US Foreign Policy Part 1 Easy Study Non-PP Format

U.S. Foreign Policy: An Overview Part I Quick Breakdown: I. The Doctrine of Two Hemispheres (Isolationism) 1776-1880s II. The “New Manifest Destiny” 1880s-1914 III. WWI 1914-1919 IV. The “New Isolationism” 1920s-1930s V. WWII 1941-1945 VI. The Cold War Era 1945-1990 VII. Post Cold War Era 1990 to current

The Doctrine of Two Hemispheres (Isolationism) 1776-1880 3 Periods A. Revolutionary War Period (1776-1783) B. Confederation Period (1777-1788)* C. The New Ship of State Period (1788 and on…) *Note the overlap in time from previous

The Revolutionary War Period 1776-1783 The Continental Congress is governing body -1776 – Declaration of Independence -The French connection=secretly aids the “cause” -1778 – The Franco-American Alliance=1st entangling military and economic alliance -1783 – Treaty of Paris

B. The Confederation Period 1777-1788 Advice=go back and review “mercantilism,” the Navigation Acts and the new government under the Articles of Confederation Great Britain -Refused to make any commercial treaties or repeal Navigation Laws -Shut off West Indies trade from US -Kept trading posts open on Northern border -Troops still in old areas -Conspired with Indians in the North West Spain: -Controlled mouth of Mississippi -1784 closed to American use -Controlled large areas above Gulf of Mexico claimed by the US (now portions of present day Louisiana, Alabama)— known as “disputed territory” or Natchez territory France: -Demanded repayment of war loans -Restricted trade in West Indies Pirates: -Ravaging US Mediterranean commerce -Enslaving US merchant sailors

C. The New Ship of State Period 1788 and On… Advice=go back and review the new powers of the national government under the Constitution, the formation of the president’s cabinet, the role of the President and the Secretary of State in conducting foreign relations 100 years of Presidents — George Washington (1789) through Grover Cleveland #1 (1888)>>> *Remember: -Jeffersonians=Pro France; to become Democratic-Republicans -Hamiltonians=Pro GB; the Federalists

George Washington 1789-1796 French: -French Revolution=US obligated under Franco-American Alliance 1793 Neutrality Proclamation=1st formal declaration of citizens from Old World Citizen Genet (blah, blah ☺) GB: -1794 Jay’s Treaty to address: Northern outposts, impressments, ship seizures, and ignoring our “neutral rights” Spain: -1795 Pinckney's Treaty Out of fear of Anglo-American Alliance, gives US access to Mississippi and the Natchez territory 1796: -Washington’s Farewell Address Warned against permanent alliances..

John Adams - F 1797-1800 France: -Angry with Jay’s Treaty -Seizure of US merchant vessels -Refusal to receive new US envoy to France -XYZ Affair: Results in war hysteria in US 2 and ½ years of undeclared hostilities, many at sea and in the West Indies -Convention of 1800 Annuls the Franco-American Alliance

Thomas Jefferson – DR 1801-1808 Cuts back on army/navy built up by Adams 1801-1805=War with Tripoli (North Africa/Mediterranean) over pirating -1805 – Tripoli Treaty=$60,000 for captured Americans 1803 – Louisiana Purchase -$15 million -Relieved French presence for fear of need to ally with GB 1803-1815=Napoleonic Wars between GB and France; US declares neutrality BUT still caught in the middle Great Britain: Orders in Council: -All vessels must stop in British ports first before any others -Impressment of US sailors

• 1807 – Chesapeake Affair -War hysteria in US

France: • Orders seizure of all merchant ships that enter British pots

US response: -1807 Embargo Act Forbade exports of all goods from US anywhere 1809: -Repeal of Embargo Act -Non-Intercourse Act replaces Opens trade anywhere but with GB and France

James Madison – DR 1809-1816 1810 – Macon’s Bill #2 -Allows trade with anyone -Whoever (GB/France) pulls off their “rotten rules” against us first, we will stop trade with the other -France bites first -Bad policy Sets favor of one over other Ultimately helps to drift US towards war with GB War of 1812 -For “our honor” and OH YEAH, CANADA!!! -Go back and review “war hawks” v. Federalists…the sectional dissension that existed 1814 - Treaty of Ghent: -Essentially an armistice -Results of war good for diplomacy: US showed it could/would resist with the sword Gained a new respect in the world Diplomats abroad were accepted more readily

From here US turns to the task of building a “democracy”

James Monroe – DR 1817-1824 The Era of Good Feelings issues included: the tariff, the bank and the panic of 1819, internal improvements, sale of public lands, crystallizing of sectionalism, and the role of slavery as an issue Secretary of State=John Quincy Adams 1817 – Rush-Bagot Agreement (GB/US): -Limited naval movement on the Great Lakes Treaty of 1818 (GB/US): -Share Newfoundland fisheries -Fixed the northern border between US/British Canada -10 year joint use of Oregon country 1819 – Adams Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase Treaty (Spain/US): -Spain to cede Florida to US after Andrew Jackson beat up Spanish and Indians 1823 – Monroe Doctrine -“Stern” warning to Europe (Russia) -No colonization and no intervention in Western Hemisphere -Hiding behind the skirts of GB navy 1824 – Russo-American Treaty: -Fixed Russia’s southern border at 54/40 (present tip of Alaska’s panhandle)

John Quincy Adams – NR 1825-1828 Andrew Jackson – D 1829-1836 1836 – Texas Independence from Mexico -Mexico complains to the US that it failed to enforce neutrality Early 1837 – Texas appeals to be annexed: -Rejected due to “slavery issue” fears -Texas sends feelers out to GB and France

Martin Van Buren – D 1837-1840 William Henry Harrison – W 1841-1841 -Kicked the bucket just circa 30 days into office

John Tyler – W 1841-1844 A Democrat in Whig’s Clothing 1841 – Webster Ashburton Treaty: -Aroostook River Valley war between Maine and Canadian lumberjacks -Settled the Maine boundary line 1845 – Annexation of Texas -Fears of European schemers -Done by joint resolution of Congress

James K. Polk - D 1845-1848 1846 – Oregon Territory Compromise (GB): -Set boundary at its current place– 39th parallel Remember the “54/40 or bust” shouts 1846-48 – War with Mexico=Manifest Destiny 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -“Colossus of the North” -Now “sea to shining sea”

Zachary Taylor – W 1849-1850 (Died in Office) Millard Fillmore – W 1850-1852 1850 – Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (GB/US): -GB showed strong interest in and moved to gain a foothold in Nicaragua (for canal interests) -Yankees see as a challenge to Monroe Doctrine -Treaty provided that no new country could secure exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway in Latin America (canals)* *Later proves to be a “ball and chain” when considering Panama Canal

Franklin Pierce – D 1853-1856 1853 – Gadsden Purchase from Mexico: -For $10 million for a southern railroad 1854: -Commodore Perry opens trade door w/Japan -Ostend Manifesto: Underhanded deal to “wrest control” of Cuba from Spain (slavocrats to Pierce when it leaked out Eventually mouth watering) An embarrassment dropped James Buchanan – D 1857-1860 Abraham Lincoln – R 1861-1860 -Assassinated in office following the Civil War Andrew Johnson – D 1865-1868 1865 – Monroe Doctrine invoked: -US calls on Napoleon III to get Maximillian (Austrian prince) and the French influence OUT of Mexico 1867 – Purchase of Alaska from Russia: -$7.2 million -“Seward’s folly” and “Seward’s icebox” -Later proves to be a windfall to US due to gold and mineral reserves discovered

The Forgettable Presidents Ulysses S. Grant – R 1869-1876 Rutherford B. Hayes – R 1877-1880 James Garfield – R 1881-1881 -Assassinated in office Chester Arthur – R 1881-1885 Grover Cleveland – D 1885-1888 -Will resurrect in 1892

II. The New Manifest Destiny 1880s-1914 Benjamin Harrison – R 1889-1892 1889 – Pan American Conference: -Lead by US to establish economic cooperation with Latin American countries (beginning of Big Sister policy) 1889-1893 – Series of Mini crisis’s: -Demonstrated our new “aggressive” national mood Germany and the Samoan Islands Near war with Italy over lynching of 11 Italians Near war with Chile over death of 2 US sailors in Valparaiso US/Canada seal hunting argument

Grover Cleveland - D 1893-1896 1893 – Cleveland rejects annexation of Hawaii 1895-1896 – Venezuela Boundary Dispute (GB): -Britain and Venezuela squabble over boundary line of British Guiana -US uses Monroe Doctrine to challenge British authority in her attempts to extend into Venezuela’s territory -Britain backs down reluctantly and agrees to allow US to mediate (only due to extra-world circumstances that pit her alone against other European powers)****

The Great Rapprochement 1896 and on… The time era ends the “patting the eagle’s head” by Britain and the “twisting the lion’s tail” by the US It inaugurates time of the GREAT RECONCILIATON– the new Anglo-American cordiality which will be the cornerstone of US foreign policy in the 20th century

William McKinley – R 1897-1901 1898 – Spanish American War: -Cubans revolt against Spanish -US seeks to mediate to protect US interests -USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor -McKinley goaded into war by public pressure -Teller Amendment added to the War Declaration Promises Cuban independence 1901 – Platt Amendment -Contingent to independence, Cubans HAD to add to Constitution (go back and review) Results of Spanish-American war: -US a world power with an “empire” -European rivals emerge— especially Germany -Latin American countries suspicious of US -1898 – Hawaii annexed -1899 – Treaty with Spain=$20 million for Philippines -“A splendid little war” –Secretary of State John Hay