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Henry the Lion & Matilda of England

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Henry the Lion & Matilda of England Bath German Society, and Bath Braunschweig Twining Association February 16, 2010 – Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Society February 1, 1168 5 Weddings and 2 Funerals: January 16, 1764 An Excursion through the History of April 8, 1795 Braunschweig and England August 14, 1809 May 25, 1913 Klaus Meyer October 15, 1944 University of Bath www.klausmeyer.co.uk April 26, 1971 1.2.1168 1168 - Context Henry the Lion & Matilda of England Germany – an elected monarchy Guelphs (Welfs) v. Staufen (Ghibellines) Frederick I (Barbarossa) * 1122, decedent of Staufen (father) and Guelphs (mother) Inherited duchies of Swabia and Franconia 1152 elected & crowned king of Germany Fights to solidify imperial power Henry the Lion * 1129, cousin of Frederick I Recovered his father’s duchies of Saxony (1142) and Bavaria (1156) Early supporter of his cousin Matilda of England Geoffrey of Plantagenet (1102-1167) (1113-1151) Count of Anjou 1.2.1168 Louis VII Eleanora of Henry II of France [1137] Acquitania [1152] (1133-1189) 1120-1180) (1122-1204) King of England etc … … • 1165 Henry the Lion Engagement with Matilda, Richard I ‘Lionheart’ John ‘Lackland’ Matilda (1157-1199) (1167-1216) (1156-1189) [1168] (1129-1195) – oldest daughter of Henry II of King of England etc King of England Duke of Saxony & Bavaria England following extensive Henry III negotiations. (1207-1272) Henry Lothar William King of England – Matilda 9 years old (1173-1227) (*-*) of Winchester (1184-1213) Otto IV • 1166 Lion Statue (1174-1218) Duke of Acquitania / Count of Pitou German Emperor • 1168 Wedding in the Dome of Minden 1168 - Epilogue 1168 - Epilogue • 1174 Henry refuses to • 1182-1185 Exile at the Court Richard I in support Frederick’s 3rd Normandy invasion of Lombardy (Italy) –4th son William born in Winchester – Henry’s priorities were to solidify • 1189 2nd Exile in England his own duchies – return after his wife’s death later the same year • Frederick’s Italian adventures ended in disaster, • Settlement with Frederick I – he blamed Henry – Ends his days as Duke of Braunscheig – partners turn into enemies – † 1195 • 1180 Henry is tried for • His sons Otto &William remain in England insubordination, stripped of – to be educated at the court of Richard I his duchies and exiled. Lionheart, his uncle. • 1122 * Friedrich I Barbarossa • 1180/81 Henry looses his duchies of • 1129 * Henry the Lion Saxony and Bavaria 1168 - Epilogue: Otto IV • 1142 Henry becomes Duke of • 1182-85 1st Exile in England Saxony • 1189 Richard I Lionheart crowned • 1147 Henry participates in the 2nd king of England • Grew up at the court of Richard I crusade • 1189 2nd Exile in England – who considered him as possible • 1152 Friedrich I Barbarossa • 1189 † Mathilde successor as king of England crowned as German emperor • 1190 † Friedrich I Barbarossa • 1156 becomes Duke of Bavaria • 1195 † Henry the Lion • 1197: Death of Emperor Henry VI • 1157 * Richard I Lionheart • 1199 † Richard I Lionheart – Richard I and the Archbishop of Cologne • Foundation of cities: 1158 Munich, • 1197 Otto IV nominated as opponent promote Otto’s candidacy 1159 Lübeck, 1161 Schwerin to emperor Phillip • Two kings elected by their respective • 1165 engagement with Mathilde • 1209 Coronation of Otto IV as supporters: Otto IV (1197) and Philip • 1168 Henry Mathilde German-roman emperor • 1163/69 Lion Statue • 1210 Otto IV ‘banned’ by Pope of Swabia (1198) • 1173 Start of rebuilding of the dome Innozenz III, Friedrich II becomes – 10 years battle for control of Germany in Braunschweig opponent emperor • 1208 Phillip was assassinated • 1174 * Otto IV • 1214 Battle of Bouvines (Belgium): Otto IV & his English allies defeated – Otto IV became the only contender to the • 1176 Henry is ‘banned’ by the throne, emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa due • 1215 Magna Charta to non-participation in the 5th • 1218 † Otto IV in Harzburg – won over his opponent by marrying crusade Philip’s widow. 1168 - Epilogue: Otto IV January 16, 1764 Augusta & Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand • 1209 – crowned emperor by Pope Innozenz III in Rome – the only one of the house Guelph ever. A British Princess in Braunschweig • 1211 – Friedrich II elected king in opposition to Otto IV; (unhappy) – pope sides with Friedrich. • 1214 – Friedrich II and his French allies defeat Otto IV and his English allies – near Bouvines (Belgium) • 1218 – Otto IV, dies ̶ a defeated man barely keeping his duchy afloat Bath Guildhall: Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta, Princess of Wales 1764: Context 1764 Fast forward to the 18th century Augusta & Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Augusta The Guelphs: The guelph family splits in two lines, Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and • Born 1737 as oldest daughter of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (later renamed Hanover). Frederick, Prince of Wales, – Frederick grew up in Hanover, and came England: to England in 1727. Since George I, crowned in 1714, England is ruled by the – After the birth of Augusta, the family is Hanover family, which strives to become ‘English’ thrown out of the Royal Palaces. • Augusta grew up in Cliveden (near Dukedom of Braunschweig: Maidenhead) and Kew (in Richmond). Squeezed between the rising powers of Hanover-England and Prussia, Braunschweig is squeezed, but engages in successful “marriage policy”. • Frederick dies 1751 when Augusta was 14 years old City of Braunschweig: • 1760, her brother aged 22, George III is After long and proud de facto independence during the Middle Ages, the city comes under the control of the dukes again in 1671. crowned king of England 1764 George II Ferdinand Albrecht II (1683-1760) (1680-1735) Augusta & Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand King of GB Duke of Braunschweig Elector of Hanover Marriage Karl I Elisabeth Christine Frederick (1713-1780) (1715-1797) (1707-1751) • Aged 24, Augusta was (!) married Duke of Braunschweig Queen of Prussia Prince of Wales to her distant relative, Karl Wife of Friedrich II Wilhelm Ferdinand George III Augusta Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand – To inherit Braunschweig (1738-1820) (1737-1813) (1735-1806) – Frederick the Great of Prussia was King of GB & Hanover Duke of Braunschweig his maternal uncle – and a serving officer of the Prussian army. Eduard Ernest George IV Caroline Friedrich Wilhelm (1767-1820) August (1762-1830) (1758-1821) (1771-1815) (1771-1851) King of GB Duke of Braunschweig • On the occasion, a province in the King of Hanover Charlotte Karl II Wilhelm new colony of Canada (1763) was Victoria (1796-1817) (1804-1873) (1806-1884) named ‘New Brunswick’ (1819-1901) Duke of BS Duke of BS Queen of GB (disposed 1833) 1764 1764 Augusta & Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Augusta & Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Culture Shock • 1765/6, Little Richmond ‘Castle’ • Welcome to Braunschweig – Augusta returns to England, st – a conservative, absolute monarchy gives birth to her 1 son – with comparatively tight budget – KWF on grand tour of Europe, constraints, meets Marchese de Brononi in Rome • Salzdahlum Castle • 1768, Augusta build a small – a very formal, half-timbered baroque ‘home’. castle in an English style • Augusta gives birth to 6 • Duchess Philippine Charlotte “In London, horse stables – Mother in law, sister of Frederick II, are more elegant” children, 3 handicapped proud of heritage and the culture of • She always remains distant the (French) enlightenment. to her host country. April 8, 1795 Caroline & George IV 1795: Caroline & George IV A Braunschweig Princess in England • * 1764 George IV “Prinney” • Lives a live of luxury, (unhappy, unloved) – to the displeasure of George III – accumulates debt • A ladies’ men – Several affairs – 1785: marries Maria Fitzherbst, but marriage not recognized by the court. – New mistress Princes Jersey • Seeking official marriage – to gain cash and to secure a Bath Guildhall: King George III and Queen Charlotte successor 1795: Caroline & George IV Caroline • * 1768 Braunschweig –As 3rd child of Augusta and KWF • Described as – cheerful, humorous, generous, … – Independent-minded, unrestrained, tactless, enjoys the company of ordinary people. • Marriage 8.4.1795 – ‘Prinney’ drunk on his wedding day, more interested in Lady Princes than in his bride. 1795: Caroline & George IV August 14, 1809 • 7.1. 1796 * Charlotte – probably the last time their parents met • Lady Jersey a permanent presence, also on official occasions • Caroline lived tightly constrained live – Separated from her daughter and rarely allowed to see her. – Not allowed to see visitors, not even her relatives The “Black Duke” in • Caroline popular among the people, but at all not in royal circles British Service • 1814-20: Caroline on Grand tour, stays in Italy • Charlotte marries 1816, dies 1817 in childbed. Der Schwarze Herzog in • Caroline put on trial for infidelity, as George tries to force divorce. britischen Diensten • 1821: George IV crowned king, Caroline refused access to the ceremony Trial of Queen Caroline 1809: The Long March 1809: Historical Context 1809 – Feb 25: contract with the Austrian emperor to a raise a free corps to fight alongside Austria against Napoleon • 1789: French Revolution – Apr 4: Austria declares war on France, joined by the free corps now in Eastern Bohemia. • 1799: Napoleon, Emperor of France – May 21: free corps occupies Zittau/Saxony and fights several skirmishes with the French • 1803-1806: Napoleon conquers Northern Germany, – July 7: Truce of Austria and France; Austrian troupes withdraw from Saxony to Bohemia. and destroys the historical boundaries and power structures. – 24. July: Braunschweig free corps in Zwickau (Saxony) of about 2010 soldiers, start their long march to Northern Germany via Leipzig, Halle, Halberstadt (battle). • 1806: Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Braunschweig, commander of the Prussian Army, – 31. July: Hero’s welcome in Braunschweig, where Friedrich Wilhelm claims his title. leads the defence against Napoleon. Fatally wounded – 1. August: Battle of Ölper (Braunschweig) in the battle of Jena and Auerstedt. – 6. August: Arrival in Elsfleth, boarding ship to take the troops to England • 1807: The state of “Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel” – 14. August: Landing in England disappears from the map, becoming part of the “Kingdom of Westphalia” governed by Napoleon’s 1810 to 1814: Braunschweig troops serve under British command, mainly in Spain.
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