PASSIONS AND MORAL PROGRESS IN GRECO-ROMAN THOUGHT This book contains a collection of essays on the topic of the pathe and prokope, or the relationship between the passions and moral advancement in Greek and Roman thought. Recognizing that emotions played a key role in whether individuals lived happily, ancient philosophers extensively discussed the nature of the pas- sions, showing how those who managed their emotions properly made moral progress. The ‘‘passions’’ refer to those passionate emotions which can turn crucially destructive if left unchecked – for example, unbridled anger, uncontrolled desire, or overwhelming grief. These essays explore the different Greco-Roman perspectives on the passions and moral progress and how they felt best to manage them to preserve and advance their own morality. More comprehensive and multi-disciplinary than many other books on the subject, this book encompasses philosophy, litera- ture, and religion, containing the efforts of thirteen leading specialists from various fields including classics, ancient philo- sophy and literature, Hellenistic Judaism, and New Testament scholarship. The contributions are preceded by a full and acces- sible introduction to the subject by John T. Fitzgerald. Writers discussed include the Cynics, the Neopythagoreans, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ovid, Paul, and Clement of Alexandria. John T. Fitzgerald is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Miami. His research concentrates on the ways in which Jews and Christians interacted with Greco-Roman culture and appropriated philosophical materials for religious use. PASSIONS AND MORAL PROGRESS IN GRECO-ROMAN THOUGHT Edited by John T. Fitzgerald First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business # 2008 John T. Fitzgerald for selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, their contributors Typeset in Sabon by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Passions and moral progress in Greco-Roman thought / ed[ited by] John T. Fitzgerald. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Philosophy, Ancient. 2. Emotions—History. 3. Ethics—History. I. Fitzgerald, John T., 1948– B171.P37 2008 1280.370938—dc22 2007021588 ISBN 0-203-93612-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–28069–9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–203–93612–4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–28069–3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–93612–2 (ebk) CONTENTS List of Contributors vii Preface ix List of Abbreviations xi 1 The passions and moral progress: an introduction 1 JOHN T. FITZGERALD PART I Philosophy 27 2 Aristotle and Theophrastus on the emotions 29 WILLIAM W. FORTENBAUGH 3 The problem of the passions in Cynicism 48 DAVID E. AUNE 4 The passions in Neopythagorean writings 67 JOHAN C. THOM 5 ‘‘Be angry and sin not’’: Philodemus versus the Stoics on natural bites and natural emotions 79 DAVID ARMSTRONG 6 ÅayZ´ and ’Apayeia´ in early Roman empire Stoics 122 EDGAR M. KRENTZ 7 Plutarch on moral progress 136 RICHARD A. WRIGHT PART II Philosophy and literature 151 8 Passion and progress in Ovid’s Metamorphoses 153 S. GEORGIA NUGENT v CONTENTS 9 The passions in Galen and the novels of Chariton and Xenophon 175 LOVEDAY C. A. ALEXANDER PART III Philosophy and religion 199 10 Philo of Alexandria on the rational and irrational emotions 201 DAVID WINSTON 11 Passions in the Pauline epistles: the current state of research 221 DAVID CHARLES AUNE 12 The logic of action in Paul: how does he differ from the moral philosophers on spiritual and moral progression and regression? 238 TROELS ENGBERG-PEDERSEN 13 Moral progress and divine power in Seneca and Paul 267 JAMES WARE 14 Moral pathology: passions, progress, and protreptic in Clement of Alexandria 284 L. MICHAEL WHITE Selected Bibliography 322 Index of Ancient Authors and Texts 356 Index of Modern Scholars 386 vi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Loveday C.A. Alexander is Professor of Biblical Studies at the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England. David Armstrong is Professor Emeritus of Classics at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. David Charles Aune is Associate Professor of Religion at Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio. David E. Aune is Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Troels Engberg-Pedersen is Professor of New Testament at the Section of Biblical Studies, Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. John T. Fitzgerald is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. William W. Fortenbaugh is Professor Emeritus of Classics and Editor of Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Edgar M. Krentz is Christ Seminary-Seminex Professor of New Testament, Emeritus, at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. S. Georgia Nugent is President of Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. Johan C. Thom is Professor of Classics at the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. James Ware is Associate Professor of Religion at the University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana. L. Michael White is R.N. Smith Professor of Classics and Director, Institute vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS for the Study of Antiquity and Christian Origins at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. David Winston is Professor Emeritus of Hellenistic and Judaic Studies at the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. Richard A. Wright is Assistant Professor of Bible at Oklahoma Christian University, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. viii PREFACE This volume has its origins in the work of the Hellenistic Moral Philosophy and Early Christianity Section, a program unit of the Society of Biblical Literature. From the outset the group has had an interdisciplinary character, comprising classicists, experts in ancient philosophy, specialists in Hellenistic Judaism, New Testament scholars, and others who are interested in early Christianity and the Greco-Roman world. Over the years we have investi- gated a number of texts, topics, techniques, and authors, and the results of our research have been published in one translation (Konstan et al. 1998) and in four previous collections of essays (Fitzgerald 1996; 1997; Fitzgerald, Olbricht, and White 2003; Fitzgerald, Obbink, and Holland 2004). Our interest in the ‘‘passions and moral progress’’ was sparked not only by the widespread current interest in the emotions but also grew out of our work on friendship (philia) and frankness of speech (parrhesia¯ ). At an early stage in our research we discovered that there was a strong linkage in ancient thought between friendship and frank speech. Whereas the flatterer tended to lavish praise and to avoid criticism in his dealings with his ‘‘friends,’’ the true friend was willing to speak frankly to his companion when the latter merited candid criticism and could profit from it. In this regard the passions (pathe¯) were a chief area of concern. Individuals who were given to outbursts of anger, who could not control their desires, or who were paralyzed by grief over the death of a loved one were engaged in conduct that was self-destructive. Genuine friends could not sit idly by and let that happen to a person they cared about (compare the modern American slogan used in efforts to prevent driving while intoxicated: ‘‘Friends don’t let friends drive drunk’’). By speaking candidly to their angry or grieving companions, true friends hoped to persuade such individuals to cease from their ruinous behavior and thereby to improve the quality of their lives. Although those who used frank speech ran the risk of angering their friends and jeopardizing their relationship, their willingness to do so was crucial to their friends fulfilling their potential as people. Without self-control in regard to the passions, there could be no moral or spiritual progress (prokope¯); indeed, without frank speech, there would only be regress in the moral and spiritual life. ix PREFACE Some of the essays contained in this volume reflect the concerns and insights that led us as a collaborative working group to take up this topic, whereas others are focused on either the passions or moral progress per se. All of the contributors are grateful to Routledge and especially Richard Stoneman for accepting these essays for publication. As the volume’s editor, I am also grateful to the contributors for both their patience and their friendly parrhesia¯ while this volume was being prepared. For assistance with the initial copyediting of the manuscript, I am indebted to Robert Maccini. John T. Fitzgerald x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS