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5. Agricultural Development

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5. Agricultural Development Local Level Service Delivery, Decentralisation and Governance A Comparative Study of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania Education, Health and Agriculture Sectors UGANDA CASE REPORT March 2008 Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency This report is one of the study results conducted by DEGE Consult (www.dege.biz) with Nordic Consulting Group Denmark (www.ncg.dk), ETC East Africa (www.etc-international.org) and Mentor Consult Uganda in February 2007, under the framework of the study group on “Cooperation for Decentralisation in Africa” organised by JICA. The views and interpretations expressed in this document are not necessarily those of JICA, Government of Uganda or any other official organisations that have contributed to this document. Authors: Emmanuel Ssewankambo, Jesper Steffensen and Per Tidemand Published by: Research Group, Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 10-5 Ichigaya Honmura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8433 Japan FAX: +81-3-3269-2185 E-mail: [email protected] Photos: DEGE Consult Selected Photos from Fieldwork Above: An Agriculture extension worker in sub-county office. Left: Budgets and other LG Finance data are commonly displayed in Ugandan LGs – especially at sub-county level is the information sufficiently simple to give citizens meaningful information on developments in their local area. At District level the level of information is more complex and difficult for the public to relate to. (Both pictures from Mayuge Sub-County) An Ugandan female farmer who benefits from technical advice through NAADS (Rakai District). She is now supposedly the “client” in a new form of contractual relationship with private extension providers. However as she also received payments from the service provider to prepare the demonstration plots and as all funding still was from Government/NAADS then it is not yet possible to sense an effective change in relationships between the farmers and agricultural extension agents (see Chapter 5). All photos by DEGE Consult i Community Planning Meeting facilitated by Kifamba Zukuka Programme (a local NGO) in Rakai District. Community members are frequently involved in different participatory planning processes but also often frustrated when their priorities are not implemented. Lwemisege Primary School Rakai District; prior to UPE classroom construction, lessons would be conducted under the shade of trees. (Kifamba Sub-county) ii Contents Selected Photos from Fieldwork ................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. vii Map of Uganda with the Newly Created Districts 2006 .............................................................. xi 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1-1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1-2 Objective of the Study .................................................................................................... 1 1-3 Key Concepts ................................................................................................................. 2 1-4 Study Team and Methodology ....................................................................................... 4 1-5 Report Outline ................................................................................................................ 7 2. GENERAL LOCAL SERVICE DELIVERY ARRANGEMENTS ................................. 9 2-1 Overview of Legal and Policy Issues ............................................................................. 9 2-2 Local Administration and Political Structures ............................................................... 12 2-3 LG Finance ..................................................................................................................... 23 2-4 LG Human Resource Management (HRM) Issues ........................................................ 33 2-5 CG Oversight and Support Mechanisms ........................................................................ 38 3. PRIMARY EDUCATION ................................................................................................... 43 3-1 Sector Policies for Local Level Service Delivery .......................................................... 43 3-2 The Division of Responsibilities in PE .......................................................................... 49 3-3 Local Service Delivery Financing .................................................................................. 54 3-4 Local Planning Procedures ............................................................................................ 59 3-5 Human Resource (HR) Issues ........................................................................................ 63 3-6 Trends in Service Delivery Outputs and Outcomes ....................................................... 64 3-7 Impact of Decentralisation ............................................................................................. 66 3-8 Key Lessons and Challenges .......................................................................................... 69 4. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE .............................................................................................. 72 4-1 Health Sector Policy for Local Service Delivery ........................................................... 72 4-2 Division of Responsibilities for Local Service Delivery ............................................... 74 4-3 Local Service Delivery Financing .................................................................................. 78 4-4 Local Service Delivery Procedures ................................................................................ 82 4-5 HR Issues ....................................................................................................................... 87 4-6 Trends in Service Delivery Outputs and Outcomes ....................................................... 89 4-7 Impact of Governance Aspects on Service Delivery ..................................................... 91 4-8 Key Lessons and Challenges .......................................................................................... 93 iii 5. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................... 95 5-1 Sector Policies ................................................................................................................ 95 5-2 Division of Responsibilities for Local Service Delivery ............................................... 97 5-3 Local Service Delivery Financing .................................................................................. 102 5-4 Planning and Implementation Procedures ..................................................................... 103 5-5 HR Issues ....................................................................................................................... 108 5-6 Trends in Service Delivery Outputs and Outcomes ....................................................... 110 5-7 Impact of Decentralisation ............................................................................................. 115 5-8 Key Lessons and Challenges .......................................................................................... 117 6. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 119 6-1 Overall Progress with Decentralisation Reforms ........................................................... 119 6-2 Linkages between Sector Decentralisation and LGs ...................................................... 120 6-3 Impact of (Sector) Decentralisation on Governance ...................................................... 122 6-4 Impact of (Sector) Decentralisation on Service Delivery .............................................. 125 6-5 Why Have Reforms Progressed in This Manner? .......................................................... 126 6-6 Key Challenges for Decentralised Service Delivery ...................................................... 128 6-7 Key Areas for Possible External Assistance ................................................................... 129 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 131 ANNEXES Annex 1 Central Goverment (CG) and Local Government (LG) Expenditures and Revenues ................................................................................................................ 136 Annex 2 Overview of the Development in Transfers to LGs: 1995/1996–2005/2006 ........ 137 Annex 3 Sector Distribution of the Grants .......................................................................... 138 Annex 4 Development in Own Source Revenue Rakai District .......................................... 139 Annex 5 Local Government Development Programme (LGDP) Utilisation ....................... 140 Annex 6 Size of the Uganda Public Service ........................................................................ 141 Annex 7 Trend Analysis of the Districts and Municipalities Meeting of Minimum Conditions and Performance Measures from 2003–2005 ....................................
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