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Academie D'aix-Marseille AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE Ecole doctorale Langues, Lettres et Arts 354 Laboratoire d’Etudes en Sciences des Arts EA 3274 Discipline Arts Spécialité Sciences de l’Art L’autorité de la chaise de sa fonction à sa transformation en œuvre dans l’art chinois et occidental THESE de DOCTORAT Présentée et publiquement soutenue Le 14 janvier 2017 par Xian Wen NONG Sous la direction de : Madame la professeure Sylvie COËLLIER Pour obtenir le Diplôme d’Etat de Docteur Rapporteurs : Monsieur le professeur Thierry DUFRÊNE Madame la chercheure HDR Véronique ALEXANDRE JOURNEAU Le jury : Monsieur le professeur Thierry DUFRÊNE Madame la chercheure HDR Véronique ALEXANDRE JOURNEAU Monsieur le professeur Jean ARNAUD Madame la professeure Sylvie COËLLIER Remerciements J’adresse mes remerciements à Madame Sylvie COËLLIER, professeure à Aix-Marseille Université, historienne de l’art contemporain. En tant que Directrice de thèse, elle m’a guidé dans mon travail. Elle a lu et a corrigé ma thèse plusieurs fois, et m’a aidé à trouver des solutions pour avancer. Les informations et les conseils précis qu’elle m’a donnés, concernant l’art, le design, l’esthétique, la philosophie, la culture, la méthode de recherche, m’ont permis d’approfondir ma recherche. Table des matières Introduction I La chaise.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 II Les contenus principaux de la thèse.--------------------------------------------------------------------4 III La construction de la thèse.------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 IV L’écriture chinoise en français.--------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Partie I La problématique principale I La nécessité du Tao dans l’art et dans le design.----------------------------------------------15 II L’Introduction brève de l’évolution de la philosophie chinoise.----------------------------18 III Le problème de la compréhension du Tao.-----------------------------------------------------23 IV Le problème de l’évolution du Tao.-------------------------------------------------------------25 V Le problème de l’obtention du bon ‘Xing Qing’.---------------------------------------------29 VI Le problème du processus de la création et de production.----------------------------------31 Conlusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33 Partie II L’histoire du siège occidental 3200 av.J.C.—1830 Chapitre I Le symbole d’animalité dans des sièges égyptiens(env.3200 av.J.C.—300 av.J.C.) I Le fauteuil de la reine Hetep-heres.--------------------------------------------------------------36 II Le luxe ou la modernité ?--------------------------------------------------------------------------36 I III Les problèmes.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38 IV Le trône de Toutankhamon. ----------------------------------------------------------------------38 V La stratégie politique.------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------43 VI La question de la croyance et de le superstitution.--------------------------------------------44 VII Le symbole de l’animalité.----------------------------------------------------------------------46 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 Chapitre II Le symbole des plantes dans des sièges assyriens et perses. (env.3500 av.J.C.—700) I L’ambition agressive marquée dans le siège assyrien.-----------------------------------------49 II Une perspective plus large.------------------------------------------------------------------------50 III La diversité des sièges perses.--------------------------------------------------------------------51 IV La puissance et le trône de Darius Ie le grand.--------------------------------------------------53 V Le symbole des plantes.----------------------------------------------------------------------------55 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 Chapitre III La forme simplifiée et (pré)géométrique des sièges grecs (11e siècle av.J.C.—1e siècle av.J.C. ) I La question de l’origine et des sources des sièges grecs.---------------------------------------59 II Des tabourets et des bancs à s’étendre.-----------------------------------------------------------60 III Le Klismos grec et son origine.-------------------------------------------------------------------61 IV Un trône importé dans la Grèce antique.--------------------------------------------------------65 V La forme simplifiée et (pré)géométrique.--------------------------------------------------------66 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67 Chapitre IV L’ostentation du siège romain antique (9e siècle av.J.C.—5e siècle) I Le problème des sources de recherche des meubles romains.----------------------------------68 II II L’ostentation du siège romain.--------------------------------------------------------------------68 III L’origine du siège romain.------------------------------------------------------------------------70 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72 Chapitre V Le confort et l’inconfort dans la chaise ecclésiastique du Moyen Age(env. 476—1453 av.J.C.) I Les sièges du Clergé médiéval et le gothique.---------------------------------------------------74 II La condition.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 III L’inconfort physique contre le confort spirituel.-----------------------------------------------77 IV La limite de la chaise ecclésiastique.------------------------------------------------------------78 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 Chapitre VI De la Renaissance au Baroque, de la richesse matérielle à la complexité matérielle (XIV—XVII siècle) I La richesse matérielle.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------80 II La manifestation de la richesse matérielle.------------------------------------------------------82 III L’influence orientale en Europe.-----------------------------------------------------------------89 IV La richesse matérielle et le travail.---------------------------------------------------------------91 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95 Chapitre VII Le problème du mélange des styles (18e siècle) I Les fauteils à sytle Louis XV.-----------------------------------------------------------------------96 II Le mélange des styles.------------------------------------------------------------------------------98 III Le mélange des pensées.-------------------------------------------------------------------------100 IV Rococo sous l’influence féminine.-------------------------------------------------------------104 V Le problème derrière le luxe.--------------------------------------------------------------------104 III VI Le style Chippendale en Angleterre.-----------------------------------------------------------106 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 Chapitre IX Néo-classicisme (17e —début du 19e sicèle) I Les sièges néo-classiques.-------------------------------------------------------------------------110 II Napoléon Bonaparte et son trône.---------------------------------------------------------------111 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------117 Partie III L’histoire du siège chinois (2100 av.J.C.—1900) Chapitre I Avant l’apparition de la chaise haute, ( De 2100 av.J.C. à 202 av.J.C., de la dynastie Xia 夏 à la fin de la dynastie Cu 楚) I La natte.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------118 II La natte de plus en plus épaisse.-----------------------------------------------------------------120 III La recherche de l’artisanat et l’aristocratie.---------------------------------------------------121 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122 Chapitre II La première chaise en Chine I Des informations diverses sur la première chaise chinoise.-----------------------------------123 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125 Chapitre III Les religions IV I L’introduction des religions.---------------------------------------------------------------------126 II La rencontre du taoïsme et le confucianisme.------------------------------------------------127 III La rencontre des trois religions.----------------------------------------------------------------128 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------130 Chapitre IV Le passage transitionnel (De 220 à 960,de trois pays 三国 aux Cinq Dais et Dix Pays 五代十国) I La popularisation de la chaise.------------------------------------------------------------------130 II Le siège haut chinois et le taoïsme.-------------------------------------------------------------132 III La chaise bouddhiste et la Chine.---------------------------------------------------------------134 IV La chaise et la relation humaine.------------------------------------------------------- --------139 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------141
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