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Grain Report ± Brief Outline Grain Report ± Brief Outline 1. Rice 1.1 Origins of Rice 1.1.1 Wild Rice 1.1.2 Cultivated Rice 1.2 Early-ripping Rice 1.3 Late-ripping Rice 1.4 Champa Rice 1.5 Rice Development 1.5.1 Rice Cultivation 1.5.2 Rice Production 2. Wheat 2.1 Origins of Wheat 2.2 Wheat Development 2.2.1 Cultivation of Wheat in Song 2.3 Watermill 2.4 Three fields in two years system 3. Barley 3.1 Origins of Barley 4. Millets 4.1 Origins of Millets 5. Agriculture Development in China 5.1 Agriculture Development Between Tang-Song 5.2 Agriculture Development in Song 6. Salt 7. Other Subjects 7.1 Farming Books 7.2 Farming Tools 7.3 Soil 7.4 Oil 1 Grain Report ± Detailed Outline 1. Rice............................................................................................................................ 1.1 Origins of Rice................................................................................................. 1.1.1 Before 1950s.......................................................................................... 1.1.2 After 1950s............................................................................................ 1.1.3 Archaeological Discoveries................................................................... 1.1.4 Rice Origin Centers in China................................................................. 1.1.5 Old Text Records................................................................................... 1.1.6 Earliest Rice in South China................................................................ 1.1.6.1 Archaeological Discoveries...................................................... 1.1.6.b View in Chen (2002)......................................................... 1.1.6.2 Various Views of Early Rice in South China............................. ...............................................................................(ᒟڰ) Early-ripening Rice 1.2 1.2.1 View 1: Early-ripening Rice did NOT exist before Song...................... 1.2.1.1 Definition of E.R.R. of You (ཾଥ᤿)........................................ ......................................(سDefinition of E.R.R. of Zeng (མႂ 1.2.1.2 1.2.2 View 2: Early-ripening Rice DID exist before Song............................. .........................................ᢏ᜗) Viewpointsף)DWǀ6KLJHVKL¶s. 1.2.2.2 ................................................Ho Pingti¶s(۶੢ཀྵʼ Viewpoints 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 Needham/Bray¶s Viewpoints....................................................... .....................................................................................(Champa Rice (׭ৄᒟ 1.3 1.3.1 Historical Outline of the Introduction of Champa Rice into China....... 1.3.1.1 How did Champa rice originally get introduced to Song China?........................................................................................ 1.3.1.2 From where it spread through China............................................ 1.3.1.3 How was it cultivated?............................................................... 1.3.2 Dispute at Japanese Conference........................................................... 1.3.3 Improvement in Varieties of Early-ripening Rice and the Rotation .....................................................................(܂Բཚ/܂System (Բֻ .............................Kawakami Kǀichi¶s(ࣾՂ٠ԫ) Viewpoints 1.3.3.1 1.3.4.2 Needham/Bray¶s Viewpoints...................................................... 1.3.4 Champa Rice Characteristics................................................................. .........................?(ᒟ/ຬᒟ) or Water-rice (ֽᒟޒ) Upland Rice 1.3.4.1 1.3.4.2 A group of Rice Species or Just One Specie?.............................. 1.3.4.3 Ho Ping-ti¶s Viewpoints.............................................................. 1.4 Rice Development............................................................................................. 1.4.1 Rice Development before Tang-Song.................................................... 2 1.4.2 Rice Development after Tang-Song....................................................... 1.4.3 Rice Technologies in Song-Yuan........................................................... ..................................Lake Tai (֜ྋ) Development during Song-Yuan 1.4.4 2. Wheat......................................................................................................................... 2.1 Origins of Wheat............................................................................................... 2.1.1 1HHGKDP%UD\¶VViewpoints.................................................................. 2.1.2 Ho Pingti¶s Viewpoints.......................................................................... 2.1.3 Viewpoints from Other Scholars............................................................ 2.1.3.1 Judging from Archaeological Discoveries................................... a) Neolithic Period........................................................................... b) 2000 B.C. (Xia Dynasty)............................................................. c) Shang Dynasty............................................................................. d) Western Zhou ± Pre-Qin Period................................................... 2.1.3.2 Judging from Old Texts............................................................... a) Western Zhou.............................................................................. b) Eastern Zhou............................................................................... c) Western Han................................................................................. 2.1.3.3 Other Comments.......................................................................... 2.1.4 Viewpoints on the Origin Place of Wheat............................................ 2.2 Development of Wheat and its Cultivation...................................................... 2.2.1 Development of Wheat: Pre-Song........................................................... 2.2.2 Development of Wheat: During the Song............................................. ................................................................................................(Watermill (ֽᗣ 2.3 2.3.1 Watermills Defination............................................................................ 2.3.2 Watermills Development......................................................................... 2.3.2.1 Mills in Pre-Tang Era................................................................... 2.3.2.2 Mills in the Tang Dynasty........................................................... .....................(The Problem of Zhengbai Canal (ᔤػ྄, Zhengbai Qu 2.3.3 2.3.3.1 The History of Zhengbai Canal................................................... 2.3.3.2 Why Zhengbai Canal Caused Problems....................................... 2.3.3.3 The Government Policies against Zhengbai Canal...................... 2.3.3.4 The Result of the Policies............................................................. 2.3.3.5 The Reason Why the Policies Failed............................................ 2.3.3.6 1LVKLMLPD¶V9LHZSRLQWV5HJDUGLQJWhe Use of Watermills.......... 2.4 Wheat Development in North China.................................................................. 1LVKLMLPD¶V9LHZSRLQWV.......................................................................... 2.4.2 Two-year Tax (ࠟ࿔ऄ).......................................................................... 3 ...(܂ԿֻڣThree crops in Two Years System (Բ & (܂Rotation System (ᔚ 2.5 2.5.1 Rotation System(ᔚ܂)........................................................................... ...................................(܂ԿֻڣThree crops in Two Years System (Բ .2.5.2 .................................V9LHZSRLQWV¶ سNishijima Sadao (۫䄡ࡳ 2.5.2.1 .......................V9LHZSRLQWV¶ ܗAmano Motonosuke (֚ມցհ 2.5.2.2 ............................Nishiyama Takeichi (۫՞ࣳԫ ¶V9LHZSRLQWV 2.5.2.3 ...............................૴ ¶V9LHZSRLQWVڻᔃضۏ RQHGD.HQMLUǀ> 0\HUV5RPRQ+DZOH\¶V9LHZSRLQWV.................................................... 3. Barley (Օຽ).............................................................................................................. 3.1 Origins of Barley............................................................................................... 4. Millets (su ࿥)............................................................................................................. 4.1 Origins of Millets............................................................................................... 5. Sorghum (gao liang ೏ᆓ)........................................................................................... 6. Soy Beans (da dou Օߤ)............................................................................................. 7. Agriculture Development in China 7.1 Agriculture Development between Tang-Song 7.2 Agriculture Development in the Song Dyansty 8. Salt 9. Other Sybjects 9.1 Farming Books 9.2 Farming Tools 9.3 Soil 9.4 Oil 4 1. Rice 1.1 Origins of Rice 1.1.1 Before 1950s Before 1950, foreign scholars regarded the place of origin for rice as India. This was because at that time among all the relic of rice, the relic of rice found in India was older. However, since 1950, the archaeological was developed greatly; therefore, the relic of rice from every place in China was found older and older and even older than India and other South-eastern Asian countries.1 Based on archaeological discoveries, we know rice was grown in place Hemudu and Luojiajiao(ࣾࡥྀ and ᢅ୮ߡ,in by 7,000 years ago2. This discovery proved
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