7.1 Sudjojono (14.12.1913, Or 1917-25.3.1986) [Note: Sources for the Following Are Largely SY [Hardiwadoyo] Sanento Yuliman, 1981 & Sidharta, 2006
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
The Asian Modern, Volume II © John Clark, 2014 1 7.1 Sudjojono (14.12.1913, or 1917-25.3.1986) [Note: sources for the following are largely SY [Hardiwadoyo] Sanento Yuliman, 1981 & Sidharta, 2006. MB is interview with Sri Nasti Rukmawati & Mia Bustam, at former’s home in Cinere, 13. 12. 2010, and RP is interview with Mrs Rose Pandanwangi and daughters at home in Cirendeu, 14. 12. 2010. S is Sudjojono]. Thanks to Siobhan Campbell, Matt Cox, Werner Kraus, Yvonne Low, and Adrian Vickers for further suggestions and additions. Precursor discourses domestic Role of European artists living in Java, ‘tourist painters’, drawing teachers at colonial high schools [Allgemene Middelbare School] teachers had Middelbare Onderwijus diplomas and teaching licenses. Their presence could not substitute for criticism and intellectual discourse [Supangkat in Sidharta, 2006, 253,] Under Dutch colonial rule only three Indonesians received the Middlebare Akte, official certificate for teaching painting: RJ Katamsi, first head of ASRI; Siafei Soemardja, first Indonesian teacher at Balai Pendidikan Universitas Guru Gambar Bandung, predecessor of Faculty of Arts and Design at ITB; Soemarno [Wiyanto, 2010, 98: Middlebare Akte, Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung, Galeri Soemardja, 2010] Signs of modern art seen in Dutch painters Jan Frank, Piet Ouburg, Sudjojono and PERSAGI. Pirngadie (1875-1936) of central Javanese aristocracy, student of Du Chattel, a resident Dutch painter, known as a landscapist and illustrator, especially for J.E. Jasper and Pirngadie, De Inlandsche Kunstnijverheid in Nederlandsch Indië, 5 vols, Den Haag: Mouton, 1912-1927. A direct teacher of Sudjojono and Suromo. Abdullah Surio Subroto (1878-1941) child of an aristocrat adopted by a Javanese doctor Mas Ngabehi Wahidin Sudiorhusodo. Abdullah began medical studies but switched to the Academy of Fine Arts after going to Holland. Taught several painters including his own son Basuki Abdullah (1915-1993) who also studied at Academie voor Beldeende Kunsten, Den Haag, and in Paris and Rome. And in 1930 also taught Wahdi Sumanta (b.1917) a landscapist from Bandung. Wakidi (ca 1889 Palembang – 1979, Sumatra Barat) studied at kweekschool in Bukit-Tinggi Sumatra then in 1903 with Dutch painter Van Dijk in Semarang, Java. Landscapes depict vast fields centred on mountains, without people. Precursor discourses foreign See Regnault Collection in 1939 below in chronology: artists seen included Messimo Campigli, Marc Chacgall, Giorgio de Chirico, Kees van Dongen, Charles Dufresne, Raul Dufy, Léonard Foujita [Tsuguharu], Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Vassily Kandinsky, Jean Lurçat, Jules Pascin, Pablo Picasso, Constant Permeke, Odilon Redon, Maurice Utrillo, Ossip Zadkine. Stylistic Issues *antecedence of endogenous and exogenous, nested endogeny *Singularity or plurality of styles Supangkat thinks Sudjojono took over three tenets of Courbet’s Realism manifesto: The Asian Modern, Volume II © John Clark, 2014 2 1 against conservative idealism and bourgeois taste – this became a stance against the taste of the Dutch colonists. 2 [goal of art] to liberate individuals from oppressive collective conventions, norms and values – these were translated by S into rights for independence of th4 nation. 3 explore the dark side of the oppressed people – became the theme of social lives of natives under colonialism characterized by injustice, discrimination, harassment and struggle for identity. [Supangkat in Sidharta, 2006, 258-259]. Sudjojono believed in subjectivity: Honesty (sensitivity of the heart of hearts), that he always talked about, reflected an attempt to control subjectivity so that it wouldn’t fall into egocentrism [ibid 259] This art of painting was not based on an ideology, but on sympathy and empathy. In painting, the belief is expressed in expressive accentuation, spontaneous and emotional brush strokes, the use of bleak and dark colours, and the depiction of reality within dramatic situations. [ibid. 259]. Art worlds 1778 foundation of Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences). 1902 Nederlandsch-Indische Kunstkring in Batavia, called Bataviasche Kunstkring from 1916. Reports of its exhibitions published in Java Bode. Art circles likewise founded in other cities from after 1900. 1926 founding of Vereeniging van Beeldende Kunstenaars in Bandung. 1930 thirty kunstkringen existed in the Bond van Nederlandsch-Indische Kunstkringen with 10,000 members, all Europeans. [SY, 1981, 67] 1940 founding of a drawing and painting club (name unknown) in Batavia, rented a space behind the Kolff bookstore on Noordwijk in Batavia. Gathered on Wednesday evenings to paint; dissociated themselves from the ‘Beautiful Indies’ painters and oriented themselves entirely towards contemporary European developments’ *art schools, salons, patrons Beynon, Abdullah, Hofker, Jan Willem Sluiter (1873-1946) mentioned later as admired by S Training for artists *teachers Marsudi Yudhokusumo in Sumatra and later Java Seteleng-Seteleng 1950 gives teachers as M.Pirngadi, 1928 and C.Yazaki in 1935. Contemporary discourses with period of artist’s activity Artists exhibited at Bataviaschen Kunstkring from Collectie Regnault 1937, 1938, 1939-40: 1937 Else Berg, Heinrich Campendonck, Massimo Campigli, Hendrik Chabot, Hermine David, Charles Dufresne, James Ensor, Le Fauconnier, Edmond Goerg, Geor Grosz, Jan van Herwijnen, Bob Humblot, Raoul Hynckes, H. van Kruiningen, Herman Kruyder, Joseph Kutter, Marie Laurencin, Willem Paerels, Constant Permeke, Olga Sacharoff, Wim Schumacher, Gustav de Smet, Quirijn van Tiel, Henri van der Velde, Maurice de Vlaminck, H. Wiergsma, Matthieu Wiegman, Piet Wiegman, Piet van Wijngaerdt The Asian Modern, Volume II © John Clark, 2014 3 1938 Massimo Campigli, Marc Chacgall, Stefaan Couwenberg, Kees van Dongen, T. van Doorn, Vincet van Gogh, Gerard Hordijk, Frits F. A. Klein, Antoon Kruysen, Joseph Kutter, Freddie Langeler, Albert Marquet, Frans Masereel, Constant Permeke, Pablo Picasso, Willem Jilts Pol, Quirijn van Tiel, Gerard van Velde, Matthieu Wiegman 1939-40 Willy Boers, Francisco Borès, Massimo Campigli, Marc Chacgall, Charles Dufresne, Othon Friesz, Leo Gestel, Vincent van Gogh, Georg Grosz, Gerard Horduk, Jean Hugo, Wassily Kandinsky, Hermat Kruyder, Jaen Lurçat, Louis Marcoussis, Willem Paerels, Constant Permeke, Valentine Prax, Slavado, Quirijn van Tiel, Mario Toszi, Gerard van Velde, J. J. Voskuil, Ossip Zadkine. 1920s’ - 1940s’ exhibitions of modern and other European art in the Dutch Indies It has become clear from recent research, chiefly by Siobhan Campbell with some notes and queries from Adrian Vickers, Werner Kraus, and John Clark, that the following exhibitions took place in the Dutch Indies in the 1920s to early 1940s. This new information is based on articles from newspapers in Dutch published in the Netherlands and others published in the Dutch Indies. 1922 There was a collection of paintings in the Volksraad (People’s Council) building. These included the Landsverzameling paintings, including the 18th century portraits, however the modern art in the coffee room was owned by the Volksraad [Indische Courant, 18 December 1937]. Shortly after the Volksraad was established in 1918, an appeal was made for works of art to adorn the walls of the building to which artist Willem van der Does donated ‘Maanlichte nacht op de reede van Batavia’ in 1922 [De Preanger-Bode, 11 February 1922]. In 1923 works by three Indies painters, Strasser, Mooyen and J.Dooyewaard, from their 18 January 1923 exhibition were gifted to the Volksraad building [Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 19 January 1923]. The Volksraad collection included portraits of former presidents and a portrait of the Dutch queen by Willem Bastiaan Tholen [Het Vaderland, 14 January 1931]. The portraits were usually by Dutch artists including Willy Sluiter and Piet van der Hem. The first time an Indies artist was commissioned to produce a portrait was in 1933 when Henry (Henri) van Velthuysen painted dr. Meyer Ranneft, followed by the portrait by Jan Frank of Mr. Spit in 1936 and Charles Sayers of W.H. van Helsdingen [De Indische Courant, 26 June 1933; 24 April 1940; Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 26 March 1936, 3 August 1940]. 1925 July. The Volksraad passed the Wiessing motion to establish a collection of paintings from Dutch museums in the Indies. The proposed collection was to be housed on the top floor of the Kunstkring Batavia building. Ongoing debate regarded the availability of a suitable museum building in the Indies and the management of the collection [De Indische Courant, 6 July 1925, 18 November 1925, 29 August 1929; Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 16 January 1926]. 1929 exhibition in Batavia of modern paintings from Germany, Tentoonstelling hedendaagsche Duitsche kunst in Nederlandsch-Indië [Deutsche Kunst der Gegenwart], under the auspices of the Social-Democratic Weimar Government, curated and with a catalogue by Elisabeth Delbrück. It was opened by the Governor General and the German Ambassador, there were catalogues in German and Dutch and the exhibition toured to nine cities, being open to Indonesians, including local schoolchildren. Works included those by Karl Hofer, The Asian Modern, Volume II © John Clark, 2014 4 Max Pechstein, Max Slevogt, Emil Nolde, Otto Dix and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. [Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 3 July 1929; De Indische Courant, 15 July 1929; J. De Loos- Haaxman, Verlaat Rapport Indië…, 1968, 99]. Catalogus is in Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie. 1930 Official