missions were proposed during the 1957 Congress.state-of-the-art. worthwhile, because it represented the technical although agonisingly the progress was slow, was able towas issue the Thework, finalreport. putting severe pressure on the commission, PIANC establishment of the commission. In 1980, after published in 1973, the original years after twenty of the was part report the first of Mr. Larras, J. 1970 in chairmanship commission new the under the 1967. in Bulletin restarting the in lished After only asummary oftheactivities could bepub- subject and Obviously subject. this adifficult was same the handling commission prewar the to Chaired by Mr. deRouville, A. the it successor was Wave. Force of the on Commission International Despite the slow progress, two more studyDespite com- two theslow progress, The second study commission the was its ambitious chairman, Mr. asuccessoras of the Oil Tankers Commission. Under the Reception Ships ofLarge (ICORELS) started was one yearsels, later the International Commission for Mr. Leite, J. completed its final report. tankers. In 1973, the commission now chaired by dations forthedisposition ofmanifolds onboard of in the Bulletin 1967. Among these were recommen- chaired by McGowan Mr. published its results C.N. butered report, the afinal Oil Tanker Commission Thecommissioning. cargo never ongeneral deliv- commissionsinitiated, thetwo meet- had their first took along time. In1961, they four were years after preparations and circulation papers oftechnical sub-committees. of Because this approach, the dealt with by first national Thematter was nomena. on the technical problems resulting this from phe- the Suez-crisis of 1956. PIANC quickly responded ofthedimensions growth oftankersrapid after fender systems. on commission study international an up PIANC set In response fendering. and mooring with problems caused Suez-crisis the after bulkcarriers and tankers of dimensions the of growth rapid The after threeafter an years, unparalleled sofar success! commission succeeded in delivering report its first Because of the continuing enlargement of ves- continuing of enlargement the of Because C. van der Burgt, the van derBurgt, C. 61 PIANC - AIPCN The Secretariat drafted regulations, which were were which regulations, drafted Secretariat The The second President to be appointed O. Van- was Mr. in 1956 audenhove. He was the political President alongside the tech- hove nical President G. Willems. Mr. In 1956, Omer Vanauden was Minister of Public and Works Reconstruction in Belgium. He stepped down in 1975. No Regional Section Pakistan Oag from T. Mr. meeting 1954 PIC the At suggested set up a Regional to Section for Far Indian and Pacific bordering the Eastern countries difficultOceans. it was often In those and days to countries these from for delegates very costly in Europe. meetings and Congresses the to travel was a specialAs preceeding a result, there meeting among present, were next PIC. Nine countries the Cambodiathem Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia. important was another incen- there Meanwhile a Regional Section. consider Japanese The to tive form an International to had started an initiative Although (IAPH). Harbours of PortsAssociation and mainly aimed port at IAPH the the management, which had PIANC to was as felt a threat initiative Section be a Regional Obviously addressed. to was consider. to something of 1956. Article 1 stated Bulletin published in the proposed Section: Regional of the to objective the for coun- interest of common questions consider Pacific the bordering and Indian Oceans.tries One Congresses, regional organise was to options of the In 1968, a fifth study commission was added commission to In 1968, a fifth study commissions study international more Two On 5 June 1956 twoOn 5 June new 1956 Presidents were elected, one of them G.being Willems. Mr. Gustave Willems, a charismatic leader and excellent served speaker, as President until of PIANC his death His most famous in 1982. technical achievement was the inclined plane at Ronquières. By 1980 all five Working Groups of ICORELS had had of ICORELS Groups five all Working 1980 By reports. their published finished and for Commission four: International existing the the Classificationthe of Soils be to Dredged, chaired report The was published in 1972. J. Volkers. by Mr. for Commission Also International in 1968, the Ships and of roll-on/roll-off Standardisation the was McGarey appointed D. Mr. Berths was created. issued were firstChairman. The recommendations chair- the under commission, in 1971. Another effects M. Gurnee, the studied of of Mr. manship report, The which environment. on the dredging in 1977, reflected involve- was ready growing the and dredging to related in matters of PIANC ment environment. the following years: formed in the on locks,were G. systems, Willems, and on fender Chairman Mr. J. Langeveld. Both reports were Chairman Mr. had PIANC time, 1980s. that issued in the By in commissions study idea of large the replaced more with Groups Working of smaller favour of Reference. Terms restricted The container

The container caused a revolution in sea transport. In 1956 the first shipload of fifty-eight containers sailed from Newark to Houston. Today, a ship like the Estelle Maersk can load approximately 14,400 TEU, units of 20 feet length.

The transport of general cargo totally changed after the sixties with the emergence of the container. Before that time, general cargo was handled piece by piece. A labour intensive and costly job. It was the American truckdriver Malcolm McLean who, while waiting to be served at the quayside, had the inspiration to put general cargo in a box and load the box on the ship instead of every piece of cargo. He sold his truck com- pany and bought a shipping line to put his idea into practise. In April 1956 the first shipload of fifty-eight containers sailed from Newark to Houston. The benefits were clear: containerised cargo cost less then one tenth of regular general cargo. Nevertheless, McLean had to face an enormous problem: the trade unions. The container required considera- bly less labour. Six workers were needed, compared to twenty-one for a normal shift. The unions in the port of New York went on strike in 1958 and it took one month to come to the agreement that the same twenty- one people had to be hired to tranship containers. Only in 1965 a more realistic agreement was signed. New York was certainly not the only port to be faced with labour problems. But the container could not be stopped. Crucial developments for the success of the container were the twist- lock, the system to connect containers to a frame or to each other, and even more important the standardisation of the dimensions of the container. McLean started with 33 feet long containers and eventually built a fleet of 35 feet containers. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) chose in 1965 a standard container of 20 or 40 feet long, 8 feet wide and 8.5 feet high. Now containers fitted world-wide between cell guides, on chassis and rail cars and under the spreaders of container cranes. The development started in the United States. In 1966 the first transatlantic container was put ashore in Europe and soon the Far East and other parts of the world followed. The design of ships grew with the amount of containerised cargo. The first generation container ship was a converted conventional cargo ship with limited space for con- tainers. The second generation was purpose built and had a capacity of maximum 1,500 TEU. The third generation was designed for the trade between America, Europe and the Far East and doubled the capacity per ship to 3,000. Today, container vessels of 10,000 TEU and over exist and nobody knows where this rapid development will end. At the same time container transport by inland barge developed, in Europe mainly in the rivers Rhine and Seine. A standard barge of 110 × 11.4 m has a capacity of 200 TEU, but there are already barges of 135 × 15 m carrying 400 TEU. Again, the end of the development world-wide is not yet in sight. Most containers still fit in the standard dimensions. But there are also containers of 45 or even 48 feet long. There are so-called high-cube containers, that exceed the 8.5 feet by a half or by one foot. There are pallet-wide containers, that are a few centimetres wider and are more efficient with regard to European standard pallet dimensions. And there are tankcontainers, reefercontainers, etc. The container proved to be a good instrument against theft in ports. But at the same time, it is rather easy to smuggle goods or drugs or even people in containers. Therefore costly inspections or detection gates are required in ports, diminishing the economic advantage of the container. The containership, container handling equipment and container logis- tics introduced new problems for ports and the hinterland transport and meant new areas to be dealt with by PIANC. PIANC - AIPCN 64 efficient and cheaper as their size increased. size astheir cheaper and efficient more much were and sea at time down less had flexible, position from the bucket dredger. Suction thedominant over took dredger Gradually, suction thetrailing dredgers were more Oil Tankers Commission. the wascalled commission This harbours. of pollution prevent to operations transhipment and tankers oil large of berthing of safety the for standards set to commission international an for need wasthe there that wasconcluded it Congress this During 1957 the Congress. opened Philip Prince HRH 65 PIANC - AIPCN In principle, the Executive Committee wasIn principle, Executive in Committee the also promised President him, the console To results of the questionnaire were inconclusive, so were questionnaire of the results Masood would be Mr. vote necessary. another Husain Regional of the in favour again argued Section. an Association opinion, claimed In his that should not neglect be organisation a global to Asianthe and African He pointed countries. the at in some that Congress 19th of the conclusions and situation European the cases to only referred of technical not valid world-wide. Pooling were opinion, his could, in knowledge resources and best a Regional Section be done through with was office. government a regional Pakistani The offices finance to required the prepared staff. and body sub- an initial grant parent only had to The Husain a Regional was that convinced Mr. sidy. Eastern countries Section more would stimulate plea by: and he ended his join PIANC ‘I appealto proposal on the before voting reconsider you to to this crucial issue. assure you We that, given the voting By goods”. the we will “deliver opportunity, you will befor a Regional giving a Organisation us’. help to of your desire demonstration Section same of a Regional favour time, the but, at had some between fear of a division East and West this a decision like Association.in the Anyhow, be Permanent by all members of the had to taken point of the this At Commission. International and the distributed ballotdiscussion, papers were were votes the votes. When their made delegates 81 against, and there in favour, 57 were counted: Section So Regional the was 11 abstentions. were Willems result, President Despite this rejected. problems the to attention extra pay to promised Asianof the next during the and African countries and suggested next holding one of the Congress in AsiaCongresses or Africa. In fact, it would take in Osaka Congress 27th the 32 years when another was the first Asia. Congress in Navigation Afterwards, Husain was far ahead of Mr. that one could say time. his for Asia Commission contact UN Economic the to East Far and the (ESCAFE) and ask it in Bangkok for subjectsfor suggestions Congress 20th for the in countries of problems technical the regarding was a letter East. that Far sent the Indeed, PIANC discussed in the Inland Waterway Sub-Committee suggestof ESCAFE. sub- only did not The answer requested also it but nextjects Congress, the for practical expert as matters, a dredging such to serve of ESCAFE, on a team of reference translation books carrying and of studies. out The letter was meeting. Carrying PIC out 1963 the in discussed East 60° East? of longitude seat of this Section? After the retirement of Secretary-General Millecam, H. Van- Mr. dervelde was appointed for a three-year but period in 1959, eventually stayed in office He was the editor of the until 1991. book issued on the occasion of the Centennial Congress. The result of the questionnaire was presented was presented questionnaire of the result The of 1958 in Brussels. meeting PIC In drawing in the into answers, one would take the from conclusions coun- which the to number the of votes account the concluded that President The try was entitled. which would be every held four years, but not in Participants Congress. Navigation year of the the of the could be area the members PIANC from would be a Section. article 3, there to According and a Regional Regional Commission Permanent of consisted regulations Secretariat. the In total articles,thirteen possibility the covering even of Regional Section. of the dissolution These regula- could not be approval tions changed the without PIC, Regionalof the but the Section could operate in principle approved PIC The independently. quite in its 1956 meeting. A letter draft regulations the a Sections in little, if any National resulted the to response. So decided postpone PIC the in 1957 to Again, a following year. a final the decision until countries among the was circulated questionnaire questions: three containing concerned 1) Regional join the Section? to you prepared are 2) the of confining to you in favour region the are 3) the a proposal make regarding to do you wish PIANC - AIPCN 66 PIANC inIMCO.PIANC ofthe amember represented Britishsons, Section requested status granted. rea- was For practical The nextyearthe shipping. secure andefficient the governmental organisation aimingat safe, Maritime Consultativetal Organisation (IMCO), Intergovernmen- based London the at status tive PIANC. from not letters answer further ESCAFE was disappointedwould have to pay Obviously forthework. ESCAFE by this result possible, in at principle, least studies was but and did time, when his ageforced himto retire well. as forarelatively in1948,heldappointed office short record.same Compared to them Mr. Naeyer, De almosthad the Millecam and Secretary-General PresidentVyvere years hadbeen forover thirty Committee to step down.Moreover, Mr. Van de the right Itwas organised. time forthe Executive successfully Congresseslevel hadbeen andtwo almostmembership figure back was to the prewar In 1956,PIANC hadrecovered from the war. The Headquarters initiative. great with worked Daneels M. Mrs. colleague her and She PIANC. of face wasthe Craen De Claire outsiders, To years! as aswell many, members forty for stay would She Craen. De C. Mrs. In 1956 PIANC Headquarters: joined ayounglady In 1966 PIANC decided to foraconsulta- In 1966PIANC ask decided only two more chapters were published. were chapters more two only dictionary untilthat he died he had in 1960 initiated.the publication oftheTechnical aproject Dictionary, but, after He his continued death, to work on the was appointed Thiswas rank acting as Secretary-General. the Chief Engineerwas of the Ponts etChaussées, PIC meeting in 1959 Mr. Vandervelde, Henry who died in December years only, fortwo lasted because Mr. Naeyer De 1958.to devote this time to partly This PIANC. solution At the occasion volunteered he and disposal his at time more have of the his retirement After a temporarily basis. hewould on to replace theSecretary-General Naeyer offered Mr. De ofSecretary-General. for thefunction PIANC until his death in 1982. Ronquières. Gustave President Willems as of served technical achievement the Inclined was Plane at the Université Libre His mostfamous deBruxelles. FromSection. 1935 to 1972, Professor hewas at had been appointed First Delegate of the Belgian years ofthe later.General two Ministry In 1952 he the Minister of Public Works, to become Secretary- 1982. In 1956 appointed hewas chef decabinet of wouldWillems, eventually bePIANC President until 1975. Theother, the ‘technical’ President, Gustave Reconstruction. his until Hewould presidency fulfill was at that Mr.Willems. Vanaudenhove, the‘political’ President, time Mr.elected: OmerVanaudenhove and Mr. Gustave Minister of Public Works and pendently. inde- worked butinpractice very Secretary-General, secretary, hadameeting with the President and the Craen the M.Daneels, De other andMrs. Mrs. weeks well to two members as as world.Every the outside ofPIANCClaire Headquarters the to face was the Baltimore’.as For many andformany members years Congresses offurther insuchremote pects locations well the as as pros- with incontact whomIcame the ofthe kindnessofeveryone members, liness by the international the friend- Imade, contacts inthis comforted decision was Isoon Association. Irealised the potential job,as ofthefascinating in the Bulletin: to ‘Iliked keep itanddecided this stay until her retirement in1996.Sheexplained Claire Craen. De in 1956:Mrs. Eventually shewould Sec until 1991. Secretary-General as serve Outgoing and respect tually, in would every satisfactory hewas appointment valid foronly was three But years. even- not consideredwas at theappropiate level, sohis retary-General Mr.retary-General Millecam remained to work on In 1956, alack there of suitable was candidates On 5June 1956 newPresidents were two A youngwomanentered PIANC Headquarter 67 PIANC - AIPCN The Congresses following London were organ- were London following The Congresses that the flow of trade should be as smooth and as as and smooth as be should trade of flow the that oldest the is ‘It by: Continuing efficient as possible’. reason, and, problem for that the most awkward can only that a problem also is it But tackle. to be tackled successfully by a body, such as yours, international all of ends the at occurs it because subject was perhaps another But routes’. shipping One of the tankers. oil important: large more even was need international the for an conclusions commission to set standards on this matter to improve the safety of berthing and transhipment of harbour pollution operations to prevent and waters. sec- two Again parallel differently. ised somewhat navigation. one for ocean and tions: one for inland section five each six subjects, or would Within subject, each For a day. half during be discussed SectionsNational one allowed to submit were authors. several by be written could that paper conclusions his give A general reporter would at the beginning of the session. After that, there was time for short additions or by explanations of end the At discussion. for and authors the 19th Congress in London were well under way – 22nd Congress 19th way under series of a successful new Presidents the Under well Congresses were four-yearly started: London (1957), (1969) Paris (1965), Stockholm London (1961), Baltimore in The preparations for the and Ottawa (1973). Congress 19th up took Vanaudenhove Mr. and Willems when Mr. communications and so questions the presidency, PIC 1954 the of A decision formulated. already were strictly limited the scope of the Congress to three per section. communications three questions and was papers of fixed per coun- one The number to authors. several by written try generally per subject, number the confine was to it possible way this In 2,500. pages to of printed Again, the number of participants increased: 960 participants from was44 The Congress HRH openend by nations. ‘Measures subject the opinion his In Philip. Prince to be taken of the for handling improvement of wasgeneral cargo’ the most interesting, stating: Inland very the is crux matter. of the this ‘I believe all are ports ships waterways, railways, roads, and involved in the process of trade, and trade is the ofexchange goods, and it is in everybody’s interest Oneof the high lights of the 20th Baltimore Congress, was a boat excursion across Chesapeake Bay and a visit to the Naval Academy of Annapolis, where 3,600 cadets marched past President Willems and thirteen gunshots were fired. Delta Plan

The Oosterschelde Barrier, completed in 1986, was the keystone of the Delta Plan, the plan to protect the southwest of the Netherlands from flooding such as the national disaster of 1953. For ecological reasons it became a semi-permeable dam that enables a tidal movement in the estuary, but can be closed in case of a storm surge.

In the night of the 1 February 1953, the countries around the North Sea were surprised by an extremely heavy storm, resulting in severe floodings. In the Netherlands, at over 150 locations the dikes collapsed and an area of 175,000 ha disappeared under (salt) water. In that night, 1,836 people drowned in the Netherlands and elsewhere several hundreds. Over 75,000 people had to be evacuated. It was a disaster without an equal! The repair of the dikes started at once and on 6 November 1953 the last gap was closed with help of caissons left-over from World War II. The bad condition of the dikes was known to insiders, but in the post- war period there was no priority for maintenance, let alone strengthening of the sea-defences. Now it was the first priority. Three weeks after the catastrophe the Delta Commission was established, chaired by the Director- General of Rijkswaterstaat. In two years time, the Commission drafted the Delta Plan aiming at flood prevention and at the same time pushing back salinisation. The core of the plan was the closure of the main sea branches, thus shortening the coast line by 700 km. Secondary dams would divide the remaining water area in smaller compartments and create sweet water reservoirs in this way. The works started in 1958 by constructing a barrier in the Hollandsche IJssel, just east of Rotterdam. This barrier protects the low level heart of Holland, that barely escaped the disaster of 1953. At first the secondary dams were constructed, working from small to large and offering the engi- neers the possibility to experiment and learn from experience. Moreover, the secondary dams reduced the tidal influence in the sea branches and made the construction of the primary dams easier. Two methods were applied: the gradual closure and the sudden closure by caissons. A gradual closure is possible by pumping sand in the gap or, in case the current is too high, by dumping stones. It turned out that a funicular was very usefull. The cable cars had a pay-load of 15 tonnes. Another method to close a sea branch is the use of caissons. The biggest units had dimensions 68 × 18 m. The sides were initially open to avoid water pressure. When all caissons were sunk in position and secured, the slides were closed and at once the dam was impermeable. The longest closure dam would be in the Oosterschelde (Eastern- Scheldt): a gap of 3 km in total. Works had already commenced in 1967, but gradually opposition developed. The Oosterschelde was a unique envi- ronment and people and eventually the government realised that it had to be preserved. After a passionate debate, parliament accepted in 1979 a proposal to construct a semi-permeable dam that would enable a tidal movement, though reduced in volume. It was an expensive and from a technical point of view extremely difficult solution. In a construction dock, 65 piles of 30 to 39 m long were constructed. A special ship had to be built to float the piles out of the dock and put them precisely in position. Between the piles, 40 m wide steel slides were fitted. Normally the slides are open to enable the water to flow in and out. Only in case of high storm surges the slides are closed. The Delta Plan was completed in 1986. The waterways to the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp could not be closed and in those cases dikes had to be raised. It was decided to construct a large barrier to protect Rotterdam, the Maeslantkering, con- sisting of two floating doors of 23.5 m height. Each door is supported by two lattice girders of 246 m length. In case of a very high storm surge, the doors are floated out of their onshore docks and sunk to close the 360 m wide, 17 m deep fairway. The barrier was completed in 1997. Every year the closure operation is tested once. If the dikes were to have been raised in this heavily populated area, the construction would have taken at least ten more years. PIANC - AIPCN 70 Bulletin. ques- Theconfusing distinction between sions of all sessions would bepublished in the next closure of the conclu- the In final the session. end, preliminary conclusions, to the befinalised after the session, the general reporter would read his rose and ‘Iwill said cut and my remarks short’ ofLondonAuthority, ofthePort Chief Engineer Wilson, BritishMr. First and Delegate A. George becomingwho was increasingly uncomfortable, manyHall. After lengthy to speeches an audience, noairand conditioning there was in theShriver on that September hot day very and was humid weather The anecdote. amusing an recalled gate by the Army trumpeters Adele- Band. of the U.S. welcomed ofState whowas by Dean Rusk, Secretary in the Shriver Hall of the Johns Hopkins University patron.acted as opened TheCongress officially was President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, taking care of mostof the organisational The work. the Unitedwas States Army Corps of Engineers, Congress 20th the of host way. this in The organised commission, like the Oil Tanker Commission. the conclusions ofaCongress resulted in astudy tions and communications Sometimes dropped. was Baltimore (1961) Congress the first was to be ground, taking into account the need for increased ground, into taking forincreased account the need by tankers and construction andore carriers, insoft remotely minimumdepth operated craft, required were: ofmathematical thesubjects use models, andrecreation. forsport Other remarkableboats problems arising from andsmall ofyachts the use like hovercrafts push-tows, andhydrofoils andthe were ofnewvessels the influence subjects Special topics ontwelve wereand 130papers submitted. Stockholm, Sweden. Itattracted 1,100participants andSweden. Iceland, Norway The venue was chosen Finland, Nordicof the five countries: Denmark, Lower Mississippi rivers. LawrenceSt. Seaway andthe Ohio,Tennessee and tours were made to amongother places the have felt like areal President! After the Congress were gunshots and thirteen Mr. fired. Willems must President Willems andthe other 750participants where marched past 3,600cadets of Annapolis, Bay madeto was Chesapeake the Naval Academy so at once. enough. Let’sadjourn.’Thecheeringaudiencedid then something said like ‘It’s Ithink hot. we’ve heard agreed! they Finally, conversation. lively in Holle C.G. General Major and Willems President The 21stCongress at in1965was the invitation During the Congress excursion aboat across 71 PIANC - AIPCN Sport Navigation and Pleasure sixties,In the prosperity industrialised world in the As people leisure a result had more rapidly. grew one’s spend. Buying to money and had more time own boat was desire. an unattainable no longer boats number of pleasure The increased and sport to related so technical problems did the became of PIANC aware navigation. and pleasure subjects the deliberating for the when situation the was navigation in 1965. Recreational 21st Congress subjects,one of the sub- fourteen and papers were was Congress of the conclusions One of the mitted. set up a working party to recommendation the International the subject. One year later, on this for Sport Navigation, Commission and Recreation was established.When J. Verhey by Mr. chaired died chair 1967, the in unfortunately Verhey Mr. first the meet- At J. Couteaud. by Mr. over was taken work ing, by fifteen a general countries, attended pos- of a long list wasprogramme discussed. From selected were subjects eleven sible items, for study Paris had been the venue for the Congress in Congress had beenfor the venue the Paris In the sixties, prosperity in the industrialised world grew rapidly. People had more leisure time and more money to spend, on a boat of their own for instance. As a result the number of recreational craft increased and so did the related technical problems. responded PIANC by establishing the International Commission forSport and Pleasure Navigation. depths. Post-Congress tours were possible all five to were tours Post-Congress depths. Norwegian including the countries fjords. years, many returned PIANC 1892 and 1900. After that an event 22nd Congress, in 1969 for the would 950 participants than by more be attended twelve 107 papers The required 35 countries. from pages. volumes and 2,258 printed Among the to of electronics application the subjects were design of revetments, of waterways, operation the transport and suction of container development banquet farewell in very The dredging waters. deep did not fail Palace Versailles of the Orangerie in the was Congress participants! the Paris The impress to De for two Gaulle reasons.remarkable President Congress, of the high patronage the accepted had started. just before Congress Hisbut he resigned the day was the elected G. at Pompidou, Mr. successor, a Following formal opening Congress. of the of the first Headquarters, of PIANC decision for the time fee.participants a modest pay Congress had to PIANC - AIPCN 72 ways (CEVNI). Water- Navigable Inland for Code European the in documenta first send to the was ECE to beinserted for Europe (ECE) oftheUnited In1970, Nations. of arequest made by the Economic Commission and signaling regulations aresult undertaken as was the other Study Thestudy Commissions. onsailing to the Permanent International Commission like year,Every Mr. Couteaud reported the progress • • • • • • • • • • • ontheand workcommenced following: and subsequently Working Groups were established

fabricated elements fabricated Reinforced concrete from pre- landing-stages New principlesfordike construction andsignalingregulationsSailing regulations Safety International certificates insurance Compulsory craft bypleasure caused Nuisances andpleasure fishing craft ofboth in aport Advantages ofthe anddisadvantages presence Economy ofyacht harbours Preparation ofacard index Telecommunications andradio-guiding He felt that desirable. amore reform radical was but preferred asolutionsidies, forthe long period. was not opposed to an increase of the rate of sub- Sir T. Padmore stated that theBritish delegation in 1967 to the raise minimum government subsidy. contributions. and subventions of increase an by compensated not being that inflation was was Another reason tion oftheBulletin and theTechnical Dictionary. 1965 subsidy its UNESCOstopped forthepublica- thatsons forthe financial in Onewas problems. saving There forCongresses. were funds several rea- regular income, and there could benopossibility of No longer on the 1966its mid-term report: expenditures. could expendituresThe Auditing Committee warning gave afirst in expenses. times two only 1969to represented be coveredfour times the yearly by the 1966 expenses, period by thethe period from 1954 to 1957, in represented instance for which reserves, The an amount that was uation deteriorated because of increasing expenses. sit- financial the time, At same the stagnated. then rapidly from the war,After the membership of PIANC increased less thanFinances andmembership 2,000 to almost 3,000, but success. immediate wasan It example. American the 1957in following wasintroduced push-towing waterways, inland European the On In response the Executive Committee proposed 73 PIANC - AIPCN total individual life corporate

In general, people In general, became independent more 1969

End of the postwarEnd of the era 1960 showed after loss of members slight The postwar the for PIANC that period of steady not only This an end. prosperity to had come affected PIANC, which was but society generally, impact of unlim- negative of the becoming aware was problem The expansion. economical ited emphasised report by the ‘The Limits of Growth’ of emi- Club of Rome,published by the a group of the worried about scientists, future the nent from pollution resulting world. Air and water against solely aversion ignited activities industrial technical solutions and technical education became less popular of social in favour sciences. also becameNavigation suspect because of major of the grounding in the culminating disasters in a gigan- in 1976, resulting Canyon Torry tanker oil spill. tic and members PIANC, delegates Inside and critical. dissatisfied, especiallywere because rigid of the of Association, of the slow progress the structure establish- the and, despite commissions study the the Committee, Executive Enlarged the of ment Belgian In the management. dominance of the beginning was a wide-spread 1970s, of the there uncomfortable something feeling in PIANC: had to change.

1966

1963

1960

1956 1953

PIANC membershipPIANC figures During to 1970. these 1950 two decades, the membership increased by more than 50%, but stagnated after the1965. At same time the financial situation ofthe Association became critical and drastic measures were required. 0 1950 500 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 proposals solve to financial out- and other standing problems to set up an Expanded Executive Committee (EEC) (EEC) Committee Expanded Executive an set up to ExCom assist to delegates of PIC consisting keeping the subscription rate for Individual and subscription rate the keeping same as before the level at Members Corporate In fact, the proposed EEC was possible according according was EEC fact,In possible proposed the ‘The Executive Regulations: the of article 13.3 to addi- co-opt authority, own its on may, Committee of spe- for the handling members temporarily tional tem- one a case than more such not problems. In cial country’. from any be invited porary shall member which (EEC), Committee The Expanded Executive October 1967, 16 on Brussels first its in had meeting countries. Delegates of member First of the consisted no decisive having and It was meet to twice a year, Committee. Executive the advised only it power, Eventually the Expanded Executive Committee the in as has continued it be temporarily not would Council. form of the present-day 3) body task the of examining this with entrust to The first delegate of The Netherlands, Mr. J.The first de van Netherlands, of The delegate Mr. a small to problem the Kerk, suggested entrusting Willems delegates. of PIC The President group the approve to assembly the asked and agreed proposal:following 1) subsidies by 25%, government increase the to 2) The development of the Rhône

The River Rhône has been equipped with locks and dams to generate hydropower and water for irrigation and to improve navigation. The photo shows a lock and dam in an agricultural area near Vallabrègues. At the left is the lock for navigation.

Between Lyon and the sea (330 km), the Rhône is a vital and ancient North-South communication corridor whose free flowing current has been used by boats since antiquity. The fertile valley and favourable climate have given rise to thriving agricultural production. Varying in width as it flows through plains and mountainous terrain, its banks accommodate ten large cities and towns. The flow rate of the Rhône varies from 300 m3/s to 12,000 m3/s and disastrous floods can occur. Previously, the steep slope and high current speed made navigation on its free flowing waters uneconomic, so the decision was taken to channel the river. Economically, it was not viable to build a large side canal due to the narrowness of certain sections of the valley. What is more, building a large dam in a rich and heavily pop- ulated valley was out of the question. Consequently, the river was divided into twelve bays each equipped with locks and a gate structure dam. The essential characteristics of this development is that it is not solely used for navigation, since efforts are made to harness as much of the river’s wealth as possible. Thus, besides providing a route for wide gauge river craft, it is also used to generate hydropower (12.5 Gwh), supply irrigation (120,000 ha), accommodate industrial and port facilities (1,000 ha), flood protection structures, urban facilities (development of banks, drainage networks, control of groundwater levels, and so forth) and provide facilities for pleasure boats (marinas and mooring points). Lastly, it ensures the conservation of interesting natural areas for fauna and flora. This develop- ment was carried out by the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR), a company founded by the local authorities adjacent to the river (munici- palities, departments, and chambers of commerce). The first bay (Donzere-Mondragon) was commissioned in 1952, when it was one of the largest construction sites of the time (50 million m3 of earthworks and 700,000 m3 of concrete). The hydropower plant generates an average of 2.14 Gwh per year. The lock, which had the world record for having the highest head (26 m), saw the implementation of new major technological advances (fast filling without agitating surface water). The forebay reservoirs are quite short (the longest stretches 27 km). Their width is about twice that of the low-water channel and they are confined by dikes made of silt and gravel extracted from the site, which increases the wetted cross-section and makes the cross-section of the reservoirs wide enough to absorb the biggest floods. The low-water chan- nel is also protected against direct floods. All these precautions save a total of 41,000 ha from flooding. The efficient gauging of the reservoirs also ensures sediment transport and thus avoids erosion and deposits downstream of each bay. Furthermore, the reservoir dikes are bordered by side channels that discharge the infiltrations they collect downstream of the dams, thereby regulating groundwater levels. A succession of bays contained by dikes with crests providing a margin of as little as 0.50 to 1.00 m above the reservoir demands strict manage- ment of the levels controlled by the dams. It has to take into account the interactions between the bays, the sometimes very sudden inflows from the tributaries and incidents on the electricity grid that can abruptly change the flow rate of the plants. This management is fully automated by a number of models that regulate the distribution of the flow rates without human intervention on the basis of data supplied by level indicators on the Rhône and its tributaries, as well as by hydropower production programmes. Lastly, a meteorological flow rate forecasting model linked to an automatic management system makes it possible to inform boats of the available draughts and clearances and optimise their use of the navigable channel. The last of the twelve bays was commissioned by the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône in 1980. The development of the Rhône is fully integrated in the context of sustainable development, a concern that has now become a pressing obligation. It permits river transport, the least pollutant and energy consuming mode of locomotion. It produces abundant electricity with- out emitting greenhouse gases and without consuming limited natural resources. Lastly, it makes very large quantities of irrigation water available for agriculture, allowing it to overcome adverse climatic conditions.

77 PIANC - AIPCN changing office work and human interaction. During the years 1970-2000, the importance of the old-fashioned general cargo ship declined in favour favour in declined ship cargo general old-fashioned the of importance the 1970-2000, years the During Today, containers and container cranes dominate the port the dominate cranes container and containers Today, skyline. The old-fashioned general cargo ship almost disappeared in favour of container ships. In the period 1970 to 2000, PIANC changed drastically: one President instead of two, appointment of of two, appointment of instead President one drastically: changed 2000, to PIANC 1970 period the In the and Groups, Working and Commissions Technical Permanent of establishment Vice-Presidents, President of death untimely The Countries. Developing for Commission Permanent the of formation R. was De Paepe, Mr. President-elect, The PIANC. shocked Congress Centennial the to prior Willems was altered PIANC of character the direction, his Under presidency. the over take to forced suddenly the of Symbolic reports. technical high-ranking of a publisher to organiser a Congress primarily from Palace Residence Jugendstil familiar the from Headquarters the of moving was the orientation new Building. Ferraris de Graaf new the to eventually and Center Trade World steel-and-glass the to 6. – 2000) (1970 changing are Times the new containership. Despite economic problems in the 1980s, container transport advanced strongly, strongly, advanced transport container 1980s, the in problems economic Despite containership. new the environ- The port skyline. the dominated cranes container and containers century, the of end the by and e-mail computer, personal The important. more and more became works engineering aspects of mental and internet were introduced, drastically PIANC - AIPCN 78 American Section, LieutenantAmerican Section, General J.W. Morris ofthe Onbehalf theremade, uneasiness. some was Centennial Congress. Although noobjections were in 1901,intended until to continue the inoffice ofPresident. Mr.holding the office born Willems, forthe person ageofseventy-two lated amaximum stipu- rules new the of One himself. say: to is that to applicable thewould notbe President inoffice, Association the of President the on article the that President. Mr. Honorary appointed Willems stressed Vanaudenhove down,andhewas stepped President the second ofthe aconsequence changes, As Statutes. new the drafting of task the with entrusted No objections were andasmallgroup raised was the Expanded Executive4. Committee, which Committee ofthe expansion Executive byfour 3. aprocedure laiddownforthe to of election be 2. President onlyoneBelgian instead as oftwo, 1. were: ciples ofmodification presented in the PIC Thefour main meeting. prin- ExecutiveExpanded Committee and in 1974 was thenof discussed aproposal drafted, in was the vinced Mr. Willems to change his Thetext mind. con- membershipdecreasing oftheAssociation, bly also thecritical situation financial and the proba- countries, several from pressure severe and the movementonce started could not bestopped diate to implement need the Dutch But proposals. again. Theconclusion that was there noimme- was However, in April 1973 the matter discussed was The Dutch removed proposal was the agenda. from ous arguments to these reject impertinent thoughts. strongly against such proposals and vari- suggested management ofthe Association? Mr. Willems was PIANC, should restricted, or should expanded other be members activities the countries should were: be more be involved involvedfuture of in PIANC. the in The the work questionsExpanded Executive Committee, wasto secure the of raised in the explained letterBurgt in the meeting October ofthe the rules Mr. of PIANC. Theobjective, as van der C. to all First proposing Delegates changes radical to In 1972, October the Dutch mailed Section aletter New rules by aCouncil with executive power replaced tobe status, aconsultative only had Belgians Vice-Presidents, whowouldnotbe nationality Belgian of wouldbe whoalso the Secretary-General, a procedure worked hadto out forelection be ofPIANC; from the beginning the case was because of the unexpected the death of President Willems. President of death the unexpected the of because when he suddenly 1982, in Paepe-Van Mr. wasPresident-elect Paepe De Maercke. had to take De Marie-Thérèse over Mrs. hiswife, and Paepe De Mr. Robert the presidency of PIANC until 1996. to PIARC andVice-President ofPIARC from 1991 tions Belgium’s hewas inPIANC, FirstDelegate hisconstructed func- Besides under his supervision. Public Works. The large Strépy-Thieu shipliftwas of ofthe Ministry Secretary-General named was general ofBridgesandHighways andin1977he inspector- became Paepe De Robert years, several the Cabinet ofthe Minister of Public Works for ond the highwayAfter advisor to being network. his Canal, sec- the jobconcerned Albert His first Works. Public of withtheMinistry acareer started he commander ofbridgebuilders, was ofasquad where heAfter service, his 21-months military ated acivilengineer with as honoursin1951. President-elect. appointed officially was Vice-President.fifth After year’s two probation, he tothe Mr. appoint proposal Paepeasthe De R. of the followingPIC meeting Mr. Willems made the Council meeting ofApril1979.At the occasion The in of the British matter discussed Section. was the President. SirWilliamHarris onbehalf agreed was not unlikely considering the advanced ageof ‘preventedbe outhis duties’. from carrying This deal with asituation where the President would proposed inthe Statutes asentence toinserting Robert De Paepe, born 1927inGhent, gradu- born Paepe, De Robert 79 PIANC - AIPCN To draw up the programme of the Congress for Congress of the programme up the draw To by the PIC approval Association the of annual budget the approve To PIC the to for submission

• • was reserved still final of theseThe matters approval Commission. International Permanent the to So would act Council as the of preparatory a kind body meetings, PIC for the its end exec- in the and first The limited. official rather powers were utive 1976. was on 25 March Council of the meeting selection of Vice- was the innovation Another who would be appointed for twoPresidents years for and would be for reappointment eligible period of two consecutive years,another provided of seventy-two. age the had not reached they as principal a mem- taskThe Vice-President of the ber Executive assist was of the the Committee to Secretary-General and the on all mat- President Association. of the ters To assist the Executive Committee in the affairs in the Executive assist the Committee To Associationof the candidates PIC the examine and submit to To Secretary- of President, nomination for the and Vice-Presidents General of inter- working programmes the prepare To and give sugges- commissions study national of chairmanship the regarding PIC the to tions these commissions During the PIC meeting of 1975 the third ver- third the of 1975 meeting PIC During the

Five former Vice-Presidents, from left to right: Messrs. P. Savey Savey P. Messrs. right: to left from Vice-Presidents, former Five C. van der Burgt R. De (1989- Paepe (1979-1982), (1991-1995), E.R. Heiberg and LTG III (1983- Harris Sir (1976-1979) W. 1993), Savey Moreover, was Chairman Mr. I (1983-2000), 1987). of PTC now now der InCom, Burgt Van and II (1980-1985), Mr. of PTC MarCom. sion of the text for the new Statutes was discussed. new Statutes for the text sion of the proposed by several amendements were There Section made American the and counterproposals discus- the Section. British Not surprisingly, by the new the to somesion took According time. quite First of the would consist Council the Statutes, Executive Com- of the members the and Delegates duties Vice-Presidents.mittee, The including the would be: Council of the • • • PIANC - AIPCN 80 To ensure Mr. General. J.W. Morris (USA), SirWilliamHarris (UK), Four candidates were Lieutenant proposed: at the elected to PIC meeting be ofJune1976. Vice-Presidents aconsequence, had1976. As is showninAnnex3. A list ofVice-Presidents andtheir yearsinoffice years. four for appointed the Vice-Presidents were the implementation ofthe From newrule. 1986, Presidencies to three yearsinorder to enable and Mr. M.Hager to agreed limittheir Vice- year.President every elected wouldbe Mr. Chapon J. were in1985.From changed that yearon,oneVice- original language, eitheroriginal language, English orFrench, and year, inthe publish Bulletin articles onlyinthe tion ofthe Bulletin from fourto three issues per were They proposed. were to: reduce the publica- The yearafterPIANC. stringent remedial measures regarding1970 report the situation economic of The Auditing Committee gave awarninginits Finances The newStatutes into came force on1January S. KuchkinS. (USSR), andMr. D. (France). Laval the continuity in ExCom, the rulesthe continuity inExCom, withdrew its proposal andthewithdrew taken decision was proposal its But Committee the Executive the Association. burden for amonetary Life Members hadbecome the status ofLifeMember. ofinflation, Because andconsiderationraised given was to abolishing hadto fees Againmembership be able deficit. andhadnotpreventedcover expenses, aconsider- tion ofmoderate Congress in1969didnot fees the to Congress. Evenfunds finance the introduc- ofraising position tion still inthe difficult was Theand expenditures Associa- of18.7millionBFR. of15.8millionBFR 1973-1976 projected receipts situation. forthe period The forecast medium activities allowed. couldnot be that 1971report in its any appreciable of increase theNevertheless, Auditing Committee concluded to reverse the downward trend forthe time being. helped The campaign ofPIANC members. number appeal to1971. At time, the the President same made an the Nationalures were approved unanimouslybythe PIC in Sectionsand forCorporate meas- Members by100%.These by50% forIndividualMembers theincrease fee to increase the uncomfortable. abit felt some curtain’, ‘íron the behind look to anxious were 1977. Behind in Congress Leningrad the of opening the at speaking himStates, is a tall statue United the of Delegate J.W. First General Morris, Lieutenant of Lenin. Some participants Two yearslater, there crisis againafinancial was 81 PIANC - AIPCN

The 24th Congress was held in 1977 in Lenin- was held Congress 24th The ree Congresses ree to survey the financial situation of the Association, the examine portfolio, the to prepare and to business plan. The medium-term the and budget Committee, Finance of the Chairman who reported PIC, the becameyearly to Executive a member of the Th in 1973 was Congress 23rd for the venue The Ottawa, Canada. because Probably of high travel par- 700 approximately only expenses, were there 133 papers from were ticipants. Nevertheless, there sub- Interesting 26 countries. coming from authors in jects included: agenda structures offshore on the vessels, for large water- channels access water, deep effects on struc- of ice for power generation, ways pollution, of of and preservation prevention tures, 12 subjects The in a resulted environment. the pages, number of 2,624 printed record which were Camu, Presi- P. by 1,087 figures. Asillustrated Mr. explained, Authority Seaway St. of the Lawrence dent it country for navigation: an interesting Canada is has several thousands up half a continent, takes of 2,350 harbours, miles of coastline, approximately oceans. three programme and borders Part of the by special the tour to train wasthree-day a and the Falls, St. Seaway, the Lawrence Niagara ship lift. hydraulic In fact, this old Peterborough mid-Congress official by the was highlighted tour 13 km new Welland of the opening ceremony a canal section which replaced Canal By-Pass unal- guests of the were delegates 1833. The since tered Congress Post Included event. in the the honour at of Vancouver. Port the was to a visit Tours same in the had been grad, USSR. a Congress There in Septem- named time St. Petersburg, that at city, and long regime ber communist 1908, before the anxious Some were members war. cold before the felt others a look curtain’, have ‘iron behind the to a bit uncomfortable, hosts but the did everything beautiful a success in the Congress the make to 764 par- were city As of Leningrad. a result, there sessions, During ten 32 nations. from ticipants discussed. Congress 111 papers Part of the were ports the to wasprogramme a visit of Leningrad. on taking pho- was no restriction there Surprisingly palaces in former the to excursions were There tos! famous including the St. Petersburg, and around one could Congress, the Museum.Hermitage After such as excursions, a in fiveparticipate different Rivers, and Dnjepr visit the Wolga on the boat trip Black Sea ports Lake or the Baikal in Siberia. Committee. Committee. The Auditing Committee for many years met years met for many Committee Auditing The First day cover and stamp issued on the occasion of the Congress Leningrad that resulted in increasing the fee the for Life Members in increasing resulted that annual fee twenty fifteen the for to from times on interest doing this By an Individual Member. feethe yearly contri- would again be the equal to would be expenses Congress The for the bution. number the of subjectsreduced by limiting and by using pages number perthe of printed paper, cheaper paper type. and smaller President the But alone that: ‘These measures economy was aware critical financial the would not suffice redress to print- adopted: were measures Other situation’. ing in offset, Bulletin the which was almost 50% and adopt- of printing way former the cheaper than self-financed principle of the ing the Congress. was a significant past, the latter change from The for Congresses. pay to save had to PIANC when to meeting PIC before the day the or even shortly books. the appointedreview were members The members usually although annually, PIC by the served for several could years. Committee The on or advise financial on the situation comment policies.future It in fact had no power and was Executive a Committee, in the not represented became unsatisfactory. which eventually situation meeting, 1981 PIC During the a Special Committee from conversion the consider to was appointed Finance Committee. into Committee Auditing and principle was the accepted years later Two William R. was elected Murden as Chairman. Mr. books the a professional was to outsourced Auditing Finance Committee of the was mission The bureau. Thames Barrier

In the lower part of the Thames estuary, there is a serious threat of flooding. The Thames Barrier is the largest moveable gate structure that exists. The width between the river banks is 520 m. The four main openings have a clear navigation span of 61 m. The formal opening was in 1984.

In the lower part of the tidal Thames, the main threat of flooding comes from the sea and the defences include a number of moveable gate structures, the Thames Barrier being by far the largest of these. In 1953 there was disastrous flooding on the east coast of UK with a toll of over 300 lives. Following this devastating North Sea storm surge, some exploratory surge experiments were carried out on an existing physical hydraulic model of the Thames estuary. These demonstrated the potential benefits of constructing a surge barrier about 30 km above the estuary mouth. A severe flood in London could paralyse the central part of the London Underground system, cause damage to fresh water supplies and sewer systems and disrupt power, gas, telephone and vital data services. Thousands of homes, shops, factories, businesses and buildings would be affected and it could take months to get London functioning again. The financial cost of a major flood could be enormous, possibly topping 30,000 million GBP without counting the cost in human suffering and potential loss of life. Public concern was aroused over a smaller surge which occurred in 1967 and this initiated further action. The UK Government 1968 charged the Greater London Council with carrying out a flood preven- tion investigation. In order to predict river behaviour following any flow modifications, information on past and present behaviour were needed. These requirements were met by: field measurements made between 1968 and 1981, continuous silt monitoring for a period of twenty years, inter- mittent laboratory tests on silt over seven years, computer modelling for eighteen months, physical modelling during a decade, and associated desk studies, such as the analysis of wind data. Once an acceptable barrier loca- tion had been identified, the general closure operation determined, and the Barrier Act passed in 1972, the Greater London Council appointed consulting engineers to undertake the detailed design. Tests continued to be carried out on the five physical models and the two mathematical models as required during the course of design and construction. The design of the barrier which was finally adopted in the early 1970s consists of a series of ten separate movable gates positioned end-to-end across the river at Woolwich. The width of the barrier from north bank to south bank is about 520 m with the four main openings each having a clear navigation span of 61 m. The four main gates are massive, constructed as a hollow steel- plated structure over 20 m high and weighing, with counterweights, about 3,700 tonnes each. Each gate is capable of withstanding an overall load of more than 9,000 tonnes. There are two smaller gates of similar concept, with 31 m wide navigation openings and the four falling radial gates have non-navigable openings adjacent to the riverbanks. Each gate is pivoted and supported between concrete piers that house the operat- ing equipment. Closure of the barrier is achieved by lifting the six rising gates and four radial gates sealing off the upper Thames from the sea. When not in use, the six rising gates rest out of sight in curved recessed concrete cills in the riverbed, allowing the free passage of river traffic though the openings between the piers. If a dangerously high tidal surge threatens, the rising sector gates are moved up though 90° from the riverbed cills, and the four radial gates are brought down into the closed defence position. The gates thus form a continuous steel wall facing down river ready to stem the tide. Construction of the barrier started in late 1974 and was operated for the first time in October 1982 with the formal opening by HM Queen Elizabeth II taking place on 8 May 1984. Construction of the barrier and associated works was a massive project and the final cost of the Thames flood defences was in excess of 500 million GBP on completion in 1982. The Thames Barrier is managed and operated by the UK Environment Agency. PIANC - AIPCN 84 stance ofthe discussionsis technical stance ofthe papers tion The andSeaways. onMaritime Ports sub- Inland Waterways and65forthe andPorts sec- 125.Theretotalled were on 60forthe section 25th Congress bymembers from 26countries well’. presented The ofpapers number at the ous nations have taken to into be account as nature problems andthe special oflessprosper- the such conservation of aspollution, factors foresight he wentmanagement andhumanrelations. With great on to say: ‘Today in without achieved majordifficulties had been many otherlarly incargo-handling techniques andthat these there dramatic hadbeen improvements particu- when patron hewas ofthe 1957LondonCongress, stated his that belief sincethe previous occasion, PrincePhilip toIn his the message participants, Organising Committee Mr. was Gillespie. J.H.H. Duke ofEdinburgh, andthe Chairmanofthe 56 countries. The Patron PrincePhilip, HRH was attendedland andwas by1,050delegates from Congress theMay first 1981.Itwas held inScot- The 25th Congress held was inEdinburgh, and London. and London. ofTyne, theincluded ports Tees, Bristol, Liverpool, Other whichwere tours, tillery! more technical, andamaltwhiskey BalmoralCastle included dis- of the Scottish HighlandsandWaterways which Tours were the organised, the highlight tour being post-Congressto Several PIANC Headquarters. given halfofwhich was surplus, monetary nificant madeasig- andindeed self-financing to be first the hostcountry.than UK, The Congress the was ers-general nominated other country byamember ofthe report-Chairmen andanumber ofsessions This accomplishedbyhaving was eachofthe Vice- to stress the international character ofPIANC. towas limitthe Congress andalso to oneweek, rules ofprocedure. Amongthe mainchanges organisedunder to the the be revisedwas first during the Congress. The Edinburgh Congress the ofthe meetings Technical of held Commissions in Bulletin 38together number with the report Port Futures’ given byMr.T.L. published was Beagley text ofthe prestigious lecture entitled ‘Shippingand ofthe Congressgiven inthe Proceedings andthe significant surplus! significant a made even It self-financing. be to Congress first wasthe and procedure of rules revised the under organised be to first the was 1981 The Congress Edinburgh. of Duke the HRH Congress, the of patron the to Bell Berlin’s s.s. the of replica a silver presenting Section, British the of Chairman Gillespie, Mr. J.H.H. 85 PIANC - AIPCN In the first stage, those countries having an an having firstIn the stage, those countries framework the of itsWithin PCDC brief the E. Loewy stepped down in 1985, Mr. When the next Council meeting in March 1977. According 1977. According March in meeting Council next the objective the of the of Reference Terms the to PCDC examine possibilities was of applying the to ocean expertise and to the in PIANC available countries. in developing inland navigation were countries developing for aid programme part take PCDC. of the work to in the invited PCDC the other to extend was to intention The especially countries, coun- developing interested as soontries, as possible. first The official meeting E. Loewy UK, the from was 18 July 1977 and Mr. on PCDC, behind the force driving the was appointed soon,as Chairman. Fairly became it the clear that coun- developing from members of involvement Europe in held were in PCDC which tries activities con- than So, rather problem. a major constituted place in take technical transfer have to tinuing Con- organise it was decided to countries, western target-countries or seminars in third-world ferences periodin the between two Congresses. main PIANC from engineers would enable It was hoped this that participate. to region in the countries developing PCDC by the activity write was initiated Another to Handbook Maintenance Port chapter a fifteenth knowledge about transfer portto and operation task of The countries. developing to maintenance Handbook for the chapters waswriting delegated Sections,on a voluntary National basis to but ulti- 5 Chapter delivered. were only few chapters mately on mechanical was in 1985, published equipment in 1986, areas and storage 3 on roads Chapter first in 1991. and the part on railways 4 of Chapter and the Port written, were No other chapters HandbookMaintenance in was completed never form. its intended obtainalso financial to tried support enable to attend to countries developing from delegates was attempt This in Edinburgh. Congress 1981 the from delegates partially successful, and a dozen and Congress participated in the several countries specialparticularly in the PCDC that session. At occasion Handbook of the first the chapter was the Congress, Edinburgh the Following presented. of 1985 included in its programmeBrussels Congress developing to a subject particular reference with countries. firstthe overseas PCDC had not been still event Chairman from H. Velsink, organised. But, as Mr. impos- virtually ‘It is 2001, stated: 1996 through without off such events ground get the sible to Developing countries seventies, During the highly industrialised, ten subven- paid of all PIANC’s 60% countries western con- and 80% of all individual and corporate tions and membership contribution The tributions. Over limited. the was rather countries other from image of a the acquired reluctantly years PIANC Association.high-tech desirability The of intensify- was countries developing with ing collaboration PIC the at first by Sir William Harris mentioned opinion it In his of 1976 in Washington. meeting the to should contribute PIANC that was essential in particular countries, prosperity of developing ports their to and waterways. regard He with few of these countries that regrets expressed his of PIANC. participated work and studies in the staffA planned with meeting members of the Board Resources would offer a good UN Water was PIC not The opportunity matter. raise the to idea. the with but agreed very In enthusiastic, formation October the approved Council 1976 the a proposal. prepare to committee of a restricted for Committee Permanent of the creation The (PCDC) at wasDeveloping Countries approved President Willems speaking to the participants of the 1981 Congress his right Sir Hall. William in the To Glasgow Town Vice-President. Harris, former PIANC - AIPCN 86 seminar intheseminar Bulletin 81. number at onthe thereported Simoen, time, Mr. R.J.A. editor Mr.its D. deBruin.The ChairmanofPCDC Water Transport Development waspresented by the seminar, PIANC the Guideto 200-page Inland During regimes. andcoastal waterway transport, structures, environment, inlandport fisheries, privatisation, such as port included subjects Bank, by the World Development Bankandthe Asian countries. The seminar, co-sponsored whichwas werehalf ofthe 160participants from developing in co-operation with the University ofSurabaya, Organised ofSurabaya. 1992 inthe Indonesiancity published inBulletinwas 59. number Anextensive inthe PICpants meeting. report mately includingmostofthe partici- 250people Agadir. The meeting attended was byapproxi- was devoted to anexcursion of to the newport Onedaythe PIC ofthe meeting. programme held inAgadir, in1987,preceeding Morocco, was three-day seminar the first At PCDC last, an enthusiastic organising committee’. local The second PCDC-seminarThe second inMarch followed countries. halforiginating about from the Mercosurticipants, (CoCom) bythe time. There were nearly200par- re-named Co-operationhad been Commission which Committee ofPCDC, onbehalf Organising ofthe as Puertosacted the deEstado support with 2000.Thein November Spanish Section Argentina, Aires, Buenos in Ingenieros Centro de the form. wereings published inbook seminar, proceed- the the After optimistic. rather and shippingactivities were port and associated for further economicexpectations development, navigation privatised companies andthe hadbeen the before seminar, Shortly the Indianpeninsula. developing countries, wasonnavigation around halfofthem from papers, oftheThe fifty focus ofPIANC. way bytheoutstanding IndianSection The organisation inan facilitated tries was inAsia. fellowships forengineers from developing coun- imately UNESCO granted adozen 150participants. attended inNovember 1995,was byapprox-India, called Co-operation Commission. establishment the now in Countries, 1977 Developing for in Committee Permanent the of resulted Transition in Countries with collaboration intensified for desire The Thailand. in Phraya River Chao the on transport water inland traditional scale, Small The fourth and final PCDC-seminarThe andfinal fourth placeat took The third seminar, held whichwas inGoa, 87 PIANC - AIPCN oblems to follow developments in the allotted field allotted in the follow developments to and identify current pr proposals for long and short term prepare to or commissions study by international studies Groups Working subjects recommend for Congresses to tentative prepare studies, guide and evaluate to for dissemina- material conclusions and provide Bulletin PIANC the through members to tion

organisation changed. The Council supported Council changed. The the organisation idea in its of October meeting As 1978. a result, the Section Dutch proposedof Procedure a set of Rules Sections National for exami- the was to sent that General Assembly by the in Agreement nation. in establishing twoJune 1979 resulted Permanent Technical (PTCs): Committees and Ports I: Inland Waterways PTC Ports II: Maritime and Seaways PTC should meet rules specifiedThe PTCs the that following tasks: the twice a year and would have – – – – Technical Commissions Technical first the seventies significant of the end the At had occurred: organisation PIANC changes in the and and election of Vice-Presidents creation the Committee Permanent of the establishment the changes were other But for Developing Countries. needed. As secretary Headquarters Mrs. Claire phrased published it in a retrospective, De Craen ‘In between occasion on the retirement: of her In limited. workloadCongresses, wasthe rather survive, Association to to the would have order changes, on a global scale, develop undergo reorgan- moderniseise itself its evolv- structure, and adjust to and modern structures’. ing technical requirements These ideas had been raised by Individual Members, who dissatisfied were by the slow pace and the lack commissions. study existing of productivity of the C. van der BurgtOne of those individuals was Mr. Commission International of the who, as President of Large Ships (ICORELS), Reception for the had He concluded in his theseproblems. encountered of the structure the in 1978 that PIC report the to be had to abandoned commissions and their study Mr. M. Vice-President and Hager, PresidentMr. De 1985-1988, Paepe overlooking a lock on the River Main during a technicalexcursion at the occasion of of 1983. the PIC-meeting PIANC - AIPCN 88 to the 1983 PIC meeting inWiesbaden, Germany. Mr. J.U. Brolsma invited was to present the results after the initial meeting ofthe group. Chairman Its years in 1983, within published two was Areas’ PTC IIWorking Group ‘Navigation report inMuddy Groups ofPTC The organised. first IIhadbeen Workingtwo Groups ofPTC Working Iandfive By dissolved. thewhich they end wouldbe of1981, were to pressed complete following their reports the PTCs, the International study commissions for PTC aconsequence ofthe formation As II. of Mr. Ailleret J.C. forPTC IandMr. vander Burgt C. inMarchBrussels 1980under the chairmanship of preparatory placeinThe took meetings first – –

aspects oftheir work aspects Permanent International Commission onall to report regularly toto the report Council andto the fields related mittees ofother international organisations in to co-ordinate workwith other PTCs andCom- reasons given were the lack of progress and too too and progress of lack the were given reasons pend this Commission in its present form’. Themain ‘to sus- proposed delegation Dutch the Committee, 1972October meeting of the Executive Expanded Commission for Sport and PleasureCommission Navigation. Inthe forSport International the re-organising for considered 1972Between and 1982 several approaches were Recreational Navigation core the very be businessofPIANC. the EU. Now, Working Groups are considered to Navigation were Services adopted asastandard by world-wideandtheapplied guidelines for River Group onapproach seller andis channels is abest ofthe(ECE). The joint PIANC-IAPH report Working United Nations Economic Commission forEurope by Working Group PTC taken Iwas over bythe ofinlandwaterwaysThe classification proposed were standards. Annex5).Some adopted as (see 1983and2000 were published between fifty-four More Working wouldfollow: Group reports De Paepe. PIANC President and Congress, the of Mr. Olivier, President L. To Section. left: the Belgium Meyer, the of De L. Chairman Mr. by Congress, Centennial the of opening the for venue Exposition, des Parc Brussels the at welcomed is Baudouin King

89 PIANC - AIPCN numerous matters to be studied. It was generally generally was It studied. be to favour matters in were numerous PTC-Chairmen be discarded not should subject the that two accepted The PIANC. by the but navigation, pleasure on Group of a Working Executive Committee suggested after lengthy inter- a Sub-Committee of formation the discussions nal the spon- under for Sport Navigation Pleasure and Joint the 1982 in Finally PTCs. the both of sorship Subcommittee for Advice on Sport and Pleasure Hofmann P. wasNavigation Mr. established, with first as its Chairman. Frisch Congress Centennial resignation his celebrate to intended Willems Mr. in June 1985, but he Congress Centennial the at before. years died Unexpectedlysuddenly three the over take De had to Paepe President-elect these circum- Under of President. responsibilities stances, he was ably assisted by Secretary-General and successful lengthy who had Vandervelden experience since being position the named in to in Brussels was as usual Congress 26th 1959. The two working sessions of the the around organised Obviously this intervention helped, because helped, because intervention this Obviously its assigned pro- concluded The Commission President De Paepe adresses the participants of the Centenial Congress. Also shown are the Vice-Presidents K. E.R. Valken, Heiberg and J. Chapon. much emphasis on Mediterranean countries. As a a As countries. Mediterranean on emphasis much the restructure to 1973 in decided PIC the result, J.Commission. remained Couteaud Mr. Chairman. again admit to had Chairman the later, years Two the from apart produced, been had no report that progress several and signaling concerning document decided The PIC Bulletin. the in reports published came into which of Reference, redraftto the Terms 1977. November use in pub- Commission the 1981 and between 1979 harbours, yacht for standards reports on lished design boats, the dry pleasure and of berthing The report harbours. for yacht breakwaters of on standards forthe construction, equipment marinas, and harbours operation of yacht and marina successful. was particularly on 1979, in published legislation Italian of four part became its even It of last the design. publishing by 1981 in gramme reports. the rapid growth However, of the recrea- were there and sector posed new problems tional Main-Danube Canal

The final 34 km section of the Main-Danube Canal passes through the beautiful Altmültal, seen here near Riedenburg. A comprehensive ecological plan was drawn and many nature conservation measures were taken during and after the con- struction of the canal. The complete canal was opened for navigation in 1992.

The final section of the Main-Danube Canal was festively opened on 25 September 1992. That was the day a long cherished vision became reality. Since then, the nearly 2,900 km of the Rhine-Main-Danube Shipping Thoroughfare has been navigable all the way between the North Sea and the Black Sea. On 13 June 1921 the German Central government and the Free State of Bavaria concluded a Treaty on the “execution of the Main-Donau- Waterway between the City of Aschaffenburg … and the German border downstream from the City of Passau” for ships with a load capacity of up to 1,500 tonnes. The canalisation of the Lower River Main in the Land of Hessen had already been undertaken from 1883 to 1921. A company named Rhein-Main-Donau AG (RMD) was founded in 1921 to carry out all related construction work. The company was also commissioned to build a number of hydro-electric power plants along the canal and along the upper reach of the River Danube. Since then a total of sixty power plants with a capacity of almost 3,200 GWh have been built and their revenues financed partly the construction work of the canal. The RMD started their engineering works in 1922. By 1962 a total of twenty-seven locks and weirs had been built between the cities of Aschaffenburg and Bamberg. The northern stretch of the Main-Danube Canal, extending over 72 km from the City of Bamberg to the Port of Nürnberg, was opened in 1972. The sensation conferred upon an onlooker on the northern stretch of the Main-Danube Canal is rather one of technology encroaching upon nature and landscape. In 1973, RMD was doing trailblazing work in European waterway engineering as regards the interests of environmental protection: for the first time, a Landscape Management and Preservation Plan was commissioned to be drawn up for those 34 km of the southern ramp of the Main-Danube Canal where the Canal is embedded in the River Altmühl, which had to be conditioned with a number of locks and weirs. This plan contains a comprehensive ecological inventory and a catalogue of thereupon based nature conser- vation measures including the potential of natural succession. A major engineering project in the greater context of the Main-Danube Canal is also worth being mentioned: two reservoirs, Brombach and Kleine Roth, have been built to enable with help of the Canal the annual transfer of up to 125 million m3 of Danube water into the Regnitz and Main area, which is less rich in water. For this purpose a number of pump stations were built along the southern ramp of the Main-Danube Canal, each having a throughput capacity of 21 m3 per second. The standard of extension of the River Main from its mouth upstream to the City of Bamberg, the Main-Danube Canal and the River Danube from its junction with the Canal downstream to the City of Regensburg is class V(b) for pushed convoys with a length of up to 190 m, a width of up to 11.45 m and a draught of up to 2.70 m. The Danube is a category VI(a) waterway between the cities of Regensburg and Vilshofen, while down- stream from Vilshofen it is in category VI(b). For a long time a political decision continues to be pending on the extension of the last 70 km of the River Danube from Straubing to Vilshofen, which is a notorious shipping bottleneck for transit shipping. On one hand it is the decision about the technical solution: lock and weir for full navigability or only river improve- ment with minor effects. On the other hand there are the adversaries not willing to tolerate any engagement in the river area. The fact that over 7 million tonnes of transit cargo per year are being carried on the Main-Danube Canal goes to show the wisdom of complet- ing the Canal. The average carriage distance for goods carried on the Canal is some 1,000 km, which amounts to three times the median value of car- riage distances in long-distance goods transport in Germany. Passenger and cruise shipping on the Canal and tourism along the Canal are also quite considerable. PIANC - AIPCN 92 this official opening ceremony opening this coincideswith official the ‘Ascentenary ofthe Association: youallknow, from 62countries. Hecontinued, alludingto the the 721delegates and130accompanying persons andextendedcially open acordial welcome to of the 26th Congress, declared the offi- meetings Minister ofPublic Works andPresident ofBelgium different navigation technical topics. fromobtain exhibitors additional information on to possible was it activities Congress the after or siteand onthe the as same Congress. Between Navigation wasorganised parallel Exhibition to Parc anInternational inBrussels desExpositions technology, civilengineering andsociety’. Inthe onthe of‘Reflections interplaysubject ofscience, professor at the State University ofGhent, onthe given byMr. was douin ofBelgium, D. Vandepitte, of them. foranyone to obviouslyimpossible was attend all fronted sinceit delegates choice, with adifficult ingeneral, andvariety,its bytheir number con- navigationocean were The vis- arranged. technical ofBelgium’sto some achievements ininlandand afternoons different seven On two visits technical protection’ing bank byWorking Group 3ofPTC I. on‘Considerationand asession ofrisk indetermin- Permanent Committee Countries, forDeveloping In addition, there meeting ofthe aspecial was rately, joint were sessions held. butsome also met sepa- sections The andSeaways. Ports two IIdealingwith Maritime andSection and Ports Idealingwith InlandWaterways Section sections: At the Ceremony, Opening Mr. Olivier, L. lecture, inthe presenceA special ofKing Bau- a five day voyage on board the cruise ship Europa. day the shipEuropa. a five cruise voyageonboard Mr. Louis deMeyer, President ofthe Section: Belgian Congress thanks to tour arranged the was ideaof the programme. with her inpreparing whohadcooperated those bythanking Sheconcluded all for their benefit. organised visits the in part take they that gested panying at their husbands the Congress andsug- the rostrum. allthe Shewelcomed ladiesaccom- at her husband succeeded Committee, the Ladies Paepe-Van M.De Mrs. of Chairwoman Maercke, patron King Baudouin ofBelgium’. His Majesty us andthis year, in1985,our26th Congress as has forthethe problems solutions weproposed facing of ourworkandconferring weightier on authority ofgreatly effect enhancing the value the beneficial countries where had placehas took ourmeetings 100 yearsbythe sovereigns andPresidents ofthe granted to usover the support past The official This is atradition ofwhich weare extremely proud. where ofthe country est authority held. itwas Congresses enjoyed has the patronage ofthe high- remarked: ofourInternational ‘Each Navigation his welcome to Mr. the participants Paepe De nents ofthe present organisation’. Inaddressing held,was already comprising the compo- principal that International the first Waterways Congress in1885 ment indeed Itwas ofinlandwaterways. by acurrent ofopinioninfavour ofthe improve- to private aBelgian back traced initiative, backed the International Navigation Congresses be can It givesmethe pleasure to that recall the originof ofthe creation100th anniversary ofthe Association. Belgium and under construction at the time of the Congress. the of time the at construction under and Belgium in projects major Strepy-Thieu. were of Both shiplift the other the Zeebrugge, of Port the of lay-out new the shows One Congress. Centennial the of occasion the Two on issued stamps In addition to the Congress, anunique post- 93 PIANC - AIPCN When the successor of Mr. Willems, Mr. R. De Willems, Mr. successor the of Mr. When fields of interest of PIANC. Everyfields year a jury of interest would articles select and the submitted review a prize- of amount prize was a considerable The winner. free for five membership in PIANC years, money, the winning article the at present to an invitation winning article in of the next PIC, and publication idea was 1983 embraced by the The Bulletin. the had not been regulations the although and PIC was completed, and fundraising not yet written, started course in the recruitment of 1984. the Simm from J.D. first in 1985 wasThe winner Mr. an article UK with calledthe ‘Rapid harbourcon- he Consequently Ras at struction Libya’. Lanuf, Centennial paper the his at present to was invited in Brussels. Congress in his in 2000, a fund was created Paepe retired the In 2002, it wasdecided merge to memory. Foundation Robert De Paepe with the Gustave known is Award 2003, the From Award. Willems of A list Award. as De PIANC the Paepe-Willems in Annex 4. recorded is winners Soon start fund memory idea to in his the a trust was Willems goal announced. Gustave of the The Professionals Young would be encourage to Fund outstanding technical present articles in the to The death of its long time Chairman Gustave Gustave Chairman time long its of Gustave Award Willems death The with shockedWillems PIANC. involvement His he was 1935, when back Chairman to dated PIANC Congress. Ladies 16th of the for the Committee sen- the ended with Bulletin obituary in the His and loved President, has ‘PIANC lost a great tence: human a man of great leader, an enlightened qualities, whose all with memory will long remain him’. those who knew Sir William Harris,Chairman of the jury, presents the first Gustave Willems J.D. to Award Mr. Simm. His paper described prize- All Libya. Lanuf, Ras at construction harbour rapid winning papers of the Gustave Willems and Award De Paepe- Willems have Award been recorded in Annex 4. The journey startedThe port in the of Zeebrugge, sailing platforms, Ekofisk North the Seathe and around portsincluded the and visits to of Rotterdam and ended port in the Amsterdam of Antwerp. a special Every day newspaper Pianchor’ called ‘the was participants issued. Over 500 enthousiast enjoyed this trip. PIANC - AIPCN 94 seven COPEDEC-Conferences. been far, have So there 2000. in intent of aletter signing after (COPEDEC). COPEDEC PIANC merged and Countries In2003, Developing in Engineering Port and Coastal on Conference the of President and founder wasthe Mr. Amarasinghe Summa Chairmanofthe Permanent and,as in Colombo Heinitiated theAmarasinghe. originalConference The founder ofCOPEDEC Mr. was Summa b) to enable the developing countries to have a a) and is: The mission fouryears. ofCOPEDECevery was toSecretariat organise asimilarConference once cess andresulted inthe creation ofaPermanent the Conferenceticipants, animmediate was suc- inMarch 1983.With 232par- SriLanka, Colombo, CountriesDeveloping (COPEDEC) organised in was a Conference andPort in Engineering onCoastal and many aprotest governments As boycotted. the time ofthe inthe Apartheid-laws country, Itwas (ICCE)Engineering Africa. held inSouth was In 1982,the International Conference onCoastal COPEDEC trialised countriestrialised themselves andwith their colleaguesfrom indus- amongst exchange know-howandexperience can engineers from developingand port countries to provide aninternational forumwhere coastal and port developmentand port professionals ofcoastal humanresource pool sustainable the been good co-operation COPEDEC between and too aburden heavy forCOPEDEC. There had always the final COPEDECthe final Conference in Colombo. mergerofPIANCfull and COPEDEC in 2003 after ofintent, whicha letter implied in signed 2000 a Deliberations between the bodies two resulted in and COPEDEC representatives in Colombo in 1998. the meeting PCDC in between afirst reflected tions and their specialised committees already was organisa- sister between competition than rather the international community. comed by that inthe boycoted country oncewas with great that satisfaction COPEDEC wel- was Itwas andrejected the Apartheid-laws. radically policy government its hadchanged African South Town,Cape (1999).Meanwhile, the Africa South Kenya deJaneiro, (1995),and (1991),Rio Brasil China(1987),Mombassa, were held inBeijing, Conferences Subsequent inSriLanka. neering engi- institution andport coast forsupporting HydraulicInstitute Lanka founded anecessary as zone management inthe country. Moreover, he engineering andcoastal practice coastal modern the hewas father of Conservation ofSriLanka, Coast ofthe Department Director The first ences. more foundresources forfive Confer-Secretariat, an international treaty that established policy for for policy established that treaty international an title ofthe LondonConvention (LC). The LC is Waste andOther Matter 1972,knownbythe short the Prevention Pollution ofMarine byDumping of to the technical observer Conventionan official on in1986 aresult PIANC became Annex5).As (see treatment material ofdredged at sea anddisposal Workingyears, Groups ofPTC onthe IIreported published in1977.Inthe was following report Mr. The final ratified. Chairmanwas as M.Gurnee the 1973PIC meeting that the appointment of at itwas commission hadalready work, started established. Although was the Dredging Spoils, ofDredging of andthemental Disposal Effects national Commission forthe Study ofEnviron- A study commission with the the Inter- longname, 1972. Committee Executive inOctober Expanded environment. The motion approved bythe was mittee to study ofnavigation the effects onthe immediate to formation cause propose ofacom- General J.W. FirstDelegate Morris, ofthe the US, enacted in1969.This was forLieutenantAct was The United States National Environmental Policy Care forthe environment Eventually fundraising for its Conferences became became Conferences its for Eventually fundraising PCDC. Thebroadly PCDC. feltforco-operation need 95 PIANC - AIPCN As a result of these recommendations, and As of these recommendations, result a was PEC, known as now EnviCom, The the despite fierce opposition from several of members opposition from fierce despite establish- meeting 1994 PIC I and II, the at PTC Commission Environmental Permanent of the ment same interna- two as on the the level other (PEC) oppo- The was approved. commissions tional Technical Permanent third a avoid to wanted nents of the work the duplicate might that Commission reported to two that other and also a PEC wanted its was to rules, a PEC According the both PTCs. in developments pursuing standing commission the environmental aspects of waterways, ports, coastal areas, use and the ocean of resources. As became Chairman of PEC the a compromise an Engler, R.W. ex-officio Mr. member of both PTCs. who at the time served as the delegate of the USA was appointed First London Convention, the to had its first Commission PEC. The Chairman of the 1994 in Brussels. in September meeting environ- general for dealing with responsible and is PIANC, repre- including to of interest issues mental EnviCom organisations. in international sentation and networking has communications also initiated By 1991 it had become imperative that PIANC become 1991 it had PIANC By that imperative During the seventies care for the environment became more and more important for port and waterway management. In established PIANC the International1972 Commission for the Study of Environmental Effects of Dredging and the Disposal of Dredging Spoils. The final report was published in 1977. Eventually this commission was followed by the Permanent Environmental Commission in 1994. global disposal sea. at was the Harris Sir William London Conven- the to first representative PIANC tion. meet to change should undertake an organisational States challenges. United The environmental the adoption the recommended PIC the to delegation issues. In environmental to approach of a proactive of Terms approved Council November 1991, the to commission study an international for Reference LC. the of support Scientific Group work of the the of the formation in the resulted this Eventually Environ- the on Commission Study International ment, which had its first offices in the meeting of (IMO) in Organisation Maritime International the commission report study 1993. The of the May included: that recommendations made numerous technical group, scopea broad for an environmental regulatory bodies,membership in international co- global groups,operation with part- environmental concerned groups international other with nering of appropriate initiation and the navigation, with resolve specific to Groups environ- Working PIANC mental issues. PIANC - AIPCN 96 series ofWorkingseries Groups. other Technical Commissions, EnviCom a started Like the with environmentalbership specialists. to enhance PIANC mem- andmadeefforts affairs with other organisations dealinginenvironmental their programme to become charteredtheir programme engineer. to become in to earnpoints exchange anopportunity was For the Britishpossibilities. the youngprofessionals, the group depending onthe awhole, as practical exchange, other times there aprogramme for was werecounterparts for the time coupled ofthe country.in eachparticipating two Sometimes, the oneweek programme consisted weeks, oftwo Netherlands, Finland,andother countries. Usually have Germany, taken Belgium, placeinBritain, the exchanges Successful organised. have been ty-five groups ofmembers whoare under the ageofthir- Sincethat exchanges time, British ofsmall Sections. the andthe Belgian placein1989between took inthe late Thestarted eighties. initial exchanges activities foryoungengineers were special The first YoungAttracting Professionals developed. be to had initiatives became Other Young of load work Professionals. the of programmes because difficult exchange such of continuation But 1998. in Rotterdam of Port the to excursion Dutch-German a combined Several exchange programmes and visits for took instance place, eighties. late the in started engineers young for activities Special next chapter.next the in with dealt that is Commission, Professionals also beconsidered asthe forerunners of the Young exchanges may The inHolland. engineer’s activities successors of this foursome still organisetechnical knowledge the and social get-togethers. young The on their own initiative, excursions such as to share activities start to UK the exchange with the after agroup offourinstance, decided in theNetherlands, the exchanges, newinitiatives have occurred. For to sendtheir workforce abroad. aresult But as of reluctant were Employers difficult. more and more became exchangeprogramme the of continuation own field’. the thepositive Despite experiences, oftheir perspectives engineering well different as as newareas ofnavigation toexperience everyone Thevaried programme of thecess. visits allowed the exchange agreed that the week had been asuc- ‘All exchange wrote: British-Dutch of the members enthusiastically. Mr. As Neil Harvey, participant of Th participants to observe the ongoing, large-scale large-scale ongoing, the observe to participants Thetechnical andways, areas. coastal visits enabled approachport-related of Japan technology and the country’s to developing ofthe and direction thehistory future stand ports,The Japan Technical heldto under- was Session fishingand theJapan International Agency. Cooperation ports,the Asian Development the Bank, World Bank sea-Asian portin Asia’. Speakers authorities wereised asession focussing on ‘Port development high-ranking (PCDC) organ- Countries Developing for officialsCommittee from as well England. in as expertsstressing its large impact on the system transport fromThames River the as canal in 18th century and for ofthe by describing waterways thefunction inland of importance the proved He University. subject ‘The ThamesHis Highway’, subject was as the of hishe proceeded to deliver technical the first paper. thesisuniquely, declaring after the 27th Congress open, whenCrown Prince Naruhito the patron, was and studyingwith at 1,139presided by Mr. Mikanagi, Oxford astriking K. was success participantsin Asia until 1990 never ACongress at held was Cairo, Egypt. Africa in Osaka, Japan. This from andthree America one,in 1926, heldin in North Congress, 46 countries.were usually heldin Europe; however, there were During 100 years the first of PIANC, Congresses HIH e Congresses ofthe eCongresses 1990s Generally, the young engineers responded responded theyoungengineers Generally, As a part ofthe programme, apart the PermanentAs 97 PIANC - AIPCN It was agreed to have the 28th Congress in in Congress 28th the have It was agreed to projects in the Osaka Bay area such as the huge huge as the such area Osaka Bay the in projects islandman-made for the Kansai International bridge, suspension longest Airport, world’s the parallel In and Kobe of Port the Akashi the Bridge, Kaikyo Japan. in Port Osaka. of offeredthe Night The Japanese arts Japanese traditional the enjoy to possibility the have which artsperforming Kyogen, of Noh and classical the to 600 belong a history and of over years refined most Ports ‘Tomorrow’s exhibition the Congress the with Waterfront’and was no less were held; there was by visited The exhibition companies. 178 then of visitors number a large people including 31,200 from the general public. political changes in the but the situation Poland, impossible. made this early 1990s On shortin the Spanish Sectionnotice, the organise managed to city of Sevilla, historic in the Congress the Spain, port by the hosted only river the country, in the of Estado. consisted programme del The Puertos sessions, usual ten fivethe for inland and five for plus a special session Spanish navigation, maritime country. host in the port to development devoted After opening Congress the 1990 in Osaka, Japan, HIH Crown Prince Naruhito delivered a key-note speech titled ‘The Thames as a Highway’, the subject of his thesis at Oxford University. The Osaka Congress first was PIANC’s visit to Asia. The Congress and the concurrent exhibition ‘Tomorrow’s Ports and Waterfront’ were a striking success. Kansai offshore airport

Aerial view of Kansai Airport in the Bay of Osaka with the first phase island on the right and the second phase island on the left. Construction was extremely difficult because of a 20 m thick weak surface soil layer. Settlements have been over 10 m.

Kansai International Airport is the world’s first large-scale offshore airport built in 1994 on a 510 ha reclaimed man-made island located 5 km off the coast. In 1974, the government’s Council for Civil Aviation suggested that it is the best to build a new airport on the island, from the perspective of noise reduction, as well as air traffic control, flight operations and environmental issues. The first phase of construction of the airport island was started in 1987 and completed in 1994. The key factors that made this project possible were various soil improvement technologies, such as: 1) Large-scale and rapid construction technologies For the Phase-1 airport island, a revetment with a total length of 11 km was built at a location with an average water depth of 18 m, 5 km off the coast, and 180 million m3 of mountain soil was dumped in the revetment to create 510 ha of reclaimed land over about six-year period. This was made possible by the development of a soil delivery system to accurately control the amount of soil loaded into soil-carrying vessels and a radio wave-based vessel positioning system. 2) Improvement of soft seabed soil The geotechnical condition of the airport island was such that there was about a 20 m thick surface soil layer of Holocene clay and, underneath it, about a 100 m thick Pleistocene formation. It was decided to improve the surface soil layer under the whole area of the airport island, promote settlement and increase soil strength in order to completely end the settlement of the surface layer during the construction period. In the sand-drain method used as the main method of soil improvement, about 1 million, 25 m long sand piles were driven into the soil of the Holocene formation. 3) Prediction of settlement of the thick Pleistocene formation What troubled the engineers most was the Pleistocene formation under the Holocene clay layer. This is an alternate layer of sandy soil and clayey soil. Medium- to long-term predictions of settlement required a good understanding of the thickness and area of each layer, the compression characteristics of the clay layer and the drain characteristics of the sand layer. Therefore, a large depth boring survey was conducted at sixty-five points, including unprecedented 400 m deep borings. In addition, prior to full-scale reclamation work, about 6 ha testing area was set up on the airport island to investi- gate the settlement characteristics of the soil layers. This led to a prediction of an average settlement of 11.5 m for fifty years after the start of reclamation. 4) Jack-up system as countermeasure against uneven settlement Buildings such as the terminal building were constructed taking into account uneven settlement. To accommodate the uneven settlement, it was decided to incorporate a jack-up system into the building to level it by hydraulically jacking up about 900 columns and placing a few steel plates under columns. The settlement was approximately 10 m before the opening of the airport in 1994, 11.4 m at the end of 2001 and is virtually stabilised now. 5) Ensured navigation safety of vessels To ensure safety of vessels traveling in the Osaka Bay, a 24-hour- operating Navigation Safety Center was established and significantly helped efficiently carry out offshore construction work in terms of providing navigation information and instruction for construction work. 6) Reclamation work for the Phase-2 airport island In 1999, land reclamation for the Phase-2 project for the 545 ha airport island began. A revetment with a total length of 13 km was built at an average water depth of 19.5 m. 250 million m3 of soil was dumped in the revetment. In 2007, 250 ha of land became available, including a 4,000 m runway. 100 PIANC - AIPCN Pavilion, ofaship’s builtinthe shape whichwas Another receptiondoors. held was inthe Navigation inMay.Sevilla hadto Participants runforshelter in to in rain,anoccurrence onewouldhardly expect Palace. Suddenly,dens ofthe Alcazares itstarted with exhibitors. 160participating tion, Portuaria held, ’94,was covering of13,500m context ofthe Congress, the international exhibi- ofthis(PEC) Congress. onthe Within occasion the Commission Environmental Permanent mentioned reachedwas onthe establishment of the previously acceptable solutions’. Notsurprisingly, agreement materialin the managementofdredged to reach sion-making guidelines to involved allparties assist that concluded It was ‘PIANC shouldprepare deci- material. dredged waterways andcontaminated environmental between bility preservation and attended by607delegates, compati- emphasised The Congress, countries America. in Latin speaking had anIbero-American devoted to session Spanish Moreover, PTCs the two andPCDC held sessions, The reception opening gar- inthe was famous 2 responsible control, for flood water quality and agency the Rijkswaterstaat, of anniversary nial thebicenten-invitation was oftheDutch Section Hague in September 1998. for the Thereason The in held was it Eventually Congress. 29th the another venue years before two of the starting pated hostcountry forced PIANC to lookfor American Exhibition. the site ofthe 1929Ibero- deEspaña, on the Plaza air, the open was ticipants farewell dinner served The mostimpressiveand dances. event to the par- equestrian exercise, andtraditional songs Spanish anAndalusian tasting, Jerez: sherry whichincluded astop made foraSpanish evening in was Sevilla, Gibraltar, Returning to with Africa. aviewonNorth trip onthe andthe Bay Straits of ofAlgeciras ‘IbnBatouta II’forlunchanda the ferry boarded the participants plans, expansion andits Algeciras AfterAlgeciras. anintroduction onthe Port of and Cádiz excursions ofSevilla, were to the ports Technicalhull, forthe Exposition. 1992Universal Commission. Environmental today’s Commission, Environmental nent Perma- the of establisment the about wasreached agreement the 1929 During Ibero-American this Congress, Exhibition. of site the España, Plaza the at dinner air aopen with cluded con- Spain, in port river only the Sevilla, in Congress 28th The A change in political situationA change in political in theantici- PIANC - AIPCN 101 The staffThe of Headquarters changed too. obso- was becoming steamship the Although Changes in location, administration image and was PIANC of new orientation Symbolic of the familiar the in 1991 from Headquarters moving the steel-and-glass the to Palace Residence Jugendstil Simon Bolivar. Boulevard in the Center Trade World In fact was move, PIANC obliged because to the Ministry did so. same the Flemish For rea- hosting time son, moved again in 1997, this Headquarters Brussels in the Building Graaf de Ferraris the to Roi AlbertBoulevard old-fashioned II. The type- bring- by modern computers replaced were writers officeing the up-to-date. Secretary-General since 1959, H. Vandervelden, Mr. position by over in 1991. His was taken retired Begin C. Van B. Faes, who was succeeded by Mr. Mr. for forty energy her devoting in 1993. In 1996, after retired. de Craen PIANC, Mrs.years to Claire Head- at several secretaries worked Subsequently, quarters, but stayed only for a few years. one had No an image for PIANC or created vital the role played J. Depoortere editing officer When Claire. Mr. like unexpectedly a few successor died his and left after years, it waswork. decided outsource the to has which depicting a steamship lete, the logo Crown Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands was present at the opening of the 29th Congress in The Hague. He opened and visited the exhibition. the opening At session, the PIANC Polka was played for the first time, a present from the Dutch Section, composed by Stephen Westra. the management of main roads and waterways waterways and roads main of management the the Netherlands.in Congress was The Navigation impor- this observe to held activities many of one presence was by opened The Congress anniversary. tant the in Netelenbos the Minister of Public and Transport, Works Water T. Mrs. Management, who has a spe- Willem-Alexander, Prince of Crown interest in water management. the At occa-cial composed Polka, PIANC the opening, the of sion for the public in was Westra, played Stephen Mr. by countries, 43 from was a present first composition The musical time. participants Section The Congress, PIANC. to Dutch the of 432 by attended changes anticipated but format, traditional the had century. wouldthat be made in later the 21st in be discussed papers, to national 85 were There on half and navigation inland on sessions, half 10 also special were there but navigation, maritime Technical Permanent the by organised sessions presentation the for session one and Commissions were papers papers. individual Eight of individual was yet it not Obviously presented. and submitted clear to the membership that this new possibility made were Congress, excursions the existed. During the Amsterdam, and the Portsto of Rotterdam maintwo seaports of the Netherlands. 102 PIANC - AIPCN Manuscript of the PIANC Polka the of Manuscript PIANC - AIPCN 103 Mug presented to the participants of PIC-meeting the 1995 in New Orleans, showing the logo used until from 2001. 1993 The felucca is still there! Belgian citizenship of the President. The person The President. of the Belgian citizenship positionholding the should be a highly qualified the familiar to and committed with professional, More than the logo the wasthan changed. In 1997, it More The Graaf de Ferraris Building, Boulevard Roi Albert II, Brussels, Albert Brussels, Roi II, Boulevard Building, de Ferraris Graaf The government. Flemish by Headquarter the 1997, hosted since PIANC’s insisted on a more up to date image for PIANC PIANC for image date to up been was adopted in 1910 still in use in 1990. When more a on he 1992, in J. became Vice-President Sargent Mr. insisted In the new designstarting the logo. the steam- with shown ship, bulk was a large ship transferred into white the resembles that line a coast of front in from The felucca cliffs the older logo, of Dover. ship sailing of kind see this rarely will one although logo was So, the retained. Channel, English the in of out remained it a way was in modernised, but very not satisfying. was and it be to 2001 date In new design. a completely by replaced Association the was as decided rename the to Association followed by Navigation International between PIANC parentheses. abbreviation, the was the abbreviation the maintain reason to The fact that most people were acquainted with the abbrevia- the what knowing without name PIANC concise new name was meant. accepted The tion discussions. Because lengthy without PIC of by the be but had to adapted, Statutes new name the the name was animated the changed. than After more compulsory the it wasdiscussion decided drop to 104 PIANC - AIPCN the PIC in1999andpublished the yearafter. Thea Belgiam. revised Statutes were adopted by hadto be the Secretary-General utorily inBrussels, stat- remained Association the of seat the Because yearsatsixty-eight the time ofreappointment. further termstwo ifnotolder then offouryears, of fouryearsandeligible forreappointment for wereGeneral foraninitial appointed term to be The President languages. andSecretary- official inoneofthe fluent andbe aim ofthe Association was no longer an official PIANC language. Nowadays, Nowadays, PIANC language. nolonger anofficial was forafter languagetoo, the German 1945German in aprintedlished papers version ofallGerman bership. sections looked for closer contact with their mem- papers and ofcontributions. collection Now the ofnational co-ordination Congress Delegates, cial offi- the of appointment the in involved only were friendly. Until theseventies mostNational Sections ety, more PIANC and democratic became member- could say that along with democratisation of soci- but changed well. One theNational as Sections Not only the character of Headquarters changed, National Sections Since 1952 till today the German Section pub- Since 1952till today the Section German lished anewsletter in1970.InThe Netherlands, meeting in combination with atechnical session. atwo-day national and often regional meetings, Beginning in 1983, organised the Section American the Corps ofEngineers and Individual Members. issued its own at newsletter irregular intervals to stimulating PIANC membership. thus Associations, member ofboth becoming mutual withcalled membership when reduces fees not only lectures toin combined aso- butalso for intensified co-operation, whichresulted signed PIANC andHTG agreementtion between was At the 1993PIC meeting inRotterdam aco-opera- Hafenbautechnische Gesellschaft This to led Association. the foundation ofthe very national foracorresponding earlythe need professionalsin PIANC German Congresses, felt recom on the gained experience mendations. Based lining oncemore ofPIANC’s the usefullness thus inthe language, under-Group German reports printed alarge ofWorking also number The section data andkeylist with words. allbibliographical the addinga website ofthe Section, German are available papers also inPDF-formatthese on in Finland. Turumaa asthe such Archipelago areas, vulnerable in ronment envi- the on effects disastrous have can accidents Navigation important. more and more became environment the for Care The section from theThe Netherlands section pub- first 1954, early Section as as theAmerican Starting (HTG) in1914. PIANC - AIPCN 105 Groups under the Nord-PIANC umbrella. The umbrella. The Nord-PIANC the under Groups meetings biannual the responsibility of organising of the between roles The these countries. rotates within problems The numerous. are Nord-PIANC are section countries in Nordic navigation the differ consid- which may of a similar nature, often of results The Europe. of the rest the from erable are Nord-PIANC within solving these problems an individual country far could than better often small also relatively are countries Nordic The reach. importance their but together countries, consid- is a vital is source of enhanced.erably Nord-PIANC in betweenand also information countries the a place for networking, which has developed co- admin- in between maritime operation Nordic the source, which offers an information It istrations. can be utilised in everyday work. Nord-PIANC a social have always programme too.meetings are programs and cultural sites interesting Visiting a vital part networking as as of the fun. well Nord- unforgettable had many membersPIANC have moments together. The Nordic Sections decided to improve their their Sections improve decided Nordic to The Throughout existence, PIANC’s spouses and partners of mem- involve- Their attended Congresses. meetings and have bers ment greatly enhances international friendship and often contacts between the ladies stimulates, at the end of the day, contact between the delegates. Left Brolsma and right Mrs T. Mrs. E. Mikanagi. there was a national Conference organised in co- Conference was a national there of Engineers in Royal Institute the with operation soon1982, and section the started after a tradi- format The meetings of two pertion national year. is:was assemble and still and afternoon in the and drinks followed dinner and by lectures have subject. legal a on a stimulating But discussion was not layed and regulations basis statutes with meeting PIC 1993 the before 1992 in preparation in Rotterdam. unofficial a joint organ by creating co-operation was establishedcalled Nord-PIANC Nord-PIANC. agreement Oslo by a joint 1970 in 28 September Sections National of Denmark, the with Finland, Estonia joined Islands, and Norway. Iceland Faeroe in 2003 first observer as Nord-PIANC an invited the Together on as a full group. member of the and later joint rules for their Sections created National the Nord-PIANC these rules the to According organ. sections of the has a biannual meeting and also is possibility There a Council. Working for 106 PIANC - AIPCN and Japan. and Germany Spain, instance for languages, national translate PIANC in their publications Sections are to open all PIANC Several National members. national membership, but more and more they events areSometimes these only meant forthe Harrisevents such aformal dinner as (e.g. Sir William Lecture)seminars, technical workshops, excursions, social Congresses, ofnational orregional organisation or onecountry to theother: from vary Sections a barbecue Meijer. De Mr. Theactivities oftheNational L.R. of presidency the under 1984 of Congress tennial weekend,PIC in Tokyo. in viewofthe Belgium cen- started in 1977National Section to prepare forthe1978 etc. tournament in 2006. Estoril, golf the for ispreparing gentleman This now! years twenty-five over exists It tournament. golf the for aside isset afternoon an Congresses and meetings annual for programme In the technical, activities which may include national well as as throughners inthe community social, to part- includemembers’ make aneffort sections through whichtrust andfriendships develop. Many place for professionals with common interests, international community. They provide ameeting- PIANC’s National are microcosms Sections ofthe Social aspects Other countries followed. Japan established a can be illustrated be can bythis quote member by senior best. atNetworking its by one ormoresored ofthe Corporate Members. withjunction orCongress, often aseminar spon- for youngprofessionals incon- party the special is offspring yearsnow!The latest social twenty-five tion ofthe golf tournament existed has forover The tradi- ofthe PIANC Regatta. part as go sailing foragolfmatch aside toset andthe opportunity andCongressesfor annualmeetings anafternoon a dullboy’. For that there reason, is inthe program There is asaying ‘All workandnoplay makes Jack dancing to ofmeetings. entertain the participants there musicandfolk On many willbe occasions, bythe Kirovtained Ballet and the State Circus. Leningrad Congress, the members were enter- Noh plays At inJapan. the banquet at the 1977 ofFado inPortugal performances example and tovisits andthe museums theatre, featuring for internationalin its Suchevents include activities. to includeit PIANC this understands andseeks andthe wayviewpoint andtrades. inwhichitworks technical its inunderstanding is important tory acountry’s culture his- Understanding andsocial achievements, ofthenical countries they visit. the history, cultural the well tech- andsocial as as have administered. dailyinjections aresult as another ofafall, nose delegate hadto Unobtrusively onelady’s she bandaged damaged medic. the as semi-official upon looked was allmy visits on these life’. lady doctor Acertain ‘I’m walkingacross I have alright, planks been the helpa plankonsite saying: declined visit, offered ahelpingbeing handwhen walkingacross ofthe world!Anotherharbours elderly lady, on most dredged shehas –onelady boasts canals and to visits intechnical ports take part persons the delegates. Accompanying between contact are at the end ofthe day ofgreat help for informal bytheladies friendships andoften, made contacts Their involvement greatlyinternational enhances have attended andCongresses. annualmeetings PIANC’s ofmembers andpartners existence, spouses the Congress Organising Committee. Throughout ofsuch committee is normallyperson of amember the accompanying person’s The programme. Chair- to formacommitteethe to hostsection organise formerly the called ladiesprogramme. It is usualfor eventspanying or partner programme, persons Inherent inthe Congress programs is the accom- weekends, excursions orbanquets. social seminars, The importance of the social sideofPIANC ofthe social The importance arePIANC members always interested in PIANC - AIPCN 107 One of the consequences of these rules was was rules these of consequences the One of Commissions and many Working Groups, pub- Working and many Commissions lishing reports. technical regarded highly PIANC and for assist- environment showed for the concern was a new logo, There countries. ing developing rules, democratic and more revised were and there period the limiting in office and imposing a maxi- mum age for functionaries. De Paepe, of President when he the departure principle In seventy-two. of limit age the reached was a need succes- for a Belgian there no longer R. last De Belgian at Mr. the Paepe but and sor, Section proposed the young, team of convincing Louis Mr. and den Eede for President Eric Van Mr. Schel for Secretary-General.Van Those two gentle- other on together worked successfully men had job together do this to keen were occasions and 1999. in PIC the engaged by as were They well. Secretary- retirement, De Paepe’s of Mr. time At And so PIANC too. Begin resigned General Van a new manage- with started the new millennium team. ment At the end of the century end of the the At period hecticThe one for 1970-2000 was a rather Association 1970 the PIANC. Until mainly organ- and sponsored ised Congresses, Bulletins published 2000 commissions. By study several international Technical Vice-Presidents, Permanent were there A modern lock and weir in the River Seine near Jaulnes, a village in the department of the Seine et Marne, just east of Paris. The Seine and the Marne are both important waterways navigation. inland for Mr. M. Thorn: ‘I can say that when I went to my my to I went when ‘I can that say Thorn: M. Mr. in 1977, which wasCongress, in Leningrad first I had a aboutI knew nothing that PIANC, except I knew no one Congress. paper for the accepted of company in the Leningrad to but travelled Section. National I was of my members other and part feel welcome made to of immediately me and talked to of all nations People family. the and I was included bus trips me on the sat with made a big impression events. This group in the when Similarly, Professional. on me as a Young wife firstmy came PIANC events, to she was partners, other and by the welcome feel made to friendships international has many since forged own in PIANC’. of her Two ship lifts in Belgium

In the south of Belgium are two extraordinary ship lifts: the inclined plane of Ronquières (left), overcoming a difference in head of 67.73 m and completed in 1968, and the ship lift of Strépy-Thieu (right), lifting ships 73.5 m, operational since 2002.

In the south of Belgium, in the province of Hainaut, exists a large number of extraordinary hydraulic constructions. In particular the ship lifts of Ronquières and Strépy-Thieu belong to the largest in the world and the applied principles allow for saving of water and gaining of travel time for the vessels. These two constructions were built under the supervision of the Direction générales des Voies hydrauliques of the Walloon ministère de l’Equipement et des Transports.

Inclined plane of Ronquières This construction is located in the Charleroi-Bruxelles Canal, connect- ing the coal fields of Charleroi with the ports of Brussels and Antwerpen. The plane overcomes a difference in head of 67.73 m. The 1,432 m long plane, completed in 1968, exists in principle of two rectangular caissons filled with water, big enough to carry a 1,350 tonnes barge. The two caissons roll on separate rail roads on a 5% slope. Each caisson is pulled by eight cables wound by a winch with a 5,200 tonne capacity, giving it a speed of 1.2 m/s. The transfer time is about 20 minutes, the total cycle time is about 45 minutes. The dimensions of the trunk are 91 m long and 12 m wide. The water level may be 3.0 to 3.7 m. Each trunk is supported by 236 wheels of 70 cm diametre. The total weight is 5,000 to 5,700 tonnes per caisson. Both caissons operate independently from each other. The inclined plane was built under the direction of PIANC’s President, Mr. G. Willems.

Ship lift of Strépy-Thieu Located in the Canal du Centre, this 2002 completed construction overcomes a height difference of 73.15 m. Until the completion of the Three Gorges Dam in China this was the tallest ship lift in the world. The construction was designed during the modernisation programme of the Canal du Centre in order to replace four 16 m ship lifts from the period 1888 to 1919, now on the UNESCO World Heritage List and still in use for recreational navigation. Construction commenced in 1982. The lift consists of two indepen- dent counterweighted caissons, that travel vertically. Each of the caissons can take a barge of 2,000 tonnes (class Va) and measures 112 m length and 12 m width. They will be filled with water until 3.35 to 4.15 m height. Their weight ranges between 7,200 and 8,400 tonnes apart from the 2,200 tonnes weight of the steel of the caisson itself. Caissons and coun- terweights are connected by 112 suspension cables and 32 telecom- munication cables. The cables pass over idler pulleys with a diametre of 4.8 m. Four electric motors power eight winches per caisson. The lifting of the trunk takes no more than six minutes. The structure of the ship lift is massively reinforced to withstand torsion during operation of the caissons, the total weight of the construction is approximately 200,000 tonnes. Both the inclined plane of Ronquières and the ship lift of Strépy-Thieu did not only improve the capacity of the canals in the south of Belgium and attracted additional navigation, they also turned out to be a major tourist attraction for the Hainaut region.

PIANC - AIPCN 111 entually resulted in the establishment of establishment in the resulted entually rst century rst International co-operation was strongly improved by agreements with several Sister Associations. several Sister with by agreements improved was strongly co-operation International The new management team Mr. Eric Van den Eede, President, and Mr. Louis Van Schel, Secretary- Van Louis and Mr. Eede, President, den Eric Van Mr. team new management The The bridges across the Kiel Canal once looked very high. Today, their height is hardly enough to allow passage of large passenger vessels. container and The merger agreement between PIANC and COPEDEC lead to joint Conferences for and in Countries Countries for and in Conferences joint between lead to and COPEDEC PIANC agreement merger The Smart Mediterranean like and the Rivers became PIANC Conferences in more involved in Transition. a series started how PIANC of technical publish was reports, recorded to chapter previous Days. In the in this chapter the Association begins to organise specialised new, Conferences. General, started ambitiously: they wanted to reform PIANC into a modern Association, into PIANC reform able to to started wanted General, they ambitiously: digital in the era. & role Rules First, Statutes, the a prominent play new members and to attract of same presentation the the time, At be had to rewritten. Rules Congress and the Regulations outside a new housestyle the by developing world was improved to PIANC and a new logo and important of digital the age. was introduction A third the step enter to by launching a website look to strategic several planning, years ahead. The Executive Commission the strategic forcing which ev Professionals, on Young emphasis plan included strategy. of a promotion Professionalsa development Young and the (YP-Com) Commission During the first decade of the 21st century, the size and number vessels size of cruisecontainer and the firstDuring the decade century, 21st of the causing specific in ports.increased significantly, technical problems same The holds for inland an important in shipping and port technology plays role Information nowa- operation navigation. important. becomes and more more consequences climate of The nature with days. Working change became subject the put on its consequently public and PIANC agenda. obvious for the 7. Twenty-fi 112 PIANC - AIPCN new housestyle had to be developed, aStrategic developed, had to be new housestyle a PIANC inthe world.For technical this purpose ambition to improve andimageof the position environment. well-acquainted with workinginaninternational Flanders International Technical andwas Agency Louis Van Director ofthe Managing was Schel Central (CEDA). His Dredging associate Association oftheof PIANC ofthe andamember board of the Permanent Environmental Commission amember Hewas 450kmofwaterways. managed Division Boven-Schelde ofthe Flemish Ministry and his EricVan election, den headofthe Eede was respectively. Atand Secretary-General the time of inMay 1999inGhent President as Commission at the meeting ofthe Permanent International Under anewmanagement Mr. Van denEedeand Mr. Van Schel were elected The new management team started with the the with started team management new The – – – – – – – – – remained originalname. inits PIC meeting inthe newcentury. Onlythe Council iar commission nameswere at the changed first & Regulations revised.Moreover, hadto be famil- Plan drafted andthe hadto Statutes be andRules this way. together successfullyin another sphere and aiming to continue emphatically presented themselves as a team having worked They Van L. Schel. Secretary-General and (left) Van Eede E. den 1999: in President operating started team management A new

Editing Commission into changed EdCom FinCom Finance Commission became Commission intoPCDC CoCom: International Co-operation PEC into EnviCom: Environmental Commission Commission intoSRN RecCom: Recreational Navigation Commission PTC IIinto MarCom: Maritime Navigation intoPIC changed AGA: Assembly AnnualGeneral PTC I into InCom: InlandNavigation Commission ExCom Committee abbreviatedExecutive was to Strategic Plan 2006-2010

During the 2006-2010 timeframe, the PIANC navigation leadership will promote the development and improvement of global waterborne transportation and enhancement of its economic, environmental and social benefits. The membership will achieve success by ‘Thinking Globally and Acting Locally’. The themes for the 2006-2010 Strategic Plan are:

• Strengthen our Capabilities and enhance our Reputation • Promote Sustainable Navigation Systems Worldwide • Further effective International and Internal Communications • Enhance our Internal and External Relationships • Expand Number of Qualifying Members and National Sections

Vision: PIANC is the leading international source of engineering, economic, and environmental knowledge and technical guidance for the sustainable development and management of navigation, ports and waterways.

Mission: To prepare and disseminate the global best practices that enlighten, educate and guide public and private organisations in maritime and inland navigation systems to achieve recognised public benefits.

External Goals: • Achieve world-wide credibility and recognition of our engineering, economic and environmental contributions to the sustainability of navigation systems. • Contribute our expertise to the successful development of waterborne transport and navigation policy.

Internal Goals: • Enhance the vitality of Qualifying Members and National Sections • Promote and expand members’ benefits • Expand membership with special attention to Young Professionals and Countries in Transition. • Maintain the Association’s financial integrity. 114 PIANC - AIPCN contracts werecontracts of2001. inthe course signed wasacceptedproposal bythe AGA andthe first Congress, The Councilat andAGA every meeting. anddisplayed is Magazine printedlogos inevery advantages andtheir namesand receive certain Inreturn,during fouryears. the Platinum Partners toselves ofminimum5,000EUR pay anannualfee them- commit that Members, Corporate of category the conceptwas ofPlatinum aspecial Partners: which is shifted to to easier anannex, update. muchshorterthe andallactions mainplanwas were drafted. Thisplan, anewplanwas time, the text of after So, received. the expiration date ofthe first buttherealised, concept ofstrategic well plans was notallactions couldbe course adopted. Of was plan requested the final modifications bythe AGA, of2001.After includingsome General Assembly the PIC meeting bythe agreed of17May 2000,was at presented President new the of Statement Policy onthe 2000-2004,based planfortheThe period first by general intentions, byconcrete butalso actions. Technical Commission hadto contribute, notonly hisfor the yearsto ideas think Every about come. Drafting aStrategicning. Plan forces the writer to ment to was introduce the concept ofstrategic plan- set upin 1999toset develop anewhouse Most style. Communication Commissionrary (ComCom) was munication andpresentation of PIANC. Atempo- astrong towas improve need the external com- In the opinionofthe newmanagement team, there New housestyle Another innovation ofthe newmanagement activitiesOne ofthe first ofthe newmanage- waterway. to The the sail vessels inthe right, same most navigation andbecause logo is onanopen itoverloaded the ground removed was because reproduce The ofvessel. back- any particular type wasundertaken tovessels at glance. Noeffort first insuchawaysigned that anyone wouldrecognise vessels werePIANC the two so inthe rede- logo, ofnavigationtypes andthe other activities of to ‘Itis represent impossible in the Magazine: all Heexplained to theto newlogo the propose AGA. with great enthusiasm. This enabled the President result was presented inComCom andembraced The final restyling. to asked Silence was dosome PIANCs webmaster with it. Mr.satisfied Jurgen notcompletely was butthe staff vision indeed, logo’.vision onthe old-fashioned amodern Itwas upwithIt came adesign,that gave a‘modern – – – into account the followingconsidera tions: hired was to taking designanewlogo, firm tancy lacked contrast’. the logo and/or copied, Aconsul- Moreover, rigging! necessary when insize reduced identified. The pleasure andthe craftlacked amast existing oferrors inwhichanumber logo were He continued: ‘At wetried to improve the first, to uphold’according to President Van den Eede. the dynamic imagethat fit better wants PIANC striking ‘that the newlogo, was to restyled was &Zn. Decloedt Baggerwerken and Van Dredging Company, Oord International, 2010: in Dredging Partners PIANC’s of Platinum logos The Jan de Nul, Port of Rotterdam, Jaisu Shipping

1 cmto 200cmdiametre forsizesfrom usable hadtothe be proposal respected the general hadto the ideabehind logo be from thethe existing designhadto start logo PIANC - AIPCN 115 To stress the fact that Working Group reports Group fact Working the that stress To Because of the rapid developments in informa- in Because rapid developments the of about what PIANC is doing,about is PIANC what account taking into as PIANC people consider no longer that generally Another name.’ but as a brand an abbreviation, newsletter in 2003 was electronic the innovation paper the copy in the replacing ‘Sailing Ahead’, Head- newsletter, Magazine. electronic the Via members about inform the could quickly quarters ‘Sailing Ahead’ developments. Moreover, latest the between for communication a platform mem- is bers first member and the During countries. year, issued. were four newsletters productsare of one of and not primarily PIANC of it was Commissions, decided apply to Technical the consecutive numbering. past In the ninty-five reports been had so published, next report the and remote ‘Developments automation in the issued in 2008, of locksoperation and bridges’, Groups numberreceived the 96. New Working startingalso numbered were with consecutively, on Group Working number permanent 125, the Services. Information River tion technology, the website was outdated within within was the website tion technology, outdated was develop it to desirable and felt a few years 2006, On 30 May new PIANC a new site. the of year after one was almost launched website database publication new features a Many preparation. and development as such added, been have including more than 500 abstracts, improved data sharing options with more than 800 documents and content updated moment, the at shared structure, extra functionalities, mem- improved order to possibilities and subscription bership The PIANC website went on-line in late 1998. on-line in late went website PIANC The Starting with Bulletin 107 of April 2001, the 2001, the 107 of April Starting Bulletin with Website and electronic dictionary Website In the opinion of the new management team there was a need to improve the external communication and presentation. Most striking was the new logo, including the elements of the old logo in a restyled Left way. was the first attempt, right the final design. More than 2,700 pages were eventually created created eventually 2,700 pages were than More Silence, including more Jurgen Mr. by webmaster was built website graphic elements. 4,800 The than side client additional with html-coding in static scripting. It started func- little with as a small site tionalities. Soon community PIANC the started to website, and the use possibilities of internet the forgot Eede, who never den Van by Mr. stimulated www.pianc.org. several mention In addition, to Sections own websites. developed their National direction as we read, which is the logic the direction which is as we read, direction eye. boundaries avoided: Strict (western) are for the which circle, inner the through big vessel cuts the suggests water line in the broken the with together new housestyle The and logo a certain dynamism.’ at accepted wholeheartedly and presented were Annual General Assemblythe response The of 2001. conserva- positive,was the surprisingly considering image of PIANC.tive and new logo appeared publications PIANC in all served focus as the point new housestyle.of the became reports more The even Bulletins and it was in decided when print in 2006 to attractive, new housestyle, emphasise the the To full-colour. was changed familiar into name of the Bulletin same In the year 2006, Course’. Magazinethe ‘On International name the drop decided to AGA the name Association just the retain and to Navigation slogan the ‘Navigation, with in combination PIANC explained: ‘This As President the Ports, Waterways’. wasdecision confusion necessary avoid to in order Monaco’s floating breakwater

Monaco’s floating breakwater is being towed into position. The 350 m long, 28 m wide prestressed pontoon was constructed in a dock in Algeciras, Spain, and travelled over open sea to Monaco. Inside the breakwater is parking for 400 cars.

Monaco is one of the smallest and most densely populated countries in the world. Its main problem is the lack of space. Out of the 2 km2 of the country’s area, 25% has been reclaimed from the sea. Monaco is certainly not the only country that enlarged its surface by reclamation. Others like The Netherlands and Japan have reclaimed much larger areas, but they could do that without exceeding a water depth of about 20 m Japan has reached for the Kansai Air Port construction. Monaco, forty years ago, realised the platform called Fontveille by expanding its territory up to a depth of 35 m . Nowadays, Fontveille is completely built up. Where to go now, in still greater water depths and without disturbing the maritime environment? The first project confronted with this dilemma was the extension of the historical port of the Condamine. Here the water depth reaches 55 m. Construction of a classical dike of a composite type would have meant a base of about 200 m wide. For economic and ecologic reasons another solution was developed: a floating breakwater implement- ing a new technology called fixed sea wall. Physical and mathematical model studies were executed to determine the optimum dimensions of the cross section for ensuring a quiet wave climate in the old port in spite of the free space existing beneath the caisson, and to estimate forces involved. The floating breakwater consists of an enormous prestressed pontoon of 350 m long, 28 m wide with two aisles of 8 m wide each at the bottom, 19 m high with a draft of 16 m and a displacement of 163,000 tonnes. It has been designed for a lifetime of 100 years according to principles of offshore technique. The eastern counter jetty is 145 m long, 30 m wide, 11 m high with a draft of 9 m. It is set on piles. Inside the main caisson is parking for 400 cars at four levels and a warehouse for boat storage. On top of it is a passenger terminal building. The caisson is held in position by a gigantic linkage landward, and by several mooring lines seaward. The caisson was built in a dry dock at Algeciras, Spain, near the Rock of Gibraltar and, when completed, towed to Monaco. The other caissons, 8 in total, were also prefabricated and towed to Monaco in order to not disturb the quality of daily life in Monaco. The sea trip of 900 nautical miles between Gibraltar and Monaco took 12 days and the operation to bring the main caisson into position and fix it took another 32 days. The construction started in 1999 and was completed in 2002. In this way, the capacity of old Port Hercule was expanded by 60%. The new outer harbour has a capacity of approximately twenty super yachts of 35 to 60 m, two of 100 m length, and can accommodate cruise vessels up to 310 m long. Before the breakwater was completed, cruise vessels had no other option than to anchor offshore Monaco, making the debarkation of passengers a complicated and often hazardous operation. Now these vessels can berth completely sheltered from wind and waves. Indeed, the presence of the floating breakwater has largely increased the number of calls and visitors. 118 PIANC - AIPCN nication for PIANC. forPIANC. nication a fewyearsinto means ofcommu- aindispensable the website2,500 readers. within Infact developed newsletter Ahead’attractsapproximately ‘Sailing at average The ninewebpages visit. per electronic visitors to well increased day, over 650per checking website notwithout Theof result. was number The redesignand amongPIANC members. ofthe andstimulatesPIANC members interactivity with tions, the newPIANC website for improves services renewed e-newsletter PIANC andrestyled publica- former initiatives Besides the suchas the bonuses. natureby its upto never was date, oneof was replacing that the printed directory membership 2007. Accessto directory, anon-linemembership ofthe website workingin started only’-section bers incidents. without and smoothly to the newsarchive. Thelaunch of the website went displayed though;oldernewsshifted was of topics join newPIANC Working Alimited Groups. number such invitationsup-to-date as about to recent facts, topic ontheindex page,keeping themembers Special attentionbases. went to the PIANC news had to be converted,of 2,676 html-pages, 2,769 jpg-files and 1,983 gif-files using on-line,reports arenewed Atotal lookand feel. no less than 28 data- But there more was inthe the pipeline: ‘mem- Because the system bymeans ofonecentral works Because 10,000from PIANC (insixlanguages). and some 4,000from CEDA some languages) (infive guages), were already available from (inthree IHO lan- 5,000entries In2008some video-clips. also cases built-in glossary, additional photos andinsome info). Newfeatures are a inthe on-linedictionary available viathe internet (vwww.waterdictionary. the illustrated dictionary. Itis andon-line free Organization version (IHO)anewweb-based of with CEDA andthe International Hydrographic the initiative co-operation to inclose produce, University ofTechnology, taken PIANC has in2006 easy. byDelft developed Onthe ofsoftware basis the internet makes dissemination andupdating way inamuchmore and efficient such products to makes produce andupdate itpossible ogy to-date However, version failed. technol- modern attempts to replace byanup- this dictionary andcostly and nately difficult very itproved to be illustrativepresence Unfortu- ofvery drawings. way. feature the was Asecond ofthe dictionary hadanoption words toalso inasystematic find it didnotonlyhave entry, analphabetical butit because product, This special languages. wasavery insix publish anillustrated dictionary technical throughout. full-colour in publications the print to wasdecided it In 2006, report covers show the development of generations three The too. restyled were to publications The more professionalism. In 1932PIANC hadtaken the initiative to PIANC - AIPCN 119 Article 1 of the Statutes stipulates the interna- the stipulates Article Statutes 1 of the standards) (guidelines,tice recommendations, data, in international access to and providing bring about making decision to improved order soundbased and impartial on professionally information; of all aspectsdiscussion trans- of waterborne port design, including policy, management, transport other with economics, integration modes, safety and environment; technology, General Assembly to discuss and accept the the accept and discuss to Assembly General & Regulations. In fact, Rules and the new Statutes was shortened consider- Statutes of the text the & ably and parts Rules included in the of it were Regulations. that has obvious advantage the This much easier is & Regulations Rules changing the than changing the Statutes, for only Statutes have Belgian authorities. be by the to approved Association, of the non-profit status tional, in the juridical sense and Article being 2 a foundation, locates seat, the being Brussels. Article aim 3 lists the objectives Association:and the of the advance, to on development sustainable a world-wide basis, the by: navigation of all kinds of waterborne a. world best prac- identifying disseminating and b. and forum for analysis being international the Nevertheless, in 2003 the revised Statutes and Statutes Nevertheless, revised in 2003 the server, additions are directly available for all users. available directly are additions server, via one database available the and Programme are serversof the Delft of Technology. University of the packageThe sponsored is Corporate the by Members of both CEDA. and PIANC 7 December 2004 was upgraded an Extraordinary to Revision of Statutes and Regulations Revision of Statutes changes, it wasBecause organisational many of the In 2001 Vice- Statutes. the update desirable to felt lead of a small tookthe Schroten, Henk President because pressure, He was under the Force. Task ratify to new wanted Executive the Committee table which a time 2002 Congress, the at Statutes be to too ambitious. delay proved One reason for the was very between basic: and differences English the problems. translation due to versions French PIANC membersPIANC were and still are: engineers, professionals, stakeholders. Rules & Regulations were ready for presentation for presentation ready were & Regulations Rules unanimously. accepted and were AGA in the the out that it turned dismay, everyone’s But, to of new documents did not fulfill requirements the speaking, Strictly Belgian legislation. the had PIANC illegallyoperated for several years. Lawyers were bring and to rewriting do the to time this hired of requirements the with accord into Statutes the of meeting Council Ministry The of Justice. the 120 PIANC - AIPCN of work of the permanent Technical Commissions Moreover, the Rules &Regulations the scope define Vice-Presidents and Commission Chairpersons. and give an age limit well for as for the as two, nationality) (Belgian) and theSecretary-General tions prescribe the nationality ofthe President (any bilingual: English and French. TheRules &Regula- retained. PIANC remained in the newStatutes was Council the so structure, decision level three a law requires However,Council. Belgian the Initially, to eliminate aproposal there was the co-operating closely with in other Associations f. promoting acomprehensive ofinter- network e. ofcountries in needs the recognising special d. contributing to the integrated management of c. management andrelated subjects. the field of ports, waterways, coastal zone other stakeholders; national professionals navigation and andport and advice; transition andproviding appropriate assistance water systems; navigable • • considering: JanBrooke, by Mrs. aTask2001 to start Group, chaired andfacilitated Young inOctober decided ExCom Professionals. to attractive more become to had PIANC that Eventually, Committee recognised the Executive PIANC wideactions aimingat Young Professionals. Paepe-Willemsthe De Award, there were no But were these isolated initiatives from and apart years. an exchange under ofmembers thirty-five countries inthe late Several organised started 1980s. The activities first forYoung Professionals were Young Professionals as Annex 6. keep PIANC up to date. TheStatutes are included & Regulations have adapted been several times to theorganisation Rules 2004, of the After Congress. and contain rules forWorking Groups and the Van Eede. den Vice-President from Congress in 2006 Brühl H. and President Estoril the at prize the wasMr. received who winner W. Bijman, first The Award wasestablished. Paper aYP Association, the of work the in Young of Professionals To importance the stress

countries the existance ofageneration gapinsome ship the highaverage ageofthe PIANC member- PIANC - AIPCN 121 E-communication (newsletter, webpage, maga- webpage, (newsletter, E-communication etc.) forum, answer and question zine, Work- (in Professionals Young of representation Commissions, National Groups, Technical ing Sections, etc.) YP-Com, a permanent ofpromotion (publicity PIANC for the De Paepe- tronic membership directory, YP exchange exchange YP directory, professional Award, YP Paper Award, Willems stu- among PIANC of awareness development, dents, etc.) membership YP events, elec- (national transfer knowledge tronic programme, etc.)

ca te gories and given a priority designation of high high of a priority designation given and gories te ca as follows: were The categories medium. or • • • • Meeting Council the at approved were actions The official the in December with forma- 2003 together Implemen- Professional of a temporarytion Young met group established newly The Group. tation firstfor the in Brussels on 6 February time 2004. Schüttrumpf was Holger elected Chairman and Mr. Hartmut Mr. Ms. as Kirsty co-Chair. McConnell of PIANC, become was to Brühl, Vice-President the most important The group. tasks of the mentor members,indi- tomorrow’s the need to attract as corporate well vidual as of young involvement on the dependence the survival members for PIANC’s

In 1995, the new Young ProfessionalsIn 1995, the new Young Commission (YP-Com) held a meeting in London and subsequently visited the Thames Barrier. in February 2003 in Brussels to complete a paper paper a complete to Highly motivated,she started mainly corresponding Brussels in meeting a face-to-face had group Then the email. by 2003 February in with findings and recommendations and a draft Belgium, only the Nether- time action that plan. At Professional Young established had Spain and lands of level the discussed Group The Task Groups. (YP) different in coun- Professionals for Young activities tries, to the potential services improvements and opportunities PIANC provided to younger profes- students. recom- and The most important sionals mendation, Group, to set Implementation up an 2003. The inau- May in AGA the by was approved year. same was Group of the Implementation the meeting gural of November 13 on Brussels in held of a list a report including prepared The group Young to of PIANC appeal the improve actions to Professionals. Actions identified were to attract existing retain to and PIANC new members to members. All actions were classified into four • • Falkirk Wheel

The Falkirk Wheel was a project undertaken on the Forth and Clyde Canal to celebrate the new millennium. The wheel actually is a ship lift replacing a flight of locks. Boats are lifted approximately 25 m by rotating the wheel. Connected to the wheel is an aqueduct on piers. The wheel came into operation in 2002 and is now one of Scotland’s main tourist attractions.

To celebrate the Millennium in the UK, a series of projects funded by the National Lottery were undertaken. One such project was the restora- tion of the Forth and Clyde Canal linking the North Sea to the Irish Sea across the lowlands of Scotland. A major part of this project was the link- ing of the Union Canal to the Forth and Clyde at Falkirk thereby restoring the link between Edinburgh and Glasgow. To achieve this reconnection, the replacement of an eleven lock flight lifting the canal approximately 25 m had to be constructed. Unfortunately the original route of the flight was no longer available and an alternative solution had to be found. Various solutions were considered but it became obvious very early on that some form of boat lift would be required and that a rotating structure would be the most effective. As the design and build process developed, ideas on the rotational theme were put forward until the current design evolved using a tubular shaft with two rotating arms created as ‘solid’ units carrying only two gondolas between them. The tubular shaft has an outside diametre of 3.5 m hollow tube. Each of the two arms forming the Wheel is 1.4 m wide. Each gondola contains some 300 m3 of water and is 25 m long. The total load of each gondola when operating is 600 tonnes and it can be operated in winds up to Force 6. The gondola when in the highest position would be connected to the Union Canal via a 100 m long aqueduct built on piers out from the adjacent hillside. The canal is then carried through the hillside via 100 m tunnel and then lifted via two traditional locks and a new 1.5 km long channel to the original canal. The tunnel had to be driven under the St. Antonine Wall which is a Roman structure and forms part of a World Heritage site. The idea of using the gondolas in this condition did cause some tech- nical issues in that they had to always be level and could not be allowed to rotate on their own axis independent of the movement of the main structure and how could the gates at each end provide a watertight seal but also a positive connection to the aqueduct at the higher level. The interlocking of the rotation of the gondolas was solved by making a feature of interlocking gears that would deliberately turn the gondolas as the main wheel rotated. This was further backed up by electronic interlocks and sensors which sense any over turning and stop further movement of the Wheel until the fault has been rectified. The problem of the gates was solved by using doors that fold down into the gondolas and the approach section of the aqueduct. These are fitted with a collapsible bellows forming a seal between the end of the aqueduct and the corre- sponding end of the gondola. The Wheel whilst weighing 1800 tonnes is very finely balanced and water levels vary at the most by 75 mm. As a consequence it only requires 18 kW to rotate the Wheel using ten epicycli- cal hydraulic motors centred around the hollow central shaft. The ‘locking time’ for a vessel is approximately 15 minutes. The reliability of the Wheel has been of a very high standard and reflects the thought that went into the design process. The approximate cost of constructing the Wheel and connecting canals was 17.5 million GBP at 2002 prices. The Wheel came into operation in 2002. Whilst the volume of through traffic is lower than anticipated, the demand for passengers ferry trips up and down the Wheel and run in conjunction with the adjacent visitor centre, coffee shop and country park, has been far in excess of what was predicted now making the Wheel one of Scotland’s major tourist attrac- tions. Whilst some would argue that the Wheel is not a true navigational structure, the opposite is true. The Wheel does overcome the need for a flight of locks and lifts craft some 25 m in a very timely and energy efficient manner whilst at the same time providing a major regeneration feature that is financially self sufficient and has already become an indus- trial icon of the 21st century. 124 PIANC - AIPCN sions to contribute andto exchange information. were nominated forPIANC’sobservers commis- Inaddition, andresponsibilities. rights the same professional professional, andasenior having both nate forWorking members two a younger Groups, Many countries this to used nomi- opportunity Professionals forWorking Groups andCommissions. wereSections encouraged to nominate Young National ofPIANC. ofthe mainproduct quality to andideas the therebyedge table improving the bring their andprofessional newscientific knowl- community. Inturn, the Young Professionals would to activelyan opportunity contribute to the PIANC Interested Young Professionals provided wouldbe existingand PIANC within its infrastructure. to theprovide both Young abenefit Professionals Professionals technical committees inthese would on aninternational level. The inclusion ofYoung fortheactivity involvement ofYoung Professionals Working Groups the identified as mosttangible was futureits through Young Professionals. cate andto ofPIANC to highlight the develop effort avenue to regarded the primary was as communi- (national participation). Creation ofan YP-website andtoparticipation) formnational YP-groups of YPs inPIANC Working Groups (international cation), to andencourage increase participation identified were to create aYP-website (communi- logo and yachts. and logo designer. marina PIANC the Nichol, Jack showing plaque, this receives winner The American known well and RecCom of member active and time along Nichol, Jack of memory in established was Design Marina Outstanding Award for Nichol Jack The Participation ofYoung Professionals inPIANC countries. sion consisted members from offifteen eleven 29 September 2006.The commis- newly formed gural meeting ofYP-Com held was inPalermo on Technical Commission anobserver. as The inau- of YP-Com willhave oneach apermanent seat ofthe Committee. Amembermember Executive Mr. apermanent Holger Schüttrumpf, became The ChairofYP-Com, inPIANC. forward practice ofbringingscience, professionresponsibility and Youngencouraging its Professionals bygivingthe autonomy through their ownCommission and organisation to Young giveits Professionals achievement: PIANC wastheprofessional first the AGA inMay inEstoril 2006.Aremarkable Commission (YP-Com) approved which was at to formapermanent Youngposal Professionals Annex 4. Jack NicholAward winners are mentioned inthe Commissioners.Los Angeles ofHarbor Board acceptedmissioners, the award ofthe onbehalf President Com- ofLosAngeles ofHarbor Board In aceremony 2003,Mr. on26 February Tonsich N. inLosAngeles. thewinner Marina Cabrillo was innovations. The andtechnical first sustainability offunctionallity,basis aesthetics, environmental Commission evaluates the applications onthe submit anapplication. The Recreational Navigation inaPIANC country member located Be e. accessibleto Be the public boating d. Have five forthe last successfully operated c. constructed (orreconstructed) Have within been b. Provide forrecreational berthing boaters a. the followingcriteria: around facilities have the world.Applicants fulfill excellence inthe designofrecreational boating ofthe Award The purpose yachts. is to recognise andtwo showing JackNichol,the PIANC logo consists Design ofabronzeing Marina plaque, his memory. The JackNicholAward forOutstand- Nichol to Engineers proposed establish anaward in ofPIANC inconjunction and withSection Moffatt designer, The died. United States unexpectedly ofRecComandwellmember knownmarina In 2001,Mr. Jack Nichol,alongtime andactive Jack NicholAward The Implementation Group prepared apro- Annually, marinaowners and designers may years years the last twenty-five , PIANC - AIPCN 125 At theAt opening ceremony of Congresses, there usually is reference to the culture of the host country. In Sydney, 2002, an aboriginal didgeridoo player gave a demonstration of traditional Australian music. this At Congress there were individual papers only. Convention Centre. The harbour The cruise offered Centre. Convention Harbourmagnificent views of the Bridge and the was a long way Sydney Opera House. many, For home,from but it was certainly worthwhile. Navigation Congresses Congresses Navigation firstIn the decade two 21st century of the Australia, organised: in Sydney, were Congresses was the 2002 Congress The and in Estoril, Portugal. same the and at time, in Australia first Congress with in accordance held it was first the Congress new rules. between separation the strict The mar- was abandoned. There and inland navigation itime papers, national no longer but only individual were papers, neccitated four parallel This 127 of them. be out to difficult keep sessions, to turned which spotted running from on schedule. were Delegates of the last day The other. the to room one meeting was reserved Congress 30th for special sessions of was that technical commissions, an innovation the very satisfying. printed abstracts Only the were enabling thus Congress, before the and distributed they select presentations participants the to the all a CD with Congress, the After hear. to wanted papers participants. the was sent to conclu- In the effectssions, a first negative warning against of change was a network made and of moni- climate mild The necessary. was considered systems toring participants relax the to sun temptated September Sydney the next to of Darling Harbour, quays the at Dry stack storage of the Marina Punta Gabbiani in Murano, near Venice. This marina won the Jack Nichol in 2004. Award 126 PIANC - AIPCN ing papers by YPs. At byYPs. theing papers Mr. banquet, Wouter Award, intended to encourage writing and present- the 31stCongress the Young was Professionals ment akey proclaimed was word. Anewfeature of manage- emphsized Sediment inthe conclusions. that are care foreseen, forthe environment was of the large extension reclamation works andport stressed inthe conclusions ofthe Congress. Inview were again benefits safety and environmental andits ofinlandwaterway transport importance in areferendum infavour The ofthe newcanal. months later, the population ofPanama decided Panama Afew atrue Canal, highlight. technical 5.25 billionUSD programme ofthe upgrading the ofthe was key-noteof the subjects speeches attended byapproximatelywas 550delegates. One The Congress littleleft too time fornetworking. which programme, overloaded an complain about The madedelegatesparallel scheduling sessions. days, there Some sented were in47sessions. five inSydney,as were 238individualpapers pre- so Congress applied in1949.The formulawas same pared to the whichhosted Portugese the capital, to butlesscrowded Lisbon com- andlessexpensive the 31stCongress Portugal. inEstoril, is Estoril close The Sydney Congress in2006by followed was Paper Paper resulting in complaints about an overloaded programme. overloaded an about complaints in resulting attentively. A record number of 238 papers was presented, watch Congress 2006 the of participants the while Lisbon, of terminal passenger the in performs dancers folk of A group a letter ofintent PIANC and COPEDEC, between to the navigation community. were reproduced onCD-ROM andmade available The papers positive. very the was overall response The discussions were America. livelySouth and targetthem group, from the primary countries in halfof attendance about ofnearly200people, organisation. were Intotal 72papers given foran care committee took ofthe anda local Section held inBuenoswas Argentina. Aires, The Spanish seminar PCDC 2001,the24 November fourth goal is the organisation From ofseminars. 20to shipping world.Oneofthe ways to achievethis in the interest ofthe and entire port waterways, how available to Countries inTransition, whichis Thisin the workofPIANC. makes the PIANC know- still is to from involve developing persons countries tional Co-operation Commission (CoCom), and was Countriesfor Developing nowInterna- (PCDC), ofPIANC’sThe purpose Permanent Commission COPEDEC revitalisation ofthe waterways inSerbia. the concerned His paper of1,000EUR. cheque winner a andreceived proclaimed Bijman was At the Annual General Assembly inParis, 2001, At the Assembly AnnualGeneral PIANC - AIPCN 127 76 accompanying persons,76 accompanying biggest the COPEDEC do to doubt without had This so far. Conference Islands off- spectacular the with and World Palm Dubai the coast.shore Dubai municipality The people to 79 fellowships from granted generously Conference of the theme overall The 22 countries. was ‘Best Coastal Practices Environment’. in the a large papers 217 to 44 countries, from were There Asian by and among them written authors extent participating in co-operation students from many between in programmes in a Country universities or American and an European university. Transition In this way the original goal of the Conference was and disseminating satisfied: together bringing knowledge on coastal engineering. prize for The Professional bestthe by a Young paper written A. Dastgheib Iran. In conjunc- from was won by Mr. was a boat one along trip Conference the with tion Corporate of PIANCs islands. reclaimed Two of the Young Members sponsored for the an event Secretary- closing ceremony, the Professionals. At final the conclusions Schel formulated Van General Ranjit Galappatti, and he especially Mr. thanked

The seventh COPEDEC Conference was in held Conference COPEDEC seventh The The skyline of Dubai, host city for 2008 the COPEDEC Conference. It was the first Conference COPEDEC under the aegis of PIANC. The overall theme was ‘Best Practices in the Coastal Environment’, which attracted the largest number of participants so far. Permanent Secretariat of COPEDEC, signed the letter signed the COPEDEC, of Secretariat Permanent the International Conference on Coastal and Port and Port on Coastal Conference International the was ratified. in Developing Engineering Countries, of the S. and Chairman Amarasinghe, founder Mr. as well as Mr. E. Van den Eede and Mr. F. Kapp, the Kapp, the F. and Mr. Eede den E. Van asas Mr. well Commission. Co-operation PIANC Chairman of the Chairman of time that at H. Velsink, In 1998, Mr. S. had made Amarasinghe PCDC and Mr. PIANC’s firstthe contacts, state- in a mutual which resulted of the and selection of co-operation of intent ment COPEDEC subjects joint dates, of the venues and the During PCDC-seminars. and Conferences Colombo in in 2003, Conference COPEDEC sixth between agreement and PIANC finalthe merger was a joint signed and consequently COPEDEC (IOC) Committee was Organising International formed. 28 Febru- 24 to from Arab Emirates, Dubai, United ary 2008. It was first Conference the COPEDEC R. acted as Galappatti of PIANC, aegis Mr. the under Commit- Organising International the of Chairman 543 participants attracted and Conference tee. The Waterway-cross at Magdeburg

At Magdeburg, the Mitellandkanal crosses the River Elbe over a distance of 918 m. Of this length, 228 m consists of the aqueduct itself. Locks on both sides enable navigation from the canal to the River Elbe and the Port of Magdeburg. The photo shows the festivities on the occasion of the opening of the canal bridge.

After the reunification of Germany October 1990 there have been approved seventeen German Unity Transport Projects by the Federal Government in April 1991. Amongst them is one waterway project: the upgrading of the Mittelland Canal east of Hanover, the Elbe-Havel Canal, the Lower Havel Waterway and some waterways in and around Berlin to the modern standard for 3,300 t-push-tow units with dimensions of 185 × 11.45 × 2.80 m. The most spectacular part of the project is the canal-bridge near the city of Magdeburg. Two alternatives were examined for feasibility: first a canal-bridge across the River Elbe, second a weir in the River Elbe below Magdeburg and new locks between the Mittelland Canal and the River Elbe and between the Elbe-Havel Canal and the River Elbe so that vessels carrying full load cargo would be able to cross the River Elbe, though by a 12 km circuitous route on the river. A comparative Benefit-Cost Analysis and an Environmental Risk Assessment were carried out for both alterna- tives. The results gave definite reasons for the decision to favour the first alternative. The waterway-cross contains four elements:

1) The Canal-bridge crossing the River Elbe is the central element of this waterway link. In June 1997 the work began, and it was finished in October 2003. The steel construction has a total length of 918 m. Of this length, 690 m are crossing the flood plains and 228 m are crossing the river itself with a maximum span of 106 m. The usable width of the trough is 32 m. The depth of the water is normally 4.25 m. This dimen- sion is chosen because of a negative surge of more than 80 cm that can occur in case of long lasting eastern wind. It was possible to plan the canal bridge with a single through for an alternating one-way-traffic instead of a double through for two way traffic because the canal bridge is very close to the lock Hohenwarthe. In other words: the bridge has the same effect as a long forebay of the lock Hohenwarthe. Furthermore in this combination the transportation capacity of the bridge is greater than the capacity of the double-lock Hohenwarthe. The expansion joints of the steel construction are dimensioned for differences in temperature of +75°C/–50° C. This reveals a greatest tension between the bridge across the river and the bridge across the flood plain of 724 mm. Every river pile bears a vertical load of 135 MN. The design loads take into account earthquakes. The trough is equipped with fenders and air sputterers. The complete steel weight is 23,800 tonnes. 2) The Lock Hohenwarthe is situated at the eastern end of the Mittelland Canal. Its water level is 18.55 m higher than the water level of the Elbe- Havel Canal. First considerations to plan a twin-lock were rejected in favour of two water recuperation locks with 60% saving of process water for the reason of greater transportation capacity. Each lock has a useful length of 190 m and a width of 12.5 m. The upper gates are rotary segment gates, the lower gates are lifting gates. 3) The Lock Rothensee (190 × 12.5 m) replaces the existing seventy years old two-floats ship lift and makes the port of Magdeburg reachable for push-tow units with a maximum draught of 2.80 m via the Mittelland Canal. Like the lock Hohenwarthe it is a water recuperation lock. The lift of lock varies between 11 m and 18 m depending on the water level of the River Elbe. The upper gate is a rotary segment gate; the lower gate is a mitring gate. 4) With the Port-lock the ports of Magdeburg can be separated from the water level of the River Elbe. To reach the ports of Magdeburg after passing through the lock Rothensee the ships follow the Rothensee-link- canal. The Port-lock Magdeburg is planned in the southern part of the canal and near its mouth to the River Elbe with sheet pilings and with vertical lift gates in order to make it possible for fully loaded vessels to reach the ports of Magdeburg independently of low water in the River Elbe. In cases of higher water-levels in the River Elbe the gates of the 25 m wide lock are open for free passage. Otherwise the lock operates in normal function. The construction takes from 2008 to 2011. 130 PIANC - AIPCN Conference in2012. inChennai, is India, planned The nextPIANC COPEDECmany participants. much appreciated very both bythe networking, of the Conference, for aswell asthe opportunity concerning the contentfor the technical aspects ity ity the to possibil- think about started from Spain of meetingand to The first attract newmembers. members with its amoreestablish contact fruitful organisation ofanational Conference, inorder to with the to start decided In 1993PIANC Italy Mediterranean Days Committee, Organising International the of Chairman Italy, Mr. from Caude France G. andMr. Escutia R. Mr. threethat members, Ferrante meeting, from A. 2005, MarCom other Conferences were held. On15September strategy Seven pursued. worthwhile was being thus showingthat the250 participants, adopted agreat anditwas successwith1993 inGenoa some Days held Engineering) was ofCoastal inOctober Giornate Italiane di Ingegneria CostieraGiornate Italiane diIngegneria of enlarging national the Italian initiative into

held its meetingheld its inLeHavre. During (Italian (Italian

bringing together experts, whoare ableto exchange bringing together experts, the Conference goals, stronglyachieve its at aimed among the countries Inorder bordering this to sea. related forthe solutions future, shared possibly mon awareness inorder to scenarios and identify strong tendency to globalisation, required acom- and oftourism inthe andthe Mediterranean Sea development. The evolution ofmaritime transport inthe light issues, ofsustainable andsocial tal the globalmarket without environmen- neglecting strategies to properly face the newchallenges of into ofelaborating new account the necessity taking engineering, andport ofcoastal the field culture inthe area ofthe in Mediterranean Sea enhance the development ofacommontechnical initiative. The ofthe Conference maingoal is to acommonapproach thus to assuring the Sections, bythe fourNational signed Understanding was aMemorandum ofAGA 2007inKochi, India, the group During ofthe leadingNational Sections. Portugal ofPIANC. QuiteSections soon joined to open allthe other NationalMediterranean Sea, a regional Conference ofthe Countries ofthe T h e M e d i t e r ra n e a n D a y s is a n i n i t i a t i ve o f f o u r N a t i o n a l S e c t i o ns : : ns o i t c e S l a n o i t a N r u o initiators. f f o ve i t the of a countries the of one in years two i every events similar t i n i n a is organise to intention isthe It s 2008. in Palermo in held were y a D n a e n Days Mediterranean first The Italy. and France ra Spain, Portugal, r e t i d e M e h T PIANC - AIPCN 131 tee Schwetz Schwetz The first Conference, called Smart Rivers 21, 21, Rivers Smart called The first Conference, devel- the to of inland waterways contribution of a sustainable transportopment system

and Mr. R. Pfliegl.and Mr. About eighty people attended the was which whithin held Conference, this was organised September 2005 in Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 2005 in September was organised Apalachian Region Commission, TINA Vienna,Apalachian Region Commission, the Ports of Inland and via (EFIP), Federation European on navigation promote to organisation an donau, was signed agreement formal The Danubethe River. a 2003. TRBduring the Conference organise to via O. J. McCarville, Mr. Mr. by Pennsylvania, agreed and was TINA it of There Commit support Summer framework TRB Joint of the with meeting. EFIP in Conference Brusselsfollow-up in2006, organ- by ised rep- to den Eede was E. invited Van Mr. donau. started The programme PIANC. with resent Antwerp, and Ports Brussels of the to visits ses- table a round lectures, of a day by followed sion and discussions. The four sessions were devoted to: • Previously, the Italian the Section had organised Previously, The Conference, Strategic Maritime Asset Research and CenturyTransformation for the 21st River Systems or Smart Rivers, deals with transport on inland waterways, such as this container transport on the Austrian part of the Danube River. Four Conferences have so far been organised. Smart Rivers Maritime AssetStrategic Research and Transforma- in short Systems, River 21st Century for the tion Smart Rivers, started representatives in 2001 when Infor- of River topic the presented Europe from annual the at Servicesmation development (RIS) Research Board (TRB) Conference. Transportation J. McCarville Mr. followed with discussions More formal co- establish to in order S. Herczig and Mr. Authority, Pittsburgh between Portof operation the valuable information, state-of-the-art and wide and wide state-of-the-art information, valuable field in the know-how interest. of The only. a yearly meetingItalian but on matters as a fur- be considered may Days Mediterranean of Days firstMediterranean The evolution. ther Palermo, in was Engineering held Coastal and Port on 7-9 October some hundred with 2008, Italy, three Europe. participants, Western mainly coming from these events Memorandum, the to According should be organised every two country years in the initiators. of one of the 132 PIANC - AIPCN event. of the byviadonau,the organised hosts sessions duringthe formalandinformalsocial and also discussion inthein the plenary parallel sessions, the representatives ofthe continents possible was Inland Waterborne Transport. between Dialogue that there are many interesting topics related to each,proved offourparallel sessions four sets that Theof inlandwaterways. fact there were in infrastructure andto the aspects economic ied from; to RIS, success stories, to innovations continents the Conference. joined The topics var- from most of the event.300participants cessful suc- avery in September 2009andagain,itwas Conference to extended Asia. be that 2007,suggesting Rivers the Smart in October acceptedRivers andPIANC. ExCom the proposal forintensive Smart co-operationposal between ing after the Conference and submitted apro- PIANC’s InlandNavigation Commission hadameet- the organisationto support offuture Conferences. Conference forastrong stressedthe need partner and the Falls ofthe OhioRiver. Shipyard andDam,theJeffboat McAlpine Locks tour byatechnical to concluded gram was the Conference 27presentations were The made. pro- daysSystem Duringtwo ofthe discussed. was of the 12,000milesofthe US InlandNavigation During apre-Conference the future workshop, aPowerfulas Linkinthe SupplyChain’. Global The theme ‘Positioning was InlandNavigation from alloverwith the over world. 220participants The time. far Conferenceevery so the biggest was the involvement so PIANC, ofPIANC increased Conference of bythe organised US was Section ofMr.ship US Commissioner, JimMcCarville, the 2007 inLouisville, Kentucky. Under the leader- days Conference. the More two joined than 150participants port. the European Commission fortrans- responsable attended includingMr. Barrot, the J. member of of representatives from the European Union The Conference andanumber hadwidevisibility • • •

The Conference fourth held inVienna was Discussion onthe future ofthe Smart Rivers A third Conference inSeptember followed tem inEurope andthe US developing strategies water foranefficient sys- structure management forinfra- changing infrastructural framework ofIWT benefits andenvironmental theunderstanding social IAPH andMr. Van L. were Schel putonthe MOUat The signatures ofMr. of Secretary-General Inoue, S. in2001. (IAPH) signed was andHarbours Ports The MOUwith the International of Association ing aMemorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU). international organisations bysign- wasformalised other with co-ordination Existing respect. this in under the Strategic Plan, extra attention given was their Dutch collegues. programme for andsocial technical a perfect that organised hosts without the saying, Japanese countries. Itgoes topics inboth est forthese The lively discussion proved the inter- technical to andaDutch lectures speaker. byaJapanese cal distribution with were reference discussed reclamationthe forum,themessuchas andphysi- Europeans to allowed trade with During Japan. they were hundredFor years, over two the only onthe smallislanda trading ofDeshima. post whereThe venue Nagasaki, the was Dutch had maritime relations countries. the two between well attended Joint Forum to commemorate the later, ofPIANC a organised Section the Japanese island Kyushu.the Japanese Four hunderd years stranded onthe Liefde’ southern shores‘De of other non-governmental technical, organisations. PIANC and National orbetween Sections between are many exemples ofinternational co-operation there IndividualMembers, between contact direct of feesoraward from ofcommissions. Apart such is ofpayment given without expectation support ofLondon.Thisto prevent kindof the flooding inthe designofthe Thamesexperts Barragebuilt ofVeniceto the problem solve offlooding with quake. Similarlydiscussions placeonhow took ofthewith 2001earth- advice onthe occasion of PIANC the readily IndianState helped ofGujarat Section the Japanese For example, and tsunamis. hurricanes national earthquakes, such as disasters ofthis co-operation Examples include subject. the on anauthority forbeing league recognised on the problem inhand with aninternational col- ane-mailandexchangethe phoneorsend views has aproblem to resolve, heorshecanpick up ally that friends means, as when afellow member Knowing oneanother colleaguesandeventu- as across national andgoodwill friendship boundaries. tiers engenders ofknowledge international trust, with colleagues from other countries, onthe fron- Working together toward acommonpurpose International co-operation International co-operation always was there, but On 19April1600the ship Dutch sailing PIANC - AIPCN 133 More agreements followed. The Recreational Recreational followed. The agreements More from all partsfrom offers world and them of the the opportunity experiences and their compare to harmoniseachievements. IALA aids to strives that ensure and to world-wide navigation to safe, expeditious are of vessels movements the and cost effective same protect the time and at participants Among the of the environment. the 2000 PCDC seminar was a formal representative of IALA, of discussions as a result who attended between and IAPH. regarding co-operation PIANC it appropiate considered twoThe organisations a MOU, with relationship seal historical to their signed in February 2006. which was eventually years co-operated for many Commission Navigation Marine of Industries Council International the with ICOMIA Associations in particular the (ICOMIA), as possible (IMC). AsMarina Committee frequently meetings of the to sendsRecCom a representative is of ICOMIA a representative IMC and on its turn, PIANC co-operated on several co-operated occasionsPIANC with The Joint Forum of the Japanese and Netherlands Sections in Nagasaki, 2000, is a good example of international co-operation between sections. PIANC The occasion was four hundred years of maritime relations between the two countries: four hundred years ago a Dutch ship stranded on the shores of the Japanese island Kyushu. the occasion of the AGA in Paris and at a meeting and at occasionthe in Paris AGA of the and Eede den E. Van Mr. in Montreal, of IAPH signed document. strives the IAPH Taddeo D.J. Mr. fact ports the that and promote emphasize formto transportation a vital and play link in waterborne overlap mem- The global economy. of in today’s role vital a kind a so of port consists there of IAPH autorities, bership PIANC, of no Individual Members. members IAPH are Many member also are MOU, the Under and co-operation existed. already send observers each others to Associations both in Commissions meetings and can be represented Groups. and Working Association Author- of Lighthouse International the reports Group were (IALA).ities Working Joint produced. IALA PIANC, a non-profit like making is technical Association. Establishedinternational, naviga- marine aids to together in 1957, it gathers and consultants authorities, manufacturers tion Le Havre Port 2000

Le Havre Port 2000 is the name of the extension of the Port of Le Havre in the mouth of the River Seine and will ultimately comprise 4,200 m of quayside for the largest containerships. More than 50 million EUR were allocated to environmental measures, such as restoration of the mud flats and creation of resting places for birds. A 6 ha artificial island for birds was co-designed by the port engineers and ornithological and environmental experts.

Ten years of studies, works and especially dialogue (public debates, enquiries, working session, etc.) were necessary to create a the new Le Havre Port 2000, and accompany the revival of an estuary, the birthplace of a large bio-diversity. The whole Port 2000 operation will ultimately comprise 4,200 m of quay (twelve quayside berths) to accommodate the largest container vessels in operation or being planned, thus bordering back-up areas 500 m wide reclaimed from the Seine estuary, south of the old breakwaters of the Port. 1,400 m of quayside have been in commercial operation since 2006 and 2,100 m of additional quays will come on stream in 2010-2011. The construction of the port required the construction of 3,200 m of inner breakwaters and 6,000 m of outer breakwater. If the breakwater design is relatively standard, embankment dykes with rock-fill protection on the inner side and protection with concrete blocks on the side to the sea. The design of the body of these structures and their installation made it possible to meet an objective of maximum re-use of the dredged materi- als. Consequently, only half out of the 60 million m3 dredged was deposited at sea: 15 million m3 was re-used in the very body of the various break- waters and another 15 million m3 in all back-fills of the future back-up areas in the rear of the inner breakwaters. The scheduling of maritime works was of prime importance for the possible changes in the estuary sedimentology during and even after the works. The inner enclosing break- water was thus constructed first and then the main breakwater was built from West to East by previously placing the sub-base in sand and gravel materials over a long length, which made it possible to progressively redi- rect the currents and thus reduce the sedimentological impacts. More than 50 million EUR were allocated to environmental measures, which constituted a premiere for a port work site. The measures initiated concerned the restoration of the mudflats and the creation of rest places for birds, but also, especially, measures in favour of the Nature Reserve, the development and ecological management of a preserved area, the creation of an ecological beach, a fish observatory and a related monitoring system, the environmental training and information, the transfer and safeguard of protected species as well as scientific follow-up surveys for more than ten years. The first environmental measure of Port 2000 was completed and devoted to birds accommodation as early as February 2002 that is before starting the major port works. This 45 ha rest place for birds is made up of a water surface and islets in non-hunted area, connected with the Seine estuary through a canal via a gate making it possible to manage the water levels independently from the estuary. The most significant opera- tion of this vast environmental programme was the restoration of the mudflats situated on either sides of the Normandy Bridge at the cost of 23 million EUR. This work was an innovating for many reasons, especially the use of maritime engineering techniques, implementation of the princi- ples of adaptive management for the downstream groin of mudflat creation, with the construction of the only groin sub-base as a first stage and after one year of observations confirming the studies, invitation to tender for companies in 2004 on the basis of a preliminary project drawn up by a specialised research bureau via a tender in design/build for the construction of the environmental channel, setting-up of a follow-up over a period of more than ten years for the whole work aiming at carrying out a thorough follow-up study of the depths and the settlement of the new mudflats thus created. Another very emblematic construction was the creation of a new island, 320 m long and 200 m wide, south of the Seine estuary only dedicated to the rest of marine birds. Its main characteristics were worked out through real co-design between the ornithology experts (Groupe Ornithologique Normand), the Environmental experts (Directions Régionales de l’Environnement de Haute et Basse Normandie), and the engineers of the Port of Le Havre. Its complex shape makes it possible to diversify the reception and rest sites for the various species. It accounts for 5 ha on a single part at low tide and three emerging islets of an overall surface of 1.5 ha at high tide. As soon as the construction works were over, this island was invaded by numerous species of birds, thus confirming the validity of its design. 136 PIANC - AIPCN by signing a Joint Declaration. signing aJoint Declaration. by their(CCNR) willingnessto co-operate confirmed Central Commission forNavigation onthe Rhine at In2005,PIANC andthe PIANC Headquarters. signingceremony 2005 The inFebruary official was co-operation bythe agreed AGA was inMay 2004. to their formalise bodies the two between standing of RecCom. The text ofaMemorandum ofUnder- ICOMIAble, is represented inthe Working Groups present at the meetings ofRecCom. When applica- the need, scope andcomposition ofaPromotionthe need,scope Tom Wakeman, anddiscussed met inOctober first (ProCom). The Task Force, chaired byVice-President of Reference forthe newPromotion Commission a Task Force to established prepare was the Terms On the occasion ofthe 2006AGA Portugal inEstoril, On the occasion well-known organisation. technical notavery was that was PIANC to The membership. fact expand and ofNationalto enhance Sections the vitality internaland recognition. The analogous was goal to 2006-2010 was achieveworld-widecredibility One ofthe external ofthe Strategic goals Plan Promotion Commission , and adraftmarketing plan.The AGA of2007 The presentation included draftTerms ofReference • • • • here between the PIANC Secretary-General and President. and PIANC Secretary-General the between here IAPH of (right), President standing are Mr.Someya, and (left) A. Mr. PIANC. of Inoue Mr.and Van Secretary-General L. Schel, IAPH of Secretary-General byMr. Inoue, wassigned S. standing Under- of Memorandum a Sydney in Congress 30th the During presented recommendations the first to ExCom: Commission. By the followingFebruary, Mr. Wakeman

marketing plan. in the development andimplementation ofthe ProCom to professional assist shallseek services ing with other publicandprivate organisations holders anddelineate opportunities for partner- stake- andidentify potentially needs these meet PIANC activities and/orpublications thatnew existing or andidentify their perceived needs tabulate membership, prospective target sectors, outputs to PIANC andits target that describe creating andmaintaining promotional media The astrategy marketing for planshalldescribe to navigation infrastructure stakeholders reach activities regarding navigational guidance ProCom andout- educational shallincrease and execution ofamarketing plan tion ofstakeholders, the timely development ProCom responsible forthe identifica- shallbe PIANC - AIPCN 137 the World Association for Association World the Waterborne Transport Infrastructure Transport Waterborne increased membership. One of the measures to to increased measures membership. One of the object stating this wasattain a new brochure, recom- join PIANC.seven ProCom to reasons in particular the website, the improve mended to services members, to and in spring 2008 a tender renewed the year, the of end the was launched. At outcome Another operation. came into website discussions, was a new lengthy after of ProCom, slogan for PIANC: This sentence should explain the sphere of activ- sphere should explain the sentence This ity for all outsiders. purpose, of PIANC this For being cause the of confu- ‘navigation’, word the from resulting actions Other sion, was avoided. fact sheets, thematic a media data- were ProCom planning base, for better calender use of an event leader leader the The consultant conducted a survey of PIANC’s conducted consultant a surveyThe PIANC’s of The PIANC websiteThe PIANC went on-line late 1998. Following to the recommendations of the Promotion Commission it was restyled and extended in 2006. accepteded the proposals and the members of proposalsaccepteded the members of and the dual Chairmen appointed. The were ProCom Schel and L. Van Secretary-General the were Mr. H. Fiers. Ms. was appointed Alice Clijncke as Mr. which countries, ten Members from Secretary. Platinum of the included two representatives com- The commission. the Partners, completed a call drafted for proposalsmission for reviewing of PIANC, stategy market and promotion the which was launched course in the of 2007. PIANC and concluded that communications outside the world, to enough was not visible should go beyond serving just its members and transport waterborne should advocate and its as PIANC media world-wide. International infrastructure position to used be should increased and increase its influence. Eventually, in profile should result visibility and a higher 138 PIANC - AIPCN ment Goals. A similar message was sounded by sounded was Asimilarmessage ment Goals. to inachievingthe assist UNMillenium Develop- tainable economic development andapossibility which is akey elementform oftransport, ofsus- provides environmentally asafe, ion IWT friendly and created nations. Inhis opin- bridgesbetween ment ofmature economies over many centuries contributeding remarks howIWT to the develop- President Van den inhis Eede emphasised open- ple, includingHIHCrown PrinceNaruhito ofJapan. attended was US byapproximately Section, 150peo- ofthe Secretary AnneCann, andMrs. InCom, of byMr. organised which was IanWhite, Chairman Istanbul, Turkey, on17March 2009.The session, way Transport at World the fifth Water Forum in onInlandWater- session of PIANC wasaspecial National Sections. promotional materials to andtools share with of PIANC’s presence ofnew andactivities, use One of the first initiativesOne ofthe first to the raise profile management.’ within the context ofintegrated water resources and hydropowerfor inlandwaterborne transport ofthe world a lackofinfrastructure parts insome tion through There inlandwaterborne transport. is conserva- energy to hydropower, and through tion Water contributes to significantly energy produc- draft Ministerial proposed: Statement was Yokohama National University. Inconclusion,a the IndiaCentre forBuilt Environment andthe US Corps ofEngineers Institute forWater Resources, Commission for Navigation the onthe Rhine, Commission ofthe Congo River, the Central the Mekong River Commission, the International Nationalof the Serbian Navigation Authority, Köthe, Chairman ofEnviCom andrepresentatives and Tourism. Other speakers were Mr. Harald Infrastructure, Ministry ofLand, Japanese Transport Mr. Minister Narikuni Deputy ofthe Nakao, Mrs. Pat Engler. Mrs. and Commission Environmental the of Chairman first Engler, Van Velde (middle) de Sabine Mr. with Mrs. and Bob (left) Van An Schel Mrs. PIANC of Headquarters, secretaries two The ‘The water are andenergy interrelated. sectors PIANC - AIPCN 139 In 2007, it was decidedIn 2007, to establish an annual award for the Best Performing National Section. Thereare several criteria, such as increase of membership, participation Profes- of Young sionals, having a newsletter, gender friendliness, etc. The first winner was the National Section of The Netherlands. National SectionsNational India, 2007 in Kochi, AGA the it was decided At to National Best for the Performing an award create Important selection year. Section previous of the increase of membership, number of were: criteria in Work- Professionals activities, number of Young and gender of a newsletter ing Groups, publication Eede den Eric Van AGA, the friendliness. Mr. At of the an overview accomplishments gave of the candi- of each shortnominees. presentations After hav- cast all First Delegates votes. After their date, Rita Marcos votes, Vice-President the ing counted was first the win- Netherlands the announced that who acted as Wim Verhagen, Mr. award. of the ners in Beijing, Netherlands of the receivedFirst Delegate his expressing AGA and addressed the Award the section. the of his At distinction for the gratitude section the United 2009 in Helsinki, of the AGA as Best Performing was chosen of America States Section. National At theAt fifth Water Forum World in Istanbul, March 2009, PIANC sponsored a special session on Inland Transport. Water Seen here are President der Eede Van and Professor of the Tatsuhiko University,Yokohama one of the speakers atthe session. Three Gorges Dam

The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is a water project close to Yichang, China, serving flood control, power generation and improvement of the conditions for navigation. The whole project consists of a 2,335 m long and 101 m high dam, a two- way five step lock and a ship lift. The lock chambers have dimensions of 280 × 34 × 5 m. The total capacity of the locks is estimated to reach 100 million tonnes per year.

The Three Gorges Dam is a water conservancy project in the Yangtse River, 40 km upstream of the existing Gezhouba dam and close to Yichang City, Peoples Republic of China. The whole project consist of a dam, a hydraulic power plant, a navigation lock and a ship lift. The Three Gorges Dam is a multi-purpose project serving three goals; flood control, power generation and improvement of the navigability of the dangerous to navigate Yangtse River. The construction works for the project started in 1994 and it was put into operation on 16 June 2003. The dam wall is about 2,335 m long and 101 m high. The wall is maxi- mum 175 m wide at the bottom and 40 m at the top. The project used 27.2 million m3 of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel and 102.6 million m3 of earth had to be moved. About 1.2 million people had to be relocated as a result of the dam. For the first goal, flood control, water can be buffered behind the dam which makes it possible to control floods occurring about every 100 years. Until now, major flooding occurred every ten years, flooding vast areas and killing many people (over 33,000 people were killed in the 1954 flooding). For this purpose the water level is lowered from 175 m above sea level to 145 m above sea level to be able to store up to 22 billion m3. The dam is designed for a maximum water head of 113 m and creates a total storage capacity of 39 billion m3. The power generation comes from 34 turbines with a total installed power generation capacity of 22,400 MW. The average annual output is 84 trillion-watt-hours. The hydro-electric plant is expected to become fully operational in 2011. The improvement of the navigability will be reached both upstream and downstream of the dam. Upstream, the 660 km long waterway from Yichang City to Chongqing Municipality will be improved by the project due to the rising of the waterlevel in the basin. Downstream from the dam the navigability will be improved by raising the minimum discharge of the river in the dry season. Through the adjustment of the reservoir, the minimal flow downstream will increase from 3,000 m3/s to 5,000 m3/s. The Three Gorges Ship lock is a two-way, five-step ship lock and is one of the two navigation structures. The other one is a ship lift for vessels up to 3,000 tonnes, allowing these vessels to pass the dam in half an hour. Construction of the lift started in 2007 and is expected to be completed by the year 2014. The ship lock is able to handle vessels up to 10,000 tonnes, the passage through all five steps takes about three hours in total. The entire structure consists of an upstream and downstream approach channel, the locks itself, the filling and emptying system in between the locks and a mountain drainage structure. The ten lock cham- bers (two times five) have dimensions of 280 m in length, 34 m width, and a depth on the sill of 5 m. The five-step lock can be operated at any combination of upper stream level and down stream level through dif- ferent operation manners (using 3-step, 4-step and 5-step operation). The maximum water head of intermediate chambers is 45 m. The target filling time is twelve minutes for each chamber under the maximum water head. The locks are operated twenty-four hours a day. An increase of annual one-way navigation capacity up to Chongqing Municipality, from 10 million tonnes to 50 million tonnes is achieved with the project together with a decrease of 35% in navigation cost. The total capacity of the locks is expected to reach 100 million tonnes.

PIANC - AIPCN 143 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The The Change. Climate on Panel Intergovernmental group reported in 2008 and concluded: ‘Ideally, adaptive employ will community the navigation infrastructureplanning, and operational decision- social and natural account into take that making incremental of impacts the and features system systems A comprehensive time. over changes Climate change Climate most of the certainly one is change Climate important challenges century. PIANC of the 21st estab- and navigation to the threat acknowledged change expert an climate lished review to group drivers, impacts, responses and mitigation. Start- the of report assessment was 2007 the point ing Climate change creates new opportunities for navigation, such as new routes around the Arctic. When the winter period short- ens and the polar ice disappears, no more ice-breakers will be needed to keep sea lanes open and ports accessible. Although PIANC can rely on a very efforts permanent can long-standing PIANC rely tradition, Although will beneeded Association. support of the Secretary- fulltime the with Even safeguard future of a future the to deal to have will PIANC will be activities bornethe bulk of the In return, General, by volunteers. changing needs the with of its membership, on-line availability for instance of technical reports. are there But Annual General Assembly. 2009 of the decisions made by the Important were steps sea be riseglobal will level to change and resulting faced challenges predicted too. climate The Sustainable wasinfluence extent. self-evident. development ports already a great to and navigation ever. than necessary is approach A proactive port not enough. is keep construction to this more and waterway But needed is nature with working going: 8. future in the PIANC 144 PIANC - AIPCN storms inthe challenges are likely also faced to be More frequent examined. andstrongerwill be sedimentation ofincreased the possibility also the implicationschannels, level and ofthe rise sea andtheir access severe Within droughts. ports to evertions, more rangingfrom sudden floods to be modified to cope with more adverse condi-tional infrastructure andoperating criteria need view, PIANC will actively consider hownaviga- mate From change. aninlandnavigation of point taken to with deal the created challenges bycli- Itis evident thatshipping. to majorsteps be need terms sea anddeep coastal ofinlandwaterways, ther considered inthe context ofnavigation in ofclimate fur-tion, the impact changeshouldbe According at toissued the the 2009AGA. resolu- change.’ climate with ciated ofnon-lineartions and asso- in theface processes under thedynamic and performance condi-safety system are will satisfactory developed support knowledge emergesand newengineering practices approach that allows continuous upgrades as new These findings were echoed inthe were resolution echoed findings These land reclamation projects but also port extensionland reclamation port but also projects impressive of well. as number Notonlyavery ics top- management important are inparticular very in general andthe potential forregional sediment ever increasing concern forthe‘The environment The conclusions ofthe Congress 2006Estoril stated: andwaterway construction. ofport in the field dealingwith sustainable been sion has development From 1994 onwards the Environmental Commis- Working with Nature you like, inthe future. if challenges with ofclimatechange, suchresults Without doubtPIANC willhave totransport. deal ofinland waterborne extended forthebe benefit may winterperiod the over availability waterway generates Equally, opportunities. the windowof ofnewnaturalemissions. The use resources also reducing fuelconsumption andgreenhouse gas inshortening journey times, beneficial may be ofnewroutes aroundpossibility the Arctic, which new opportunitiesare created being with the future. Interms navigation ofdeep sea significant matter. costly isavery breakwaters of construction the since matter, this consider to have PIANC will breakwaters. for conditions design influencing thus storms, stronger and frequent more from suffer will breakwaters change climate to Due PIANC - AIPCN 145 nature and Establish project need and objectives and need project Establish Understand the environment identify win- to engagement Use stakeholder win opportunities Design benefit to navigation

According to the paper ‘Working with Nature’ Nature’ with paper the ‘Working to According working involves which process an integrated is identifyto and exploit win-win solutions, which both acceptable to project and are respect nature is It stakeholders. and environmental proponents which needs bean approach to applied early in flexibilitya project when possible. still is Environ- the from be considered to have issues mental very necessary beginning the project. of the Thus Environmental Impact Assessment becomes an of and damage limitation in mitigation exercise sets Nature’ with In fact ‘Working ecosystem. the by objectives project the of achieving out ways environ- deliver processes to natural working with or enhancement restoration protection, mental Things should beoutcome. done in a different order: • • • • ‘Working with Nature’ sets out ways of achieving the project will stress the necessity of drafting continuous necessity the continuous of drafting will stress In 2008 PIANC, supported and endorsed by of dredged material. These constructions will These constructions of dredged material. 3 continue in the coming decade in the a permanent with continue related environment for the and attention control consequences. and recom- guidelines Again PIANC of a lot of PIANC contribution and the mendations experts/volunteers therefore will be highly appre- experts/volunteers therefore ciated by all parties concerned. Consequently this also ‘Working with Nature’ is the title of a position paperlaunched by in 2008,PIANC endorsed by its Sister Associations, and CEDA IADC. environ- deliver to processes natural with working by objectives mental protection, restoration or enhancement outcomes. updates. Balancing the environmental and economic updates. environmental Balancing the As of, a result aspects follow.’ will be formula to the effortsamong others, the dredged of PIANC mate- rial is no longer considered as contaminated mate- rial but as a valuable possible It is resource. assess to risks of dredging environmental and manage the wetlands. and disposal restore facilities to and even of think- way another opinion of EnviCom in the But needed, approaching is and integrated a proactive design of ports with the to and waterways: ‘Working Nature’. and IADC, CEDA launched Organisations its Sister Nature’. a position with paper called ‘Working projects actually need the removal of millions of of millions removal need the actually projects m Tsunami protection breakwater

The tsunami protection breakwater at the entrance of the Port of Kamaishi is an impressive structure. The maximum water depth is 63 m, which is more than the height of the Tower of Pisa. On top of a 30 m high foundation with crest width 100 m, stands a concrete wave-absorbing caisson.

The area off the Sanriku coast in Japan is coastline with narrow V-shaped bays. Because of this, tsunami height tends to rapidly increase as it moves deeper into the bay. Particularly, the 1897 Great Sanriku Tsunami caused unprecedented catastrophic damage in the city of Kamaishi, with casualties of 4,159 (approximately 60% of the city’s pop- ulation at the time) and 837 damaged homes (approximately 80% of all homes). In 1973, the Kamaishi Tsunami Countermeasures Committee with members from the Government, local municipalities, fishery and academic experts was established, and began to study permanent meas- ures against tsunamis. There are two types of tsunami protections: (1) to build a break- water at the bay entrance to prevent tsunamis from entering the port and (2) to build a seawall along the waterfront line in the port. Breakwaters in (1) can protect the entire bay and requires no change to the existing facil- ities on the waterfront line. Seawalls in (2) are commonly constructed as a structure to protect against waves. In order to protect against tsunamis as high as the maximum run-up height of the past tsunami of over 7.9 m, a very high seawall is required along the waterfront line in the port, but it would significantly interfere with activities on the waterfront. In 1978, the Ministry of Transport, initiated a project to construct a breakwater at the bay entrance area of the port of Kamaishi. This tsunami breakwater consists of two parts: a 990 m north part and a 670 m south part with a 300 m wide opening in the middle as a water- way for large vessels. Furthermore, a submerged breakwater extending from the seabed to a water depth of 19 m was constructed beneath the waterway to increase the shielding effect of the bay against tsunamis. The water depth where the breakwater was featured with maximum of 63 m. The portion of the breakwater with a water depth below 50 m extends 1,200 m of the total length of 1,960 m, making it the world’s deep- est breakwater. Several new technologies were developed to construct this large and deep tsunami protection breakwater. In waters deeper than 50 m, an accurate ground survey cannot be performed by a conventional boring derrick. Marine auto sampler survey equipment was installed on the seabed. Undisturbed samples were taken from the marine stratum by a remote control from the vessel and an N-value standard penetration test is carried out. The maximum work depth is 80 m and the maximum drilling length is 50 m. The system per- forms good on the seabed as well as on the ground. The foundation mound of the tsunami protection breakwater is 30 m in height, 100 m crest width and 200 m bottom width. Rubble stones of 7,400,000 m3 were used to build the mound. A bottom-dump vessel equipped with position guidance systems was developed to accurately build the mound. An extensive area of dumped rubble stones at large depths cannot be leveled by divers. Therefore, a rubble leveling machine was developed, that can dump rubble stones to form the crown and flat- ten them at the same time. As for the standard structure of the main part of the tsunami protection breakwater a wave-dissipating, horizontal double-slit caisson-composite breakwater structure was used for the first large caisson (30 m in length, 30 m in width, 30 m in height, 16,000 tonne trapezoidal caisson). A steel shell-concrete hybrid caisson was used for the opening (300 m wide) of the breakwater for the passage of vessels to reduce the duration of waterway closure and the weight of the caisson. The entire tsunami protection breakwater was completed twenty- eight years after the construction began, with the completion of the south part in 2003 and the last caisson for the north part in 2006. The breakwa- ter is expected not only to protect against damage from tsunamis, but also to utilise the calm sea protected by the breakwater for fisheries and other activities. 148 PIANC - AIPCN Nature’ concept. ment andimplementation ofthe ‘Working with the challenge forPIANC: stimulate the develop- tion anddevelopment Here tools. ofmodelling is effect relationship is needed, as well as data collec- ural ecosystem is required. and Research oncause better oftheexamples understanding dynamic nat- and flora. conditionsimprove the forthe ecological fauna to order in compensated or prevented been have where negative possible environmental impacts example isin the estuary another river Seine good avoided orat LeHavre shortened. least Port 2000 were Inthis way time cases consumingSea. court reclamation inthe byestablishing North reserves to ofthe negative compensate possible effects cussions with environmental decided itwas groups, exemple. AfterMaasvlakte is agood lengthy dis- the ecosystem. The extension ofthe Rotterdam realised in fitting shouldbe objectives project So Despite PIANCs position paper and several good good andseveral paper PIANCs position Despite by National Sections, in most cases by e-mail.The in mostcases by National Sections, Ahead’there‘Sailing were newsletters several issued from Apart the members. create between abond national and international level, endavouring to at website. news from the Itcontained Association members andreadable onthe fornon-members to sixtimesyearforfree mailed per Ahead’ was Moreover,correspondents. the e-newsletter ‘Sailing est ofPIANC, provided bymembers acting aslocal anddevelopmentson projects ofinter- inthe field ‘News from the Navigation Community’, items short asection contained the Magazine articles, nical the usualtech- Beside inthefor articles Magazine. Paepe-WillemsDe Award another formed source the AGA orthe Congress. The submissions forthe to dedicated to the be ofused hostcountry Oneofthe to issues yearsend allmembers. per ‘On with issuesMagazine fourfull-colour Course’ In 2005,the Bulletin transformed was into the PIANC BulletinIn 1926the first published. was Publication policy elsewhere. and Sea North the in reserves establishing by reclamation the of effects negative possible compensate to wasdecided it groups, environmental with discussions lengthy After process. to deal 2have Maasvlakte Rotterdam’s like projects expansion Port with nature from the very beginning of the design PIANC - AIPCN 149 Many challenges have to be faced by the new new the by faced be to have challenges Many To deal with these problems, ExCom proposed these problems, deal with To was a radical indeed, change This but there was little discussion. The members of the General General of the members The discussion. was little Assembly understood a change like very that well needed badly the attain to option only was the this of PIANC. increase of outreach Safeguarding future the new policy savings The in considerable resulted and mailing costs. another enabled in printing This of a fulltime employement major change: the Secretary-General. was employee Such a fulltime to only way the team believe management the of the Association the long term. keep running on the to In fact few international one of the was PIANC Secretary a professional without organisations General and Rules Several Statutes of the adaptions necessary purpose. were for this The & Regulations problems, proposals without the accepted AGA was some about discussion there the although requirement of knowledge of the language. French lookSecretary-General. to for new forced is PIANC be to In order and new stakeholders. audiences new Qualifyingfurther recognised as a global player needed,Members are in particular in Africa, Asia support the with and Latin-America. Even of a Secretary-General,fulltime activi- the bulk of the be will expertsties borne by volunteering from respect, In that President family. PIANC large the business of core concerned: ‘The is Eede den Van availability sufficient of by the threatened is PIANC suitable experts, workload both increasing due to sectors public and private and budgetaryin the such as of expenses. limitation matters If we add a authorities by national certain of interest decrease Associations and in membership in international coun- in many trends privatisation continuing the ports in the tries sectors, and waterways PIANC its enhance visibility to in a verywill have creative number increase of in the the Furthermore, way’. a radical change of the publication policya radical publication change of the the to reports Group Magazine2009 AGA: and Working on the digitalshould be publication to limited Group be would still pos- publications Printed website. Working Magazine rule. The the to sible, but as exceptions non-members, for would Ahead’ newletter ‘Sailing the and Course’ ‘On readable be also the of only-section members via the reports only website. Non-members would be enabled to read reports, Group to enough just part Working of the version a downloadable purchase to them stimulate of PIANC. members become to better, even or, The continuation of the Magazine the of depended continuation The The website www.pianc.org and the e-newsletter ‘Sailing Ahead’ important contact between more the and for more become have HeadquartersPIANC and the membership. Webmaster and editor of ‘Sailing Ahead’ is Ms. Leen Weltens. reports from Working Groups, considered as the asthe Groups, considered reports Working from most important product reflecting and core- the of charge free distributed were PIANC, business of website. the for sale and all members to through and mailed and printed were versions English The only’-sectiondigitally ‘members published the on pub- only were versions French The website. of the lished digitally. availability of high quality on the extent a great to was supposed articles. publication technical The number a substantial of advertisements, attract to too In reality for itself. few articles paying were thus network for thereceived of correspondents and the Community’section Navigation the ‘News from expectations. the met never Staff members of news items collectHeadquarters had to interesting section fill Magazine.to this of the Income from was disappointing. advertisements other On the Group production and qualityhand, the of Working reports satisfying. was quite was another here But fifty to pages turned limitation the often problem: interesting many be the out to publish too few to examples and case And, worst of all, studies. knowledge outstandingthe of the technical work membershipof PIANC, of the the was to limited Association. Extension of the Panama Canal

The locks of the Panama Canal have become too small for the largest container vessels. In 2007 work commenced on the expansion of the canal. New locks will be 488 m long, 55 m wide and 18.3 m deep, which will allow the passage of container vessels of 12,500 TEU. This flight of locks has nine water reutilisation basins.

The increasing numbers of post-Panamax ships necessitated the Panama Canal Authority (PCA) to extend the capacity of the Panama Canal. It was anticipated that by 2011, 37% of the world’s container ships would be too large for the existing canal. The maximum throughput of the canal would be reached before 2012. When the canal reaches this capacity it will no longer be able to handle demand growth, resulting in a reduction in the competitiveness of the Panama maritime route. The pro- posal of PCA states that strengthening its competitive position will allow the canal to accommodate future demand. An enlargement scheme to allow for a greater number of transits and the ability to handle larger ships, has been approved on a national referendum by approximately 80% on 22 October 2006. Two new flights of locks are to be built: one to the east of the existing Gatún locks, and one south west of Miraflores locks, each supported by approach channels. Each flight will ascend from ocean level direct to the Gatún Lake level; the existing two-stage ascent at Miraflores / Pedro Miguel will not be replicated. The new lock chambers will feature sliding gates, doubled for safety, and will be 488 m long, 55 m wide, and 18.3 m deep; this will allow for the transit of vessels with a beam of up to 49 m, an overall length of up to 366 m and a draft of up to 15.2 m, equivalent to a container ship carrying around 12,500 TEU. The new locks will be supported by new approach channels, including a 6.2 km channel at Miraflores from the locks to the Gaillard Cut, skirting around Miraflores Lake. Each of these channels will be 218 m wide, which will require post- Panamax vessels to navigate the channels in one direction at a time. The Gaillard Cut and the channel through Gatún Lake will be widened to 280 m on the straight portions and no less than 366 m on the bends. The maximum level of Gatún Lake will be raised from reference height 26.7 m to 27.1 m. Each flight of locks will be accompanied by nine water reutilisation basins (three per lock chamber), each basin being approximately 70 m wide, 430 m long and 5.50 m deep. These gravity-fed basins will allow 60% of the water used in each transit to be reused; the new locks will conse- quently use 7% less water per transit than each of the existing lock lanes. The deepening of Gatún Lake, and the raising of its maximum water level, will also provide significant extra water storage capacity. These measures are intended to allow the expanded canal to operate without the con- struction of new reservoirs. The new locks are expected to open for traffic in 2015. The present locks, which will be 100 years old by that time, will then have greater access for maintenance, and are projected to continue operating indefinitely. On 3 September 2007, work commenced on the expansion of the canal, with thousands of Panamanians witnessing a huge explosion bite into a to mark the commencing of the earth works. The first phase of the project will be dry excavations of the 218 m wide trench connecting the Culebra Cut with the Pacific coast, removing 47 million m3 of earth and rock. The estimated cost of the project is 5.25 billion USD. The project is designed to allow for an anticipated growth in traffic from 280 million tonnes of cargo in 2005 to nearly 510 million tonnes in 2025; the expanded canal will have a maximum sustainable capacity of approximately 600 million tonnes per year. Tolls will continue to be calculated based on vessel tonnage, and will not depend on the locks used. 152 PIANC - AIPCN subventions andcontributions avoided. shouldbe of cover anddrastic increase the regular expenses PIANC shouldnotbreak toprofit. into reserves its offouryearsresults inansmall cycle that every draws budget andbusinessplaninsuchaway The FinancialCommission isexpected. to be ery ofthe exchange stock ingenerallosses andrecov- than muchlesser the was the decrease ment policy up to to invest- 25%,butthanks aconservative aloss, showed the valueofthecourse portfolio Of alittle, butdidnotcollapse. decreased bers ofmem- much.The PIANC too number hamper crisisworld-wide financial of2008-2010didnot the continuity ofPIANC’s future The activities. other subjects. andwaysideas to dealwith inother ways with considered achangefornew be as threats also can consideredto be threats as well. as However, these the availability ofinformation onthe internet are infrastructurecerning waterborne and transport Congresses andConferencesAssociations, con- Only a sound financial capacity can guarantee can capacity financial Only asound • fulfilled: conditions are to be boundary some of course, tional andnational concerned. Therefore, bodies even bythe more interna-will be recognised PIANC is convinced that information impartial mereits existence is threatened? Onthe contrary, missionto vision andthat andits adaptits even allthis willhave meanthatDoes the Association 2010 1January PIANC, of Status 125 PIANC of years of celebration the and 2010 the for Congress venue isthe River Mersey the alongside Centre Convention Liverpool modern The

W.G. reports published active Working Groups – Platinum Partners – Individual Members – Corporate Members membres, total well balanced and competent staff andcompetentwell staff balanced inspiring by a management team supported The continuing ofastrong availability and 53 105 503 2220 6 PIANC - AIPCN 153 World Asso- the ’, ‘Setting the Course’: the ‘Setting ’, Navigare necesse Navigare Task Groups dealing with topics of importance of topics dealing with Groups Task with change, ‘Working such as safety, climate non-traditional with in co-operation Nature’ groups bodies, international such with Co-operation etc. UNESCO, as IMO, elaboration in the involved Being pro-actively its core to related legislation of supra-national business Besides the current products, will increase PIANC Besides current the

‘We want to take this opportunity to express our our opportunity express to this take to want ‘We for of Flanders government the towards gratitude no cost for the at Headquarters PIANC’s hosting extent a large Association, to which contributes financial situation’. our healthy to by new of its visibility activities and outcome the initiatives, as: such • • • all input from and enthusiastic help the With will be and bright future members,the PIANC’s successful. ‘ remain will undoubtedly PIANC ciation for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure in Infrastructure Transport ciation for Waterborne come! to years many A balanced budget only to be realised through be through to realised only A balanced budget increased membership, sufficient Platinum Partners, fair fees expenditure and responsible supported by well-organ- visibility, An enlarged ised and targeted marketing, by high quality professional by the reports all stakeholders, to on both national events of successful organisation and by a selected levels out- and international on rele- releases press media with the to reach possibilities internet of the The matters. vant should be respect. fully in this exploited changing needs the of itsMeeting members by added value extra creating Professionals support Young the Continuing to in Transition Countries and the

Artist impression of inland navigation in future by the Das Das the by future in navigation inland of impression Artist brothers: fast barges for the transport of liquid chemicals. The management team is aiming clearly to fulfill aiming clearly to is team management The suc- for their way the by paving these conditions cessors A particu- of its end before mandate. the respect in this hosting the is lar point of attention government Secretariat General the by of the start the of Flanders. Right from Secretariat the General was Belgian and since 1990 by the hosted continuation The government. Flemish by the will be future for the a concern situation of this Secretary-Generalmanagement. Schel states: Van • • • • Palm Jebel Ali Island, Dubai

Dubai has a short coastline. The Palm Island adds 520 km of coastline, as well as a spectacular view from space. The reclamation and shaping of the island was a enormous dredging effort. Excavated material from the Port of Jebel Ali was used for reclamation and the work was carried out by a fleet of large sized suction hopper dredgers.

Dubai has only 40 km of coastline, which is rather short. The Palm Islands are adding 520 km of coastline, as well as offering a spectacular view on the Earth from space. The palm shape has been chosen not just for its aesthetic appeal but also for the fact that it affords the ideal geometry for creating maximum beach frontage. Each palm frond will have over 5,000 residents, 2,000 homes and a variety of shops, restaurants and entertainment attractions. Palm Island II will according to plan host a city of 300,000 inhabitants. Dredging and reclamation works for the Palm Island in Dubai com- menced in May 2002. After the successful story of the first island Palm Jumeirah largely completed at that time, the government decided to call for the construction of a second even larger Palm Island at Jebel Ali. This artificial island has also the form of a palm tree. With a diametre of approximately 7.5 km counting 17 leaves up to 2.5 km each, and with as much beach as can possibly be realized, this island is 50% larger than the first palm island. The entire palm tree is protected from the tides and heavy seas by a 350 m wide and 17 km long breakwater built around the island. The construction works are scheduled to finish in 2009. The winning contractor’s offer was the most interesting, because it made the link between the dredging works for the widening and deepen- ing project of the Jebel Ali Port Entrance and the Reclamation Works for Palm Island, thus using the suitable excavated material in the Port of Jebel Ali for the reclamation of the Palm and hence offering the best price. A separate contract in respect to the Jebel Ali Port was concluded with Dubai Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporation. The works involve the dredging and reclamation of some 210 mil- lion m3 of cap rock, sand, calcarenite and limestone. More than 10% of the material to be reclaimed is dredged from the nearby access channel of the Jebel Ali Port, which is deepened up to 17 m and widened up to 325 m. The two contracts involve the use of large sized suction hopper dredgers, such as the Juan Sebastian de Elcano (16,500 m3), the Francis Beaufort (11,300 m3), and the Gerardus Mercator (18,000 m3). These twin screw vessels dredge suitable sand at a borrow area located 30 km off- shore. On the other hand, this contract is primarily an important opportu- nity to utilize large cutter suction dredgers. For the Jebel Ali Port Entrance Channel, the heavy cutter suction dredges Marco Polo (16,116 kW), the Leonardo Da Vinci (20,260 kW) and the largest cutter suction dredge in the world, the JFJ De Nul (27,240 kW) are deployed for the dredging of the stiff caprock and stiff clay. These vessels also possess a unique barge loading system, which guarantee a higher productivity and larger flexibility in the working method. Besides the dredging and reclamation works, slope protection works for the crescent have to be undertaken. This artificial peninsula is protected from the actions of the sea by approximatly 10 million m3, equivalent to 20 million tonnes of rocks varying from 0.1 kg to 7,000 kg. All rock is being hauled by land from the Emirate Ras Al Khaimah to Jebel Ali Port, where it is being loaded into rock barges and placed into the breakwater revetment by a fleet of excavators, dumpers and bulldozers. 156 PIANC - AIPCN Congresses andannualmeetings Congresses Annex 1: 1 P = poster presentationP = * = approximately Navigation Congresses = = where recorded 810 Prs rne12 71 41 40 71 10 54 6 18 37 27 10 33 7 14 27 32 4 17 13 7 4 6 13 299 9 18 12 12 1322 1756 13 1374 1042 Düsseldorf, 490 Germany 1902 1048 Paris, France 1900 307 9 710 Brussels, Belgium 1898 8 The The Hague, Netherlands 400 1894 7 Paris, France 6 1892 Manchester, UK 1890 5 Frankfurt, Germany 1888 4 Vienna, Austria 1886 3 Brussels, Belgium 1885 2 1 120 soi,Prua 5 74 6238+18P 127+34P 163 16 121 22 10 40 85 125 133 10 111 39 47 133 107 10 10 10 97 46 10 158 12 12 105 322 120 130 56 43 62 552 263 94 32 504 26 35 11 11 12 607 110 123 130 13 876 97 UK Liverpool, 44 46 36 12 77 2010 432 Portugal Estoril, 721 36 1050* 41 2006 108 11 32 Sydney, Australia 764 2002 31 The The Hague, Netherlands 9 24 700* 950* 1998 Spain 30 Sevilla, 5 52 11 45 1994 Japan 29 Osaka, 59 59 36 1990 28 Belgium Brussels, 750* 6 960 29 1100 1985 43 27 Edinburgh, UK 8 686 1981 26 Leningrad, USSR 10 1977 25 Canada Ottawa, 20 500 1973 24 France Paris, 33 21 1969 23 Stockholm, Sweden 915 1965 22 Baltimore, USA 400* 1961 21 London,UK 550* 855 700* 1957 20 Rome, Italy 1953 19 Portugal Lisbon, 750* 2119 1949 18 1935Brussels, 17 Venice, 1250 Italy Belgium 1931 16 Cairo, Egypt 1926 15 London, UK 1923 14 Philadelphia, USA 1912 13 Petersburg, St. Russia 1908 12 Milan, Italy 1905 11 10 ervne onr eeae partners delegates country venue, year # 1 onre oispapers topics countries PIANC - AIPCN 157 COPEDEC Conferences COPEDEC 1. 1983 2. 1987 China 3. 1991 Colombo, Sri Lanka Beijing, Kenya 4. Mombassa, 1995 5. 1999 6. Brasil Rio de Janeiro, 2003 7. South Africa Cape Town, 2008 Colombo, Sri Lanka Arab Emirates Dubai, United 1985 Morocco 1986 Poland Brussels, Belgium * 1987 Agadir, Germany USA Oregon, Portland, 1988 Stettin, 1989 Munich, Denmark 1990 Spain 1991 Copenhagen, Osaka, Japan * 1992 Valencia, 1993 1994 Netherlands The Rotterdam, 1995 Italy Sevilla, Spain * 1996 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 1997 Venice, Belgium Durban, South Africa 1998 UK 1999 Ghent, France * Netherlands Hague, The The 2000 London, 2001 Paris, Norway 2002 Japan 2003 Bergen, * Australia Sydney, 2004 Fukuoka, 2005 India 2006 China South Charleston, Carolina, USA 2007 Kochi, Finland * Estoril, Portugal 2008 Beijing, 2009 Helsinki, 2010 Liverpool, UK * 1948 Antwerpen, Belgium 1948 Antwerpen, Belgium 1949 Belgium 1950 Brussels, Belgium * Lisbon, Portugal 1951 Brussels, 1952 Brussels, Belgium 1953 France 1954 Brussels, Belgium Rome, Italy * 1955 Paris, 1956 Brussels, Belgium 1957 Belgium 1958 Brussels, France UK * London, 1959 Brussels, 1960 Paris, Belgium 1961 Belgium 1962 Brussels, Switzerland * USA Baltimore, 1963 Brussels, 1964 Basel, Belgium 1965 UK 1966 Brussels, * Sweden Stockholm, 1967 London, 1968 Portugal 1969 Spain Carlo, Monaco Monte 1970 Lisbon, Italy * Paris, France 1971 Madrid, 1972 Palermo, 1973 Germany 1974 Ottawa, Canada * 1975 Hamburg, Netherlands The Rotterdam, 1976 Japan 1977 Norway DC, Washington, USA 1978 Tokyo, Italy * USSR Leningrad, 1979 Oslo, 1980 Naples, 1981 Germany 1982 Finland UK * Edinburgh, 1983 Wiesbaden, Carlo, Monaco Monte 1984 Helsinki, Annual Meetings were Commission International Permanent Annual Meetings of the II the War As a rule, World before the only an *. The with marked are latter The Congress. Navigation the location of the the in Brussels or at held turn the was Antwerpen postwarAfter in 1924. Only the exemption been here. meetings PIC have recorded was called meeting PIC the Assembly Annual General (AGA). century, of the 158 PIANC - AIPCN by **. countriesand 2009.Member in2010are marked with *.Commissions status are with anobserver marked Review ofthe 1885 countries whichare andinternational ofPIANC members between orhave been bodies, countries Member Annex 2: Laos * Laos Korea * * Japan CoastIvory * Italy Israël Ireland Indochina Indonesia India * Iceland * Hungary Greece Germany * Gambia French West Africa French Equatorial Africa * France Finland * * Estonia * Egypt * Denmark RepublicCzech * Czechoslovakia China * Chile Ceylon Canada * Cameroon Cambodia * Bulgaria British India * Brasil * Belgium CongoBelgian Bangladesh Austria * Australia * Argentina * Angola Algeria League ofNations CompanySuez Canal CommissionRhine * CommissionElbe CommissionDanube ** Yugoslavia Vietnam * Venezuela Uruguay United Kingdom * United States ofAmerica Uganda Tunisia Thailand * Switzerland * Sweden * Spain UnionSovjet * Africa South Slovakia Senegal Serbia * Russian Federation Rumania * * Portugal Poland * Peru Persia Pakistan * Norway Nigeria Zealand New Netherlands India East Netherlands * Mozambique * Morocco Monaco * Mexico Madagascar Liberia PIANC - AIPCN 159 A. Lambin- 1927) (1921 M.J. Millecam (1928 - 1956) R. De (1956 - 1958) Naeyer (1959 - 1991) H. Vandervelde (1991 - 1993) B. Faes Begin (1993 - 1999) C. Van Schel (1999…) L. Van (1976 - 1979) Harris W.G. Laval (1976 - 1979) D. (1976 - 1980) Morris J.W. (1976 - 1980) S. Kuchkin (1979 - 1983) M. Martinez Catena K.I. Lasson (1979 - 1983) R. De Paepe - 1982) (1979 (1980 - 1985) Valken K.F. Abecasis (1980 - 1985) F.M. J. Chapon (1983 - 1986) E.R. III (1983 - 1987) Heiberg (1985 - 1988) M. Hager E. (1985 - 1989) Baratono J.H.H. Gillespie (1986 - 1990) Abizanda (1987 - 1991) J.P. K. Okubo (1988 - 1992) C. (1989 - 1993) Burgt van der J.A. (1990 - 1994) Saisto (1991 - 1995) Savey P. J.H. (1992 - 1996) Sargent (1993 - 1996) H. Hatch H. Cook (1996 - 1997) J.J. Dalac (1994 - 1998) K. Mikanagi (1995 - 1999) N. Krause (1996 - 1997) A. (1997 - 2001) Fuglum A. (1997 - 2000) Ferrante - 2002) (1998 H.N. Schroten (1999 - 2003) Ritchie W.D. Vice-President: ce bearers ce In 1894, the Inland Navigation Congress and the Ocean Navigation Congress decided to merge. As a decided merge. to Congress Ocean Navigation and the Congress Inland Navigation In 1894, the G. Helleputte + L. (1898) G. de Rote Helleputte + M. Holtz (1900) M. Couvreur (1901 - 1925) G. Helleputte L. De (1901 - 1903) Rote A. Debeil (1904 - 1909) A. (1910 - 1923) Dufourny E. Gevaert (1923 - 1926) (1925 - 1956) de Vyvere S.E. Van BouckaertD. (1926 - 1939) R. De (1948 - 1956) Naeyer (1956 - 1975) Vanaudenhove O. G. (1956 - 1982) Willems R. De Paepe (1982 - 1999) (1999…) Eede den E. Van A. (1901 - 1910) Dufourny J. Richald (1910 - 1921) M.E. (1889) Bernard M.L. Somzée (1885) C. (1886) Kinsky (1888) Miquel D. M. Hicks Beach (1890) (1892) M. Cousté (1894) Conrad J.F.W. International Navigation Congress Navigation International President(s): Secretary-General: Ocean Navigation Congress Ocean Navigation President: Inland Navigation Congress Inland Navigation President: result, the first joint International Navigation Congress was held in 1898. was held Congress Navigation firstresult, the International joint The Permanent International Commission of Navigation Congresses, comparable with the present Annual Annual present the with Congresses, comparable of Navigation Commission International Permanent The only was an ad hoc Con- there 1901, 1885 to had its firstGeneral Assembly, 24 June 1901. From on meeting formation the until PIANC of President acted as the of these Congresses President The organisation. gress As next Congress. for the a rule, and he was Committee by several assisted Vice-Presidents Organising of the Secretaries. Annex 3: Annex Offi 160 PIANC - AIPCN Chairman PEC /EnviCom: Chairman SPN /RecCom: Chairman PTC II/MarCom: Chairman PTC I/InCom: H. KötheH. (2006…) Engler (1994-2008) R. Ciralli(2009…) E. M. Conti (2005-2009) C.D. vander Wildt(1994-2005) P. Frisch Hofman (1982-1994) Caude (2007…) G. D. Tromp (1995-2007) vander Burgt (1980-1995) C. WhiteI. (2007…) Knight (2004-2007) S. Ms. Jamet (2000-2004) C. P. Savey (1983-2000) AilleretJ.C. (1980-1983) M. Fernández (2009…) Alonso Y. (2008…) Kawashima (2008-2009) Srivastava R. Batra (2007…) S. (2006-2010) M. Marcos Rita Jain(2005-2008) R.K. (2004-2008) Caude G. T. Wakeman (2003-2007) Brühl(2002-2006) H. (2001-2005) Noda S. Ghosh(2000-2004) S. COPEDEC Chairman YP-Com: Chairman FinCom: /CoCom:Chairman PCDC President: V. Borges Nunes(2009…) (2006-2009) Schüttrumpf H. J.U. Brolsma (2006…) (2002-2006) M. Japes Almagia(1994-2002) E. R.P. (1991-1994) Sybesma W.R. Murden (1983-1991) (2009…) Rao A.R. (2009…) Smeltz E.J. Ligteringen (2005-2009) H. F. (2001-2005) Kapp VelsinkH. (1996-2001) (1989-1996) Simoen R.A.J. WarmingC. (1987-1989) F.M. (1985-1987) Abecasis (1977-1985) Loewy E. R. Galappatti (2006-2008) R. Amarasinghe (1983-2006) S. PIANC - AIPCN 161 upgrading Mississippi River Mississippi studies and simulator breakwater. PIANC De Paepe-Willems Award DePIANC Paepe-Willems In 2002, memory. in his in 2000, a fund Robert was created De Paepe retired Willems, Mr. successor the of Mr. When is Award 2003, the From Robert Award. Willems Gustave De Foundation the the Paepe with it was decided merge to Award. known as De PIANC the Paepe-Willems 2003 2004 H. Overtopping Schüttrumpf: on Seadikes, Flow Investigations Experimental and Theoretical Wave 2005 Barrage Logic Cardiff Bay at Control Sluice Gate Revise Hydraulic Modelling the E. to Fananello: 2006 Functionality and Stability the of Coastal Structures Study J.L. to Flume Lara: A Numerical Wave 2007 M. Bleck: of Artificial Hydraulic Function The Reefs 2008 A.A. Roubos: Walls Design near Quay in the Dealing Uncertainties of Bottom Protection with 2009 Managing and assessing Glamore: boat waves wake W. 2010 ecological of the analysis effects A probabilistic of sand mining for Maasvlakte 2 van Kruchten: Ms. Y. framework “Seine in the of lock of the and analysis - Escaut gates Gernay: Optimisation - Est” waterway T. The aim of the De Paepe-Willems Award is to encourage Young Professionals to submit for presentation outstanding submit for presentation to Professionals Young encourage to is Award De aim of the Paepe-Willems The was established in honour of Award Willems of PIANC. annual Gustave technical The articles fields in the of interest in 1982. death his 1956 until from of PIANC Willems, President Gustave Professor 1985 1986 Ras Simm: Rapid at J.D. harbour Libya Lanuf, construction design of coastal use models hydraulic harbours in the Smallman: The and computational of physical J.V. 1987 1988 M.A. Knott: Bridges with Ship Collision 1989 de la Seine l’estuaire des fonds dans L. Hamm: Analyse de l’évolution Fill and Empty J.L. to a Lock Chamber Jaeger: New Way – The Rotary Valve 1990 software and design structures computation stiffened hydraulic the for the Rigo: LBR—3, Ph. experienced on the problems solution navigation to a new structural Weirs, Bendway R.D. Davinroy: 1991 1992 A. par cabotage des marchandises Lamrini: maritime Le transport inter-urbain 1994 biologique des milieux navigués valeur – Mise en environnement et navigables G. Voies Collilieux: 1995 Dredged using Material Ms. Enhancement E. Environmental Paipai: 1996 Reeve: Stochastic Methods D. for Maritime Resource Stewardship 1997 Vessels Admittance Policy Deep Draught Probabilistic Savenije: P.Ph.A.C. 1998 Characterization Ms. J.L. Wave-field to Sensitivity Sedimentation Prediction of Channel Irish: recommendations General – areas manoeuvring ship of dimensions horizontal the Determining J.R. Iiribarren: 1999 2001 walls crown rubble mound breakwater on forces of waves Martin: Experimental study F.L. mound a rubble inside attenuation and numerical modelling of pore pressure Experimental study Troch: P. 2002 Boat of Anderton Lift restoration The M. Clarke: Gustave Willems Award Annex 4: Annex Awards 162 PIANC - AIPCN 09 United States ofAmerica 2009 2008 Netherlands presented at the AGA 2007. At to the establish anAward AGA decided 2006,itwas Performing forthe The Best National Award Section. first was Performing NationalBest Section Yachting BahiaMar Center, USA Lauderdale, Florida, inFort USA Marina, Charleston City 2010 Portugal dePortimao, Marina Algarve, 2009 USA Indiana, HammondMarina, 2006 Italy Punta Marano, Gabianni, Marina 2005 USA LosAngeles, Marina, Cabrillo 2004 2003 is excellence to Design recognise Marina inthe designofrecreationalfor Outstanding around facilities boating the world. to establishanawardThe ofPIANC Unitedproposed States inhis Section memory. ofthe JackNicholAward The purpose In 2001,JackNichol,alongtime andactive ofRecCom member andwell-known marinadesigner, away. suddenly passed Jack NicholAward PIANC - AIPCN 163 operation of yacht harbours and marinas with special referenceto the environment Waterways 1980 final report of Waves, Study for the Commission International 1981 1982 Harbours for Yacht Designof Breakwaters 1983 Dry Boats Berthing of Pleasure Signals Traffic for Port Recommendations 1984 Areas in Muddy Navigation Classification of Soils and Rocks be to Dredged 1985 Development of Inland Waterway Implications Economic in Deeper Water Stability Mound Breakwaters The of Rubble Systems Design the of Fender for Improving Commission International 1986 Goods Dangerous in Ports Handbook, Maintenance Port 5: Mechanical Chapter equipment of Sea List Parameters State Bottom Hard Large Clearance for with Fairways Ships in Maritime Underkeel 1987 of Locks Study for the Commission International Disposal Sea at of Dredged Material Requirements Bank Protection Determining when Risk Consideration Handbook, Maintenance Port areas 3: Roads and storage Chapter 1988 Lifts for Inland Geo-textiles Incorporating Revetments of Flexible Design for the and Construction Guidelines Craft Aids for Pleasure of Navigation Provision The 1989 Ship Modern of Marine Terminals Development of Dry Docks Study the for Commission Maintenance of Channel Methods Economic In addition to papers, that were presented at Congresses and Congress proceedings, and Congress published: Congresses PIANC at presented papers, were to In addition that 1934 1936 Weirs X: River Chapter Dictionary, Technical Illustrated 1938 Locks VIII: Dictionary, Chapter and Dry Docks Technical Illustrated 1939 VII: Ports Dictionary, Chapter Technical Illustrated 1951 II: Rivers, Canals Dictionary, Chapter Streams, Technical Illustrated 1957 Materials V: Dictionary, Chapter Technical Illustrated 1959 Sea I: The Dictionary, Chapter Technical Illustrated 1963 and Methods Plant VI: Construction, Chapter Dictionary, Technical Illustrated 1967 XII: Maritime Signals Dictionary, Chapter Technical Illustrated 1968 Boats & Vessels IV: Chapter Dictionary, Technical Illustrated 1971 Commission Oil Tankers International 1972 of Roll-on/Roll-off Ships and Berths Standardisation of the Commission International 1973 Classification for the of Soils Commission be to Dredged International first part of Waves, Study for the Commission International 1976 1977 Harbours: and Design General Dimensions Yacht Reception and their Big Tankers second part of Waves, Study for the Commission International 1979 of Large (ICORELS) Ships Reception for the Commission International for Sport Navigation Commission and Pleasure International Standards for the construction, equipment and Effects of Dredging Environmental of the Study for the Commission International Annex 5: Annex Major publications of PIANC 164 PIANC - AIPCN River (Technical Information Services Brief) Environmental forcontaminated facilities guidelines foraquatic, disposal nearshore anduplandconfines Recreational Navigation andNature Systems Mooring forRecreational Craft Material ofContaminated Dredged (Technical Management Brief) Guidelines forthe designoffender systems structures designguidelines Seismic forport Connections Marina Service 2002 Vessel Traffic andTransport Management inthe InlandWaterways Information andModern Systems Standards ofinlandwaterways forthe use byrecreational craft ShipCollisions dueto the Presence ofBridges Site investigation requirements fordredging works Dangerous inports cargoes 2001 andrelated Environmental industries management forports framework ofenvironmental Glossary terms andterminology Factors involved instandardising the dimensions Vb waterways ofclass 2000 HandlingandTreatment ofContaminatedMaterial Dredged fromandInlandWaterways Ports Inlandwaterway vessels andpollution Planning ports offishing structures managementofport Lifecycle 1999 Material Guide Dredged Management Material ofDredged Management ofAquatic Disposal Review ofselected standards for designs dock floating Guidance onmarinesanitation pumpouts 1998 aguidefordesign Approach channels, HandlingandTreatment ofContaminatedMaterial Dredged fromandInlandWaterways, Ports Volume 1 Guidelines quay forthe under piled designofarmoured open slopes walls Standardization ofShipsandInlandWaterways Navigation forRiver/Sea Reinforced Vegetative BankProtections Utilising Geotextiles 1997 andAutomated Advanced andBridges Operation ofLocks forPleasure Pictograms Navigation Centenary ofthe Permanent International ofNavigation Association Congresses 1885-1985 HandlingandTreatment ofContaminated Material Dredged from andInlandWaterways Ports Powered Guidelines ofCertain forthe Use Waterscooters suchas Craft, Criteria forMovements ShipsinHarbours ofMoored 1996 Port Facilities forFerries Floating andConstruction Breakwaters, GuideforDesign aPractical Container Transport with InlandVessels 1995 Problems created bySaltwater Infiltration 1994 Guidelines andConstruction forthe Design ofFlexible Revetments Incorporating 1993 Analysis ofRubble MoundBreakwaters Simulation ofShipManoeuvring forApproach Channels Models andFairways inHarbours Capability Chapter 4:Railways Port Maintenance Handbook, Material ofDredged Uses Beneficial Yacht forMarine andManagement Facility Specification Harbours 1992 Analysis ofOperating ofCosts Vessels onInlandWaterways bya to Material Caused Degradation Maintenance Structuresof Maritime andRepair Inspection, Exposed onUnderwater byShipswith Bows Structures Bulbous The DamageInflicted 1991 Standardization ofInlandWaterways Dimensions Material ofDredged from Management InlandWaterways Automatic Waterways Management ofCanalized HydraulicProblems andits andControl Supervision ofLongLateral Embankments 1990 dredged materialdredged WaterSalt Environment Environment

Geotextiles in Marine Geotextiles inMarine PIANC - AIPCN 165 caused environment by a salt-water 2003 wash high speed from wake for managing Guidelines vessels berm breakwaters of designing and constructing State-of-the-art walls vertical with and inclined concrete Breakwaters 2004 restoration for wetlands guidelines Ecological and engineering and Navigation for Sustainable Inland Waterways Guidelines icing channel of problems economic and Technical Robert follow De to who set a path two Willems: Paepe and Gustave Presidents PIANC Services Information River for recommendations and Guidelines degradation exposed material damage and constructions to of maritime and repair Inspection, maintenance 2005 boating facilities Disability for recreational access guidelines aspects Economic of inland waterways of marinas Dredging 2006 in ports habitat management Bird and waterways Catalogue of prefabricated elements infrastructure of navigation and renovation Maintenance corrosion low water Accelerated 2008 barriers surge Design weirs and storm of movable and disposal of dredging assessment operations risk Environmental quality in marinas water Protecting Biological assessment guidance for dredged material and navigation change Climate of locks operation and bridges remote and Automation Ports located in small islands 2009 impacts of vessels environmental reduce to Considerations harbour Minimising siltation environment practices for the management Dredging Life cycle port of management infrastructures as a resource Dredged material construction in marine structure materials use The of alternative and flood of navigation context the Sustainable within management waterways of Confined management Long term Disposal for dredged material Facilities 166 PIANC - AIPCN . co-operating closely with other inthe associations l. promoting acomprehensive ofinternational network k. ofcountries needs intransi- the special recognizing j. contributing to the integrated management ofnav- i. the international being forumforanalysis anddiscus- h. anddisseminating identifying practice worldbest g. gation by: tainable development ofallkindswaterborne navi- tion are to advance, onaworldwide the basis, sus- 3a. Art. Journal. inthelished Annexes to the Official Belgian ofthea decision Council. Any suchtransfer pub- willbe transferred be It can anywhere inthe region Brussels by 20,11th floor, II, 3. Boulevard duRoiAlbert box Brussels, current region Its sels ofBelgium. in1000 is seat located 2. Art. tions andbyindividuals. ies andis to open membership bycorporate organiza- and regional Governments ortheir representative bod- bynational, is federal sponsored The Association law”). andfoundationsassociations (hereafter “the called international associations, on non-profit non-profit by the provisions oftitle IIIofthe law of27June1921 law, byBelgian ance withandgoverned andparticularly constituted inaccord- makingAssociation non-profit international and non-political andtechnical scientific to changed “PIANC”. in1885willbe Brussels Itis an ofNavigationAssociation Congresses” established in 1. Art. aimandduration seat, 1:Name, Part Statutes Annex 6: and related subjects. zonemanagement coastal waterways, ofports, field holders; professionalsnavigation andother stake- andport tion andproviding appropriate assistance andadvice; water systems; igable environment; technology, and safety with other modes, transport integration management,policy, design,economics, including ofwaterborne transport sion ofallaspects information; andimpartial sionally sound improved onprofes- about decision makingbased viding accessto international inorder to data, bring recommendations,(guidelines, standards) andpro- The seat of the Association is located inthe is Brus- located The ofthe seat Association The initial nameof“Permanent International The ofthe aimandthe Associa- objectives the Association. the corporate members whopay to anannualsubscription theyregistered individualor capacity, be inapersonal tus are: representatives ofregional groups andmembers 7b. Art. – – – – are: having the right to vote inthe Assembly, General 7a. Art. andnatural legal both persons. be whocan bers, mem- members andhonorary subscribing members, 6. Art. lessthanhowever not be three. 5. Art. 2:Membership Part duration. 4. Art. lish orFrench countries. speaking conferences publications Eng- outside andinlocal ings, where appropriate activities such asmeet- forspecific English andFrench. Other employed languagesmay be 3c. Art. aim. this sary, the internal procedures to followed to achieve be is as neces- insofar and regulations” whichwilldefine, 3b. Art. ing groups. create can aim, the commissions Association andwork- directly orindirectly related to aim.To its achieveits any undertake can otherThe activity Association

intergovernmental organizations. intergovernmental (GA); ship bythe GeneralAssembly ernmental after members approval oftheir member- andduties gov- rights as the same shallobtain bodies national ornational these sections member; ifying of whichthe governments are not(any more) aqual- national ornational from sections countries bodies regional governments ofanational state; national governments; These statutes These complemented willbe by“rules The Association is constitutedThe foranunlimited Association The number of members is ofmembers The unlimited; itshall number The Association is composed of qualifying ofqualifying is composed The Association The official languages of the Association are languagesofthe Association The official The subscribing members, with advisory sta- with advisory members, The subscribing The qualifying members of the Association, of the members Association, The qualifying PIANC - AIPCN 167 The General Assembly General The least must be at held The General Assembly General for:The competent is Are also invited to the GA: the also to Are invited Executive members Committee; of the all the com- organizing of the as observers, representatives and Congresses; GA’s of future mittee needed. when of working groups chairpersons Each qualifying be to member has repre- right the Eachqualifying member can for only actas proxy sections; proposal national of the rules the with in accordance and 4 Vice-Presidents and regulations; reports; tors; a social with tion aim.

In determining the total number of delegates any frac- any number of delegates total the In determining ½ over fraction any or less shall be of ½ tion ignored; as one delegate. shall count – – – delega- Association one national only The recognizes GA.Only meetings of the the at Chief Delegate tion the attending alternate, or his delegation, of each national for- in any participate to shall be meeting the entitled and it shall be responsibilitymal vote Chief the of the of votes total the way in what determine to Delegate shall be cast. of each delegation Chief Delegate his The dispose shall for each of one vote delegation national GA. the send to to entitled country is his that delegate Assembly General qualifying the at sented by another member. qualifyingone other member. Art. 13. a. statutes; the to amendments b. rules and regulations; of the approval c. members on of Council and dismissal appointment d. Secretary-General President, of the appointment e. plans; of strategic approval f. of approval budgets, accounts and management g. and subscriptions; of subventions approval h. of new commissions; approval i. of congresses, approval j. of cooperation agreements; approval k. of auditors; and dismissal appointment l. members and audi- be Council to to given discharge m. expulsion of members; n. voluntary Association; of the dissolution o. Association of the an organiza- into transformation Art. 14. All qualifying first mem- once in the half of every year. bers Subscribing shall be members and honor- invited. ary members can advisory be with invited, status, by General Assembly The Council. the can be convened or of two President of the request the at extraordinarily members.Council It shall also be at when convened least one-fifth qualifying of the so members request. C A + B The annual fees to be annual fees to The set paid members by is Under no circumstances are members person- are no circumstances Under Assembly General The all members. includes honorary The advisory with members status Resigning, expulsed or deceased members, and Any member is free to withdraw from the Asso- the from withdraw free to member is Any national section or national body section or national national country that from tions Only the qualifyingOnly the in art. members mentioned 7a Assembly General of delega- The (GA) shall consist The annual subvention of qualifying annual subvention members The annual subscription fee The of subscribing members subscription annual of honoraryThe members subven- of their who defaultMembers on payment Art. 12. vote. to right the have minimum least the paid at having countries from tions number of dele- The year. previous for the subvention send to GA entitled the which each country is to gates GA shall be of the and a a meeting a Chief Delegate to formula: by the determined number of delegates Part 3: General Assembly where: A = Government, by the paid subvention actual the B = and individual subscrip- sum of corporate the C = minimum subvention the a attend who may maximumThe number of delegates Chief Delegate. GA plus the shall be of the meeting ten Art. 7c. all persons Assembly General by the are: approved who significant given service supporthave or substantial for the Association. Art. 8. to of resignation letter a written by submitting ciation Secretariat. General the Expulsion of members can only having be after decided Assembly, General by the its defense. present to member in question the invited Art. 9. heirs or legaltheir successors, the rights no to have assets Association. the of cannot claim reimburse- They partial of the or full of contributions. amount ment Art. 10. amounts It can set General Assembly. different by the for qualifying, subscribing and honorary members. cannot € 50,000. be than higher cannot € 20,000. be than higher cannot € 500. be than higher or subscription fees for two be years ceasetions to association. members of the Art. 11. Association. of the ally liable for commitments 168 PIANC - AIPCN . Dissolution ofthe requires association con- the same c. Amendments to the statutes submitted to willbe b. To review andchangethe statutes andthe finan- a. not sufficient: decisive. members are presentifying orrepresented. ifhalfofthe ofvotes, qual- byasimplemajority decide law andlisted hereafter, may the Assembly General 17. Art. side. whowillpre- decides which the bysimplemajority GA to attend, bythe Vice-President senior present, failing President andinthe event that heis absent orunable 16. Art. of the members present request. so 17–ifone-third inArt. specified majorities as ing special that are notonthe agenda –except fordecisions requir- take can validdecisions onitemsGeneral Assembly The putonthe agenda. shallbe members the qualifying ments are to attached the invitation. The agenda is bythe set Council. docu- The supporting days the before meeting andmentioning the agenda. letter,ordinary bythe President, signed at thirty least is convened bythe Council Assembly General byan day, hourandplaceindicated inthe invitation. The 15. Art. ditions the changeofthe as aimofthe Association. law. the to journal,pursuant the annexes ofthe official Belgian the and published in Federal Justice Public Service after meeting. the first days held meeting at shallbe thirty least second This ofthe aimofthe Association. modification members presentqualifying orrepresented for the or represented offour fifths ofthe andamajority present members thirds oftwo oftheity qualifying approved willthan with be amajor-modifications members present orrepresented.qualifying The held thatbe regardless shalldecide the of number meeting shall asecond meeting, sented at the first members are notpresentthe qualifying orrepre- present orrepresented. thirds the two of Incase members ofthe offourfifths qualifying majority approved only can be with aof the Association to thechanges with aimandobjectives respect members present orrepresented.ifying However, thirds oftwo ofthe qual- amajority at least needs explicitly mentioned inthe invitation. Any change or represented. The changes proposed must be present thirdsmembers, two least ofthe qualifying mustconsisttions, the ofat General Assembly cial provisions covered inthe Rules andRegula- is asimplemajority cases In the followingspecial In the event ofatie, the vote ofthe President is Any signedbyat least proposal onetwentieth of The General Assembly shall be held onthe shallbe The Assembly General The General Assembly is presidedThe over General Assembly bythe Except in the special cases stipulated bythe cases inthe special Except

d. The Secretary – General whom is elected foraterm –General whomis elected The Secretary d. The 4Vice–Presidents fora whomare elected c. The President foraterm whomis elected of4years b. onerepresentative government, per national sec- a. follows: Council is membership as sisting 10persons. ofat least 19. Art. 4:Council Part ident. of law orelsewhere, are bythe validly to Pres- signed be provided, to inacourt be copy ofthe Extracts minutes. register.recorded inaspecial a obtain Any can member recorded bythe signed President inminutes, and 18. Art. To forother member reasons aqualifying expel d. Assembly. The appointment shall become effective Assembly. effective The appointment shallbecome ing members present orrepresented at the General ment ofvotes ofthe orbyasimplemajority qualify- byaconsensus He is agree- elected of eight years. andOceania. Asia and Africa, Europethree America, regions andSouth North oneVice-Presidentleast representing eachofthe At any time ofthe there GA. at occasion shallbe One Vice-President replaced each yearat willbe the present orrepresented at the General Assembly. members ofvotes ofthesimple majority qualifying bya or agreement byaconsensus elected shall be onlyoneterm. Theyterm serve of4yearsandcan be produced. taken ofhis inhis ifproof be summons absence can The may decision heardhave also inperson. been termination andatposed whichthe President shall reference to aspecific which shallcontain the pro- inaccordancevened 14,the with agenda Article of annual orextraordinary meeting con- ofthe GA nated either byresignation orbyavote taken at an a majority. termi- may be The term also ofoffice heldanother until willbe ballot acandidate achieves dates that Inthe mostvotes. received event ofatie candi- the two held between willbe ballot a second suchamajority,sented. obtain Ifnocandidate does members present ofvotes orrepre- ofqualifying ity byasimplemajor- bytheelected General Assembly ofthreeand foramaximum terms. The president is statutes inthe national arethat defined fulfil he/shecan his/her term ofterms number andthe maximum Chief delegate orhis/her substitute. The duration of are ornational representedsections bodies bya The national governments, tion ornational body: necessary. members presentof the orrepresented qualifying is thirds oftwo 10amajority than mentioned inart. The Association is byaCouncil directed con- The Association The are decisions ofthe General Assembly

PIANC - AIPCN 169 The Executive Committee can delegate part can delegate Committee Executive The The Council establishes the rules and regula- establishes the Council The and financial daily can delegate Council The can Council also The confer all special pow- Acts Association binding the signed by the are assets of all AssociationThe of the consist financial The year begins on 1 January and ends sections or national bodies;sections or national members; support to wishes Association; the that pany belongs Association; the to General the to presents Council the Every year, The Council members have no personal members have obligation Council The Part 5: Assets – resources Art. 27. Association the movable or immovable property that purchases or receives as donations to ensure achieve- Association of its income of the aim. The ment consist notably of: a. governments, national by the awarded subventions b. subscription fees of subscribing and of honorary c. bequests com- parties or any of members, private d. capital on the Association; of the interest e. by or managed is of movable property income that f. Association. of the activities all the from income Part 6: Budgets – Accounts Art. 28. on 31 December every year; books the are and records date. closed on that Assembly a fiscal for approval report accounts of of the a report with on the together income and expenditures on financialactivity affairs and a statement Asso- of the financial previous year and a report for the of ciation following year. for the budget the Art. 24. necessary it considers association that the run to tions Gen-submits It the these and can them. rules to amend Assemblyeral for approval. Art. 25a. management of the Association, with the authorized signature that pertains thereto, to an Executive Com- Presi- mittee. Executive of the consists The Committee Secretary-General, and the dent, 4 Vice-Presidents the Chairpersons. Commission the Art. 25b. Secretary the and to President of its the powers to General. Art. 25c. ers, all prox- described to in time, and limited precisely ies of its will set remuneration the Council choice. The these proxies. to be might awarded that Art. 26. unless otherwise specifiedPresident, Council. by the Association. of the commitments the concerning The Council meets when convened by the by the meets convened Council when The The Council can take decisions only if a major- can decisions take Council The The decisions of the Council are recorded recorded are Council of the decisions The has direct power Council and manage the to The only after a probation period of two a probation years. Sec- The after only of retary-General shall be for further terms eligible four years. of duty and can term for a four-year Council by the serve terms. only three and in President by the over presided is Council The a. under members individuals mentioned are The of duty or in case term of their end the of resigna- At act, for any kind, concerning of any competent It is reports General Assembly Council the The to on its e. appointed Chairpersons whom are Commission The & Regu- Rules internal in the personsOther determined part take meetings can to in Council be invited lations observers. as the event that he is absent or unable to attend by the failing Council present, which the Senior Vice-President by simple majority decides who will preside. voting a member with is rights. President voting with The caserights only in the individuals mentioned of a tie. The rights. voting c., members without under d. and e. are Council on the members remain outgoing Council tion, effective their replacement. until Art. 20. of or by two members. letter Council The President the shall include with signed President by the invitation meeting. of the and venue hour the agenda, day, the Art. 21. deci- The or represented. ity present of its are members by a simple majority of votes, taken without are sions or Each present member of abstentions. taking account vote the of a tie, event In the one vote. has represented decisive. can member Every is Council President of the Every mem- Council member. by another be represented member. Council ber for only an other can act as proxy Art. 22. a in and recorded in minutes, signed President by the member can Any obtain a copy of the special register. minutes. Extracts be in court to or elsewhere, provided, be to validly signed President. by the are Art. 23. Association Association. the the in judicial It represents Association acts. the and other as plaintiff It represents judicial proceedings. in any or defendant It decides on in judicial be to presented arguments action and any any Association the represent proceedings. to mandate The in court Secretary-General. can the be to given and policy,both and particularly for the management of free disposal of all movable and immovable property, or striking for constituting or for consideration, charge for taking out or granting mortgageany registration, for carrying loan term, the and setting any any out or banking act.commercial management. 170 PIANC - AIPCN of the law Statutes. andincompliancewith these according bythe to General Assembly decided the terms decision,right only orbyjuridical dissolution can be 30. Art. 8:Dissolution –liquidationPart Assembly.General The the oftheir results auditors auditto report the bythe Assembly. General appointed auditors, by two 29. Art. 7:AuditorsPart terms ofthe law. pursuant to the file, inits andlodged tice Public Service of the Council, the Council andthe members auditors. and the is management equivalent to report discharge Approval by the General Assembly ofthe Approval accounts bythe Assembly General The accounts will be transmittedThe willbe to accounts the Federal Jus- The accounts of the Association are audited The ofthe Association accounts Other than in cases whereOther than dissolution is incases by Agreed in Estoril, PortugalAgreed inEstoril, onMay 12,2006 andfoundations.tional associations non-profit interna-law associations, of27June1921onnon-profit statutes is governed bythe provisions oftitle IIIofthe b. to members orformer members. Assembly. bythe designated General aim,to be social having associations asimilar non-profit one orseveral to allocated willbe association ofthe dissolved assets a. 31. Art. of the mostdiligent party. bythe appointed judicialauthorities atbeen the request ment liquidators, ofoneorseveral unlessthey have Regardless ofthe fordissolution, reason the net Everything that isEverything notexplicitly stipulated inthese Under no circumstances can the assets be allocated allocated Under be nocircumstances the can assets The dissolution decision the mustcontain appoint- PIANC - AIPCN 171 tional Associationtional Authorities) of Lighthouse BFR Belgian Franc AGA AIPCN BFR Belgian Annual General Assembly CCNR de Navigation des Congrès Permanente Association Internationale CEDA Rhine on the for Navigation Commission Central CEVNI Association Dredging Central CIP Waterways Code Navigable for Inland European du Rhin) pour la Navigation Centrale (Commission Commission CoCom Communication ComCom Commission Commission Co-operation COPEDEC International Permanente Internationale Commission Intérieure) de Navigation des Voies (Code Européen ECE in Developing Engineering on Coastal Countries and Port Conference Editing EdCom EEC Commission EFIP for Europe Commission Economic Nations United Environmental EnviCom Committee ESCAFE Executive Enlarged Committee Sterling EUR Euro Commission of Inland Ports Federation European East Asia for Far ExCom Commission and the Economic Executive Nations United Gesellschaft Financial FinCom GBP Pound Headquarters HQ Commission Hafenbautechnischen HTG History HisCom IADC IAHR IALA Association Companies of Dredging International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research International IAPH Interna- (formerly: Authorities and Lighthouse Association Navigation of Marine Aids to International ICCE ICOLD Association of Ports and Harbours International ICOMIA Engineering on Coastal Conference International ICORELS Dams on Large Commission International of Marine Council Industry Associations International IHO Ships of Large Reception for the Commission International IMC IMCO IMO Organization Hydrographic International InCom Marina Committee ICOMIA Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization IOC (before 1982: IMCO) Organization Maritime IPCC International Commission Inland Navigation ISO IWT Committee Organizing International Change on Climate Panel Intergovernmental L(D)C MarCom for Standardization Organization International MOU Transport Inland Waterway Convention London (Dumping) Commission Navigation Maritime PCDC PEC of Understanding Memorandum PIANC for Developing Countries Committe Permanent Commission Environmental Permanent Congresses Association of Navigation International Permanent Annex 7: Annex Abbreviations 172 PIANC - AIPCN PCm Young Professionals Commission Technique (Union desAssociations Internationale) YP-Com United Nations Educational andCultural Scientific Organization USD American Union ofInternational Engineering Organisations Transportation Board Research UNESCO Transport Infrastructure NeedsAssessment Unit Twenty Equivalent feet UATI dollar Permanent andRecreational Commission Navigation forSport TRB andPleasure Navigation forAdvice onSport Joint Subcommittee TINA River Information Services TEU SRN Permanent Technical Commission SPN Recreational Navigation Commission Permanent International Commission RIS RecCom Permanent International Congresses ofRoad Association PTC PIC PIARC PIANC - AIPCN 173 W. Bijman W. 154 R.A. Cann 139 H.N. Cook 66, 70, 85, 87, 100, 112, 138, 173 Fidell T. 77 Green T. 145 R. De Paepe 64, 65, 78, 79, ,88, 89 , 92, 108 J.H.H. Gillespie 18, 67, 84 A. Hijdra 140 M.J. Niemi 104 J. Silence 103, 115 H. Smitz 95, 108, 119 L. Weltens 149, 177 Mr. H.N.Mr. Cook, delegate of the USA and enthusiastic photogra- pher events. at PIANC fahrtsverwaltung 90, 111, 128 Tourism 146 Tourism 54, 58, 61, 93, 94, 115, 118, 127, 137 103, 105, 120, 139 ACC Liverpool ACC 152 Baggermuseum Sliedrecht 11 Waterways British 122 Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau 48 Binnenvaart Voorlichting Bureau 153 State Canal Society of New York 13, 31 du Rhône Nationale Compagnie 74 Finstaship 143 Havenbedrijf Rotterdam 43, 55, 59, 148 19, and Japanese Ministry of Land, Transport Infrastructure, Kansai Airport 98 Huisarchief Koninklijk 21 Maersk Lines 62 GabbianiMarina Punta 125 MuseumMaritiem Rotterdam 12 Museum of London 22 Canal Authority Panama 150 Headquarters PIANC 25, 27, 32, 33, 37, 39, 42, 47, 50, Section Australian PIANC 125, 136 GermanPIANC Section 26, 28 Section French PIANC 134 ItalianPIANC Section 130 JapanesePIANC Section 97, 133 Monaco SectionPIANC 116 Section Portugese PIANC 106, 126 Section USA PIANC 34, 80, 121, 124 Rijkswaterstaat 68, 72, 101, 144 40, DüsseldorfStadtarchiv 24, 30 Agency UK Enviroment 82 District of Engineers, Louisville Corps USA 44 Via donau 131 De Binnenvaart Vereniging 46 VNF/ Pascal Lemaître 107 und Schiff Wasser- K. d’Angremond 64 Brolsma J.U. 51, 56, 60, 71, 86, 96, 102, 14, 17, 20, 38, Illustrations Acknowledgements

This book was prepared by the ‘History Commission’ Association of Navigation Congresses 1885-1985’ (HisCom) of PIANC chaired by J.U. Brolsma, consist- (Brussels, 1985), in particular in Chapter 1 on ing of the following members in alphabetical order: the history of PIANC written by former Secre- T.M. Ballentine, J. Chapon, J.H.H. Gillespie, R. De Paepe, tary-General H. Vandervelden. Another inter- S. Noda, J.L. Oliver and H.P. Tzschucke. Other written esting publication was ‘Souvenirs de neuf Con- contributions were received from: J. Brooke, S. Cork, grès de Navigation’ (Brussels, 1907) from F.B. de 174 E. Van den Eede, R. Engler, A. Ferrante, A. Hijdra, Mas. K. Kostiainen, N. Krause, P. Savey, J. Silence, L. Van Additional information was acquired by Schel, H. Schüttrumpf, D. Tromp, H.J. Verhagen. interviewing the following persons: Mrs. C. De A storehouse of information was found in the Craen, C. van der Burgt, N. Krause, R.P. Sybesma, book ‘Centenary of the Permanent International H. Velsink. PIANC - AIPCNPIANC

This book was prepared by the History Commission consisting of, from left to right: Messrs. S. Noda, T.M. Ballentine, J.L. Oliver, J. Chapon, R. De Paepe, J.U. Brolsma (Chairman), J.H.H. Gillespie and H.P. Tzschucke.