SOIL PROPERTIES PATTERN IN SALINE BELT OF VIDARBHA REGION IN MAHARASHTRA
1A.K.GAIKWAD, 2V.R.GHANE, 3D.D.PARKHE, 4S.D.BHAGAT, 5 RAJENDRA PAWAR
1,2,3,4,5 MAHARASHTRA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract - Soil Mechanics Division of Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik, has been carrying out tests on soil samples from all over Maharashtra since 1959. Various tests are carried out on soil samples viz. Grain size / Mechanical Analysis, Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit, Shrinkage Limit, Specific Gravity, Compaction test, Shear test, Consolidation test, Swelling Pressure, Permeability test. These tests are carried out mainly to identify Density, Permeability, Compressibility and Shear strength of Soil, which are useful in design of earthen dams, Canal embankments, and lining etc. Huge data of these test results are generated in the process. The purpose of the study is to prepare long term integrated plan for Soil parameter and derive Soil properties pattern for Saline belt (Akola, Amravati, Buldhana and Washim district) in Vidarbha region in the Maharashtra State. Though soil being heterogeneous in nature and no two samples even from same location are same, it is felt that data presented will definitely provide preliminary guide for soil property values for users.
Keywords - Soil Mechanics, Soil Properties, Classification of Soil, Type of Soil, Saline Belt of Vidarbha Region Soil Pattern, Soil Properties Pattern.
I. INTRODUCTION Geographical Jurisdiction based on river basin boundaries and are mainly responsible for planning The Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute and development of new surface water schemes for (MERI) is established in the year 1959. It is the prime irrigation / multipurpose use, construction of ongoing institute of Maharashtra state under Water Resources project and also management of existing schemes. Department. It is entrusted with the work of basic, applied research in various disciplines of civil II. SOIL MECHANICS engineering like soil mechanics, construction material studies, testing, highway, coastal, remote sensing and Soil Mechanics Division of MERI, Nashik, is GIS, seismology, hydraulic model studies, reservoir carrying out various tests on soil samples from all sedimentation studies etc. It is largely dealing with over Maharashtra. The selection of topic is influenced field problems of applied research pertaining to by availability of huge data of the test results which various projects. are generated in the process. The study is restricted Since Maharashtra is a part of Deccan Plateau except within Saline belt of Vidarbha region only. Vidarbha Region, the geology of the state is overall Soil samples received from different Irrigation similar, however physiographically it is not similar in Projects in Saline belt of Vidarbha region are as all over Maharashtra. Maharashtra can be divided into shown in Fig. 2. And district wise soil samples are three divisions according to Physiography viz. show in table no.1 About 164 soil samples are tested Coastal Strip (Kokan) Mountainous Hilly Region during the year 2009 to 2015 in the laboratory. (Western Ghat Sahyadri Ranges) Maharashtra Plateau Soil tests are classified as Index Tests and (Deccan Plateau) Vidarbha Region (Eastern). Engineering tests. The Index tests are Grain size Analysis (Mechanical Analysis), Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit (Atterberg's Limit), Specific Gravity and Engineering tests are Compaction test (O.M.C. and O.D.D. determination), Relative Density (RD), Direct Shear test (Cohesion and Tan Ø), Consolidation Test, Permeability (By Constant and Variable Head).
Washim Akola13 40% %
Figure 1: Regional Map of Maharashtra Amravati 24% Maharashtra state comprises thirty six districts. At Buldana present there are 5 Irrigation Development 19% Corporations such as MKVDC, VIDC,TIDC, GMIDC,KIDC as shown in Figure 1. The Irrigation Development Corporations have Figure 2: Projects in Vidarbha region
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 28th October 2018, Pune, India 12 Soil Properties Pattern in Saline Belt of Vidarbha Region in Maharashtra Name of District No. of Samples B. Specific Gravity Akola 29 This test is conducted as per IS 2720:1980 Part 3. Specific gravity of soil is the ratio of the weight in air Amravati 54 of a given volume of soil solids, at a stated Buldana 35 temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of Washim 46 distilled water at that temperature. The value of Table 1. District wise Location of Samples specific gravity of the soil finds application in calculating void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation. III. METHODOLOGY Table No. 3 shows the range of specific gravity according to their groups of soil. During study, data was classified according to their regions and then systematically arranged according to Laboratory Classification Range of Gs their groups. Statistical analysis of this data carried GW 2.78 - 2.89 out and arranged data in such way to get minimum GP 2.67 – 3.07 and maximum value for each property. With the help GM 2.54 – 2.78 of this study soil of same classification would give GC 2.54 predictable engineering properties and to derive soil SW ----- properties pattern according to their engineering SP 2.76 classification. This study also useful to identify the SM 2.63 – 2.84 soil parameter and set permissible limit of soil SC 2.68 - 2.81 properties for Saline belt of Vidarbha region. MH 2.53 – 2.72
IV. INDEX TESTS OF SOIL MI 2.61 - 2.90 ML ------A. Grain size Analysis, Plastic and liquid limit CH 2.65 – 2.71 This test is conducted as per IS 2720:1985 Part 4 and CI 2.54 – 2.94 Part 5. Soil is the product of parent rocks. Grain size CL 2.63 – 2.85 Analysis Test is carried out for determining Table 3: Specific Gravity of soil samples percentage by weight of grains of various sizes deciding soil classification. Plastic limit with liquid V. ENGINEERING TESTS limit forms the basis for the soil classification system for soils. These limits along with results of grain size A. Compaction test (O.M.C. and O.D.D.) analysis help in classification soils. This test is conducted as per IS 2720:1980 (Part 7), IS 2720:1992 (Part 9) and IS 2720:1983 (Part 14). The Laboratory Classification No. of Sample laboratory compaction test helps to determine the relation between moisture content during GW 5 compaction of a soil and density of the compacted GP 53 soil under a given effort of compaction. This relation GM 6 gives values of the optimum moisture content GC 1 (O.M.C.) and optimum dry density (O.D.D.). The SW 0 range of optimum moisture contents and densities shown below table no. 4 and 5 respectively. SP 1 Moisture content corresponding to GW and GP SM 14 samples not observed because the density calculated SC 5 by relative density method. MH 37 MI 20 Laboratory Range of Moisture ML 0 Classification Content (in %) CH 11 GW ------CI 5 GP ------CL 2 GM 16 - 18 Table 2. Laboratory Classification of soil samples GC 23
Soil is classified into fourteen groups as GW, GP, SW ------GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, SC, MH, MI, ML, CH, SP ------CI,CL. From the table no. 2, it is seen that among 164 samples, the 54% samples found in SM and MH SM 13.40 – 19.60 groups. SC 13.20 - 20 MH 17.50 – 32.02
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 28th October 2018, Pune, India 13 Soil Properties Pattern in Saline Belt of Vidarbha Region in Maharashtra MI 16.60 - 34 ML ----- ML ------CH 0.11 – 0.30 CH 16.56 - 28 CI 0.13 – 0.24 CI 16.80 – 35.60 CL 0.16 Table 6. Cohesion (C) of soil samples CL 17.70 - 21.00 Table 4. Optimum moisture content of soil samples Laboratory Classification Tan Ø
GW 0.62 – 0.72 Range of Density (in Laboratory Classification GP 0.53 – 0.83 g/cm3) GM 0.59 – 0.47 GW 1.48 – 1.71 GC ------GP 1.40 – 1.83 SW ------GM 1.53 – 1.94 SP 0.59 GC 1.67 SM 0.40 – 0.65 SW ------SC 0.49 – 0.67 SP 1.53 MH 0.26 – 0.41 SM 1.52 – 1.85 MI 0.29 – 0.46 ML ------SC 1.63 – 3 CH 0.27 – 0.41 MH 1.34 – 1.80 CI 0.30 – 0.50 MI 1.42 – 2.17 CL 0.47 ML ------Table 7. Tan Ø of soil samples CH 1.47 – 1.75 C. PERMEABILITY TEST CI 1.42 – 1.80 This test is conducted as per IS 2720:1986 (Part 17). CL 1.53 – 1.57 The property of the soil which permits percolation of Table 5. Density of soil samples water through it is known as permeability. The coefficient of permeability is the rate of flow of water B. DIRECT SHEAR TEST under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross This test is conducted as per IS 2720:1986 (Part 13). sectional area under unit hydraulic gradient at The shear strength of soil is the maximum resistance specified temperature. offered by soil to shearing stress. The shear strength The knowledge of permeability of soil is useful in of a soil is its ability to resist sliding & comprises of estimating flow of water through soil, in the solution either cohesion (C) or friction (Tan Ø) or both . The of problems involving dewatering, yield of water principal application of this test, in soil and bearing strata, seepage through earth dams, stability foundation work, is in the determination of the of earth dams and embankments arisen out of maximum shearing strength and angle of shearing seepage, settlement etc. The value of coefficient of resistance of soils for use in stability analysis. After permeability indicates the suitability of soils in scrutinies and analyse the testing data, find the range different zones of the embankment. (min. & max. value) of cohesion and angle of shear of Range of permeability of tested soil samples are listed soils particularly for Saline belt of Vidarbha region in below table no. 8. Among them very few number and placed in the table no. 6 and 7 respectively. of SW samples are tested, so cannot derive their range for permeability. Laboratory Cohesion (C) (C in kg Classification /cm2) GW 0.08 - 0.64 Laboratory Range of Permeability Classification (10-6 cm/sec) GP 0.05 – 0.23 GM 0.12 – 0.19 GW 7095 – 16630 GC ------SW ------GP 1009 – 41060 SP 0.16 GM 0.31 – 1103 SM 0.08 – 0.24 GC 4 SC 0.14 – 0.25 SW ------MH 0.14 – 0.24 SP 16.96 MI 0.14 – 0.30
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 28th October 2018, Pune, India 14 Soil Properties Pattern in Saline Belt of Vidarbha Region in Maharashtra SM 2.91 – 10.23 groupwise properties for each parameter such as Sp. Gravity, Moisture content, Density, Shear SC 0.20 – 1.12 strength and Permeability. The value of each parameter is shows in range. MH 0.12 – 6.00 4. This chart helpful to set permissible limit of soil MI 0.11 – 5.02 properties for Saline belt in Vidarbha reagion. 5. It will useful as a preliminary guide or ready ML ------reconer during design of dams and estimate purposes. CH 0.05 – 0.11
CI 0.12 – 1.12 CONCLUSION
The individual property of soil discussed in the CL 0.07 – 0.10 table no. 2 to 8. Then all the properties are placed Table 8:. Permeability of soil samples in following table no. 9 and find some conclusions as follows. LIMITATIONS In Saline belt of Vidarbha region among 164 samples, the 54% samples found in GP and MH 1. Soil being heterogeneous material in nature and groups. two samples even from same location are not MH group soil impervious in nature so it is same. Hence this paper only provides suitable for Hearting zone and SM group soil is preliminary guideline for the users. pervious in nature so suitable for casing zone. 2. For the SW and ML soil groups, the adequate Specific gravity of MH group is minimum and data does not found to derive the property range. GW group is maximum. 3. This study is limited to Engineering properties of Moisture content of SC group is minimum and soil only not for type/ nature of the soil. GC,CL group is maximum. 4. The test results are as per soil sample provided Density of MH group is minimum and SC group by field officers. is maximum.
Cohesion of GP group is minimum and CL group HOW TO USE CHART (Table No. 9) is maximum.
1. In first step, soils are classify into groups Tan Ø of MH group is minimum and GW group according to size by using IS 2720:1985 (Part 4). is maximum. It will help in to decide soils groups such as GW, Permeability of CH group is minimum and GP GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, SC, MH, MI, ML, group is maximum. CH, CI, and CL. The chart (in table no. 9) can be used as a ready 2. Then another relevant criteria for soil reconer for design and construction of dams. classification is the plasticity of the soil. This test It is also useful to make proposals for estimate conducted by IS 2720:1985 (Part 5). It will also purpose. assist in classification of soils. It could be also useful for acceptable level of soil 3. After finding the soil group using 1. & 2., properties during design of the dam. observe the chart in table no. 9, it shows
Table 9. Properties of soil samples (For Saline belt in Vidarbha Region)
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 28th October 2018, Pune, India 15 Soil Properties Pattern in Saline Belt of Vidarbha Region in Maharashtra ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS REFERENCES
CH Clay with high plastisity [1] IS 2720: 1983 Methods of test for soils Part 1 Preparation of dry soil samples for various tests CI Clay with intrmediate plastisity [2] IS 2720: 1973 Methods of test for soils Part 2 CL Clay with low plastisity Determination of water content GC Gravals with clay [3] IS 2720: 1980 Methods of test for soils Part 3 Determination of specific gravity section 1: Fine grained GIS Geo Informatics’ System soil GM Gravals with silt [4] IS 2720: 1980 Methods of test for soils Part 3 Determination of specific gravity section 2: Fine, medium GP Gravals with poorly graded and coarse grained Soils Gs Specific Gravity [5] IS 2720: 1985 Methods of test for soils Part 4 Grain size analysis GW Gravals with well graded [6] IS 2720: 1985 Methods of test for soils Part 5 LLPL Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit Determination of liquid and plastic limit [7] IS 2720: 1980 Methods of test for soils Part 7 MA Mechanical Analysis Determination of water content dry density relation using MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute light compaction MH Silt with high plastisity [8] IS 2720: 1992 Methods of test for soils Part 9 Determination of dry density, moisture content relation by MI Silt with intrmediate plastisity constant weight of soil method ML Silt with low plastisity [9] IS 2720: 1986 Methods of test for soils Part 13 Direct shear test O.D.D Optimum Dry Density [10] IS 2720: 1983 Methods of test for soils Part 14 O.M.C Optimum Moisture Contain Determination of density index (Relative Density) of cohesion less soils PBT Plate Bearing Test [11] IS 2720: 1986 Methods of test for soils Part 17 Laboratory SC Sand with Clay determination of permeability [12] IS 2720: 1977 Methods of test for soils Part 39 Direct Shear SM Sand with silt Test for Soils containing gravel Section I: Laboratory test SP Sand with poorly graded [13] Y.G.Agrawal, Soil properties and their influence on design SW Sand with well graded of dams. [14] M.V.Kulkarni, PWD Handbook Chapter 33‘Quality control part II Earth Work’.
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 28th October 2018, Pune, India 16