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Download Em Segundos UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E CULTURA CONTEMPORÂNEAS JOSÉ AFONSO DA SILVA JUNIOR UMA TRAJETÓRIA EM REDES: MODELOS E CARACTERÍSTICAS OPERACIONAIS DAS AGÊNCIAS DE NOTÍCIAS, DAS ORIGENS ÀS REDES DIGITAIS, COM TRÊS ESTUDOS DE CASO. Salvador Junho de 2006 2 JOSÉ AFONSO DA SILVA JUNIOR UMA TRAJETÓRIA EM REDES: MODELOS E CARACTERÍSTICAS OPERACIONAIS DAS AGÊNCIAS DE NOTÍCIAS, DAS ORIGENS ÀS REDES DIGITAIS, COM TRÊS ESTUDOS DE CASO. Tese de doutorado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura Contemporâneas, Faculdade de Comunicação, Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Comunicação Social. Professor Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Silva Palacios. Salvador Junho de 2006 3 Biblioteca Central Reitor Macedo Costa - UFBA S586 Silva Junior, José Afonso da. Uma trajetória em redes : modelos e características operacionais das agências de notícias, das origens às redes digitais, com três estudos de caso / José Afonso da Silva Junior, 2006. 408 f. Inclui apêndices. Professor Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Silva Palacios. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Comunicação, 2006. 1. Agências de notícias - História. 2. Jornalismo - Redes de computação. 3. Comunicações digitais. 4. Internet ( Redes de computação). 5. Agências de notícias - Estudo de casos. I. Palacios, Marcos Silva. II. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Comunicação. III. Título CDU - 070.431.2 CDD – 070.43 4 TERMO DE APROVAÇÃO JOSÉ AFONSO DA SILVA JUNIOR UMA TRAJETÓRIA EM REDES: MODELOS E CARACTERÍSTICAS OPERACIONAIS DAS AGÊNCIAS DE NOTÍCIAS, DAS ORIGENS ÀS REDES DIGITAIS, COM TRÊS ESTUDOS DE CASO. Tese aprovada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura Contemporâneas, Faculdade de Comunicação, Universidade Federal da Bahia, pela seguinte banca examinadora: Prof. Doutor Marcos Silva Palacios – Orientador. __________________________________ (Faculdade de Comunicação - Universidade Federal da Bahia). Prof. Doutor Othon Fernando Jambeiro Barbosa – Examinador Interno. ___________________________ (Faculdade de Comunicação - Universidade Federal da Bahia) Prof. Doutor Cláudio Guimarães Cardoso – Examinador Interno. ___________________________ (Faculdade de Comunicação - Universidade Federal da Bahia) Prof. Doutor Carlos Eduardo Franciscato – Examinador Externo. _________________________ (Universidade Federal de Sergipe) Prof. Doutor Rubens Ribeiro Gonçalves da Silva – Examinador Externo. _________________________ (Instituto de Ciência da Informação - Universidade Federal da Bahia) Salvador, ____ de _____________ de 2006 5 DEDICATÓRIA À Minha Filha, Helena: alegria de minha vida. Aos meus sobrinhos: Beatriz, Ana Luíza, Lucas, Júlia e Eduardo: notícias boas no meu caminho. - Porque a esperança é um bem gratuito. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS. “Amigo é o que quando você vai lá ele já vem vindo”. - Millor Fernandes. Toda tese é um trabalho escolar. De nível aprofundado, de percurso longo, de inquietações constantes e de pequenos oásis de tranqüilidade. Mesmo com essas ressalvas, permanece sendo um trabalho escolar. É um convite, feito em modo de desafio, para investigar e estabelecer relações com idéias e pessoas, com momentos e lugares do mundo onde experienciamos e nos aperfeiçoamos. Se para as idéias e conceitos, uma forma possível de agradecimento é colocar os mesmos a serviço da tese, para as pessoas, ao contrário, temos que explicitar através da nossa a gratidão, pois foi um privilégio conviver com elas. Sou profundamente grato: Ao Prof. Dr. Marcos Palácios, orientador do trabalho, pela competência, lucidez, estímulo constante, compreensão e, sobretudo, pela paciência e diálogo aberto presente em todos estágios desta pesquisa. Por colocar os ‘iis’ nos pingos. Ao Professor Elias Machado. Pela inquietude do pesquisador, pela responsabilidade com o grupo de pesquisa em jornalismo on-line, GJOL, e pela indicação das várias referências de leituras e estímulo às discussões. A reitoria da UFPE, Em especial ao Professor Yony Sampaio. Por acreditar nesta pesquisa e apoiar incondicionalmente minha ida à Salvador. Aos coordenadores do Projeto Virtus UFPE, André Neves, Paulo Cunha e Marcos Galindo. Por abrirem as primeiras portas. E nunca fecharem. 7 A Pró-Reitoria de pesquisa, PROPESQ – UFPE, por viabilizar, através do programa PICDT da CAPES, a bolsa, sem a qual essa pesquisa seria impossível. Ao seu corpo de funcionários, fica o reconhecimento do apoio prestado. Ao corpo de funcionários das três agências analisadas nesta tese. Em Especial à Mario Andrada, diretor da Reuters América Latina, Inês Migliaccio, Editora da Agência Estado e José Roberto Garcez, Diretor de jornalismo da Agência Brasil, pela disponibilidade e acesso para a observação e pesquisa nessas instituições. Aos professores e funcionários do Programa em Pós-Graduação da FACOM– UFBA, em especial a Itania, Benjamin, Jéder, Henrique. Pela contribuição à convivência acadêmica na FACOM. Aos examinadores desta tese, professores Othon Jambeiro, Carlos Eduardo Franciscato, Rubens Ribeiro e Cláudio Cardoso. Pelo interesse e disponibilidade para participação na banca. Aos Colegas do Departamento e Pós-Graduação em Comunicação da UFPE. Pela compreensão da importância de realização desta pesquisa. Aos colegas da Póscom, em especial a: Jamil, Sivaldo, Júlio, Leandro, Cacau Pantoja, Messias, Franciscato, Graciela, Josenildo, Suzi; e no Gjol: Luiz Lordelo, Luti, Carla, Beatriz, Suzana, Janalyne, Leila, Lia, Paulo Munhoz. Pela singularidade das suas personalidades e na tradução luminosa disto em: amizade, diálogo, inteligência coletiva, aprofundamento de questões, carinho, solidariedade e companheirismo. Vocês são do meu time! À André Lemos e Zé Carlos. Mais que colegas, amigos. Mais que amigos, irmãos de fé em qualquer lugar e hora. A Caco e Patrícia, anfitriões e porto-seguro em Salvador. A Flávio Rocha e Clarissa Lima, que fizerem das suas casas, em Brasília e São Paulo, extensões na minha. 8 Aos meus auxiliares de pesquisa Nilson Soares e Ana Maria, pelo interesse, cooperação e ajuda nas etapas de trabalho mais insano desta tese. À Javier Diáz-Noci pelo interesse intelectual transparente e ajudas dadas para o encadeamento desta tese. Gracias! À Viviane Fontoura, amiga de quase 20 anos, especialista na língua de Shakespeare. Pelas traduções e apoio. Hugs! A Ignez: já que tudo é erro na vida de um revisor, fazer disso um ofício de precisão e paciência. Aos amigos de Recife. Iara, Rafael Medeiros, Rafael Pimenta, Guigo, Paulinho, Nicolau, Aninha Luiza, Florilton (in memorian. - Você está em algum lugar bem bonito e luminoso desta tese, viu!), por repartirem bons e maus momentos, por entenderem o sacrifício momentâneo da convivência. Aos meus pais. José (in memorian) e Ana. Respectivamente, motor e leme, razão e sensibilidade do meu percurso. Por tudo que não cabe aqui, mas está em mim. À Adriana. Por calçar botas de chumbo, para que eu pudesse voar. Ao meu tio João Augusto, uma luz distante que, mesmo sem sentir, é inspiradora da formação intelectual, da retidão do caráter e da infinita capacidade de gerar afeto. Aos meus irmãos: José Augusto, Silvana e Carlos Eduardo. Pelos exemplos de vida de cada um. De longe (e de perto também!) grandes amigos, eternos irmãos. A Bárbara. Namorada, mulher e amiga. Por suportar os momentos mais difíceis desta tese em mim. Agradeço por tudo que foi presente (força, apoio, broncas, tranqüilidade) para que eu terminasse este trabalho, e lhe peço perdão por quando esqueci disso. Por fim, mas não sem menos importância, à FACOM-UFBA. Pelo acolhimento proporcionado, por ser meu segundo lar acadêmico e que, como a Bahia …“não me sai do pensamento”. 9 O fim do mundo1 No fim de um mundo melancólico os homens lêem jornais. Homens indiferentes a comer laranjas que ardem como o sol. Me deram uma maçã para lembrar a morte. Sei que cidades telegrafam pedindo querosene. O véu que olhei voar caiu no deserto. O poema final ninguém escreverá Desse mundo particular de doze horas. Em vez de juízo final a mim me preocupa o sonho final. - João Cabral de Melo Neto. 1 MELO NETO, João Cabral, 1945. 10 RESUMO Esta tese organiza-se em três níveis de estudo. O primeiro tenta estabelecer uma recuperação de elementos históricos da estruturação das agências para identificar e delimitar características operacionais e de fluxo de informações. O segundo nível visa apresentar três casos relevantes de agências de notícias: a Agência Brasil, a Agência Estado e a Reuters, de modo que, através dos estudos de caso de cada uma, possamos aplicar as reflexões teóricas sobre as características elencadas. Como o desenvolvimento e difusão das tecnologias digitais e de redes é um fenômeno de ampla presença na atualidade, as agências de notícias não se excluem desses condicionamentos. Assim, o terceiro nível de estudo procura estabelecer o debate de como as características de operação e de fluxo de informação são configuradas segundo a lógica da sociedade em rede. No sentido de estabelecer desdobramentos entre as características operacionais e de fluxo com os casos elegidos, adota-se os procedimentos a seguir: acompanhamento dos casos estudados, através da recuperação de percurso e estruturação dessas organizações; observação dos serviços existentes e sua articulação na dinâmica de operação; entrevistas com os editores e principais responsáveis pela gestão dessas organizações e observação dos modelos de produção in-loco. Com essa estratégia estabelecida,
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