The US Navy Japanese/Oriental Language School Archival Project The Interpreter Archives, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries Number 158 Remember September 11, 2001 [email protected] April 1, 2010

Our Mission test of the first hydrogen bomb. areas, and Wells was freed up to Although the en-bloc cost of the Since I was a mere passenger, I work on acquisitions. collection was expected to be In the Spring of 2000, the did not have to go to Bikini with “Towner spent his time $2,750,000, Wells argued that a Archives continued the origi- the ship. Instead, after a few days raising money,” Wells explained. large portion could be recouped nal efforts of Captain Roger wait, I boarded an escort carrier “I spent my time spending it.” through the auction sale of books Pineau and William Hudson, now serving as a passenger ship Every other year, Wells that were duplicates of ones and the Archives first at- for the five day voyage from would visit London and Paris on already held by the Newberry. tempts in 1992, to gather the Pearl Harbor to the Alameda a shopping trip for the Newberry. Furthermore, many of the items papers, letters, photographs, Naval Station in San Francisco He particularly remembers two in the collection were famous and records of graduates of Bay. (to be cont’d) booksellers. In Paris, it was and would be good candidates to the US Navy Japanese/ T. Howell Breece André Jammes. “His grandfather solicit individual donors to Oriental Language School, JLS 1944 had been a bouquiniste [stall underwrite. Towner proposed the ______University of Colorado at owner], his father had moved sale of stocks and bonds from the Boulder, 1942-1946. We into a store, and he became an endowment to fund the purchase. assemble these papers in James M. Wells antiquarian dealer. During the The trustees approved the plan. recognition of the contribu- 30 Years at the Newberry course of the two years between The Newberry acquired the tions made by JLS/OLS 56 years a Caxtonian my visits he would put items he collection. instructors and graduates to And Enjoying Every expected us to want in a closet. Shortly thereafter, an auction the War effort in the Pacific Minute When I would arrive, I’d take a at Sotheby’s returned more than and the Cold War, to the week going through the closet.” $800,000 for the duplicates. In creation of East Asian (Cont’d) “I learned my way The experience with E. P. the process, the Newberry language programs across through the collection,” he said. Goldschmidt in London was received international publicity. the country, and to the He joined the Caxton Club and similar, but with a difference: Word reached Wells that the development of Japanese- the Society of Typographic Arts. Goldschmidt was a night owl, New York Times was going to American cultural rec- There was a calligraphy study and particularly disdained cover the story, so he quickly onciliation programs after group, and a printing workshop mornings. So “He would invite called in the Tribune, Sun- World War II. was set up in the basement of the me to his apartment at 11 p.m., Times, and Daily News for a Newberry. He had interesting and show me books until the wee press conference. The local The JLS Experience readers and excellent colleagues, hours.” papers responded with front page of T. Howell Breece including Hans Baron, Gertrude The large acquisition of stories the next day. Sotheby’s Woodward, Ruth Butler, Ben which Wells is most proud was was proud enough of the (Cont’d) The USS Sumner, a Bowman, David Stam, and Bob the Louis H. Silver collection. subsequent auction that they former coast and geodetic survey Karrow. Wells was familiar with the made a documentary about the ship, carried me to Pearl Harbor. Soon there were additional collection from having visited sale that circulated for years. As far as Guam, I had a fellow responsibilities, as well. When Silver and his wife, Amy (who Among the curious passenger sharing my cabin, but Ken Davis resigned as editor of acted as his bibliographer) at consequences of the deal was he was so desperately seasick the Newberry Bulletin, Wells their Wilmette home. The books that anyone and everyone offered that he left ship at Guam and took over. “I got to write the (many of them acquired from their books for sale to the library. flew home from there. During articles about notable famed bookseller John Fleming, The Towner papers at the the long passage from Guam to acquisitions, which was a himself the successor to the even Newberry have a folder, 3/4 of Pearl Harbor, I got the ship’s pleasure. And I found that more famed A.S.W. Rosenbach) an inch thick, of letters from navigator to teach me how to commissioning articles also gave were housed in a vault that had people who believed that their navigate using a sextant and the me satisfaction, because of room for a table and easy chairs. collections belonged there. HO214 tables of predicted getting to know new people and Silver was a hotelier; he had put (to be cont’d) azimuths and altitudes. I working with them to shape their his companies at risk by Robert McCamant thoroughly enjoyed the passage. articles.” purchasing the Ambassador The Caxtonian The Sumner was supposed to go Lawrence Towner replaced hotels, an over-extension of Vol. XV, No. 9 September 2007 through the Panama Canal and Stanley Pargellis as President of resources and perhaps his ______on to the Boston Navy Yard for a the Newberry in 1962. Where capabilities. To secure a loan, he thorough refit. To the great Pargellis had been thrifty, used his books and prints as An EAA Interview distress of the Captain and his Towner was expansive. Towner collateral. With his untimely with officers, two days before she set about using the nest egg that death in 1963, the books had to reached Pearl Harbor a radio Pargellis had accumulated for be put on the block. At first, a Houghton Freeman message told the Captain that staff, facilities, and holdings. rumor circulated that the when the ship reached Pearl Eventually Wells was in charge collection was going to go to the Harbor, she was to turn around of acquisitions, fellowships, University of Texas. But Wells and go to Bikini to make a education, and publications at did some research and learned careful survey of the atoll. No the Newberry. Then the process that it was not a settled one knew why, but of course, was reversed, as staff was found agreement. Wells went to later it became clear that the to be responsible for specific Towner, who went to the board survey was in preparation for the of trustees with a plan. Shanghai http://www.haroldstephens.net/image women. Some people within Education About ASIA up trucks. The 5th IMB had of /tid/51? AIU left early on – especially Vol. 12, No. 2 course been relieved of the better (Cont’d) Lynn Parisi: Doing those who had been interned Fall 2007 part of its motor transport by the business for AIU in postwar under the Japanese and who Reprinted with permission of the Chinese at this point. Sgt. Kline Shanghai, you again witnessed a were still recovering from that Association for Asian Studies, Inc. said he would ride in one of the ______pivotal chapter in Chinese experience. Our Chinese senior trucks, since it might be history. By 1948 when you management all left for Hong Conversation awkward for him to ride with returned, the communist victory Kong very quickly. Finally, there Between Marines officers. The General said there in the civil war was close at were four foreigners left at AIU was no problem, and he should hand. What were your – Doreen, myself, and two Dear Aubrey [Farb]: ride with us if he wished. He did. impressions of the civil war? others. Other foreigners who Major General Eiji What was Shanghai like, prior to stayed were also from companies NAGANO was the commanding and following the Chinese with big stakes in Shanghai – oil general of the 5th Independent Communist Party (CCP) victory, companies, banks, large trading Mixed Brigade [Japanese for American businesses and companies. Imperial Army], which had individuals? We hoped things for the comprised the troops in Tsingtao Houghton Freeman: The insurance industry would be and its environs. I do not recall communists came south towards okay, but they weren’t. It was no how many troops were under his Shanghai in spring 1949, a year longer a question of what was command. The Marines were after we arrived. By May, they legal in an insurance policy; engaged in loading ships with had surrounded Shanghai. We Japanese troops and civilians to hikes in the Loh Shan Mountains things were settled with the above Tsingtao. were really looking forward to person who had the money be returned to Japan. While the http://www.haroldstephens.net/node/ their arrival because the paying the one who did not. So, repatriation program was in 371 Guomindang were so corrupt. in all car accidents, they guy motion, a substantial number of We drove around in the Lao Inflation had become impossible who had the car had the money. Japanese troops remained at their Shan mountain area but I do not – you had to carry around bags If two cars ran into each other, posts in the country remember the other place names. of money to do business. decisions were made based on outside Tsingtao, awaiting The troops we visited were Lynn Parisi: Do you mean the who had more money. We release for shipment home. Since quartered in small wooden company was looking forward to couldn’t do business like that. we could not repatriate everyone barracks. Their morale appeared CCP rule or individuals were However all our policies were at once in any case, it suited our to be good and they seemed hopeful about the change? twelve-month policies and the logistical and tactical purposes to pleased to have their General Houghton Freeman: The communists required us to stay leave these troops positioned visit them. One soldier, to whom company, yes, but also as open until the last policy expired. where their presence would deter I spoke, a sergeant, expressed his individuals we were looking C.V. Starr put one person, incursions by Communist appreciation to the US for having forward to it. We were all Charles Minor, in charge of irregulars or just plain allowed the visit. Under the disillusioned with the closing operations for AIU in opportunistic bandits. Put conditions of our three-day Guomindang. Of course China and advised the few of us another way, these surrendered association, and frequent contact everyone was anti-communist in still there to leave when we troops contributed to our security. during the proceeding those days, but in the context of could. Business had come to a General NAGANO repatriation, I found the General China at that time, we saw the halt. Of course, Doreen and I maintained his headquarters just an impressive officer, not at communists as another entity, a couldn’t leave because by then outside Tsingtao, and he all what I might have expected. chance to change things for the she was eight months pregnant cooperated fully in the Very tall for Japanese, he was better given what China was like with our daughter Linda. There management of his troops soft-spoken and articulate, and under the Guomindang. We wasn’t much for one AIU’er and leading to their repatriation. In we developed a very agreeable thought it would be an I to do but check in at the office late November, he sought working relationship despite our improvement. in the mornings, then take General Shepherd's permission disparate ranks. During our tour We discovered within forty- rickshaws up to the British to visit his troops "in the field". we sluiced the dust from our eight hours of their takeover that country club on Bubbling Well Permission was granted, with throats with numberless cups of it wasn’t going to be. Our Road, have lunch, swim, then the proviso that he be tea (but nothing stronger!) newspaper, the Shanghai head back to the office. accompanied by Marine Some time after our trip the Evening Post and Mercury, had In late summer 1949, we also observers. The G2 detailed two General sent an aide to invite me an editor, Randall Gould, who had to deal with labor strikes at of us to the mission, Sgt. George to his quarters. Over tea he said was stubborn. He thought he the Shanghai Evening Post and Kline and myself. I do not recall he had a problem with which I would test the new regime by Mercury. Newspapers involve a having received written orders, might be willing to help him. He running an editorial that was lot more personnel. Laborers When we arrived at the General's said that the Japanese military pretty anti-communist, and the were making sky-high demands compound, I asked our Marine had all been disarmed, and newspaper was immediately for payment. Gould, the editor, driver to take pictures of our civilians had been required to censored. Gould refused to moved to our offices because his group, using my locally acquired turn in any arms, including compromise and within two offices were surrounded by [I love such phrasing, like swords. The General said that an months, I think, the communists unfriendly employees. But all of “midnight reclamation”?] Super elderly Japanese man whom he had closed the newspaper. his laborers followed and Ikonta-B camera. I took the knew had asked his help. The old All the American companies protested at our offices and camera with me on our ensuing fellow had been working for a had instructed families to leave “locked him in.” No food; only trip. I regret having lost the trip long time to restore an old Shanghai just before the water or Chinese tea. It was a report that I was required to Japanese sword, which had communists came that spring, mess for a few days – but finally produce on our return. Our tour deteriorated because of improper but Doreen was six months settled – though, by the end, was made in the General's maintenance. This involved pregnant, refused to go, and Gould was pretty much a basket dilapidated staff car, painstaking polishing by hand remained with a few other case. (to be cont’d) accompanied by three very beat- with a very fine abrasive. The has been married since June 18, In addition to his wife of 67 say 'These wounds I had on Crispin's job was only partially completed. 1940. years, Bob is survived by his day.' He had not turned in the sword, Bob was born in Central City, three children and several great Old men forget: yet all shall be leaving him vulnerable to arrest; Colorado, on April 19, 1917. He grandchildren: his daughter forgot, But he'll remember with advantages What feats he did that nor did the General dare to was descended from a long line Karen and her husband Richard day: then shall our names. become directly involved. So - of Cornish tin miners who came Jessup of Providence, Rhode Familiar in his mouth as household th could I take the sword and to this country in the late 19 Island; and their children Dana words Harry the king, Bedford and "make it disappear"? I did, and century to work in the silver Jessup, her husband Brian Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, made it disappear into my mines of Colorado [The Cornish Turner and their daughter Lydia, Salisbury and Gloucester, luggage - from China to Kyushu, were the expert single and of Milton, Massachusetts; Amy Be in their flowing cups freshly Japan and to the U.S. double jack drillers and black Scaramella and her husband remember'd. This story shall the good man teach When I returned to Japan as a powder blasters in the deep rock Luke, and their daughters his son; And Crispin Crispian shall civilian, several years later, I silver and gold mines of the Karaline and Hope, of East ne'er go by, From this day to the brought the sword and showed it American West until electric Greenwich, Rhode Island; and ending of the world, But we in it to an official Japanese confrere drills and dynamite bypassed Kara Della Croce and her shall be remember'd; who was a sword fancier. He their skill set – the Archives has husband Matthew, of Los We few, we happy few, we band of said that the markings on the hilt a considerable collection of Angeles, California; His son brothers; For he to-day that sheds showed that it was very old and mining records]. He was Robert and wife Kathy Frisk his blood with me Shall be my probably valuable. As he educated at the University of Crispin, of Scarborough, Maine; brother; be he ne'er so vile, This day shall gentle his condition: suggested, I took it to JAPAN Colorado, where he met his and their children Jon Crispin And gentlemen in England now a- SWORD KK, the premier beloved Vera, and at Penn State and his wife Kirsten, and their bed Shall think themselves accursed company doing sword work. University, from which he daughters Kendall and Jenna of they were not here, And hold their They polished the blade into earned his Ph.D. in German Northbrook, Illinois; Debbie manhoods cheap whiles any speaks well-nigh perfect condition and Language and literature. He was Duryee, and her husband Burr, That fought with us upon Saint said it was indeed valuable. also a graduate of the United and their children Crispin, Piper, Crispin's day.” During that period I went to the States Navy Japanese Language and Campbell, of Cape William Shakespeare Demobilization Bureau to find School, after which he was Elizabeth, Maine; and Heather Henry V out if the General had returned to assigned to the Joint Intelligence Polk and her husband Tyler, of (IV, iii)] Dear Mr. Hays: Japan. They couldn't tell me, Center, Pacific Operating Area West Hartford, Connecticut; and I am writing to let you know that blaming chaotic record keeping. (JICPOA) at Pearl Harbor during his son Jon Crispin, his wife my Dad, Robert L. Crispin, who (to be cont’d) World War II, and the Naval Cristine Smith, and their son attended the US Navy Japanese Semper Fi Fleet Intelligence Center, Peter, of Pelham, Massachusetts. Language School and took a keen Glenn Nelson interest in your archives project, died Yokosuka, Japan, during the Memorial Program JLS 1944 on 14 August 2007. My 93 year old ______Occupation. “Celebrating the Life of Mom, Vera Krieghoff Crispin (a CU Bob taught German and Robert Leroy Crispin” alumna) survives. I am including Reprise on Spanish language courses at October 28, 2007 with this letter a copy of the program Benjamin Price Allegheny College from 1942 to [Ed. Note: Bob Crispin was an from Dad’s memorial service. He 1982. He was also on the enthusiastic supporter of the USN was very proud of his naval career As an aside, when my father-in- German faculty for the summer JLS/OLS Archival Project from the and enjoyed reading The Interpreter law [Benjamin Price] was program at Colorado College and beginning. He wrote or was …. assigned to the American a lecturer at Penn State, and mentioned in Issues: #38, #39, #43, Dad had a wonderful life with Embassy in London in 1975, 34 served as a Visiting Lecturer at #47, #71 “Stoffle’s ‘Awful Waffle’ tremendous friends, among whom he British Members of Parliament, the University of Innsbruck, Shop”, #73 Lt. William G. Beasley, counted his Navy buddies. We mourn most of them associated with the Austria. From 1970 to 1972, Royal Navy, OLS 1944,Remembered, his loss, but celebrate him as a #84A, and #86. After his comment caring humanitarian who was left wing of the governing Bob was the Dean of the Labour Party, named ten about having worked at the “Sunken shaped, no doubt, by his experiences Regional Council of Gardens,” I went over to the Sink and associations from the Language “attachés” (including my father- International Education in Basel, with an enlarged copy of his School and overseas deployment. in-law) who, they believed, were Switzerland. signature and a Sharpie® and wrote Karen L. Jessup, Ph.D. actually working for the CIA, During his life in Meadville, his signature on the ceiling with his ______and demanded their expulsion. I Bob was involved with several JLS date and CU class year, where it am not sure which would have community organizations. He remains with the other current, An Economist of Japan been more distressing: to be was a Board Member and student graffiti to this day. & named in the press, or to be His name always reminded me of The JLS Longevity Contest President of the Crawford one of my favorite dramatic speeches mischaracterized as a CIA County Literacy Council, served from Shakespeare, and possibly the This is my response to your operative. on the Executive Committee of best military pep talk and veterans’ proposal (perhaps just kidding) J. Stephen Turett the Meadville Area Soup honorific. I submit it here for all ______[yes] of a contest on the Kitchen, volunteered for many those of the USN JLS/OLS, here and longevity of JLS graduates – in Robert L. Crispin years at the Meadville Medical gone: your latest Interpreter [#120] Center, was a member, past “This day is called the feast of OLS 1944 referring to a JLS/OLSer who president, and van driver for the Crispian: He that outlives this day, 1917-2007 and comes safe home, Will stand a will be 93 years old next August. Crawford County Unit, tip-toe when the day is named, And The fact is that I will be 94 in Robert Leroy Crispin, 90, died American Cancer Society, and rouse him at the name of Crispian. March 27, 2008, and was comfortably and at peace on was a story hour reader at the He that shall live this day, and see therefore ahead of that guy – August 14, 2007, in the East End Elementary School. He old age, Will yearly on the vigil feast although not necessarily ahead of Transitional Care Unit of the was also an active member of his neighbours, And say 'To-morrow some others. I am in excellent Meadville Medical Center. He and dedicated to the Meadville is Saint Crispian:' Then will he strip health, and very active here in was the husband of Vera Unitarian Universalist Church his sleeve and show his scars. And Krieghoff Crispin, to whom he for 53 years. South Florida in winters and In subsequent years I have refusing to answer questions "I think everyone in this New Jersey in summers. made use of my Japaese in field about his political beliefs in the university should be introduced Since I graduated from JLS in trips to Japan as sponsored by CU inquest that produced a to the dark side of the '50s at March 1944, I have used my the United Nations and the secret 126-page report. CU's CU," he said. "One would hope Japanese first in Naval German Marshall Fund. Board of Regents voted 50 years they would be disinclined to Intelligence, then extensively in In 1952, I transferred from after Judd's firing to make public repeat it. But history does repeat my career as a professor, Cornell to the City College of that document, which had been itself." economist and traveler. New York, and served for six locked away in a bank vault. After Judd was banished from I was the member of the years as Chairman of the Ph.D. It confirmed what many the university, he worked for his “large class” that started at Program in Economics at the people had suspected was the family's business in Greeley. He Boulder in January 1943, and newly established Graduate real reason for Judd's dismissal: also worked in the travel graduated in March 1944. Center of the City University. His name had been added to a industry and property During most of that period I Since I retired, my wife and I list of suspected subversives development, according to his lived off-campus in an have moved to Florida, where I because he wouldn't give a family. apartment, with my wife am continuing my professional straight answer to former CU Levitt said Judd impressed Beatrice. Romantically enough, activities by lecturing, writing President Robert Stearns' him because even after his name she came out by train from two major articles in journals, questions, "Are you a member of was cleared, Judd "never railed Washington, DC, and we also OpEd pieces in local the Communist Party," and or screamed." married at once. newspapers. "Have you ever been a member "He was a man of great poise After graduating, I served in Let’s hear from other long- of the Communist Party?" and dignity," he said. "He had the Navy’s Intelligence Center lived graduates of the JLS! Stearns originally said Judd virtually every injustice visited

(JICPOA) in Hawaii during Edwin (Ned) Reubens was let go because he was a on him, and you never once 1944-1945, translating captured JLS 1944 boring teacher -- even though his heard him complain or whine." documents and interrogating 16259 Laurel Drive department had judged him the Vanessa Miller captured Japanese personnel Weston, FL 33326 most valuable of its instructors, Boulder Daily Camera (happily, no “water-boarding” in [email protected] upped his pay and recommended Thursday, February 21, 2008 those days!) . In August 1945, I 945-389-7296 his promotion. ______was at sea on the flotilla When the secret report was William J. Hudson Jr. approaching Japan for invasion CU 'Red Scare' released in 2002, Judd was when the dropping of the atomic awarded a medal for his service William J. Hudson Jr., 85, bombs put an end to the war. target dies to academic freedom. formerly of Palm Beach, died I then served in Kyushu, in Faculty members praise Morris "On one side, he did live to Wednesday, Aug. 27, 2008, at Judd's legacy Tokyo, and in Washington, DC, expunge his reputation and get his home in West Palm Beach. as a member of the Strategic back his name," said former CU Born in Maryland, he was a Bombing Survey, in charge of Regent Jim Martin, who pushed graduate of Princeton University studies of Japan’s Wartime for the report's release. "But in 1947 with a degree in classics. Economy. Returning to the US, certainly his life and career was Mr. Hudson's studies were and honorably released from the totally changed." interrupted during World War II, Navy (as Lieutenant Senior Judd, who was living in when he joined the Navy in Grade), I devoted myself to Arizona at the time of his death, November 1942 and attended the completing my Ph.D. degree in said in 2002 that the 1950s U.S. Naval Japanese School in Photo by Mark Leffingwell Boulder, Colorado. Economics at Columbia [Stand inquest was an invasion of his Columbia!], by doing my Morris Judd, the last surviving constitutional rights. Mr. Hudson served as a dissertation on Japan’s economic member named in a McCarthy "This represents what can translator and interpreter for development from 1860 to 1935, Era report by the University of happen when the government repatriation of Japanese using my knowledge of the Colorado, has died. Judd was and institutions, out of fear, try prisoners of war. language to draw upon many dismissed from the university in to brand people," Martin said. Following the war, he worked economic and social documents the 1950s after refusing to CU English professor Paul Levitt, for Palm Beach resident Robert not previously available to answer questions about his who helped open the secret Young, chairman of the board of Western scholars who could not political beliefs in a CU inquest report and published a book on the New York Central Railroad. read Japanese. My dissertation that produced the secret 126- the McCarthy Era at CU, said Mr. Hudson subsequently demonstrated Japan’s skills at page report, which was unsealed Judd told him recently that he became a stock analyst and modernizing and industrializing in 2002. didn't want to keep around the investor. their economy, with hardly any The last surviving University stacks of paper piled up in his He is survived by his wife, reliance on foreign capital or of Colorado faculty member basement from the 50-year-old Claudia Wampole-Hudson; a direct investments from abroad. investigated and fired during the controversy. brother, Dr. Paul C. Hudson of With my wife’s participation, we "Red Scare" has died at age 91. "I asked him if he kept all the Maryland; and a sister, Mrs. published an article in the A celebration of Morris papers from the '50s, and Morris Carroll Swarm of Maryland. Mr. prestigious journal Quarterly Judd's life was held in Denver on said, 'Funny you should ask, a Hudson was preceded in death Journal of Economics, August Wednesday -- one day after his week or two ago I saw all those by his first wife, Florence Lowe 1947, on the little-known death and a half-century after he papers and I wanted to get rid of Hudson. “Small-Scale Industry in Japan”. was thrust into the center of an all those bad memories,'" Levitt Palm Beach Daily News Saturday, August 30, 2008 This article, I was told, activated investigation on CU's campus for said. "So he burned them all." a number of other scholars; and Communist members of the Levitt said he would have [Ed. Note: Bill Hudson and Roger it also led to my appointment as faculty. liked to donate the documents to Pineau began this project in the assistant professor of Economics Judd was dismissed from the CU's Norlin Library because of 1970s. We only carry on their efforts. at Cornell University, especially their historical significance. He was always writing me. RIP Bill, university in the 1950s after we’ll miss you.] for the East Asia Program there. ______