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Home , Archsum, Eiderstedt, Nordstrandischmoor, North Frisian Islands, Osterhever, Rungholt

3B2v7:51c JQI : 898 Prod:Type:com ED:Ramesh GML4:3:1 pp:1216ðcol:fig::NILÞ PAGN: mamatha SCAN: Raj ARTICLE IN PRESS

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3 59 Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 5 61

7 63 Man andenvironment in the marsh area of Schleswig–Holstein from 9 Roman until late Medieval times 65 11 67 Dirk Meier* 13 Research and Technology Center, Coastal Archaeology, Nordstrander Str 3, D-25 761 Busum,. 69

15 71 Abstract 17 73 Reconstruction of coastal development, environment and settlement history is one of the main objectives of coastal archaeology 19 in Schleswig–Holstein. The fieldwork program concentrated until 1975 on the excavation of dwelling mounds, and after that on the 75 reconstruction of the landscape and settlement history of large areas. Cultural elements of the coastal area were mapped in several surveys integrating archaeological, geological andpalaeobotanical aspects on the islandof (Archsum project), in the North 21 77 Frisian tidal flats (Norderhever project), on the penisula, and in . According to this kind of research, environmental changes dominated the settlement history and settlement pattern in the 1st 23 millennium AD. Archaeological finds and excavations indicate that the earliest coastal settlements were founded in the salt marshes 79 of Schleswig–Holstein in the early Roman period. In Dithmarschen as well as in the southern part of Eiderstedt the river marshes 25 and salt marshes were densely populated during this period. In the 1st and 2nd century AD the inhabitation of the area took place in 81 a phase of lowering of the sea level. The settlements were erectedon the natural surface of the coastal marshland,preferably on 27 elevated areas. Thereafter, a rising sea level and intensified flooding led to the abandonment of some settlements. At other localities 83 the inhabitants protected themselves against the storm surges by the construction of dwelling mounds, so-called Wurten. The first 29 phase of inhabitation of the coastal marshlandendedatabout AD 450. A secondphase of inhabitation of the coastal marshes began 85 in the middle or late 7th century AD. It started with new settlements on the natural land surface of the marshland and was followed 31 by as secondphase of Wurt construction. 87 The present-day North Frisian tidal flat area was covered with extended peat bogs and could not be inhabited before high Medieval times. Starting with this period the natural landscape changed to a cultural landscape. Cooperatives of peasants and the 33 parishes played an important role in this process. Dikes were built and deep seated areas were drained and cultivated. In the late 89 Middle Ages catastrophic storm floods had terrible effects: the sea destroyed large parts of the North Frisian Utlande. Remnants of 35 this periodlike Warften, dikes, field pattern, and churches, are still visible in the present-day tidal flats. The unfavourable 91 combination of human activities (peat cutting for salt production) and natural geological processes was responsible for the 37 catastrophic floods of late Medieval times. 93 Cultural monuments of this evolution are still preservedin the coastal landscape.The protection of the Cultural Heritage is of 39 high value for the future. 95 r 2003 Elsevier LtdandINQUA. All rights reserved. 41 97

43 99 Contents 45 1. Previous work andnew research ...... 000 101 2. Landscape development ...... 000 47 3. Man andenvironment ...... 000 103 4. The first step into the salt marshes: settlements in the Roman period(AD 0–400) ...... 000 49 5. FromUNCORRECTED anonymity to history: settlements of the early Medieval period PROOF (AD 700–1000) ...... 000 105

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55 *Tel.: +49-4833-3867. 111 E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (D. Meier).

1040-6182/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier LtdandINQUA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00065-X JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

1 1. Previous work and new research 57

3 In contrast to other landscapes, the development of 59 environment andthe history of settlement andeconomy 5 in the salt marshes were dominated for a long time by pleistocene deposits 61 nature, more particular by the changing impact of the sand Archsum 7 sea. The wetland landscape was significantly modified salt marshes 63 during the late Holocene as a result of the rising sea level tidal flats 9 (Ehlers, 1988). The transformation of the coastal land- 65 scape, economy andsettlement from the first inhabita- town, village NORTH 11 tion of the marshes 2000 years ago until these days is a Fig. 11 67 fascinating topic. The many questions dealing with this 13 theme, such as coastal changes, man andenvironment, 69 economics, mobility andstability of settlements can only 15 be pointedout by interdisciplinary research. Archae- 71 ological investigations in the coastal area of the North 17 Sea in north-western Germany have been focusedon the Fig. 10 73 historical evolution of the environment andhuman Fig. 9

19 settlements in the wetlands. Mainly on the basis of Fig. 6 75

mapping and archaeological surveys of dwelling mounds 21 (Wurten, Warften), dikes, and archaeological finds, Büsum 77 Fig. 3 consistent studies on settlement archaeology, paleobo- 23 tanic remains, historical geology andhistorical geogra- DITHMARSCHEN 79 phy of different marsh areas were carried out (Kossack

25 et al., 1984). Excavations on the Wurten andof dikes Fig. 2 81 illustrate the interdependence of prehistoric settlements N 27 on the landscape development, which in turn was 02km 83 affected by the sea. These studies elucidate to which LOWER SAXONY 29 extent man has modified the landscape since the high 85 Medieval period by diking, draining and colonization of Fig. 1. North Sea coast of Schleswig–Holstein, Germany, with 31 swamp areas andpeat lands. position of the detailed maps. Design: D. Meier. 87 The landscape at the North Sea coast of Schleswig– 33 Holstein, which comprises Dithmarschen, Eiderstedt 89 andNorth Frisia ( Fig. 1), consists predominantly of settlements which stem from the Roman periodhave 35 Quaternary glacial andpostglacial deposits. The land- been carriedout in Dithmarschen, such as Tiebensee 91 scape development and settlement history of the salt (Meier, 2001a), Haferwisch (Meier, 2001a), andS- 37 marshes in Schleswig–Holstein has been well established uderbusenwurth. (Meier, 2001c) as well as from early 93 in the last 50 years (Tables 1 and2 ). Initially, Medieval times such as Wellinghusen (Meier, 2001a) 39 Bantelmann (1955, 1957/1958, 1975) excavated Wurten andHassenb uttel. (Meier, 2001a). Additionally, Warften 95 of the Roman periodandearly Medievaltimes, anddikes from high andlate Medievaltimes have been 41 including Toting and Elisenhof in Eiderstedt, and excavated in Eiderstedt (Fig. 1) between 1989 and2002 97 Ostermoor in Dithmarschen (Fig. 1). Between 1975 (Meier, 2001a). 43 and1979, high andlate Medieval Warften have been 99 excavated during the ‘‘Norderhever-Project’’ on the 45 North of Fohr. andPellworm andthe so- 2. Landscape development 101 called Hallig-islands, relics of former coastal marshland 47 which occur in the present-day tidal flats around the The North Sea coast of Schleswig–Holstein extends 103 tidal channel of the Norderhever (Muller-Wille. et al., from the estuary of the river Elbe in the south as far as 49 1988). BasedonUNCORRECTED the results of these excavations andon the Danish PROOF border in the north and includes the counties 105 geological investigations (Hoffmann, 1988) as well as of Dithmarschen andNorth Frisia. The eastern border 51 mapping of the cultural heritage the history of the of the coastal region is formedby a hilly landscape, the 107 landscape was described (Muller-Wille. et al., 1988; so called‘‘ Geest’’, which consists of Pleistocene deposits 53 Vollmer et al., 2001). of the Saalian glacial period( Fig. 1). During the rise of 109 The settlement research andmapping of cultural the sea level the North Sea reachedthe Pleistocene 55 heritage was continued in Eiderstedt and Dithmarschen deposits at about 6500 years ago, formed erosional cliffs 111 (Meier, 2001a, b). Basedon these results, excavations of andcauseda longshore transport of the reworked JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3

1 Table 1 57 Larger archaeological excavations in the salt marshes of Schleswig–Holstein

3 Settlement Location Time interval Publication 59

Hodorf Stor. marsh Roman periodHaarnagel (1935) 5 Ostermoor Dithmarschen Roman period Bantelmann (1957/1958) 61 Suderbusenwurth. Dithmarschen Roman period Meier (2001c) 7 Tiebensee Dithmarschen Roman period Meier (2001a) 63 Haferwisch Dithmarschen Roman period Bantelmann (1955) and Meier 9 (2001a) 65 Tofting Eiderstedt Roman period

11 Wellinghusen Dithmarschen Early Medieval times Meier (2001a) 67 Hassenbuttel. Dithmarschen Early Medieval times Meier (2001a) 13 Elisenhof Eiderstedt Bantelmann (1975) 69 Welt Eiderstedt Early Medieval times Meier (1997)

15 Lutjenb. uttel. Dithmarschen High andlate Medievaltimes Unpubl. report (Meier) 71 Norderbusenwurth Dithmarschen High and late Medieval times Unpubl. report (Meier) 17 Hundorf Eiderstedt High and late Medieval times Meier (2001a) 73 Norderhever-Project High and late Medieval and early Muller-Wille. et al. (1988) 19 Modern times 75 Dike andLocation Time Publication 21 St. Johannis Eiderstedt High and late Medieval times Meier (2001a) 77 Eiderstedt High and late Medieval times Meier (2001a) 23 Dikes on the islands of North Frisia Early Medieval times, High and Kuhn. andPanten (1989) 79 late Medieval times 25 81 Table 2 27 Main results of the Wurt excavations in Schleswig–Holstein 83 Excavation PeriodDendro- Results 29 chronological dates 85 Hodorf Roman Single farm yard in a river marsh 31 Ostermoor Roman Groundsettlement a river marsh 87 Suderbusenwurth. Roman AD 50–150 Wurt; larger excavation with well-documented phases 33 Tiebensee Roman Groundsettlement with well-documentedphases 89 Haferwisch Roman AD 140–168 Wurt Tofting Roman Large village Wurt 35 Wellinghusen Early Medieval AD 691–820 Large village Wurt with well-documented phases 91 Hassenbuttel. Early Medieval Large village Wurt with well-documented phases 37 Elisenhof Early Medieval Large village Wurt with well-documented phases and 93 settlement structure 39 Welt Early Medieval Wurt 95 Lutjentb. uttel. High andlate Medieval Wurt Norderbusenwurth High and late Medieval Farm yard as ground level settlement 41 Hundorf High and late Medieval Wurt with well-documented phases 97

43 99 material (Hoffmann et al., 1997). Since 4500 years ago Arnold, 2000) indicate that the coastal areas were used 45 beach ridges developed. Cut off from the sea by these for fishing, hunting andflint search from the hunter- 101 sand barriers, extended areas of the present-day east- gatherers during the Mesolithic period. Near Ecklack a 47 wardpart of the North Frisian tidalflats were covered pot of the late Mesolithic Ertebolle-Ellerbek. culture was 103 with peat bogs. Sandy marine sediments were deposited found, which was covered with 3 m of sediments. This 49 on the seawardUNCORRECTED side of the beach ridges, and a tidal flat findindicates PROOF that possibly the settlement was inundated 105 andfirst salt marshes developedat about 2500 years ago in the late Mesolithic period. 51 (Hoffmann, 1988). During the Neolithic periodthe forest on the 107 Since 10,000 years ago the natural environment of the Pleistocene areas were partly clearedby the first farmers. 53 landscape of Dithmarschen was woodland with lakes Numerous graves of the Neolithic andBronze Age occur 109 andsome bays which extendedfar inland.This aroundAlbersdorf( Arnold, 2000). From other places, 55 environment provided good resources for hunter-gath- only flint artefacts are known, andno remnants of 111 erer groups. Sites such as (Lubke,. 1991; houses have been foundup to now in the former JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 4 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

1 woodlands on the moraine landscape, the peat covered extent of flooding of this area in the 14th century was 57 valleys or the coastal marshes. From the pre-Roman influencedby the pre-Holocene relief andby the spatial 3 perioda number of urn graves were excavatedin extension of different facies units of the Holocene 59 Dithmarschen (Hingst, 1983) which indicate that the deposits. 5 promontories of the moraine landscape into the peat 61 coveredvalleys andthe coastal marshes were densely 7 populatedat that time. 3. Man and environment 63 To the north of the estuary of the River the 9 peninsula of Eiderstedt separates the coastal areas of The landuse in the undikedmarshes reveals a close 65 Dithmarschen andNorth Frisia ( Fig. 1). In the western correlation between topography, settlement, andagri- 11 part of Eiderstedt east west and north-west south-east culture. Near to the coast meandering tidal channels 67 trending sandy barrier systems are present (Figs. 1 and formeda landscape with irregular parcelling, which were 13 9). These systems probably consist of eroded Pleistocene first inhabitedin Roman andearly Medievaltimes. The 69 material which stems from a pre-existing islandwhich tidal channels and rivers were used as transport routes 15 may have existedin the present-dayS uderoog. Sand and between the sea andthe hinterland.The salt marshes 71 Heverstrom areas. The barrier systems of Tholendorf, represent a particular settlement area with very specific 17 , and St. Peter are partly covered with dunes. ecological conditions. Before diking, which started in 73 The rise of the long Garding barrier system has the high Medieval times, the extent of salt marshes was 19 protectedthe hinterlandfrom the influence of the sea much wider than today. Because of their good soils, the 75 since about 2800 BP. To the south of the beach ridges, salt marshes playedan important role in agriculture. In 21 salt marshes developed since 2500 BP, and to the north prehistoric times the grasslandareas, that were neces- 77 peat was formed. When the sea destroyed parts of the sary for grazing of cattle, existednaturally in the salt 23 North Frisian barrier coast, the north-western part of meadows. Whether arable farming was practised under 79 Eiderstedt was inundated and younger clay sediments these extreme ecological conditions has to be proved 25 were deposited on the top of the pre-Roman peat, and individually for each settlement. Farming was carried 81 salt marshes developed at about AD 1000 (Meier, 2001a, out on a small scale only andwas restrictedto the 27 b). natural levees of the tidal channels. 83 The coastal area of North Frisia extends from the The settlement pattern of the periodbetween pre- 29 peninsula of Eiderstedt in the south as far as the historic times and AD 1000 was totally dependent on the 85 German–Danish border in the north (Fig. 1). Towards influence of the sea. The natural coastal environment 31 the east Pleistocene moraines andmelt-water deposits comprising salt marshes, freshwater lakes, swamps and 87 border the coastal lowlands. The islands of Sylt, Fohr,. bogs as well as beach ridges controlled the economy of 33 andAmrum which have cores of Pleistocene andlocally human habitation. Since prehistoric times the settle- 89 Tertiary deposits as well as some sandy shoals protect ments in the salt marshes were mostly groundsettle- 35 the tidal flat areas towards the west. Large tidal channels ments (Flachsiedlungen) or artificial mounds, called 91 divided the tidal flats in subunits. Two larger marsh ‘‘Wurten’’ in Dithmarschen or ‘‘Warften’’ in North 37 islands, and Nordstrand, exist in the southern Frisia (‘‘terpen’’ or ‘‘wierden’’ in the ). As 93 part of the North Frisian tidal flat area. Smaller islands, statedby Behre (1988) the presence of prehistoric 39 the so-called , are relics of former coastal groundsettlements in the clay district of the coastal 95 marshland. At about 4500 years ago the Pleistocene marshlandindicate that in the past the rise of the 41 cores and beach ridges formed a graded coastline in the Holocene sea level was interruptedby periodsof 97 western part of the North Frisian tidal flat area. The standstill or even of lowering of the water level. Wurten 43 eastern part of the area was shelteredfrom the sea and with their artificially raisedsettlement levels indicate a 99 coveredby peat bogs. Many flint artefacts from this area larger endangering by storm floods. The height of the 45 indicate that the peat-covered land was used by hunters different settlement phases above NN (German Ord- 101 andgatherers during the Neolithic andBronze Age nance Datum) can be dated. There are variations in the 47 (Harck, 1980). Megalithic graves andflint material are size andthe construction of the Wurten. Smaller ones 103 concentratedon the Pleistocene cores of the North were erected only for individual farm houses ‘‘Haus- 49 Frisian IslandsUNCORRECTED Sylt, , and Fohr.. From the beach wurten’’; largerPROOF ones were built for villages ‘‘Dorfwur- 105 ridges in Eiderstedt and Dithmarschen, artefacts also are ten’’. The larger Wurten of the 1st millennium AD had 51 known from this time. The landscape changed totally been raisedin the course of longer periodsof time and 107 since late Medieval times, when storm floods destroyed their internal structure shows a series of settling 53 large parts of these barrier systems andinundatedthe horizons. Above the remnants of older houses, new 109 cultivatedland( Hoffmann, 1988). Geological investiga- buildings were erected. Dung and thin clay layers 55 tions (Hoffmann, 1988) of the coastal Holocene deposits separate the different settling horizons. In contrast, the 111 in the North Frisian tidal flats demonstrated that the Warften, which were erectedsince high Medievaltimes, JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 5

1 were raisedto a considerable height above the marsh of Eiderstedt, and in the Wiedingharde north-west of 57 surface. Typical examples of this type are the Warften Bredstedt in North Frisia (Fig. 1). 3 on the Halligen in the North Frisia tidal flat area. The marsh area of the river Elbe is one of the wetland 59 The dung layers in the Wurten often preservedplant areas of Schleswig–Holstein which remainedunscreened 5 remains, so that the paleoecological conditions can be in a modern systematic manner. Therefore the research 61 reconstructedin detail. The position above mean high results obtainedfrom this area are more than 60 years 7 water of the farm landaroundthe settlements can thus old. The settlement of the Roman period in the river 63 be determined (Behre, 1976). However, the positions of marshes adapted themselves strictly to the natural 9 the particular settlements were different, as is shown by conditions: the high riverbanks, tidal-channel-inversion 65 the plant communities that have been recorded in ridges, and the peat zone behind. Archaeological finds, 11 different marsh settlements. borings andexcavations in the St or. marsh have pointed 67 out, that the high river banks were densely populated in 13 the 1st and2ndcentury AD. The low lying peat zone 69 4. The first step into the salt marshes:settlements in the gave no possibilities for cattle grazing. The settlements 15 Roman period (AD 0–400) occupiedthe uppermost parts of the elevatedlevees 71 which were still forestedat that time. These highest parts 17 A major event in the settlement history was the of the riverbank forests were destroyed by human 73 inhabitation of the salt marshes andriver marshes, activities andwere not able to regain their territory in 19 which hadgradually siltedup andhadbecome habitable later occupation phases because the area was usedas 75 as the relative sea-level rise sloweddown. The seaward grazing grounds and fields. A typical example of a river 21 part of the wetlands with a low elevation relative to the marsh settlement is Hodorf (Fig. 2), which was 77 sea level was generally within the reach of salt water and excavatedin 1935 by Haarnagel (1940). In the excava- 23 therefore consists of salt marshes andestuaries where tion, a stable-house of a groundsettlement of the 2nd 79 marine clay andsilt are deposited.In Dithmarschen, the century AD was unearthed. At the end of the 2nd 25 seawardpart of the salt marshes was siltedup to a century AD a Wurt was erectedat this location, which 81 slightly higher level than the landward parts with peat was subsequently raiseduntil the endof the settlement 27 bogs. during the 4th century AD. Possibly at the end or after 83 The oldest finds in the salt marsh area of Schleswig– the phase of habitation the marsh area was flooded. 29 Holstein can be traced back to the older Roman period. The settlement of Ostermoor in Dithmarschen is 85 During a periodof regression at about the birth of another example of a settlement in a river marsh (Fig. 31 Christ, for the first time settlements couldbe built on the 2). The excavatedgroup of four long stable houses of 87 elevatedbanks along the river St or. (Fig. 2) as well as in the 1st and2ndcentury AD was situatedin a line near a 33 the sea marsh areas of Dithmarschen, the southern part tidal channel on elevated clay deposits of the Elbe river 89

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41 Itzehoe 97 Ostermoor Hodorf 43 99 Elbe 45 101

47 pleistocene deposits 103 salt marsh 49 UNCORRECTEDStör PROOF 105 peat

51 settlement of 107 Roman period 53 109 05kmN 55 111 Fig. 2. Stor. marsh with settlements of the Roman period(position of the map see Fig. 1). JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 6 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

1 marsh (Bantelmann, 1957/1958). The landward part of a high density of settlements at the edge of the moraine 57 the river marsh was coveredwith peat. The settlement areas (Stumann Hansen et al., 1987). Typical settlement 3 was abandoned after 150 to 200 years because the pattern on the Pleistocene areas indicate the use of two 59 possibilities for cattle grazing were rather limited. New different environments: the peat covered valleys and the 5 archaeological, palaeobotanical andgeological investi- woodareas with clay andsandysoils. 61 gations in the coastal area of Dithmarschen, basedon The earliest settlements in the salt marsh are located 7 mapping of the cultural heritage, have shown the in long north-south orientedlines, partly on marsh 63 relationship between settlements andenvironment from ridges or other natural elevations. An example of this is 9 Roman to Medieval times (Meier, 2001a, b). The old a group of large Wurten which extends close to the 65 salt marshes of Dithmarschen, were first occupiedwith Medieval dike over the old coastal marshes of Dith- 11 permanent settlements in the 1st century AD. Previously marschen (Fig. 3). As indicated by radiocarbon dates 67 the salt marshes were possibly usedas posture for cattle. from Darrenwurth andTrennewurth andby archae- 13 The settlements on the Pleistocene sandy soils in ological finds from Ostermenghusen, some of these 69 Dithmarschen are not well documented. However, Wurten were founded in the Roman period. As 15 mapping of archaeological finds in similar land- archaeological andgeological investigations have 71 scapes—like in South West —have pointed out shown, the landward part of the marshland was partly 17 73

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55 Fig. 3. Southern part of Dithmarschen with Wurten of Roman and Medieval times and medieval sea dikes (position of the map see Fig. 1). Design: 111 D. Meier. JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 7

1 coveredwith peat. Only small settlements existedon give a goodoverview about the differentphases of Wurt 57 higher sandy ground along the tidal channels. Remains construction (Figs. 3–5). Larger excavations between 3 of the peat were documented under some of the Wurten 1998 and2002 have pointedout the existence of Wurten 59 of the high Medieval period (Meier, 2001c). The peat in with stable houses on a higher ground(+1.50 m NN) 5 Westerbuttel. (KI-3980) south west from Marne (Fig. 3) near a tidal channel (Meier, 2001c). The salt marshes 61 dates between 1160735 BP (AD 780–790) and1140 740 aroundthe settlement reach only a height of +0.80 m 7 BP (AD 780–985). Peat samples from Volsmenhusen NN. Storm floodlayers were documentedon the higher 63 (KI-3981), also southwest from Marne, date from parts of the channel bank as well as on dung layers at 9 1340750 BP (AD 670–780). the edge of the settlement. Therefore storm floods forced 65 Suderbusenwurth. is one of the oldest settlements in the settlers to erect first dwelling mounds at about AD 11 the salt marshes. A number of dendrochnological dates 50 as well as to raise the entire settlement with clay after 67

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33 89 Fig. 4. Suderbusenwurth,. Dithmarschen. Air photo of the excavation of the Wurt of the Roman period. Photo: D. Meier. 35 91

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55 111 Fig. 5. Suderbusenwurth,. Dithmarschen. Excavation of the Wurt of the Roman period. Photo: D. Meier. JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 8 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

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Fig. 6. Northern part of Dithmarschen with Wurten of Roman and Medieval times and medieval sea dike (position of the map see Fig. 1). Design: D. 23 Meier. 79

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27 AD 150. The excavated Hofwurt (Figs. 4 and5 ), which Wurten after AD 140 (Fig. 6). In the excavation parts of 83 was raised with dung and clay, was surrounded by a wall badly preserved houses, the grave of a dog, different 29 of clay sods. At the end of the 3rd century the settlement types of wells, and water basins were documented. In the 85 was abandoned, probably because the low-lying marsh- course of the 3rdand4th century AD the Wurt became 31 land was often inundated. The animal bone analysis larger andhigher before the settlement was abandoned 87 from this settlement pointedout that 50% of the at the endof the 4th century AD ( Meier, 2001a). 33 animals were cows and40% sheep ( Witt, 2001). Another group of settlements of the Roman periodis 89 In the northern salt marshes of Dithmarschen, small known from the peninsula of Eiderstedt (Figs. 1 and9 ). 35 settlements are arrangedalong two lines about 2000 to A series of sandridgesis characteristic of this area and 91 4000 m to the west of the edge of the Pleistocene was important for the landscape development and the 37 hinterland( Figs. 1 and6 ). Archaeological excavations habitation of the present-day peninsula. These ridges 93 have demonstrated the existence of a ground settlement running from west to east were formed3100 years BP 39 in Tiebensee at a level of +1.00 to +1.30 m NN (Meier, andconsist of sandandgravel which have been eroded 95 2001a). Possibly four to six long houses with living by the sea andtransportedsouth-eastwardsby windand 41 quarters andstable boxes for 20 cattle, about 5 m wide currents (Menke, 1988). The formation of the sand 97 and20 m long, were built on flat sodmounds.The ridges favoured the deposition of sediments in the 43 nearby salt marshes provided a good base for grazing adjacent areas and, beginning in the middle of the first 99 cattle. The house places were raiseda little in the 2nd millennium BC, salt marshes developed on these 45 and3rdcentury. Possibly on account of a higher water deposits. Salt marshes existed mainly in the zone to 101 level, the settlers abandoned the site somewhat later. the south of the sand ridges along the river Eider. The 47 Radiocarbon analysis of a peat collected to the north of areas to the north of the ridges were protected from 103 Tiebensee in (KI-2105) yielded an age of direct marine influences by sandy spits and shoals as 49 1790755 BPUNCORRECTED (AD 40–380). This gives evidence that well as by outcroppingPROOF Pleistocene deposits which still 105 peat bogs expanded over the landward part of the salt existedat that time to the north-west of the area and 51 marshes during the late Roman period. became gradually swampy. Relics of peat bogs are still 107 Therefore new settlements were erectedin a zone present in the northern part of the peninsula at a depth 53 further to the west in an area close to the coastline. of 1 m NN (Meier, 2001a, b). 109 Various settlements were built near Haferwisch, about Habitation of the high marshes along the meandering 55 2 km to the west of Tiebensee at a level of only +0.5 m river Eider did not begin until the 1st or 2nd century 111 NN. Investigations documented artificial raising of the AD. The stagnation of the sea-level rise or the lowering JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 9

1 of the storm surge level along large sections of the 5. From anonymity to history:settlements of the early 57 German North Sea coast permittedthe construction of Medieval period (AD 700–1000) 3 groundlevel settlements on the riverbanks. However, 59 because of the renewedrise of the sea level the yards Favourable natural conditions permitted the renewed 5 soon had to be raised. The development of large inhabitation of the salt marshes in Schleswig–Holstein 61 Dorfwurten indicates that the Eider estuary played a from the middle of the 7th and the 8th century onwards. 7 more important role for transport andeconomic The height of the storm-floodlevel at the time of new 63 systems. Such Dorfwurten were founded on the northern inhabitation must have been somewhat lower than 9 bank of the estuary in the Roman period. At that time before, so that groundlevel settlements were erectedin 65 the estuary was smaller than today. The Dorfwurten the salt marshes on the elevatedbanks of tidalcreeks. 11 Hemmerwurth andFlehderwurthwhich are locatedon These favourable conditions were only of short dura- 67 the southern bank of the estuary possibly existedat the tion, because new Wurten hadto be built since the 9th 13 same time. The best known example of an excavated century. Botanical investigations of some of these 69 Dorfwurt is Tofting (Bantelmann, 1955). Tofting, settlements demonstrate that extremely halophytic con- 15 populatedfrom the 2ndto the 5th century AD, was ditions existed in the area at both sides of the river Eider 71 establishedin a salt meadow area on a high riverbank at and in Dithmarschen during early Medieval times. The 17 an elevation of +1.45 m NN (Fig. 9). The environ- Wurten were surrounded by salt marsh vegetation 73 mental conditions in the coastal marsh became increas- (Behre, 1976). In the early Medieval period the clay 19 ingly salty during the 3rd and 4th century AD (Behre, marshes on the North Sea coast became part of the 75 1976). Three house places with long, west east oriented cultural maritime landscape. The only medieval inhabi- 21 stable houses were excavated( Bantelmann, 1955). Walls tation of the wetlands in Schleswig–Holstein is con- 77 of clay sods protected the wickerwork walls of the nectedwith Saxonian andFrisian tribes. In the Gesta of 23 houses. After a house was abandoned, small layers of Adam von Bremen, Tedmarsgoi is described as one of 79 dung and clay sods were packed up and a new building three Saxonian tribes which livedin the north of the 25 was erectednearly at the same site. The house river Elbe: ‘‘Transalbianorum Saxonum populi sunt tres. 81 emplacement I was raisedin the 2ndcentury from Primi ad oceanum sunt Tedmarsgoi, et eorum ecclesia 27 +1.83 to +2.45 m NN, the house emplacement II in the mater in Melindorp’’. The written sources mention, that 83 3rdcentury from +2.60 to +2.82 m NN. House Charlemagne conqueredthe area northwardof the river 29 emplacement III reacheda height of +3.65 m NN in Elbe as far as the river Eider (Northalbingien) in AD 798. 85 the 4th century andof +4.08 m NN in the 5th century. Three Saxon castles are known, the Bokelnburg. and 31 The marshes in the shelter of the high banks of the river in the south and the Stellerburg in the north of 87 Eider were protected against flooding from the sea, but Dithmarschen. They protectedthis area against enemies. 33 these swampy wetlandareas were settledonly tempora- The inhabitation of the coastal area to the north of the 89 rily. Other settlements existedon the sandridgesof river Eider in the 8th century AD was often explained as 35 Eiderstedt, where dead people were buried in urn fields a result of Frisian immigration. However, historical 91 (Bantelmann, 1970). references give no direct information about such an 37 The marsh areas of Dithmarschen andEiderstedt interaction. In the course of this phase of occupation of 93 were densely populated until the 3rd and 4th century the marshland, which began not before the middle of the 39 (Hoffmann et al., 1997; Meier, 1996, 2001a, b). There- 7th century, the so-calledyoung marine marshes with 95 after, as indicated by the settlements in the marshlands their extended salt meadows were populated. 41 as well as by the cremation places, on the beach ridges in The coastal area of Dithmarschen is one of the 97 Eiderstedt and on the Pleistocene deposits in the regions with the highest population density in early 43 hinterlandof Dithmarschen, the area was abandoned. Medieval times (Figs. 3 and6 ). In southern Dith- 99 The last finds of Tofting date in the Migration period, marschen the Wurten of this periodoccur in the same 45 possibly in the 5th or 6th century. A hoardwith precious area as the settlements of the Roman times. In the 101 metals from the 6th century in Eiderstedt is the last sign northern part the early Medieval Wurten were founded 47 of human inhabitation (Muller-Wille,. 1986). The endof in the region locatedto the west of the oldsettlements, 103 this phase of habitation in the marshes along the because after AD 400 bogs hadspreadover the inner 49 German NorthUNCORRECTED Sea coast may be the result of climatic part of the PROOF salt marshes. Peat underlying the medieval 105 deterioration. There is no doubt, that groups of Angles Wurt in Jarrenwisch (KI-3797), 4 km north east of 51 andSaxons migratedto England,but the question is Wellinghusen (Fig. 6) andwestwardof the Roman 107 how large these groups were. Too little is known about settlement yielded an age of 102050 BP (AD 970–1160). 53 the pattern of habitation during the time of AD 400–700 Thus it is younger than the peat in Hemme (KI 2105: 109 in Schleswig–Holstein. 1790 7 55 BP; AD 40–380). 55 Dorfwurten of early Medieval times, located in a long 111 line from the mouth of the river Elbe to the river Eider, JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 10 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

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21 belong to the largest andhighest in Schleswig–Holstein. andmore cows than sheep andhorses grazedin the salt 77 The largest among them have a diameter of more 250 m marshes (Witt, 2001). 23 andreach heights of up to +6.20 m NN. The first The 10th century saw the beginning of an increase in 79 excavation of a Wurt of early Medieval times started in habitation which resultedin the foundingof new 25 1883 at Fahrstedt (Fig. 3) near Marne (Hartmann, Wurten. One example is the village Wurt of Hassenbuttel. 81 1883). (Figs. 6 and8 ) 2000 m northwardfrom Wellinghusen 27 The best example of a Wurt of early Medieval times (Hoffmann et al., 1997; Meier, 1998, 2001a). The living 83 with a series of occupation layers is Wellinghusen near conditionsin the deepseatedandoften inundatedmarsh 29 Wohrden. (Figs. 6 and7 ). In 1994 extensive excavations with a height of +0.80 m NN requiredthe raising of the 85 uneartheda settlement erectedat an elevation of Wurten with layers of clay anddung. The earliest 31 +1.80 m NN on a marsh area along a tidal channel dwelling mounds, which reached a height of +2.00 m 87 (Meier, 2001a). Relics of Phragmites collectedfrom the NN, were raisedon a sediment layer that covereda pre- 33 marsh surface below the settlement (KI-3936) yielded an existing ploughedfield.On the top of one of the later 89 age of 1440740 BP (AD 555–660). The salt marshes Wurten, which reach a height of +3.00 m NN, a large 35 aroundthe settlement reacheda height of 1.00 m above three aisledstable house was built in the 10th to 11th 91 sea level. With +1.59 m NN the present-day mean high century. Also, small buildings of this period with walls 37 water at Busum. is much higher than in early Medieval made of sods are recorded. Investigations of the bone 93 times. The partly excavatedhouses of the ground material indicate that more sheep were kept in Hassenb- 39 settlement, which possibly included living quarters and uttel. than in Wellinghusen (Witt, 2001). 95 stables, were built on flat sodmoundssurroundedby The habitation of the wetlands to the north of the 41 trenches. One of these houses was erectedin AD 691. river Eider in the 8th century AD was often attributed to 97 Increasing influences of storm surges apparently forced Frisian immigration. This cannot be proven, however, 43 the settlers to raise their farmyards between AD 764 and because historical sources are not available andarchae- 99 820 to +3 m NN, using manure carefully coveredwith ological arguments for a specifically Frisian material 45 clay sods. One of these stable houses was excavated. The culture are hard to define. A number of early Medieval 101 tidal channel was filled with dung in the course of the settlements andburials are known from Eiderstedt, 47 extension of the Hauswurten. A bridge across this creek including larger Wurten on the banks of the river Eider, 103 was rebuilt at about 785. The individual Hauswurten andsmaller settlements andcemeteries on the sandy 49 were consolidatedUNCORRECTED to form one large Dorfwurt during a beach ridges PROOF (Bantelmann, 1970; Meier 2001b). The 105 phase of further expansion of the settlement which landward part of the marshes and the northern part of 51 attainedan elevation of +3.80 to +4.00 m NN, in the the Eiderstedt peninsula were not favourable for 107 10th century. The settlement was abandoned in late settlement because parts of these boggy marshes were 53 Medieval times. Four-row barley (Hordeum vulgare), often inundated. New salt marshes were formed in this 109 flax (Linum usitatissimum) andvery little cultivatedoat area since about AD 1000 (Fig. 9). 55 (Avena) were cultivatedaroundthe early Medieval Wurt The Dorfwurten on the northern side of the river Eider 111 (Kroll, 2001). The economy of the settlement was rural, Elisenhof (Bantelmann, 1975) andWelt ( Meier, 1997) JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 11

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settlement, Roman period 21 settlement early Medieval 77 Warft dike, medieval 23 79 salt marshes beach ridges 25 peat 81 pleistocene deposits 27 North Sea 83

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37 Fig. 9. Peninsula of Eiderstedt with settlements and Wurten of Roman and Medieval times and the medieval sea dike (position of the map see Fig. 1). 93 Design: D. Meier. 39 95

41 97 are normally relatedto the purportedFrisian inhabita- trade, which developed around the North Sea since 43 tion in the 8th century AD (Fig. 9). Botanical about AD 700. 99 investigations in Elisenhof show that extremely halo- Unfavourable environmental conditions, due to the 45 phytic conditions existed during early Medieval times in extended peat bogs and swampy areas in the inner part 101 the area at the mouth of the river Eider, and the Wurt of the present-day North Frisian tidal flat area, 47 was surrounded by a salt marsh vegetation (Behre, preventedhabitation before AD 1000 ( Hoffmann, 103 1976). A group of three aisledstable houses, surrounded 1988). Only areas with outcropping Pleistocene deposits 49 by fences, wereUNCORRECTED built as groundlevel settlements with andmore elevatedpartsPROOF of the salt marsh were 105 yards which were raised only slowly (Bantelmann, inhabited. A number of settlements and burial places 51 1975). In contrast, the lower salt marsh area at Welt are recorded on the Pleistocene deposits on the islands 107 soon forcedthe settlers to buildhigh Warften (Meier, of Amrum, Fohr. andSylt. The edgesof the Pleistocene 53 1997). Animal husbandry was the economic base of areas were densely populated. Further archaeological 109 these settlements, as only modest farming was possible. finds are known from the western part of the tidal flat 55 However, there is no doubt that the peasants of the area in the vicinity of the islandHooge andthe islandof 111 coastal area profitedfrom the Frisian andFrankish Pellworm (Figs. 1 and11 ). These finds indicate that in JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 12 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

1 early Medieval times salt marshes, protected by sand 57 ridges, existed in the western part of the present-day Warft 3 north Frisian tidal flats. Excavations carried out in the N North Sea dike, medieval 59 church course of the ‘‘Norderhever-Project’’ have brought to excavation 5 light a groundlevel settlement, which was floodedin late salt marsh 61 1937 Medieval times (Muller-Wille. et al., 1988). At that time tidal channel Osterhever 01km 63 7 the sea level hadrisen so far that people couldnot live 1699 any longer in their houses built on surface of the 9 marshlandin North Frisia, because the beach ridgesin 1611 65 the West were destroyed by the sea, and the salt marshes 11 were too often flooded during storm tides. As a 67 consequence Warften hadto be built. Mimhusen- koog 13 69 Heverkoog 1445

15 6. Storm floods and dike building:the high and late Fallstief Marschkoog 71 Medieval times (AD 1000–1500) 17 1456 73 Since high Medieval times the entire area of the sea St..Johannis Koog 19 andriver marshes were intensively cultivatedandwere Hundorf 75 more densely populated than ever before. The building 21 of dikes and the drainage of the land began in the 11th 77 and12th century. In the beginning, the dikeswere not 23 high enough to protect the landagainst high storm 79 floods. New salt marshes, as in the northern part of Fig. 10. Northern part of the peninsula Eiderstedt with churches, 25 Eiderstedt, were inhabited, and the landward swampy Wurten and medieval ring dikes (positon of the map see Fig. 1). 81 areas were drained. The local people generally took the Design: D. Meier. 27 initiative for the construction of dikes. Economic 83 associations of high social standing organized as 29 cooperatives, developed on larger Wurten, maintaining 85 complete independence from outside nobles and land- numerous storm floods might only be possible, because 31 lords until late Medieval times, in Dithmarschen until the existence of a dike. The first Wurt phase in 87 1559 (Meier, 2001b). The wealth of the leading families Norderbusenwurth can be dated into the first part of 33 was basedon the systematic drainage andcolonization the 12th century. Also, the excavations in Lutjenb. uttel. 89 of the landward part of the marshes and the bogs, which (Fig. 3) recorded that the Wurt was raisedwith clay 35 createdthe transition from a natural landscape to the aroundAD 1150. As indicatedby investigations in 91 present-day cultivated landscape. Eiderstedt the settlement level of the Wurten of high 37 Extended dike systems embanking larger parts of Medieval times was higher than the level of the first 93 Dithmarschen and the southern part of Eiderstedt were dikes. 39 built by cooperatives, organizedin parishes ( Figs. 3 and On the low marshes of northern Eiderstedt and the 95 6). The cooperatives themselves—in Dithmarschen seaward area of the modern North Frisian tidal flat 41 called‘‘ Geschlechter’’—decided about the location and area, where numerous tidal channels divided the land- 97 the way of construction andmaintenance of the dikes, scape in island-like patches, high Warften consisting of 43 the draining systems and sluices. In the newly drained clay were erected( Fig. 10). Even today they still 99 areas the farms of the cooperative settlements, built on determine the appearance of the landscape in Westerh- 45 small single dwelling mounds for protection from the ever, andaroundOsterhever andPoppenb ull. (Meier, 101 inland waters, were aligned in the landscape like beads 2001b). Because salt water often inundated the low 47 on a string, their narrow strips of fields penetrating marshes, the Warften were suddenly raised in one phase 103 farther andfarther into the peat marsh. New Dorfwurten of construction. Excavations in Hundorf (Fig. 10)have 49 were foundedUNCORRECTED also in the salt marshes of Dithmarschen. documented PROOF an artificial mound of the 12th century with 105 Excavations in Busum. (Fig. 1), Norderbusenwurth (Fig. a height of +3.00 m NN, which was raisedto +4.00 m 51 3), andL utjenb. uttel. (Fig. 3) showedthat these Wurten NN in the 14th century (Meier, 1996, 2001a; Meier et al., 107 were erectedmostly with clay ( Meier, 2001a). The 1989). The Warft was built with clay in the 12th century 53 excavation in Norderbusenwurth unearthed a two aisled and expanded at the edges with some manure and 109 house, possibly a granary, which was erecteddirectly on additional clay. The cooperatives of these Warften, 55 the surface of the salt marsh in the late 11th century AD. largely independent of superior authorities and orga- 111 The construction of such a building in a period of nizedin parishes, erecteddikesto protect their JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 13

1 cultivatedlands,in which single house Warften were Since the late Medieval times North Frisia (Utlande) 57 built. The historical sources give no information about sufferedgreat losses of land.During the storm surges of 3 the social structure of the society, the dike building and 1362 and1634, large parts of the Utlandeof North 59 marsh colonization during high Medieval times. There- Frisia between the peninsula Eiderstedt in the south and 5 fore, this process can be only analysedby fieldforms, the islandof Sylt in the North were completely lost 61 settlement pattern, andby the churches which are (Figs. 11 and12 ). The salt marsh areas, which hadbeen 7 named in written sources. Inside the ring dikes irregular occupiedandcultivatedby man since the Viking Age, 63 fieldstrips are common. The best preservedexample of became part of the tidal flats, because their surface was 9 such a preserved medieval landscape is the polder of St. locatedbelow the mean high water level. The reasons for 65 Johannis. The surrounding low summer dike, which has these catastrophes are partly due to the geological 11 been excavatedalong two trenches, reacheda height of development and partly to the activity of man. Local 67 +1.50 m NN in the 12th century andwas raisedfurther factors like the relief of the pre-Holocene landscape, the 13 in late Medieval times (Meier, 2000). Inside the thickness anddifferential compaction of the Holocene 69 embankedpolderis the church andsome single Warften coastal deposits (Hoffmann, 1998) have to be considered 15 (Fig. 10). Towards the west and north-west, the ring in time andspace with regardto their influence on the 71 dike of the St. Johannis polder borders the former tidal landscape development. 17 channel of the Fallstief, which was not dammed until the Large tidal channels, like the Norderhever, break into 73 mid-15th century (Meier, 2001b). With the construction the salt marsh area. In general these tidal creeks 19 of higher dikes since late Medieval times, the overflow followedthe course of the buriedmelt water valleys of 75 space for high storm floods was reduced as the dikes the pre-Holocene landscape. The settlers did not realise 21 offeredfull protection against the sea. The more recent that they themselves contributedto the lowering of the 77 dikes built by order of feudal authorities are character- surface of the coastal marshland by building of dikes, 23 izedby greater height andstraight lines which no longer systematic drainage of the area, and by peat cutting for 79 follow natural landscape structures. the production of salt. However, only in some parts of 25 According to numerous archaeological records, the the present-day north Frisian tidal flat area extensive 81 outer salt marsh of North Frisia was not colonizeduntil peat cutting, which loweredthe landsurface below the 27 early Medieval times. Several archaeological sites mean high tide level, was the dominant factor for the 83 aroundthe Hallig islandHooge, as well as the island losses of land( Bantelmann, 1967). 29 of Pellworm, delimit an area of earliest Frisian habita- Remains of peat cutting can be observedin the 85 tion in the 8th and9th century ( Fig. 11). Increasing vicinity of the Hallig Langeness andat other localities of 31 influence of the sea andhigher storm surge levels forced the inner part of the North Frisian tidal flat (Fig. 11). In 87 the settlers to erect Warften anddikes.Together with the Medieval times the settlers in this area sustained 33 building of dikes the low-lying marshes were colonized themselves on the basis of agriculture andsalt produc- 89 (Kuhn. andM uller-Wille,. 1988). tion. The raw material for salt production was the peat 35 91

37 church 93

Norderaue church, lost

39 LangeneLangeneß Warft, lost 95 trenches 41 salt peat cutting 97 dike

Süderaue ceramics 1000-1500 AD 43 ceramic s 99 HoogeHooge 800-1000 AD

Rummelloch dike breaks 45 and tidal channels 101 1634 47 103 Pellworm

49 UNCORRECTEDNordstrand PROOF 105 Edomsharde

coastlinecoastline b beforeefore 1 1634634 51 Südfall 107

Norderhever N "" 53 109 03km coastline before 1362 coastlinecoastline 1 1962962

55 Fig. 11. Land losses during the storm surges of 1362 and 1634 in the southern part of the North Frisian tidal flat area (position of the map see Fig. 1). 111 Design: D. Meier. JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS 14 D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

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25 81 Fig. 12. Medieval Wurt and field pattern in the present-day North Frisian tidal flat area. The former farm land was lost in the course of the storm 27 surge in 1362. Photo: W. Raabe. 83

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31 of the upper organic deposits which was systematically arrangedin lines. These pits still can be seen todayin 87 cut over large areas. The earliest report of salt many places of the tidal flats. 33 production is from Saxo Grammaticus (1180). Around Sea-level rise anda severe storm surge ledto breaches 89 the time of AD 1230, taxes hadto be paidfor salt of the dike and losses of embanked costal marshes in the 35 production. How salt was produced in early times is 14th century AD. A seconddisastrous storm surge 91 unknown. The technique of the salt production was occurredin 1634 andturnedextendedareas of coastal 37 highly developed in early Modern times. After cutting, marshlandinto tidalflats. Subsequent reclamation of 93 the peat was loaded into ships of small draught and these areas was often impossible. Whereas the first phase 39 brought to the ‘‘Salzkoog’’, a diked area with a dwelling of inundation of cultivated land was triggered by natural 95 mound, where it was loaded into a two-wheeled cart, in processes, human impact—diking, drainage, and peat 41 which the peat was taken into the ‘‘Settland’’ for drying. cutting—playeda dominant role in the secondphase of 97 The dry peat was heaped up and burnt. The ash was expansion of a tidal flat environment over arable land. 43 gathered and piled on top of the dwelling mound. Then During this secondphase, areas with andwithout 99 the ash was filledin boxes with a layer of straw at the compaction of sediments were affected in the same 45 bottom. Salt water was pouredon the ash, ran through manner. The pattern of tidal channels which developed 101 it andinto a pipe beneath. This procedurewas repeated in Modern times shows some similarities with the relief 47 several times with the same solution until the salt of the pre-Holocene landsurface. The channels follow 103 concentration was high enough. Experiments have the morphological depression of the submerged land- 49 provedthat 24UNCORRECTED kg salt couldbe producedusing 1 m 3 of scape. Since PROOF late Medieval times a few Halligen formed 105 wet peat. At the endof the 18th century the salt in this zone, however, most of the formerly colonized 51 production came to end, because the peat had become marsh remained part of the present-day tidal flat. 107 rare andsalt was producedcheaper in other places. Remains of the settlements of Medieval and early 53 Aroundthe area of the islandPellworm peat was cut not Modern times are frequently found in this zone (Figs. 109 for salt production but for agricultural use. Therefore, 11 and12 ). They are part of the cultural heritage and 55 the peat was removedanddepositedin elongatedpits signs of the changing landscape- and settlement history. 111 JQI : 898 ARTICLE IN PRESS D. Meier / Quaternary International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 15

1 7. Uncited Reference Knol, E., 1993. De Noordnederlandse kustlanden in de Vroege 57 Middeleeuwen. Anzeige Bulletin van de Koninklijke Nederlandse 3 Haarnagel, 1969; Haarnagel, 1979; Knol, 1993; Oudheidkundige Bond (Groningen) 92, 271. 59 Kossack, G., Behre, K.-E., Schmid, P. (Eds.), 1984. Archaologische. Steuer, 1979. undnaturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an l andlichen. und 5 fruhst. adtischen. Siedlungen im deutschen Kustengebiet. vom 5. 61 Jahrhundert n.Chr. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert n.Chr. 1 Landliche. 7 Siedlungen, Weinheim, 461pp. 63 Kroll, H., 2001. Archaobotanische. Analysen. In: Maier, D., ed., References Landschaftsentwicklung und Siedlungsgeschichte des Eiderstedter 9 undDithmarscher K ustengebietes. als Teilregionen des Nordseek- 65 Arnold, V., 2000. Ur- und Fruhgeschichte.. In: Verein fur Dith- ustenraumes.. Untersuchungen der AG Kustenarch. aologie. des 11 marscher Landeskunde (Ed.), Geschichte Dithmarschens. Boyens, FTZ-Westkuste.. Untersuchungen zur Prahistorischen. 67 Heide, pp. 17–70. Archaologie.. Band1: Die Siedlungen,Habelt, Bonn Habelt, pp. 13 Bantelmann, A., 1955. Tofting, eine vorgeschichtliche Warft an der 227–272. 69 Eidermundung.. Offa-Bucher. 12 (Wachholtz, Neumunster),. 134. Kuhn,. H.J., Muller-Wille,. M., 1988. Siedlungsarchaologische. Un- Bantelmann, A., 1957/1958. Die kaiserzeitliche Marschensiedlung von tersuchungen im nordfriesischen Marschen- und Wattengebiet und 15 Ostermoor bei Brunsbuttelkoog.. Offa (Wachholtz, Neumunster). in Eiderstedt. In: Muller-Wille,. M., Higelke, B., Hoffmann, D., 71 16, 53–79. Menke, B., Brande, A., Bokelmann, K., Saggau, H.E., Kuhn,. H.-J. 17 Bantelmann, A., 1967. Die Landschaftsentwicklung an der schleswig- (Eds.), Norderhever-Projekt. 1 Landschaftsentwicklung und Sie- 73 holsteinischen Westkuste.. Offa-Bucher. (Wachholtz, Neumunster). dlungsgeschichte im Einzugsgebiet der Norderhever (Nordfries- 21, 97. land). Studien Kustenarch. aologie. Schleswig–Holstein C, 19 Bantelmann, A., 1970. Spuren vor- undfr uhgeschichtlicher. Besiedlung Norderhever, Offa 66. Boyens, Neumunster,. pp. 181–194. 75 auf einem Strandwall bei , Eiderstedt. Probleme der Kuhn,. H.J., Panten, A., 1989. Der fruhe. Deichbau in . 21 Kustenforschung. 9, 49–55. Archaologisch-historische. Untersuchungen, Nordfriisk Instituut, 77 Bantelmann, A., 1975. Die fruhgeschichtliche. Marschensiedlung beim Husum, 127pp. . . 23 Elisenhof in Eiderstedt. Landschaftsgeschichte und Baubefunde. Lubke, H., 1991. Fedderingen-Wurth, ein Fundplatz der Ertebolle/ 79 Studien Kustenarch. aologie. Schleswig–Holstein A, Elisenhof 1. Ellerbek-Kultur. In: Drenkhahn, D., Meier, D., Arnold, V. (Eds.), Lang, Bern, Frankfurt, 190pp. Fruhe. Siedler an der Kuste,. Kustenarch. aologie. in Dithmarschen 25 Behre, K.-E., 1976. Die Pflanzenreste aus der fruhgeschichtlichen. Wurt undSteinburg. Boyens, Heide,pp. 38–46. 81 Elisenhof. Studien Kustenarch. aologie. Schleswig–Holstein A, Eli- Meier, D., 1996. Landschaftsgeschichte und Siedlungsmuster von der 27 senhof 2. Lang, Bern, Frankfurt. romischen. Kaiserzeit bis in das Mittelalter in den Kustengebieten. 83 Behre, K.-E., 1988. Die Umwelt prahistorischer. undmittelalterlicher Eiderstedts und Dithmarschens. Siedlungsforschung. Arch- Siedlungen. Siedlungsforschung. Archaologie—Geschichte—Geo-. aologie—Geschichte—Geographie. 14, 245–276. 29 graphie 6, 57–80. Meier, D., 1997. Welt, eine fruhmittelalterliche. Dorfwurt im M- 85 Ehlers, J., 1988.The Morphodynamics of the . Balkema, undungsgebiet. der Eider. Archaologisches. Korrespondenzblatt 27, 31 Rotterdam, 397pp. 171–184. 87 Haarnagel, W., 1940. Die Marschensiedlungen in Schleswig–Holstein Meier, D., 1998. Transalbianorum Saxonum populi sunt tres. Das . . . 33 undim linkselbischen K ustengebiet. Probleme der K- Dithmarscher Kustengebiet im fruhen undhohen Mittelalter. In: 89 ustenforschung. 1, 87–98. Wesse, A. 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1 1 Landschaftsentwicklung und Siedlungsgeschichte im Einzugsge- Witt, R., 2001. Das archaologische. Fundmaterial der Wurten in biet der Norderhever (Nordfriesland). Studien Kustenarch. aologie. Dithmarschen. Dissertation, Universitat. Kiel, Kiel, 329pp. 13 . 3 Schleswig–Holstein C, Norderhever, Offa 66. Boyens, Neumunster, pp. 117–137. Muller-Wille,. D., 1986. Fruhgeschichtliche. Fundplatze. in Eiderstedt. 15 5 Offa 43, 295–310. Further reading Muller-Wille,. M., Higelke, B., Hoffmann, D., Menke, B., Brande, A., 17 7 Bokelmann, K., Saggau, H.E., Kuhn,. H.-J., 1988. Norderhever- Historical references Projekt. 1 Landschaftsentwicklung und Siedlungsgeschichte im 19 Einzugsgebiet der Norderhever (Nordfriesland). Studien K- 9 Adam v. Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificium. In: astenarch. aologie. Schleswig–Holstein C, Norderhever, Offa 66. Trillmich, T., Buchner, R. (Eds.), Quellen des 9. und 11. Boyens, Neumunster. 232pp. Jahrhunderts zur Geschichte der hamburgischen Kirche und des 21 11 Steuer, H., 1979. Die Keramik aus der fruhgeschichtlichen. Warft Reiches. Ausgewahlte. Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Elisenhof. Studien Kustenarch. aologie. Schleswig–Holstein A, Eli- Mittelalters. Freiherr vom Stein-Gedachtnisausgabe. XI. Wis- 23 senhof (Frankfurt, Bern (Lang)), 3, 145. senschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. Stumann Hansen, S., Nielsen, L.C., Rieck, R., 1987. Registering af Saxo Grammaticus. In: Davidson, H.E., Fisher, P. (Eds.), Gesta Jernalderfund i den Danske Vadehavsregion. Report Museumsra- Danorum—The history of the . Brewer, Woodbridge, 1996. det for Soenderjyllands Amt og Ribe Amtsmuseumsrad, Haderslev, 101pp.

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