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Hydrogeological Characterisation of a Glacially Affected Barrier Island

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Hydrogeological Characterisation of a Glacially Affected Barrier Island Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 9, 5085–5119, 2012 Hydrology and www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/9/5085/2012/ Earth System HESSD doi:10.5194/hessd-9-5085-2012 Sciences © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions 9, 5085–5119, 2012 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Hydrogeological Sciences (HESS). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in HESS if available. characterisation of a glacially affected barrier island Hydrogeological characterisation of a T. Burschil et al. glacially affected barrier island – the Title Page North Frisian Island of Fohr¨ Abstract Introduction T. Burschil1, W. Scheer2, R. Kirsch2, and H. Wiederhold1 Conclusions References 1Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics LIAG, Hannover, Germany Tables Figures 2State Agency for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas of the Federal State Schleswig-Holstein LLUR, Geological Survey, Flintbek, Germany J I Received: 11 April 2012 – Accepted: 13 April 2012 – Published: 19 April 2012 J I Correspondence to: T. Burschil ([email protected]) Back Close Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 5085 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract HESSD We present the application of geophysical investigations to characterise and improve the geological/hydrogeological model through the estimation of petrophysical param- 9, 5085–5119, 2012 eters for groundwater modelling. Seismic reflection and airborne electromagnetic sur- 5 veys in combination with borehole information enhance the 3-D geological model and Hydrogeological allow a petrophysical interpretation of the subsurface. characterisation of a The North Sea Island of Fohr¨ has a very complex underground structure what was glacially affected already known from boreholes. The local waterworks use a freshwater body embed- barrier island ded in saline groundwater. Several glaciations disordered the Youngest Tertiary and 10 Quaternary sediments by glaciotectonic thrust-faulting as well as incision and refill of T. Burschil et al. glacial valleys. Both underground structures have a strong impact on the distribution of freshwater bearing aquifers. An initial hydrogeological model of Fohr¨ was built from borehole data alone and was restricted to the southern part of the island where in Title Page the sandy areas of the Geest a large freshwater body was formed. We improved the Abstract Introduction 15 geological/hydrogeological model by adding data from different geophysical methods, e.g. airborne electromagnetics (EM) for mapping the resistivity of the entire island, seis- Conclusions References mic reflections for detailed cross sections in the groundwater catchment area, and geo- Tables Figures physical borehole logging for calibration of these measurements. An integrated evalu- ation of the results from the different geophysical methods yields reliable data. J I 20 To determinate petrophysical parameter about 18 borehole logs, more than 75 m deep, and nearby airborne EM inversion models were analyzed concerning resistivity. J I We establish an empirical relation between measured resistivity and hydraulic conduc- tivity for the specific area – the North Sea island of Fohr.¨ Five boreholes concerning Back Close seismic interval velocities discriminate sand and till. Full Screen / Esc 25 The interpretation of these data was the basis for building the geologi- cal/hydrogeological 3-D model. We fitted the relevant model layers to all geophysical Printer-friendly Version and geological data and created a consistent 3-D model. This model is the fundament Interactive Discussion 5086 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | for groundwater simulations considering forecasted changes in precipitation and sea level rise due to climate change. HESSD 9, 5085–5119, 2012 1 Introduction Hydrogeological Increasing awareness of the secondary effects of climate change brings the ground- characterisation of a 5 water situation of the North Sea coast region in the focus of research, especially under glacially affected the aspect of ensuring the water supply of the future. The rising interest in impacts barrier island of climate change on groundwater demands a better understanding of groundwater systems (Green et al., 2011; Holman et al., 2012). Especially saltwater intrusion into T. Burschil et al. groundwater systems is considered to be a primary climate change impact on wa- 10 ter status (European Commission, 2009). On the barrier islands of the German North Sea coast the groundwater situation is characterized by the saltwater environment. Title Page Additionally, glacial overprinting of the sedimentary layers leads to a complex geolog- ical/hydrogeological situation, e.g. on the North Frisian Island of Fohr.¨ Unlike the East Abstract Introduction Frisian Islands (e.g. Sulzbacher et al., 2012) the North Frisian Islands are not typical Conclusions References 15 barrier islands but inclose a Geest core (Sect. 2). In preparation of groundwater modelling regarding effects of climate change for the Tables Figures North Frisian Island of Fohr,¨ a 3-D geological model was established. To enable a bet- ter understanding of the geological and hydrogeological situation and to identify impor- J I tant hydraulic structures potentially affecting the groundwater flow system, an intensive J I 20 geophysical investigation plan was carried out. The survey included 306 km of airborne electromagnetic profiles (SkyTEM) and 10 km of seismic reflection lines. The connec- Back Close tion of the surface methods to the existing boreholes of the waterworks was assured by vertical seismic profiling and existing well logs. The combination of these tools turned Full Screen / Esc out to be extremely efficient for geological and geophysical mapping and characteriza- 25 tion of the subsurface including the distribution of freshwater and saltwater. Printer-friendly Version In this paper we describe how the understanding of the local geological and hy- Interactive Discussion drogeological situation is significantly improved by the geophysical surveys. Especially 5087 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | the resistivity data from electromagnetic induction measurements offer important large- scale constraints for the geological model. To avoid misinterpretations of the resistivity HESSD a careful analysis of resistivity and petrography from borehole logs was carried out. 9, 5085–5119, 2012 For the area of the Geest, where the recharge of fresh groundwater takes place, all 5 available boreholes deeper than 75 m have been taken into account. Due to the good database, a correlation of geophysical and petrophysical parameter was possible lead- Hydrogeological ing to an empirical relationship of electrical and hydraulical properties valid for this characterisation of a specific site. Priority in interpretation is in rock/soil properties and not in the chemical glacially affected status of the pore fluid. barrier island T. Burschil et al. 10 2 Geological and hydrogeological background For a better understanding of the hydrogeological situation the sedimentation history Title Page is shortly summarized (Gripp, 1964; Gurs,¨ 2005; StUA Schleswig, 2006). Fohr¨ is the second largest German island in the North Sea, located in the North Frisian part of the Abstract Introduction Wadden Sea (Fig. 1a). The landscape of the area was mainly formed during the glacial Conclusions References 15 epoch (Saalian and Weichselian glaciations) and the post glacial time (Holocene) of the Quaternary age. The genesis of the Pre-Quaternary strata was influenced by the Tables Figures sedimentation in the Northern German Basin (e.g. Littke et al., 2008). Fohr,¨ as a part of this area of subsidence, is placed on top of a succession of about 4 km heavy lay- J I ers of sedimentary rocks that have been deposited during the past 280 million years. J I 20 Since Cretaceous age there had been constant marine conditions for sedimentation in the area that did not change until the Youngest Tertiary. For this reason, marine clay is Back Close found as the dominating deposits in Tertiary up to Miocene. In Pliocene a regression of the sea leads over to a change from marine to terrestrial facies. The sedimenta- Full Screen / Esc tion changed from clayey to sandy deposits, caused by increasing transport of coarse 25 grained material into the region by a widely braided river system that had its origin in Printer-friendly Version the Baltic-Scandinavian area (Gurs,¨ 2005). At the end of Pliocene age sandy mate- Interactive Discussion rial (Kaolin Sand) covered the whole landscape when a change in the global climate 5088 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | marked the beginning of the Pleistocene in the Quaternary age. During the glacial stages the processes of erosion and sedimentation have been caused by the action of HESSD glaciers and meltwaters. In Northern Germany especially the glaciers of different glacial 9, 5085–5119, 2012 stages have deeply eroded the underlying strata and formed an expansive system of 5 tunnel valleys that were refilled with glacial deposits and are buried today. Additionally the Pre-Quaternary underground was tectonically disturbed by glacial pressure and Hydrogeological thrust in many areas (Aber
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