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INTERNATIONAL DIVISION

RCA Manufacturing Company, Inc., Camden, New Jersey, U. S. A. — A Service of the Radio Corporation of America CONTENTS

OCTOBER, 1940

For Prize Contest Notice See Page 569

Cover Picture Antenna of WJSV of the National Broadcasting Company A WORLD-WIDE See page 569 Beamed Programs Over Short Wave SELLING ORGANIZATION By Philip L. Barbour 541

Early Japanese Misconceptions of Americans Wards Products are in steady demand By Carl H. Boehringer 547 the world over. And no wonder! Dourado Advanced engineering and painstak¬ By A. W. Childs 550 ing research insure products of un¬ Spanish Prisoner Swindle usual quality. Mass production and By Jane Wilson 552 mass distribution assure the mainte¬ nance of prices that are highly com¬ Oslo Episode petitive. By Ivan Jacobsen 556 Hence Wards leadership in the auto¬ Editors’ Column Association scholarships 558 motive, electrical and mechanical specialty fields. Users of Wards Air¬ News from the Department line Radios are now running into the By Reginald P. Mitchell 559 second million. Sales of Wards River¬ News from the Field 562 side Tires have now exceeded the 35,000,000 mark. The demand for The Bookshelf Wards refrigerators, washers, vacu¬ J. Rives Childs, Review Editor 564 um cleaners, power plants, paints, tools and automotive equipment is Diplomatic Dilemma By Dudley Harmon 566 steady and consistent.

The Consular Racket—1835 Distributors interested in securing From “Brooks’ Letters” 568 exclusive franchise for the distribu¬ tion of Wards Products should write Marriage 569 immediately to the Factory Export Foreign Service Changes 570 Division. Franchises are still avail¬ able in a number of territories. Service Glimpses 571 Wards Specialties are sold abroad Promotions 572 through Distributors and Dealers ONLY Bir,hs 591 In Memoriam 591

Visi *ors 596 MONTGOMERY WARD Established 1872 FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ 618 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, U. S. A. tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as 'v“'' Cables — Thornward second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters under the act of March 3, 1879.

OCTOBER, 1940 537 For fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the West Indies, send your messages — via Cltt (America ttlackay Commercial Radio Cables Todtal Telegraph

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Cablegrams “via All America” may be sent from any Postal Telegraph Office

ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC. Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York

538 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

Allies’ Inn, The 593 American Export Lines * 1 581 American Security and Trust Company 573 Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 595 j>ren?ier Cathay Hotel—Shanghai . 595 * FOOD Chase National Bank 577 Chrysler Corporation III COVER PRODUCTS

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FOREIGN JOURNAL dJ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION m

VOL. 17, No. 10 WASHINGTON, D. C. OCTOBER, 1940

Keanied Pi'o^nim§ iU er Short-H7 ave

By PHILIP L. BARBOUR, Director, Foreign Press and Station Relations, International Division, National Broadcasting Company

TO WRITE of current short-wave broadcasts is one country. It is hoped that it may throw some at this moment to lay oneself open to endless light on the “short-wave situation” in the world contradiction, and to endless citations—not for mili¬ in general, and in the three Americas in more tary valor—but for error. This is a period of tran¬ detail. sition, a period of unrest, a period of almost uni¬ About two hundred years ago there flourished in versal war. War is all around us, threatening us, Vienna, at the Imperial Court of Maria Theresa and in the field of sociology, of economics, of ideology, Francis I, an Italian poet called Metastasio. Meta- on a world-wide scale. I nrest stasio was a name given the poet has long been with us in a simi¬ by way of a free translation into lar. but more restricted, sense. Greek of his Italian name, Tra- To talk of the transitional period passi. Both words mean “Tran¬ through which radio is now sition” in English—or something passing seems almost irreverent, very close to that. Perhaps a trivial. quotation from the innumerable Yet the rapidly increasing in¬ works of a writer so appropriate¬ terest in this phase of interna¬ ly named may not be beside the tional communication, this me¬ point. dium for international under¬ In one of the long lists of standing, may perhaps justify works written at the request of this study of radio programs, the Court, Metastasio puts into beamed or directed especially to¬ the mouth of the Archduchess ward other countries from anv Philip I., Barbour Marianna the words:

541 M in it ** ill ii »*III M ii' ij-i II HI M ii in i« Sill if IM M 1 *i HI pi II HI if %H If 1! ill ii I* ill Ii ■ Mil If M Ml it MI! *»tiili i a 1111 if I iU i»* 111 * II is§ ii Kl 111 It

ifi • ■ in i •2mr*. i spin II iii ■ i Nil) it m i Ha

m sa “ Often the good is lost, broadcast, by limiting the number of listeners who Seeking for the better. The way’s to be found, can be effectively served. Thus, each nation has For he who overstrongly seeks perfection sovereign rights whereby it may control the breadth Wastes time, and never goes with sure direction.” of beams for broadcast transmissions, and thereby require the rendering of high grade broadcast serv¬ This is a free translation. It is the thought be¬ ice to any given geographical area. hind the verse which has perhaps encouraged the It can be said broadly, that, regardless of width writer of this brief survey of a transition period in of beam, point-to-point communications are of a short-wave broadcasting to put down what follows. private or personal nature, their operation being For a number of years a clear distinction has protected by secrecy provisions of international law; been made in radio between general broadcasting and that broadcasting is designed for unrestricted and point-to-point communication. Nevertheless, service direct to those who choose to listen. The types of communication such as ship-to-shore com¬ character of the message, or program, thus deter¬ munications take on certain aspects of “broadcast¬ mines the category into which the radio-transmis¬ ing ’ when a marine disaster is involved, and an sion falls. “S.O.S.’ is sent out. By the same token, general To continue with the technical aspects of the mat¬ broadcasting takes on something of the aspects of ter a little further, it may be wise here to point out point-to-point communication practices when direc¬ how the width of a broadcast-beam is determined, in tional antennae are used to increase the audibility theory. Since the earth is, to all intents and pur¬ of a given station in a given area, or in a given di¬ poses, a sphere, and since a spherical map of the rection. This use of directional devices in connec¬ world is impractical for ordinary consultation, man tion with the antennae of a broadcasting station is has been attempting to reduce such a spherical map called “beaming,” in view of the general similarity to a plane-map for many centuries. Plane-maps it bears to the concentration of light into a beam, suffer distortion in proportion to the area covered, through reflectors. but that distortion is outbalanced by other consid¬ Similarly, as the power of a beam of light de¬ erations such as convenience of use, or purpose for pends upon the power of the light-source, upon the which the map was designed. perfection of reflection of the reflector, and upon Mercator’s projection of the earth onto a plane the narrowness to which the beam is reduced, so, was devised to show the latitudinal position of coun¬ in general, does the power of a radio beam depend tries and cities, direction of rivers, and the like, with upon original source-power, effectiveness of reflec¬ little regard to their relative size, or their true shape. tion, and narrowness of beam. So far as point-to- So-called planispherical maps were made to reduce point radio-communication is involved, engineers that distortion, and reasonably accurate plane-maps have worked out with a high degree of accuracy the of certain sections of the world are regularly pro¬ most appropriate beam-spread, or width of beam, duced and put on the market. When it comes to tell¬ and the exact direction for beams on any number of ing true directions from any given point to any given points throughout the world. Certain point- number of other given points scattered around the to-point communication circuits have an extremely world, however, such plane-maps are no longer of high record of fidelity and of continuity, running real use. Still, it is the true direction from one up to some 95 per cent. These circuits are oper¬ point to another which interests the radio engineer ated on a radio beam of quite narrow angle: five de¬ in planning the directional antennae for radio-beam grees, say. Broadcast beams could be reduced to an coverage at a considerable distance from his trans¬ equally narrow angle, but such concentration of mitter. power would only tend to defeat the purpose of the Now practically all geographies and atlasses con¬ tain two planispherical maps, centered around a given point. These are the maps of the north and south polar regions, and they are centered around ROCKEFELLER CENTER, NEW YORK CITY the north and south pole. A moment’s comparison of a map of the north polar region with a mercator The tallest building is the RCA Building, home of the National Broadcasting Company. At the right is projection of the world will show how seriously the forty-one story International Building with the distorted Greenland is in the latter, to cite but one RKO Building directly behind it and the six-story example of the difference. What is much more im¬ Palazzo D’ltalia at its base. The twin spires of St. portant, however, is the fact that direction is ac¬ Patrick’s Cathedral are at the extreme right. curately shown on the north polar map. Baffin Bay, Newspictures for example, is seen to be exactly opposite the mouth of the Lena River, in Siberia. Such a map of the polar regions is called azimuth¬ al projection, derived from the astronomical term “azimuth,” meaning a vertical arc of the sky from the zenith to the horizon. The important feature of this type of map is that one can be prepared taking for its center any given spot on the earth, just as the north pole is taken in the azimuthal map of the polar regions. By means of tedious, though not excessively complicated, calculations, a map of the world can be prepared, circular in shape, centered on any given spot, in which every other spot on the earth is shown in its true direction from the center, and at its true, as-the-crow-flies distance. An azimuthal map centered on New York will show Australia drawn out to resemble Long Island, and greater in area than all of Asia. Yet the value of the map lies in the fact that a glance will show one that a radio-beam sent out from New York would have to have an angle of nearly 80 degrees to fell cover the whole of Australia, and that it would have to be directed over that part of the United States V" I m which lies between El Paso, Texas, on the south,

and Point Barrow, Alaska, on the north. Further¬ IKIV more, a few moments with an ordinary ruler and the printed scale of miles on the map would tell quite accurately the air-distance, by the great-circle or shortest route, from New York to any point in Australia indicated on the map. To cite a specific example of more interest to radio-listeners, and others interested in the develop¬ ment of short-wave broadcasts, let us look into the matter of broadcasts from New York to South America and to Europe. A beam fifteen degrees

Photo taken the day of the dedication of WCBX’s Inter-America House at the World’s Fair. Shown are part of the audience and a Cuban orchestra. WCBX is one of Columbia Broadcasting: System’s short wave outlets.

NBC Studio 2-C, in Radio City. Alfredo Barrett, announcer for the Waldorf Astoria and Hotel Astor dance programs, at the piano. Kenneth Smith Herrera (“Rafael Herrera”) at the table. Mar¬ garita Deschamps, who presents “The Children’s Hour” and “The Modern Woman” looks on. Born in Puerto Rico, Mexico City, and the Dominican Republic respectively, Miss Deschamps, Barrett, and Herrera are part of the new commercial short¬ wave program staff of the National Broadcasting Company.

The News Room, International Division, National Broadcasting Company. Here the news is trans¬ mitted from the ticker service into Spanish. French, Portuguese, Italian, and German. At the right is the Audience Mail Section, which answers all letters received. Mail received last year amounted to 39,149 letters and cards. Fan mail for the first seven months of 1940 (including July 31) amounted to 30,358. wide, centered in New York, and directed just east alyses of Spanish and Portuguese hours on the air, of due south will cover the eastern tip of Cuba, all beamed on Latin America, would Seem to indicate of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the western that the United States still far outranks any Euro¬ tip of Puerto Rico, two-thirds of Venezuela and Co¬ pean country. In number of hours on the air, lombia, the southern half of Peru, and all of Bolivia, beamed on Latin America, but including English Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. In short, it will programs as well, the United States far outstrips cover most of the Spanish-speaking population of any two European countries together. Nevertheless, South America. it cannot be gainsaid that the European countries A similar beam from Germany, directed toward are perhaps still a little ahead of us in audibility. the Rio de la Plata will cover the entire east coast During a recent trip to Buenos Aires, however, of Brazil, all of Uruguay, and about two-thirds of the author was pleased to note considerable im¬ Argentina, along with the southern part of Chile. provement in the reception of several of the stations Thus, while Germany could use a narrower beam in the United States, as against reception there three to cover the east coast of South America than could to four years ago. In one specific instance, he was be used by a station in New York to cover the same glad to report that the rebroadcasts of news bulletins area, that beam would pass over a large Portuguese¬ which are made daily by Radio Splendid in Buenos speaking populace to get to Spanish-speaking listen¬ Aires indicated equally good reception of the RCA- ers. and in the approximate proportion of two to Victor NBC short-wave station WRCA (9760 kilo¬ one. Similarly, a narrow beam sent out from San cycles) and the German and Italian stations which Francisco, California, in the direction of Buenos regularly precede it during the same fifteen-minute Aires would be largely wasted over the Pacific period. In general, WRCA was as strong in both Ocean. It is obvious that careful direction of beams Buenos Aires and Montevideo as was Germany or is necessary to cover any desired listening audience. England, and was clearer than Italy. So far as Europe is concerned, a twenty-degree The General Electric stations in the 31-meter band beam from New York, directed north-east, will cover continue to encounter a little interference by Ger¬ the British Isles, all of Europe north of Spain and many, but come in thoroughly reliably through the west of Russia, Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and the better-class receivers. The General Electric station Arabian Peninsula. It should be noted, however, in San Francisco has attracted a good bit of atten¬ that only the southern part of Sweden would be in¬ tion in the American colony, also, by its clear signal. cluded in this beam. The Westinghouse stations are listened to easily, and Now, as to what goes over the air, thanks to the the World Wide and Columbia stations are not far use of such beams, it can be said briefly that change behind. With the new 50,000 watt stations an¬ and improvement in programs is the catch-word nounced recently from the United States, broadcasts throughout the world. With greater technical ad¬ should be heard extremely well. vantages at the disposal of short-wave broadcasters In brief, as to audibility of United States stations in every country, sincere effort is now being made on the east coast of South America, it can truthfully to present listeners in far-off lands with the best be said that the improvement has already been enor¬ that can be had in the way of enlightenment and mous. At the same time, the advantage of increased entertainment. True, the present disastrous conflict power cannot be overlooked. As has been said in Europe, which is reflected in every corner of above, audibility depends on power as well as on every nation, has brought about some misuse of the width or direction of the beam. the ether in almost every sense of the word. Per¬ As for program material, the stations in the Unit¬ haps the only real abuse of radio-broadcasting ed States are presenting many of the best programs which has not yet been indulged in to any serious on the air. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number degree is “air-jamming,” or deliberate interference of programs especially designed for Latin American with other countries’ frequencies. Even this has listeners indicates the interest with which the short¬ been recorded on occasion, but it is not vet a “stand¬ wave stations are carrying on their task. The Na¬ ard practice.” tional Broadcasting Company, which was among the One direct result of the conflict is the rapid rise pioneer stations in developing special short-wave in the number of languages in which any one given programs in Spanish and Portuguese, still leads in country broadcasts. England. Germany, Italy, and the number of such programs. Utilizing the frequen¬ Russia are broadcasting in at least a dozen lan¬ cies allotted to stations WRCA and WNBI, the Na¬ guages each. Furthermore, each of these countries tional Broadcasting Company broadcasts six hours dedicates a considerable portion of time to broad¬ of Spanish programs daily, in addition to two hours casts to the western hemisphere, in English, Spanish, in Portuguese, and one “American Hour” every eve- and Portuguese. In the matter of time, latest an¬ (Continued on page 574) ! % % i A-.* “'I- * *•

A steamer of the United States of America: This is also called a paddle wheel boat or a frigate.

r*

Translation oj material in box, upper right corner:

Portrait of a man of the Great United States of North Amer¬ ica; he wears a black coat, car¬ ries a sword on his back and holds a gun with bayonet.

Translation of material in box, lower left corner:

A large vessel without paddle wheels is called a “Shusuke- hana” (Susquehanna, name of one of Perry’s ships) boat; it is 65 ken long with a crew of 500. It is painted black all over. That steamer (“Shusukehana” pre¬ sumably) makes a striking pic¬ ture when it steams toward the sun.

Translation of material on middle left, adjacent to title box:

The boat (the one pictured) is 35 ken long, 15 ken wide at the broadest point; it has a smokestack 1 jo and 8 shaku (about 18 feet) ; three sailing masts, each of which has three crossties for the sails; main battery consists of six cannon and secondary battery of 18 guns. The steel paddles and 5.5 ken in diam¬ eter and 2 ken thick. The part of the paddle below the surface of the water is four shaku. Total crew about 400 men.

546 By CARL H. BOEHRINGER, Vice Consul, Osaka

WHEN Commodore Perry boldly approached “North America lies to the northeast of Japan. the rocky shores of Japan in July, 1853, he A harbor called California is 5,000 ri (12,200 knew that the Shogunate Government was keenly miles) across the sea from Japan. To the north aware of his impending visit and its mission. Fur¬ of this harbor is a large city called Washington. ther, he knew that a limited number of Japanese offi¬ Since the foundation of the country 1854 years cials and scholars had rather complete information have elapsed. The people in that country emigrated on the United States and its people. from Europe. They have been independent 78 The vast majority of Japanese, however, he be¬ years. The name of the king is Burishitonto lieved had little, if any, correct information about Hiruraruto Serumore (President Millard Fillmore). Americans. Newspapers did not exist mainly be¬ In the sixth month of the sixth year of Kaei (July, cause of the severe censorship laws. Suspension of 1853), Machuse Heruri (Mathew Perry), a commo¬ publication was so frequent that no reputable pub¬ dore, by the order of the king, carried a letter lishers dared to take up the business of printing and came to Uraga. Again, on the eleventh day newspapers. “Only men of low repute engaged in of the first month in the seventh year of Kaei the business, often against the law,” says the “Japan (February 11, 1854), he came carrying with him Year Book.” Their papers were issued chiefly in some request. . . He had an interview with our the form of single sheets or handbills, usually con¬ Government officials.” sisting of one or more crude wood block illustra¬ Passing lightly over the obvious misunderstand¬ tions and some reading matter. Most of these were ing relative to the harbor called California and the sold on the narrow, thronged streets by hawkers position of Washington city, it is noted that the much as newspaper extras are sold today. Invari¬ publishers of the handbills inevitably confused the ably, the names of the editors and publishers were beginning of the Christian era with the founding omitted, presumably for reasons of personal safety. of America. This fallacy seemingly was caused by Perry’s arrival caused tremendous excitement. the following closing statement in the letter from Never had the Japanese seen steamboats, which de¬ President Fillmore to the Emperor of Japan: fied the vagaries of wind and storm, tide and cur¬ “Given under my hand, at the city of Washing¬ rent. Never had they seen such a startling, for¬ ton, the thirteenth day of November, in the year midable array of naval might. Speculation was one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, and of rife as to the intentions of the Americans. This the independence of the United States the seventy- engaged not only the well-born officials but also seventh.” the most humble subjects of the Empire. So great A similar statement as to dates was included in was the demand for any information concerning the Kanagawa treaty signed by Commodore Perry the newly arrived “barbarians” that the publishers and representatives of the Japanese Government of news sheets, those men of “low repute,” could on March 31, 1854. The commodore’s tedious ef¬ not resist the temptation to fill a profitable need. forts to negotiate a treaty to reopen the Empire for Becoming increasingly rare, specimens of their intercourse with foreign nations after a lapse of handbills may still be found by diligent search more than 200 years were referred to in rather amongst shops in Tokyo dealing in old Japanese vague terms by the compilers. These negotiations, books and wood block prints. Some of the in¬ which were to have such far-reaching effects on formation given on these sheets would have given the country, were usually summed up by some even the doughty commodore and his staff many such remark as “He had an interview with our startling surprises. Inspected at leisure more than Government officials” or “He came to Japan on a 80 years later, the widespread misconceptions con¬ mission.” cerning Americans and the United States are The idea that the United States had a king is en¬ quaint, fantastic and amusing. countered rather often in these yellowed relics of Typical of the time is the following astonish¬ the past. One even included a picture of our ing statement which appeared on a number of these “king,” a fine looking Mongol with a bone stuck in handbills: his hair knot. In some of the handbills it is ad-

547 mitted that the “king” is not hereditary but is elect¬ Japanese reckoning is the ninth month of the ed from among the free people of the country. The twelfth year of the Kwansei era.” conception of a democratic form of government The long nose and red hair were standard de¬ apparently was difficult to cope with since all other scriptions for practically all Europeans and Ameri¬ foreign nations with which Japan previously had cans in those days. One compiler even claimed that relations were headed either by kings or queens. all Americans had tall figures, white skin, long At home, the stern rule of the Tokugawas was the noses, red hair and blue eyes. The edifying de¬ very antithesis of democracy. scription of Perry’s finger and toe nails, however, Commodore Perry himself was featured in one appears to be original and especially reserved for of these early “newspaper extras.” The following the commodore. In connection with the second minute details were given in one of them: paragraph, quoted above, it may be noted that “Machuse Heruri (Mathew Perry), commodore Perry was actually born on April 10, 1794; he was of the navy, envoy and commander-in-chief of the 60 years of age in 1854. squadron; he has a white skin, a long nose with The American flag also afforded the publishers prominent bridge and eyes that are mostly white a splendid opportunity to make some interesting with light red centers. He has heavy eyebrows. observations. Reflecting the general suspicion of Teeth are small but he has large tusks. His ears Christians, one ominously called the stars crosses. are very large, while his hair is curly and is col¬ Another thought otherwise and termed the stars ored light red mixed with gray. The nails of “crests of flowers.” Occasionally only one star fingers and toes are long like those of Japanese was shown, and frequently none whatever adorned birds. . . . the flag of what was termed the “Great United “He was born on the twenty-first day of the States of North America,” usually abbreviated to eleventh month in the twenty-fourth year of the North America, or simply America. The correct independence of the United States and he is now number of stripes was never portrayed, it varying 55 years old. The date of his birth, according to from five to ten. In depicting Perry’s black ships the Japanese artists scaled new heights of imagination. Some of the designs of the wood blocks had previously been used to represent Dutch sailing ships of the 17th and 18th centuries; they were obviously made by men who had never seen a large ship of any de¬ scription. One of these handbills shows what is labeled an American ship but a more impossible craft was never conceived by man. Onto a lumber¬ ing hulk of what might be a 17th century galleon there were added two complete but ineffective sets of side paddle wheels. Grotesque carving adorns the stern of the ship, and a large human head is mounted on the blunt prow. A lookout stationed on a perilous tower presumably made of masonry peers through a telescope. Members of the crew are whites dressed like Hollanders or Portuguese of the 17th century and blacks of uncertain origin and amazing agility. The flag is obviously a cor¬ ruption of the Dutch flag while modified versions of the old ensign of the Dutch East India Company are also exhibited. Curiously enough one of these particular handbills carries the notification “Gift —not for sale,” possibly to comply with or to evade some official regulation. Other illustrations of American ships are avail-

Enlargement of a small sketch entitled: THE KING OF THE COUNTRY. The position of the sketch on the news sheet indicates beyond any doubt that the country in question is the United States.

548 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SKETCH OF COMMODORE PERRY Translation of main descriptive material: Mathew Perry, commodore of the navy, envoy, commander-in-chief of the squadron. He has a white skin, long nose, bridge of nose prominent. Eyes are mostly white with light red centers; he has heavy eyebrows. Teeth are small but he has prominent tusks. Ears are very big; hair is curly and colored light red mixed with gray. Nails of fingers and toes are long like those of Japanese birds. Uniform is of black wool with foreign-style sleeves with white edging on the cuffs of the sleeves. On his chest there are eight metal buttons. Epaulets are of gold brocade with a crimson edge, with gold chains hanging therefrom. The chains are 1.5 shaku (1 shaku equals 0.99419 foot). He was born on the 21st day of the eleventh month in the twenty-fourth year of the independence of the United States and is now 55 years old. The date of his birth according to Japanese reckoning is the ninth month of the twelfth year of the Kwan- sei era. Translation of descriptive material for small sketches of headgear, etc. First column right, reading from top to bottom: (1) Crimson; f2) Warriors’; (3) Red tail feathers. Second column, reading from top to bottom: (1) Commander’s hat; (2) Interpreter’s hat. 1/10 of a shaku or 1.49 inches), with metal orna¬ Third column: ments. This is to keep the hair from falling down White woolen cloth, 2 sun wide (1 sun equals when a cap, or hat, is not worn. able which lend credence to the belief that the long distance observations and from those privi¬ artists may actually have seen them. The later leged to board the vessels. Accordingly they re¬ sketches show ships that are much more graceful corded, among other things, that the ships’ life than the early galleon-like types. A frequent fea¬ boats had been carved out of logs, that the anchors ture of most of them is a rooster’s head on the keen and smokestacks were made of iron and that the bow. canvas awnings hung over the decks were made of Truly awe-inspiring are the descriptions of the skins. paddle-wheel steamers in Perry’s squadron. Their It is significant to note that details were in¬ speed was said to be 30 ri—more than 73 miles—■ variably recorded regarding the exact number of an hour! Actually, their cruising speed was about cannon aboard. Estimates of the crew were also eight miles an hour. So impressed were the editors a regular feature, as were the dimensions of the with these strange fire-breathing monsters that they ships themselves, including fairly accurate figures exclaimed “When they sail they look like dragons giving length, width and draft. crossing the ocean.” As might be expected, the Several generations have come and gone since paddle-wheel steamers were a favorite subject for the stirring days of Perry and his black ships. The the artists. early Japanese misconceptions of Americans now Apparently nothing was too minute or uninterest¬ seem humorous to the Japanese themselves and ing to receive the wholehearted attention of these were corrected relatively soon after the epochal early reporters. While they probably were unable Kanagawa Treatey was signed in 1854. Crude to make a first hand inspection of Perry’s ships, handbills, representing a curious bit of Americana, because of police regulations and Perry’s orders, remind us of the most dramatic event in the his¬ they nonetheless were able to learn certain facts by tory of Japanese-American relations.

OCTOBER, 1940 549 Dourado

BY A. W. CHILDS, Assistant Commercial Attache, Rio de Janeiro

SALMINUS MAXILLOSUS is his Latin name, 16th, the trip was resumed and Sao Paulo reached and he is one of the most beautiful and sleek, at noon. The city, where I once served as a Vice- but, at the same time, violent, swift and every-inch- Consul (1920-1922), had grown and changed so a-fighter denizens of the deep ever to have gotten greatly that the approaches were unrecognizable to into entangling alliances with lovers of things pis¬ me. After three days of renewing acquaintance¬ catorial. I refer to the famous “Dourado,” a fabul¬ ships in the Consulate General, the members of ous fish abounding in numerous of Brazil's wide, which were extremely kind and helpful to me, and rushing rivers, and frequently found near the bases looking up old 1922 friends, the Studebaker pushed of the many magnificent waterfalls. This story is on to Piracicaba (200 kilometers), where I made inspired by a fifteen-day motor trip to the rivers of my headquarters in a fair hotel (Central). Ameri¬ a rich agricultural section in the north of the State can automobile dealers, who had been so instructed of Sao Paulo, and by suggestions of brother For¬ from Rio and Sao Paulo, were on the lookout for eign Service Officers in Rio de Janeiro, who thought me all along the line and were particularly helpful. some readers of the JOURNAL might like it. I must Upon arrival at Piracicaba, a dealer welcomed me confess that on the present trip, I personally had and announced that, since he had no cars on hand very little luck, and did not succeed in landing a and was 12 vehicles short on deliveries, he had large dourado. However, I witnessed a few hooked nothing to do and, if desired, could be ready in an by native fishermen, and questioned closely all hour with boat, tackle, bait, motor, and pilot, to go available professional and amateur anglers, thus fishing for a day or a week. At sun-up the following learning a good deal about the dourado’s habits. day, equipped with enormous straw hats, as a pro¬ Although the minister of Agriculture told me, tection against the burning sun, we pushed out into before departure, that because of recent floods, ac¬ the broad, deep Piracicaba river, which runs within companied by muddy waters which contained an four or five blocks of the hotel. The weather was abundance of natural fish food, the period was not hot and dry. Normally the current of the river is, the best season, having been granted at least part perhaps, 4 to 6 miles an hour, but it was swifter of the local annual leave, I nevertheless resolved to than usual at the time of my visit because of earlier proceed alone on what was in reality an exploratory, floods upstream. pioneering trip on behalf of myself and numerous The boat used is a sort of flat-bottom canoe, about Rio Isaac Walton followers who had never had or 20 feet long but only 2 feet wide, amply taking care taken the opportunity to make the trip. There of 3 fishermen and a pilot quite comfortably. The having been many conflicting theories in Rio, the latter is supposed to steer and keep the boat right- main purpose was to ascertain definitely when, side up, as we drift down-stream, occasionally shoot¬ where, and how to take dourado of the Sao Paulo ing some fairly tricky rapids and whirlpools. variety, in order to return later in the year with a The fishing is done as the boat drifts over the party and have some assurance of real success, pro¬ main channel of the river, the native using a long vided the Gods of the local leave situation are in heavy cane pole, to which is attached about 40 feet lenient mood at that time. Other types of dourado of heavy steel wire and an enormous hook. No reel are found farther north, and in the south as well. is used. The return upstream, accomplished with Accordingly, at 4:00 o’clock a.m. on March 15, I the aid of an American outboard motor, requires took off for delightful Sao Paulo, the Chicago of about as much time as expended in floating down¬ South America, some 500 kilometers distant, expect¬ stream. On the return, when fishing is practically ing easily to make that part of the journey in one impossible because of the swift water and noise of day. When actually happened was that after 14 the motor, the fishermen stretch out full length on hours of slipping and sliding through deep mud and the bottom of the boat and, after making sure that heavy rain, it was necessary to spend the night at all parts of their bodies are fully protected from the Taubate, a small but progressive textile manufac¬ fierce sun, sleep all the way home. turing city, with a comfortable “Palace” hotel, The most popular bait is dead lambary, a sort of about 350 kilometers up the pike. Early on the chub, 3 to 5 inches long. I inquired about using

550 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL my fancy artificial minnows, spinners, feather baits, reels, silk lines, jointed rods, etc., the opinion of the natives being that while I might possibly snag some old and decrepit, blind and generally careless doura- do, I probably would not be successful. Some of the native citizens had seen such articles tried, but could not recall having witnessed any catches with them. While it must be admitted that I had no luck with such equipment on the present trip, I do not feel that it had a fair trial inasmuch as the condition of the river, considerably swollen and the water very muddy, was not suitable for its use. There is some point to the type of outfit used by the native because, at times, the dourado strikes with such ferocity that it is necessary to let loose of the pole (which floats), the only thing to do if the slack is taken up quickly by one mighty rush. When that happens, the pilot quickly starts the out¬ board motor and one merrily chases the The falls at Piracicaba pole up and down the river until the fish —with a cotton textile tires somewhat and it is safe to lay plant in the back¬ hands on the rod again. Sometimes, the ground. dourado even makes off with the pole a second time. Our fancy American rod and reel outfits do not float, and if for any reason the line does not flow out freely and very rapidly, the outfit and My pilot—returning up¬ fish are lost, or the line is broken. I stream in the flat bot¬ have an idea that one would do well tom canoe. This boat is with typical American rods, reels and about 20 feet long but artificial baits, either trolling or casting only 2 wide, amply tak¬ from the boat, during the season re¬ ing care of 3 fishermen ported to be best (September), when the and the pilot quite com¬ river is at normal level and the water fortably. clear. Because of heavy brush and rocky terrain, it is practically impossible to fish from shore. However, a boat and all native equipment cost only about Hotel Central — Piraci¬ $1.00 a day, and also the best fishing is caba, State of Sao Paulo. done in the channel of the river, which, in many places, appears to be about one- fourth of a mile wide. The dourado itself (translated as gilded or golden) is well named, as his entire head is apparently gold plated by na¬ ture, over a spotted, silver skin and scales, and the fish has thin, horizontal gold stripes run¬ ning from behind the head toward the tail. The dourado is a fine food fish and the usual sizes caught are from 10 to 30 pounds. As its name would indicate, the fish is what might be called a golden salmon, and is probably a relative of our western salmon, with all of the American fish’s abil¬ ity to hurl himself up and over quite high water¬ falls. However, he appears to have some of the looks and characteristics of the trout family. Fre¬ quently, when hooked, he will leap repeatedly high (Continued on page 583) : ’ Spanish Prisoner Swindle

By JANE WILSON

GET-RICH-QUICK dreams are universally en¬ elry that have been placed in a secret compartment tertained and even the most practical minded of a trunk or traveling bag, to which the person in are not immune to the enjoyment of such pleasant Mexico is prevented, for various reasons, from gain¬ fancies. The popularity of Croesian money-making ing access. Elaborate instructions are usually given schemes in the United States, together with our in¬ concerning the methods to be followed in removing herent quality the papers or —gullibility— keys or jewels makes us easy from the se¬ prey to the cret compart¬ wiles of the ment. There age-old racket¬ are many vari¬ eer, the Span- ations to this i s h Prisoner general out¬ Swindler. line of the The meth¬ swindle but the ods of this per¬ desired result ennial game, is always the also known as same, namely, the “Mexican the delivery of Trunk Swin¬ funds to a per¬ dle,” appear to son in Mexico b e essentially whose true the same as identity is not those em¬ revealed. ployed in the This racket well known Jose Gonzalez Vazquez, apprehended by ihe Mexican police in connec¬ had been prae- Spanish Swin¬ tion with the Spanish Prisoner Swindle, and on August 30 indicted by ticed from dle originating a San Francisco jury for swindling a San Francisco Minister of the Spain with evi¬ Gospel. Vazquez was arrested in the United States in 1938 on sus¬ in Spain in the picion. dent success 16th century, for over three — that is, a centuries, there person in Mexico who does not reveal his true iden¬ being records of smart money boys hawking it on tity and who represents himself to be in distressing the streets of Seville as far back as 1542. The archives circumstances (usually imprisoned) urgently appeals on this subject, made available by the Division of through the mails for financial aid in order that he Communications and Records of the Department of may receive mental or physical relief, or both. The State, show all relevant correspondence since 1900 name and adress of an intermediary in Mexico are as emanating principally from Madrid and Bar¬ given; and, according to statements in the correspon¬ celona until the year 1934 when the items listed dence, the intermediary will make all necessary ar¬ made a decided geographical transition to Mexico. rangements for receiving the desired funds. In re¬ The beginning of the Spanish Revolution accounts turn for such pecuniary assistance thousands of dol¬ for the fact that the sharpers were forced to find lars in reward are promised. The successful outcome other fields for the perpetration of their crime. This of the plan hinges upon certain papers, keys or jew¬ swindle has been repeatedly cropping up in various CUATRO RAOUETEROSAPREHENDIDOS 552 TRIBUNAL DE la. INSTANCIA FRAUDULENT PA¬ PERS ENCLOSED DE ESTA CIUDAD WITH THE SEC¬ OND, OR “COME El tribunal compuesto de los Sres. Magistrados cxpresados al margen, ha dictado la siguionte ON” LETTER, IN THE SPANISH SENTENCIA: PRISONER Aplicando los arti'culos del Codigo Penal nums. RACKET

Debemos condenar y condenamos a JUAF CAPiOS APC3. Sres- Magistrados: -bauquero de 55 asofl de cdrd vTudo y natural jcico Forged copy of the , . ?. s. la Lena de tree “t'os de prieion v Btulta de “bankrupt banker’s” 11C.r- 0 T. . per el del? to de BAKCARROTA TFAHDJT^JTA, -- rstirada en la c-ntidt • de ' 2.3-. 0.542.65 ?'. ' . perpetua prison sentence. da en la Ciudad de ’'dxico, D. 3.

Lo condenamos asimismo al pago de las costas y gastos y dc su proceso que asciende a la suma 6.630. ! • to. ’ . ' . ■ doe a los 5 14.500 V. V. hacen un total de 20.13C.40 Faked newspaper clipping outlining .. . the story of the “pris¬ oner’s” incarceration for bankruptcy. ^HMHI

Y si en el plazo de ; i as contados desde el pro- nunciamiento de esta Sentencia, no ha satisfecho dicha cantidad, to- dos los objetos de su propiedad seran vendidos cn licitacion publica. Forged receipt for Por esta nuestra Sentencia asi lo pronunciamos y mandamos suitcases supposedly su ejecucion habiendo side publicada y sellada por orden del Excmo. containing the jewels Sr. Presidente de esta audiencia. of the wife of the “prisoner” (listed on 29 de Inero de 1940. the reverse side) to¬ Vo. Bo. _ E« copia gether with the hid¬ El Secretaries den trunk receipt.

,0° 6.^

nmmg DEPOSIT ARIA JUDICIAL

TALON NUM. POR VALOR DE J ^..IAGA^Q,.

r orden del Tribunal de la Sala 3a «con CS|„ fecha se ha taecho firme el embargo pr< tie los bienes a not ados al dorso pertenecientes JUAI.' CARIO'.- AT 3. anquGi*o de 55 alios de ed&U . viudo y natural de illxico-, Vito Federal. s podrtin tter rctirados medianle cl pago de Veinte "ill dent > treinte eda 1'exicanan, con cuarente centavos ( 20.130.40)

:orfi> aleni^ndose o lo ordenado por cl Tribunal, expide el presente ^Juan Carlo;„ Arce. para el dia 3 dc I'arzo d, 1940. no ha 30.13'.40 sts Plata de QufSo 1'exicanao.

eu Pfibliea Subasta lodos los objetos que le ban sido erobargados. 29 4e Snero 4e 19 40. I ., FCK DHPOSITARIO,

W* ’A 5" \W t. * *.* parts of the world but ap¬ pears to have been prac¬ ticed only half - heartedly from all spots other than Mexico. The fertility of Mexican soil for the practice of this nefarious trade is enriched by the lack of a law in that country, similar to our own, against the use of the mails to defraud. An “at¬ tempted” fraud is not a crime—only the consum¬ mation thereof is punish¬ able by law. This easily explains the difficulty inci¬ dent to the apprehension of the tricksters by the Mexican authorities. There is no case for final conviction unless the swindler is actually caught in the act of receiving the money. Last March one Luis Perez Giron, alias

El Mexicano, was arrested at his home in Mexico City, a search of his quarters disclosing false newspaper clipping relating to the supposed absconding of one Luis Martinez Diez, bankrupt banker, and a typewriter on which a typical swindle letter in Photograph of the cell block of the Federal Penitentiary in Mexico City English wgs being written. from where the “prisoner” supposedly The prisoner was released, writes his urgent appeal. (The woman however, for lack of suffi¬ in the picture is, incidentally, Concep¬ cient evidence that a fraud cion Acevedo y de la data, known as “Madre Conchita,” who was tried for in¬ had been committed. volvement in Obregon’s assassination.) In the files of the Con-

554 sulate General in Mexico City appear hundreds of who bothers to answer such an ob¬ these swindle letters which have been forwarded by vious clip proposition as this wary recipients for investigation, as well as forty deserves to be took.’ case of advanced stages of the swindle which have A general classifica¬ been handled by that office since the beginning of tion of the stratum this year. of society at¬ The initial letter, which never shows any original¬ tacked ity on the part of the swindler, is always the same urgent appeal, typewritten on plain paper, the only regular variation being the signature, or name of the intermediary. It reads as follows: ‘‘Dear Sir: “A person who knows you by these and who has highly spoken about you birds of prey has made me is impossible; there trust you seems to be no discrimi¬ nation. Persons of all classes “fall” for the racket. Many members of the Foreign Service have received these letters which are usually forwarded to their posts from their homes in the States. It was amusing to see in the files of the a very Consulate General in Mexico City one such letter delicate mat¬ addressed to James B. Stewart, then Consul General ter of which depends in Mexico City and at the time actively engaged in the entire future of my cooperating with the Mexican Government in bring¬ dear daughter as well as mine. ing these swindlers to justice. There were many “I am in prison sentenced for bank¬ other letters addressed personally to members of the ruptcy and I wish to know if you are Service and officers of the State Department. willing to help me save a sum of $285,000 dol¬ From a general examination of the cases it would lars which I have in bank bills inside of a secret appear that the mailing lists were culled from direc¬ place in a trunk that contains the cash and which is deposited in a customs house in the United States. tories such as “Who’s Who”; commercial lists, uni¬ “To compensate you for all your troubles I will give versity, college and church brochures; steamship you the THIRD PART OF SAID SUM. bookings (the prospective tourist to Mexico is gen¬ “Fearing that this letter may not come to your hands erously favored) ; and general advertisements. I will not sign my own name till I hear from you and Recently a circular letter from a Mexican organ¬ then I will entrust you with all my secret. ization with an important sounding name was for¬ “For serious reasons that you will know later please warded by the United States Postal authorities to reply via air mail. I beg you to treat this matter with the most absolute reserve and discretion. Due to the the Consulate General in Mexico City for investiga¬ fact that I am in charge of the Prison’s school I can tion. This letter requested of a town in the United write you freely and in this way. States the names of “business men that are estab¬ “For the time being I am only signing ‘L.’ lished in that city; for we wish to have a commercial “I cannot receive your reply directly to the prison exchange with that city at the same time they can so in case you accept the proposition please airmail have it with us.” The Postal authorities had recog¬ your letter to a person of my entire trust who will nized the signature of the letter as corresponding deliver it to me safely and rapidly. This is his name to the signature on a swindle letter, a record of and address.” . . . which is forwarded to them. The Consulate General One of these letters was forwarded to the Depart¬ wrote the organization in question for a list of their ment of State by a circumspective addressee with officers. The reply came promptly, and a compari¬ the attached notation: “I thought this old game was son was made of the names of the officers on the dead long ago, along with gold bricks and sales of circular letter with those on the organization list. City Hall and Brooklyn Bridge. But, as Barnum None corresponded. This is a new angle to the said, ‘One is born every minute,’ and not long ago obtaining of names of probable dupes. I saw in the Times about a man buying a lot in When the recipient of the initial letter is interested southern Central Park. It seems to me that anyone (Continued on page 587)

555 Oslo Episode

By IVAN JACOBSEN, Clerk, American Consulate General, Oslo

Photographs courtesy Austin R. Preston, Consul, Oslo

MOST of us were still wondering why English had been sitting in those damp concrete bomb- mine fields had been planted off the coast of proofs smoking countless cigarettes and cursing Norway; why a troop ship filled with horses and everything in general, the German transport planes armed soldiers had just happened upon one of these had begun to shuttle back and forth between Ger¬ mines. Where were they going? No matter which many and Norway. Back and forth, carrying twen¬ way these implications were added together, the ty soldiers to the load; shock troops that would im¬ answer was always the same. By piecing together mediately occupy the capital city while the German any number of newsy little items, the bits of puzzle naval detail was blasting its way up the Oslofjord. always formed the same picture. We couldn’t be¬ Brigg Perkins had rolled over in bed, wondering lieve what we saw. Most of us blamed it on rusty what all the noise was about. Most of us didn’t mathematics or faulty eyesight and concluded that, even roll over. Those of us who did go down into “There aint no such animal.” the cellars did so out of curiosity; wondering On the ninth of April, an early morning telephone whether or not the whole thing was simply a prac¬ call from the Norwegian Foreign Office convinced tice, or whether something was actually happening. most of us that we had probably been underestimat¬ If we could have seen the Fegation chancery five ing our visual abilities and that the old mental minutes after that telephone call had been received, mathematics had not deteriorated as much as had we would have soon realized that something was been expected. After Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, the happening. When the tidings had fanned out to American Minister to Norway, had communicated the homes of the various officers, bags were hur¬ with the riedly pack¬ Norwe¬ ed, cats and gian For¬ dogs were eign Office hastily at four o’¬ turned clock in the over to the morning, neigh- the full im- bors, beds plica- were left tions were unmade, sudden- and by sev- 1 y driven e n o’clock home to the officers each one of and their us. families “Norway had g a t ti¬ is in a state ered at the of war with Legation. Germany.’ ’ Mrs. Harri¬ That ex¬ man was in plained the full com- four air mand of raid alarms the situa¬ during the tion; giv¬ night of ing last April 8 th. minute in- While w e s t r u c -

556 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL German ammunition ship in Bergen harbor alter British bombing.

chine gun fire, signified that the visitors were not being too graciously received. Last minute impres¬ sions of hasty goodbys; cramming luggage into automobiles already filled to capacity; wives and children clutching some treasured article of hand baggage; husbands and fathers trying to keep calm in a chaos; Mrs. Harriman cheerfully waving good- by from her flag-draped automobile. Before the first German troops had appeared in the city, the caravan had rolled away in the general direction of Hamar; supposedly the new seat of Government. Little did we realize that only after days of un¬ imaginable adventures would the party reach the safety of Sweden. Little did fathers then realize that they’d be saying goodby to their wives and children for God alone knows how long. There was no time for these dreary speculations, however, because even before breakfast, the first floor of the Legation building had been thronged with persons of all nationalities, demanding such protection as the Legation could offer. The preced¬ ing week Mrs. Harriman had been able to witness Norwegian America Line Pier, Bergen. Result the completion of a concrete air raid shelter in the of direct hit by British bomb on ship alongside. basement of the Legation building. No one realized Same ship as in other photo. that it would be a matter of only a week before it would be into actual use. During the night cook and consul, servant and secretary, chauffeur and tions to the members of the staff and appearing to Charge had been temporarily leveled by the com¬ be enjoying the whole thing immensely. mon feeling prevalent inside its concrete walls. Com¬ Ever since daylight, German bombers had been mercial Attache Tom Klath, joking in his unpredict¬ circling the city. The explosions in the vicinity of able Norwegian, much to the amusement of the the airport reminded that the low-flying Heinkels motherly old Legation cook, provided material for were on no pleasure trip; the sharp reports of the many a good crack, during the ensuing weeks. anti-aircraft batteries, interspersed hy bursts of ma¬ (Continued on page 586)

OCTOBER, 1940 557 THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION SCHOLARSHIPS The Executive Committee of the Foreign Service Association takes pleasure in announcing that the JOURNAL two scholarships for the scholastic year 1940-41 OCTOBER, 1940 No. io nr? have been awarded to John R. Sparks and Joyce Goforth. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Mr. Sparks is the son of Mr. Edward J. Sparks, SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Second Secretary and Consul at Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He ranked first in the 1940 class of 349 The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at. the rate of $4.00 a gear, or students at Western High School in Washington, 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ D. C., and plans to attend Swarthmore College in pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Pennsylvania, where he will prepare for the For¬ Copyright, 1940, by the American Foreign Service Association eign Service. The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this Miss Goforth is the daughter of Mr. Herndon W. publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. Goforth, Consul at Matamoros, Mexico, and gradu¬ ated last spring from Brownsville Junior College JOURNAL STAFF in Texas. Miss Goforth will attend the University of Illinois this fall. HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman .1 The recipients of this award last year were Miss CHARLES W. YOST Madeleine Hale, daughter of the late Consul Ber¬ HF.RRFRT S BTTRST.FY Editorial RECINALD P. MITCHELL Board nard F. Hale, and Miss Adele Davis, daughter of LEO D. STURGEON Consul General Leslie A. Davis. EDWARD PAGE, JR. The Association is desirous of keeping in touch TANF. WILSON. Secretary GEORGE V. ALLEN. Business Manager with its former scholarship winners and learns with ROBERT F. WOODWARD... Assistant Business Manager pleasure of the activities of some of these. CHARLES B. HOSMER Treasurer The 1937-38 scholarships were awarded to Mr. James J. Hitchcock, son of the late Henry B. Hitch¬ cock, and to Miss Helen Mae Goforth, sister of the The American Foreign Service Association present recipient. Mr. Hitchcock attended Yale, preparing for a major in International Relations in preparation for entering the Foreign Service. He The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of made the college crew and participated in other the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and college activities. The summer of 1939 he was to establish a center around which might be grouped the united camp counsellor at a Herald-Tribune Fresh Air efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Camp for underprivileged children. Miss Helen Mae Goforth was also awarded the Honorary President Association scholarship for 1936-37. She gradu¬ CORDELL HULL Secretary of State ated with honors from the University of Texas in 1938, receiving her Bachelor of Journalism degree. Honorary Vice-Presidents She is now Mrs. Robert F. Sommer and lives in SUMNER WELLES Under Secretary of State Chicago where she is able to enjoy the winter ROBERT WALTON MOORE Counselor sports in which she excels. ADOLF A. BERLE, JR Assistant Secretary of Stale Miss Louise Goforth, now Dr. Goforth, another HENRY F. GRADY Assistant Secretary of State BRECKINRIDGE LONG Assistant Secretary of State daughter of Consul Herndon W. Goforth, received the scholarship for the years 1934-35 and 1935-36. JOHN K. DAVIS President She received her degree in medicine from the Gal¬ JOHN FARR SIMMONS Vice-President LLEWELLYN E. THOMPSON, JR Secretary-Treasurer veston branch of the University of Texas in 1939. During her four years at medical school she became a member of Alpha Epsilon Iota, national medical EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE fraternity for women. After commencement she JOSEPH W. BALLANTINE, Chairman entered the Norwegian-American Hospital in Chi¬ AVRA M. WARREN, Vice-Chairman cago for internship. CHARLES B. HOSMER, ELLIS O. BRICGS, It is interesting to the Association to learn of the LOY W. HENDERSON Alternates activities of its scholarship recipients and their JOSEPH FLACK, LLEWELLYN E. THOMPSON, JR. successes are most gratifying.

558 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

Ambassador George S. Messersmith Foreign Service Officers The Ambassador to Cuba, Mr. George S. Messer¬ Robert D. Murphy, Counselor and Consul at smith, arrived in Washington from Habana on Sep¬ Vichy, arrived at New York City on September 5 tember 7 and remained until September 14, joining on the “Atlantic Clipper” via Lisbon from his post Mrs. Messersmith who had preceded him to the and proceeded to the Department for a stay of United States on the S.S. America. He spent a several days. He went to his home in Kansas City, short time in Wilmington, Delaware, and was hon¬ Mo., and joined Mrs. Murphy and their three chil¬ ored by the University of Delaware at Newark, dren, Catherine, who is attending Wellesley Col¬ Delaware, with the degree of Doctor of Uaws at lege, and Rosemary, 15 years old, and Mildred, 13 ceremonies held on September 23. He planned to years old, both of whom are attending Georgetown have sailed from New York City in late September Visitation College in Washington. He returned to on the S.S. Oriente for Habana. On September 13 the Department on September 15 and spent a short he was received by President Roosevelt at the White time. House. Richard W. Byrd, Vice Consul at Calcutta, has Personal Representative of the President been dividing his time while on home leave prin¬ The Personal Representative of President Roose¬ cipally between Washington and his home in Nor¬ velt to the Pope, Mr. Myron C. Taylor, accompanied folk, with various motor trips in Virginia with Mrs. by Mrs. Taylor, arrived at New York City on Sep¬ Byrd, who plans to remain in the United States for tember 6 on the S.S. Excalibur. He visited the a short time after Mr. Byrd departs from San President on September 9 at Hyde Park and re¬ Francisco on October 22 on the S.S. President turned to his home in New York. Adams in returning to Calcutta. Minister J. Borden Harriman Harrison Lewis, until recently Vice Consul at The Minister to Norway, Mrs. J. Borden Harri¬ Calcutta, visited the Department on September 18 man, arrived at New York City on August 28 on and left on the same night for Chicago to enter the the Army transport American Legion from Petsa- University of Chicago on a year’s study detail of mo, Finland, following a stay in Sweden following the Department in economics and finance. Mr. the spread of the war to Norway. She visited the Lewis, accompanied by Mrs. Lewis and their six- Department on September 3 and called on President month’s-old son, Harrison Torick, arrived at New Roosevelt at the White House on September 6. York City on August 18 on the S.S. President Gar-

OCTOBER, 1940 559 field at the end of a 37-day Donald D. Edgar, Consul journey from Calcutta via at Geneva, visited the De¬ the Cape of Good Hope and partment for several days be¬ Trinidad. They spent about ginning on September 4 fol¬ two weeks in the Pocono lowing an earlier visit after Mountains and a short time his arrival at New York City with Mrs. Lewis’ relatives in on August 13 on the “Dixie New York City before visit¬ Clipper” from Lisbon. He ing Washington. later spent a short time at Amagansett, Long Island, John C. Pool, until recent¬ and at Metuchen, New Jersey. ly Vice Consul at Hong Kong, arrived at San Fran¬ Donald W. Lamm, Vice cisco on August 26 on the John C. Pool D. D. Edgar Consul at Tokyo, accom¬ S.S. President Cleveland panied by Mrs. Lamm, vis¬ from Hong Kong and spent 10 days on a sight- ited Washington for several weeks beginning on seeing trip in Los Angeles, Grand Canyon and September 4 while on home leave. They arrived at Yosemite Valley before visiting at his home in San Francisco on July 31 on the S.S. President Middletown, Delaware. He registered at the De¬ Coolidge from Kobe. partment on September 10 and spent two or three weeks. He tentatively planned to sail from New William S. Farrell, Second Secretary and Consul York City about November 1 for his new post as at Baghdad, concluded a temporary detail of sev¬ Vice Consul and Third Secretary at La Paz. eral weeks in the Division of Near Eastern Affairs on August 22, and sailed from San Francisco on Robert B. Streeper, Consul at Penang, visited the September 2 on the S.S. President Polk for Bombay, Department for several days beginning on Septem¬ where he plans to embark on another vessel for a ber 4 following his arrival at San Francisco on Persian Gulf port en route to his post. During his August 15 on the S.S. City of Norfolk from his post. sojourn in Washington he held a showing of movies He joined Mrs. Streeper and their daughter, who which he has taken in the Near East, principally in were already in the United States. After leaving Saudi Arabia. Washington he visited relatives in Ohio and Indiana and hoped to make a pack trip in the mountains of T. Eliot Weil, Third Secretary at Chungking, northern California before his scheduled sailing visited the Department on September 12 for a day about October 19 for Penang. before proceeding to San Francisco to sail on Sep¬ tember 17 on the S.S. President Garfield for Hong Prescott Childs, until recently Consul at Barba¬ Kong in returning to Chungking. Following the dos, accompanied by Mrs. Childs and their two conclusion of a month’s temporary detail in the sons, David L., seven years old, and William P., Division of Far Eastern Affairs on August 15 he four years old, arrived at Boston in late August had visited relatives and friends in New York City, from Barbados. They visited Washington for sev¬ Boston, and in Connecticut. eral days beginning on September 5, leaving for New Caanan, Connecticut, to visit with his sisters C. H. Stephan, Vice Consul at Nagoya, Japan, and later to spend a short time with his mother at visited Washington for several days beginning on Holyoke, Massachusetts. They planned to sail from August 31 following his arrival from Japan with New York about October 18 for Mr. Childs’ new Mrs. Stephan and their two children, Martha Jean, post as Second Secretary and Consul at Rio. eight years old, and Peter, four years old. He Oliver Edmund Clubb, Consul at Shanghai and visited his home on Staten Island, New York, and Second Secretary at Nanking, concluded a month’s then rejoined his family in California. They planned temporary detail in the Division of Far Eastern to sail from Seattle for Japan in mid-October. Affairs on September 17 and left with Mrs. Clubb R. Horton Henry, Consul at Buenos Aires, vis¬ on a motor trip to Boston and New England points. ited Richmond, Atlanta, New Orleans, and Houston They planned to spent a short time at their home on trade conference work during the latter part of in St. Paul, Minnesota, where they left their son, August. Mr. and Mrs. Henry and their eight-year- Oliver, Jr., 11 years old, and their daughter, Zoe, old son, R. Horton Henry, Jr., planned during home nine years old, on coming to Washington, and to leave to visit Mexico and to spend a short time on continue to San Francisco to sail in November on a dude ranch in Arizona, owned by Mrs. Henry’s the S.S. President Harrison for Shanghai. family, prior to returning to Buenos Aires.

560 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Thomas C. Wasson, until < Jacob D. Beam, until re¬ recently Consul at Vigo, ar¬ cently Third Secretary at rived at New ^ ork Cit\ on a Berlin, arrived at New York clipper plane I mm 1 jslmn at City on September 6 on the 4:30 P. M. on August 31 and S.S. Excalibur from Berlin. sailed from Brooklyn at T After spending a week at his P. VI. on the S. S. West home in Princeton, New Jer¬ Las/nunn of the Barher Line ^ U sey, he reported at the De¬ for Dakar to e.-taldish :9A partment on September 17 ( . o n - 111 a 1 e uliere hi’ would B and assumed his new duties B 8| ■' B H B in the Division of European to Affairs. He will succeed Jo¬ time record as the quickest seph Flack, who is conclud- turn-around of an F.S.O. in T. C. Wasson j. D. Beam ing his four years of duty in the United States in the his¬ the Department. In pro¬ tory of the service. He was met by Henry S. ceeding from Berlin Mr. Beam traveled over the Villard, Assistant Chief of the Division of Near only route then open from Germany and the Eastern Affairs, and Howard Fyfe, Despatch Agent neighboring region to Lisbon, the port of embarka¬ at New York, who expedited his departure. A tele¬ tion—from Geneva by bus through unoccupied gram to the Department reported Mr. Wasson’s ar¬ France to the Spanish frontier at Port Bou and rival at Dakar on September 15. thence by train via Barcelona and Madrid to Lisbon. E. Gjessing, who retired recently at the conclu¬ Bernard Gotlieb, until recently Consul at Trieste, sion of service as Vice Consul at Copenhagen, vis¬ registered at the Department on August 20 and re¬ ited the Department for several days beginning on mained three days before leaving for his new post September 12 following his arrival at New York as Consul at Neuvo Laredo. City on August 28 on the Army transport American Ivan B. White, until recently Vice Consul at Legion from Petsamo, Finland. He joined Mrs. Yokahama, concluded a detail of several months in Gjessing who had preceded him and had been stay¬ the Division of Far Eastern Affairs on September ing in Massachusetts. He stated that he had no plans 7 and left Washington with Mrs. White for Cam¬ for the immediate future aside from an extended bridge, Massachusetts, to enter Harvard University visit to the San Francisco region. on a one-year study detail of the Department in economics and finance. Adrian B. Colquitt, until recently Third Secretary and Vice Consul at Panama, arrived in Washington F. Ridgeway Lineaweaver, Vice Consul at Ha- on August 22 by plane via Miami from Panama. bana, visited the Department for several days begin¬ He left Washington on August 27 by plane via ning on August 21, and planned to have returned Miami for Cayenne, French Guiana, where he estab¬ to Habana by late September. lished a Consulate and remained in charge in his J. Graham Parsons, until recently Vice Consul at capacity as Vice Consul. Mukden, visited the Department for several days beginning on September 5 upon his return from his Herbert P. Fales, until recently Vice Consul at post. He proceeded to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Vienna, accompanied by Mrs. Fales and their six- where he remained until continuing on September month’s-old son, William Foster Fales, left Wash¬ 22 to Ottawa, where he will serve as Third Secre¬ ington on September 10 for Pasadena to remain tary and Vice Consul. until sailing from San Francisco on October 15 on the S.S. President Taft for his new post as Vice Michael W. Straight entered upon his duties as a Consul at Tokyo. In proceeding from Vienna he divisional assistant in the Division of European Af¬ had gone to Geneva to obtain accommodations for fairs on August 27, filling the vacancy caused by the the three-day bus trip to the Spanish frontier at departure of John R. Minter to be First Secretary Le Bou, a cramped and difficult journey inasmuch at Canberra. Graduated from Cambridge Univer¬ as the bus was required to carry sufficient gasoline sity, England, in 1937 he served in the Economic as well as food for chauffeur and passengers for the Adviser’s Office for 14 months and recently has been roundtrip between Geneva and Port Bou. On ar¬ in the National Power Policy Commission. He is rival at Lisbon by train from Barcelona he just the son of Willard Straight, war correspondent, missed a boat bound for the United States and was Consul in 1905 at Mukden and later Chief of the forced to wait there 10 days. Far Eastern Division in the Department.

OCTOBER, 1940 561 News From the Field

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS ACKERSON, GARRET G., JR.—Rumania, Hungary KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iceland ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union oj South Africa LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR.—Turkey BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda LEWIS, CHARLES W., JR.—Central America BOHLEN, CHARLES E.—U.S.S.R. LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru LYON, CECIL B.—Chile BYINGTON, HOMER, JR.—Yugoslavia MCGRECOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain PLITT, EDWIN A.—France FERRIS, WALTON C.—Great Britain PRESTON, AUSTIN R.—Norway and Sweden FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark GROTH, EDWARD M.—India SCHULER, FRANK A., JR.—Tokyo area HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya JOSSELYN, PAUL R.—British Columbia WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil American Embassy, Berlin—Germany 5 American Consulate, Yokohama—Yokohama area

"■■■■■■■■■V.V.V/.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.'.V.'.V.V.VV.V.V iV/ZAWAVv!

PARIS flood of steel, is already being rebuilt with new and July 29, 1940. more appropriate material to support the more prac¬ Another invasion is added to those history rec¬ tical national motto of “Famille, Travail, Patrie.” ords from the time the Roman Legions under Like a butterfly escaping from its chrysalis, Caesar’s lieutenant, Labienus, first invaded Lute- Paris is slowly emerging from its sandbag slum¬ tia, the capital of the Parisii, to the raising of the ber. The loveliest spring it has ever had seems swastika banner on the Eiffel Tower on June four¬ to have added its splendor to offset a tragedy teenth ; twenty centuries, less eight years, later. which has been accepted uncomplainingly. Only Yet, two thousand years, with their long chronicle the Place de la Concorde, which has not even of the sore trials of a valient race, have been un¬ respected the heads of Royalty, reverberates its able to break daily macadam its spirit, and protest against again it is meet¬ the hobnailed ing defeat with goose-step. a quiet dignity With the ex¬ and firm resolve ception of a few to learn from streets parallel¬ its mistakes and ing the right face whatever bank of tbe an uncertain fu¬ Seine, circula¬ ture may de¬ tion in the city mand of it with is free. The fortitude and sport of criss¬ confidence. The crossing troop old foundation and motorized which, it was columns in ve¬ hoped, would hicles and on forever uphold foot has at last the edifice of been included “Liberte, Ega- among major lite, Fraternite,” traffic offenses, but which gave Courtesy Robert D. Murphy and the unem¬ way under a American Embassy—Vichy, August, 1940. ployed inhabi-

562 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL EMBASSY AND CONSULATE GENERAL, ROME

First Row: Charles A. Livengood, Commercial Attache; Colonel George H. Paine, Military Attache; Ed¬ ward L. Reed, Counselor of Embassy; the Honorable William Phillips, Ambassador; Graham H. Kemper, Consul General; Captain Thomas C. Kinkaid, Naval Attache. Second Row: Commander Proctor M. Thornton, Assistant Naval Attache; Malcolm P. Hooper, Assistant Commercial Attache; David Williamson, Second Secretary; David McK. Key, Second Secretary; Gilson G. Blake, Jr., Consul; Commander James B. Sykes, Assistant Naval Attache and Assistant Naval Attache for Air. Third Row: J. Wesley Jones, Con¬ sul; John L. Goshie, Vice Consul; Captain William C. Bentley, Assistant Military Attache and Assistant Mili¬ tary Attache for Air; Walter C. Dowling, Third Secretary; Merritt N. Cootes, Third Secretary.

tants must once more turn for their daily thrills to them before eleven p. m., or spend the night on the less exciting subtraction of miniature “fritures” a straight-back chair at the Police “Commis¬ fro mthe sluggish reaches of the Seine. sariat.” And as the dawn delivery of milk is The blackout continues to remain not only a still an extremely sketchy public service, and other nightly obligation but it is so much more strictly means of locomotion in the early morning hours enforced, as to have incited an ex-ally unfavorably are supercharged with carrots, garlic and other to compare the Kommandantur’s order, which he garden truck, the return to one’s castle must per¬ is required rigidly to obey, with the former “De¬ force be made on shoe-leather, in the company of fense Passive” regulation he successfully chose to idle and perhaps not so pleasant thoughts. ignore. Then, there is the curfew, obliging all But these conveniences are only ephemeral. Paris citizens preferring the comforts of home to reach (Continued on page 575)

OCTOBER, 1940 563 The Bookshelf

J. RIVES CHILDS, Review Editor

THEY WANTED WAR, by Otto D. Tolischus, Reynal but that none dared to allow his dreams to reach & Hitchcock, New York, 1940, pp. 340. $3.00. the ultimate, to imagine that he could attain suffi¬ Hitler the human being and Hitler the master of cient power to bring about a new political and social Germany, the psychology underlying National So¬ order throughout the world. Such is the amazing cialism and its practical realization, the period of conception which is attributed to Adolf Hitler by preparation for “total” war and the initial stages of the author, who tells us that “the final goal is an¬ the present struggle, all these have become matters nounced to be world rule of the German race.” of such crucial importance that in discussing them Having defined the aims of National Socialism, one is almost inevitably under the spell of a natural the methods adopted for their accomplishment are but intense emotion. It is therefore greatly to the fully discussed, special emphasis being laid on the credit of Otto Tolischus that in this book he has attention devoted to even the minutest details during been able to confine himself largely to a dispassion¬ the period of systematic preparation for war. Evi¬ ate statement of the facts and to subordinate his own dence is presented to show the extent to which from personal feelings and opinions. On that account, the outset there was displayed a firm determination however, his story is by no means lacking in dra¬ that when the moment for the decisive struggle came matic quality, for the National Socialist movement the fighting forces of Germany should be supported conflicts so violently with our ideals of civilization by the total strength of the entire nation through and is so permeated with a pseudo-religious fanati¬ perfect coordination of all its moral, physical and cism that even without embellishment of any sort economic resources. The manner in which solu¬ its story is intensely dramatic. tions of vital raw material and production problems So much had already been written on every aspect were sought, and in many instances found, is clearly of Nazi Germany that there remained little opportu¬ set forth. In fact, the brief but comprehensive out¬ nity for the inclusion of new material in “They line of the various inter-related economic and finan¬ Wanted War.” However, the same facts presented cial controls that were established in order to mobil¬ from another angle and with a shift of emphasis ize German industry, agriculture and trade exclu¬ often point to decidedly different conclusions. Fur¬ sively for war purposes is of no little interest. The thermore, in many instances, what has been written integration with the new political and social regimes about Germany has emanated from more or less of a military organization that had long enjoyed a partisan sources, a fact of which due account had large measure of independence and exercised a to be taken. Mr. Tolischus’ record and his obvious strong influence is analyzed with convincing clarity. effort in the present volume to maintain a scrupu¬ Social theories, particularly racialism, and the man¬ lously impartial attitude add measurably to the ner in which these theories found practical applica¬ value of his book. tion as a valuable asset in the creation and mainte¬ Possibly the most interesting and revealing chap¬ nance of the German military machine receive due ters are the first two, under the caption “The Man consideration. and His Aims.” Hitler’s personality has been, and These are topics of far reaching significance, a is, a completely dominating factor in the creation of profound discussion of which would have required the Third Reich, and it is a decidedly complex and many volumes, and it was obviously impossible to contradictory personality. If we hope to arrive at a do more than reflect the high lights in such a rela¬ sound judgment of what the Hitler menace means, tively small book. Enough is said, however, to pro¬ we need carefully to sift and analyze what those vide a substantial background for a better under¬ who have been in the best position to know and standing of what has been going on in Germany understand him are able to tell us. It is still difficult under the Nazi regime and to provide much food for fully to comprehend that the incredible has actually serious thought. happened and that the ambitious will of a single It would have contributed to rounding out the individual has been powerful enough to organize picture if there had been included more analytical and set in motion a serious attack on the very foun¬ comment on certain matters of considerable impor¬ dations of life as we have known it. Mr. Tolischus tance which are dealt with largely from the factual points out that others before Hitler persuaded them¬ standpoint. As an example the chapter on the selves that it was their destiny to serve as instru¬ German-Russian pact may be cited. But it should ments of providence and dreamed of vast conquests, be remembered that Mr. Tolischus is a journalist

564 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and that his book is based on a long series of news¬ countries the rights of aliens are in danger of ex¬ paper despatches, rather than on a carefully thought tinction. With “fifth column” hysteria sweeping out and logically arranged plan. Allowance must, our own country, there is real danger that it may of course, be made for this fact. Moreover, it must be forgotten that people other than citizens are en¬ have been extremely difficult to decide what mate¬ titled under our law to life, liberty and the pursuit rial should be put in and what should be left out. of happiness. If there is any lack of continuity or apparent omis¬ Within the limitations he has set for himself, sion, it is fully compensated by the freshness that is Mr. Gibson has achieved a useful and effective state¬ inherent in a well trained journalist’s point of view ment of the rights of aliens in the United States. In and manner of expression. This book was not in¬ the first chapter he gives a concise exposition of the tended for students of history but for the average bases of the international law standard for the treat¬ reader who seeks to understand how the present ment of aliens, drawing principally upon the opin¬ crisis in world affairs came about and what its prob¬ ions of the Commissioners of the United States- able consequences may be. Mexican General Claims Commission under the After spending long years in Germany Mr. Tolis- convention of September 8, 1923. In the second chus was ejected from that country early in 1940 chapter he outlines in summary fashion the prin¬ because of his frankness in reporting events. Al¬ cipal provisions in treaties of the United States though “They Wanted War” was written after his relative to the national treatment of aliens. This departure, when he enjoyed entire freedom to ex¬ chapter is of doubtful usefulness as it is illustrative press his views, the author has shown exceptional rather than comprehensive in its tabulation of these willingness to let the facts speak for themselves. treaty provisions. This is compensated for to some Again and again he quotes from official German extent by the tables provided in the appendices. The pronouncements whose authority cannot be denied. treaty provisions which are quoted by way of illus¬ “We have the divine right to rule and we shall as¬ tration would be more helpful if identified in each sure ourselves of that right.” “The new human being instance. is completely possessed by the thought of war.” Chapters III to VI, inclusive, are devoted respec¬ “Total war means the complete and final disappear¬ tively to the rights of aliens with respect to prop¬ ance of the vanished from the stage of history.” erty, taxation, employment, and judicial procedure. Such quotations from leaders of National Socialism It is these chapters that the Foreign Service Officer are typical. For a long period the statesmen of will find especially useful. They contain within other European nations could not bring themselves brief scope an excellent analysis of federal and to believe that the German menace was real, but Mr. state law on these subjects, including the principal Tolischus demonstrates in convincing fashion that court decisions. The reviewer anticipates that the from the establishment of the Hitler regime, the only experience of most Foreign Service Officers will alternative to war was surrender to German domina¬ lead them to query the following statement made by tion and destruction of cherished institutions. the author in opening his chapter on the right to COIT MACLEAN. work:

ALIENS AND THE LAW. SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE “A government which lays any claim to being NATIONAL TREATMENT OF ALIENS IN THE UNITED civilized certainly must extend to all resident within STATES, by William Marion Gibson, The University of its jurisdiction, alien or national, freedom of oppor¬ North Carolina Press, pp. xiii. 200. $3.00. tunity to engage in employment of some kind for the sustenance of the individual.” (p. 119) A timelier moment than the present could hard¬ ly have been found for the publication of a restate¬ That there is no general recognition of the exist¬ ment of the law governing the treatment of aliens ence of any such standard of conduct, is demon¬ in the United States. Mr. Richard W. Flournoy, strated by the extensive and stringent limitations on the right of aliens to engage in employment who needs no identification for the readers of this which are today spread around the globe. JOURNAL, very well says in the Foreword: “At this period in history, when nationalism and The book contains four very valuable and detailed chauvinism have become so pronounced in some quar¬ appendices covering the following subjects: National ters, there is a real need of a comprehensive, discrimi¬ treatment provisions in American treaties, statutory nating, and balanced study of the position and legal and treaty provisions (including foreign treaties) rights of aliens resident in our country. . . .” (p. vii) concerning ownership of land by aliens, workmen’s This book serves as a welcome reminder that in compensation statutes, and citizenship qualifications some places aliens still have rights which are re¬ for jury service. The usefulness of the table of spected and protected by the law. Graphic evidence cases is impaired by the author’s failure to list the comes daily from many quarters that in too many (Continued on page 592)

OCTOBER, 1940 565 diplomatic dilemma

By DUDLEY HARMON, of The Washington Post

DASHING into the powder room of a European But gone are the glamour and glitter which have legation to hang up my coat before a recent always characterized, for Washingtonians, the for¬ dinner, 1 found neither the accustomed powder nor eign diplomatic corps. For some obscure reason, a the luxurious dressing table before which women plain American Senator has never had as much ap¬ guests had prinked in the past. Instead, I stumbled peal to hostesses as the fourth secretary of some over three desks, four typewriters, and two heavy Graustarkian legation who, once a year at the an¬ file cabinets. The room had changed from daintily nual White House reception for diplomats, could feminine to grimly business-like. In that transition blossom out in gold braid with feathers on his head. is the story of the differences which war has brought So when the war first began, before people quite to diplomatic Washington. realized the tragedy which would follow, fluttering Since that March day when the Germans moved dowagers asked themselves, “Will THEY come to in on Vienna, ten different embassies and legations parties any more?” in Washington have either been Blitzkrieged out of Rather to everyone’s surprise, they did. Most of existence or else function anxiously on reduced bud¬ the envoys decided it was better policy for their gets, their status here still recognized despite Nazi staffs to act as though nothing had happened; that invasion. After the Anschluss, the Austrian Min¬ appearance on the social scene showed a “chin up, ister philosophically handed over his Washington we’re not down yet” spirit. Some gestures were legation and took up lecturing at a local university. made to the gravity of the situation; formal dinners The Albanian envoy did a complete fadeout as a are now black tie instead of white, and many diplo¬ diplomat and now devotes himself to writing books. mats, the Polish, for example, no longer take part Still functioning are the representatives of eight in dancing. Most imperturbable of all are the Brit¬ other invaded countries: Czechoslovakia, Poland, ish; they continue to laugh and chat pleasantly in Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Latvia and the same spirit which leads Englishmen to take pic¬ Lithuania. nic luncheons up on the Channel cliffs to watch the aerial fights at sea. From a social angle, the situation is naturally fraught with complications. To a dinner the German Charge d’Affaires was giving the night of the invasion of Norway had been invited the Norwegian Counselor and his wife. The affair proceeded without them. Another day, several weeks later, a Netherlands legation couple were pre¬ paring to attend the cocktail party of the German First Secretary when news came of the Blitzkrieg on Holland. The Dutch couple did not even bother to send their regrets. Many persons previously on good terms personally with the German em¬ bassy staff are reported to have left members off future dinner lists. (If a

“. . . a plain American Sena¬ tor has never had as much appeal to hostesses as the fourth secretary of some Graustarkian legation . . certain Washington columnist is cor¬ rect, Mr. Hitler’s diplomats don’t un¬ ~n derstand this point of view. The col¬ umnist writes that the embassy keeps a blacklist of the socially aloof, to whom visas for future travel in Europe would not be issued by a victorious Germany after the war.) Blacklist or no, German diplomats have practically disappeared from the social landscape, and when they give dinners they pick their diplomatic guests from among the Italians and Hungarians. Most official parties are now slightly strained, but an all-time high in tension was reached at the last White House reception for the diplo¬ matic corps. With every embassy and legation represented, belligerents and all, there was much sudden rushing be¬ hind the shelter of potted palms as gold braided envoys from warring nations kA sought to avoid meeting. The protocol which requires diplomats waiting to greet the President to stand in line in the order of the length of their envoy’s service here brought some strange proximities. The fact that the Soviets . one Minister is fighting to keep his staff and the English, the Chinese and the from moving in on his bedroom. . . Japs, found themselves directly behind one another didn’t ease the situation. This was uncomfortable enough, but the thought homes and butlers to save money. It is expected of an envoy having to sit through an entire meal that baby formulas and discussion of infant care next to his enemy would freeze any hostess. As this will be an important feature of dinner table conver¬ was inevitable if the annual White House dinner to sation this winter, as nearly all the English here diplomats were held, the function was cancelled. now have a little refugee in the home. One young It will be recalled that during the first World War, bachelor has three, all under six years old. two dinners were given at the White House, one for Several of the Blitzkrieged countries have doubled the Germans and their Allies and the other for the their legation forces in Washington. Not only are British, French, and their sympathizers. ladies’ dressing rooms filled with office furniture, Envoys accustomed to every luxury in the past but one Minister is fighting to keep his staff from are now economizing like a New England housewife. moving in on his bedroom. One Ambassador, whose feudal estate, with different The most striking illustration of the change one state dining rooms for every day in the week, is in brief year has wrought in Washington was the gar¬ German occupied territory, now does his traveling den party held recently to benefit the local Bundles in the day coach. The Counselor of the embassy for Britain organization. Lord Lothian loaned the has moved in with the Ambassador to save lodgings garden of the embassy to the committee for the money. event, and the ladies hopefully prayed that 2,500 Half the handsome Czech legation is closed off in from the public would pay a dollar a head to come. winter to cut down the fuel bill and its upkeep comes Despite threatening weather, an estimated 5,000 from the pockets of Czechoslovak colonies all over turned up to stroll or sit in the gardens where a the world. The staff has been pared to a minimum. year ago, almost to the day, a carefully picked group The wife of a former Military Attache, who left of top flight officials and socially elect had gathered to fight with exiled compatriots, is trying to scrape to crane their necks at the King and Queen. At the up clientele for French lessons. Bundles party the food ran out; long lines stood Members of another embassy staff share their (Continued on page 591)

567 Tlie Consular Racket-1835

From “Brooks’ Letters,”, furnished THE JOURNAL by WESLEY FROST, Counselor of Embassy, Santiago de Chile

No. LXXVIII. November, 1835. able that all is at least founded on fact. The Emperor of Austria, it is said, has seized this occasion to inspire Naples, I have said, is further for all practical pur¬ his Italian subjects with a horror of all Republican in¬ poses from Paris, than Paris is from New York, and stitutions, by making it optional with some State yet the distance is but about a thousand miles. How¬ prisoners in Italy—whether they will choose the pun¬ ever, one feels here as if one was quite at the end of ishment of death at home, or banishment to the United the world, as the diligences upon the road are so dull, States! and the difficulty of getting along is so great, though But I am wandering far away from my journal as a the roads are excellent in general. The mail it is true, traveller. I did not in my last even tell you how I got comes by the courier in ten or twelve days, and so does out of Rome, and before I finish this, I shall not get the mail come from America to Europe sometimes in you into Naples, for on a road where every spot is fifteen days. But there is no security for the transpor¬ classic, the traveller must go very slow. We finished in tation of any thing here, such as there is in England or Rome our quarantine of thirty days, but as that was the United States. A letter is often opened and de¬ all in the way of business, we never felt its infliction. tained, one knows not how long, or destroyed, it may We went to the Police, and surrendering our bill of be, because the government do not like what is said in residence, for which we had paid, were given the pass¬ it. Not a letter, for example, have I see a foreigner re¬ port, which we were told to take to the American Con¬ ceive in Rome, which has not been opened. All are sul. The regulation of our passports we usually left to “smoked,” and pierced, that is, cut in two places, and some domestic of our Hotels, who look upon the fee at¬ sprinkled well with vinegar, and it may be that in this tending this as a perquisite of their situation. But process the seals are not broken, but nevertheless it is when we spoke with the domestic of the Hotel, and de¬ a fact that they are broken, and that the contents can manded the usual fees, he laughed in our faces, when thus be easily read. I feel, therefore, as if I was in fact we told him we were Americans, as we must to use his at the end of the world, for I will trust no letter in such own phrase, go through the pounding of the American a country, and have received none, and expect to re¬ Consul, whose signature was the most costly of all pow¬ ceive none till I get to Paris. The want of security, ers represented at Rome. The fee he said was two Ro¬ then, in the means of transportation, puts Naples al¬ man seudi, which is two dollars of our money. I did most at the end of the world. Newspapers are precious not believe this possible, for I am yet so green in travel¬ and scarce. The postage is immense. A stray Galig- ling that I have never before found this exaction made. nani (an English paper in Paris,) may now and then An Englishman, who was with us, laughed at us loudly. be seen, and the sight of one is a precious treasure; “Your speculating, trafficking character,” he said, “is but almost all I learn from the United States is in the ever seen in your consular agent at Rome.” But this little journals of Italy, which are about as large as one Consul, by the way, is an Italian, not an American. eighth part of the National Intelligencer in Washing¬ Rome is perhaps, the only place in Europe where a ton. They tell me, the Union is breaking up,—that British traveller pays to the agents of his own govern¬ riots and rows are desolating the whole land,—that the ment a single cent for a passport stamp, but as the slaves are rebelling, and that a servile war is threat¬ religious Protestant rebellion of England put England ened,—and they rejoice loudly, as they hold up this so out of the Catholic pale that she never has had a admonition of the folly of men attempting to govern Minister Plenipotentiary there, she has sent there a themselves. Nothing so much delights them as this last Consul, upon the same footing as ours, whose signature demonstration, as they call it, of the impossibility of a costs a British subject thirty cents only of our money. republic, even when founded under the most favorable Not crediting the story of the domestic of the Hotel, I circumstances. The Lynch laws particularly delight sought out the house of the American Consul, or the them. The Mississippi gamblers, Lynched as they Palace as it is called, though not a very shining house were, are nevertheless compensated with an immortal¬ even, nor with an atmosphere around it so pure as ity in every despot’s Journal of Europe. The slave mis¬ that of the Elysian Fields. I mounted the third story sionaries are wearing a crown of glory here, as martyrs of it and after wandering through the purlieus of of a mad democracy. How true all these things are, 1 his kitchen, came into his office, which was that of have no means of telling; for all I see is in the little a Roman lawyer and then was received by his clerk. Italian journals, which are particularly occupied with The clerk tried to put us off with the remark that such of our affairs as tend to discredit all Republican the Consul was not in, but as we did not want him, institutions. And, perhaps, one of the greatest plea¬ only his consular stamp, we succeeded in getting it, sures of travelling is to read such news of one’s own for which sure enough the two dollars was demanded. country in a foreign land, particularly when it is prob¬ Two of us gave him his four dollars, and we demand-

568 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ed in a surly humour ler with an American an account of what we PRIZE COMPETITION NOTICE passport, is liable to considered a most out¬ this exaction. And if rageous and disreputa¬ The prize competition, the closing date of in the course of his ble system of sponging. which is October 1, will have as a judging European tour, he It may be just that he comes in contact with should have some¬ committee: fifty such Consuls his thing for this signa¬ MESSRS. HARRY A. MCBRIDE, Chairman, passport alone will ture from a traveller; cost him one hundred HENRY S. VILLARD, no, even this is not dollars for American EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD, just, for the American signatures, which add¬ Government is bound PAUL H. ALLING. ed to the fees that to pay him, if pay is Due to the transfer of Mr. Ellis O. Briggs, must ever be given in needed, but why is not almost all the nations the exaction such as previously announced as a member of the through which he other nations demand? judging committee, Mr. Trueblood has con¬ passes, will make a Why is an American sented to act in his place. passport a very costly passport made a laugh¬ item among all his ing stock in every Ro¬ other expenses. For man hotel? And who example, (to give you can reply to the taunt an idea of the passport of the Englishman, that our speculating, trafficking system,) twenty signatures are put upon a traveller’s character even fixes itself upon our consular agents passport between Rome and Naples, and Naples and abroad? Let every American I say, redress this evil for Rome. Two dollars are paid to the American Consul himself, till his government redresses it for him. Take in Rome when Rome is left, and two dollars to the no American passports, if you want to save expense in American Consul in Naples when Naples is left; and every town where an American Consul chooses to the American Consul at Rome considers it a favour exact this enormous fee for such a little service. Spoil that he does not demand two dollars more, when Rome the trade. An English passport will carry any man is left a second time. The Roman Police ask about a who speaks the English language from one end of doRar for their signature. The Neapolitan signature in Europe to the other with but a trifling expense; and Rome costs nearly a dollar more. The Neapolitan even a passport from the Foreign Office of England Minister of Foreign Affairs in Naples, charges nearly with the direct signature of Lord Palmerston upon two dollars. Then the Tuscan agent at Naples must it, can be obtained for one tenth part of the sum that also be paid. In short, there is not one of these an American passport costs, provided this exaction is twenty signatures, that does not cost more or less, continued.—First, I object to the exaction as out¬ either in what is paid the police, or in money given rageously disproportionate in comparison with other to the attendants upon the office for carrying the pass¬ nations,—and next I object to the dishonor it inflicts ports there. upon the Americans as a people. Again, a Consul in The greatest of all these sponges, however, are the Rome, for all I can see, is as unnecessary as the fifth American Consuls: and thus our happy country which wheel of a coach, for there is no commerce there, and at home is freed from all such miserable passport re¬ his signature would never be needed for passports, strictions upon the intercourse of its citizens, exhibits if he had not linked himself with the Police, which the spectacle abroad of being the most greedy to is the surliest and the worst bred in the world:—but turn that miserable system to the profit of its own if such an officer is necessary, let him be an Ameri¬ agents. No, I am as proud of bearing the American can. For if every American traveller is to pay him Eagle as a proof that I am an American citizen, as such a tribute—the sum is large enough now, as the a man can be,—but I will not bear it when it is American visitors are so many, to support a young soiled and tarnished thus. The lion and the unicorn unmarried American exceedingly well, who by his have no such stigma upon them. studies and pursuits in this storehouse of the arts of the world, could ultimately do his country honor. I MARRIAGE repeat, then, my advice to my countrymen who em¬ bark for Europe by way of England, to spoil the Bailey-Jeffries. Miss Margaret Keith Jeffries and trade. As for myself, I never will touch an American Mr. John W. Bailey, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Divi¬ passport again, after I get back to England, till the sion of Foreign Service Personnel, were married on government wipes off this stigma upon it. Remem¬ September 18 in Washinngton. ber the exaction does not exist in Rome alone, but it follows a traveller now, every step he takes from Paris; COVER PICTURE and in Naples it is as in Rome, and so on to Flor¬ ence and Leghorn, and Marseilles and Paris. Every One of the three vertical antennae of WJSV, where in short, where the 160 Consuls that our Gov¬ Columbia’s new 50 thousand watt station at ernment has, (and his signature to passports is al¬ Wheaton. Maryland. Photograph courtesy of ways necessary), are stationed, the American travel¬ WJSV.

OCTOBER, 1940 569 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since August 10, 1940: eign Service since August 24, 1940: Earl L. Packer of Ogden, Utah, First Secretary (Continued from September issue) of the American Legation and American Consul at Roger L. Heacock of Baldwin Park, California, Riga, Latvia, has been designated First Secretary Third Secretary of American Embassy and Ameri¬ of the American Legation and American Consul at can Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been Budapest, Hungary, and will serve in dual capacity. assigned American Vice Consul at Sao Paulo, Bra¬ Robert S. Ward of Cincinnati, Ohio, American zil. Consul at Foochow, China, has been assigned Amer¬ Ivan B. White of Salem, Oregon, American Vice ican Consul at Hong Kong. Consul at Yokohama, Japan, has been assigned for Bernard Gufler of Tacoma, Washington, Second duty in the Department of State. Secretary of the American Legation and American Consul at Kaunas, Lithuania, has been designated Non-Career Second Secretary of the American Embassy and Francis M. Withey of Michigan, American Vice American Consul at Berlin, Germany, and will serve Consul at Florence, Italy, has been appointed Amer¬ in dual capacity. ican Vice Consul at Palermo, Italy. Montgomery H. Colladay of Hartford, Connec¬ T. Monroe Fisher of Strasburg, Virginia, Amer¬ ticut, Second Secretary of American Legation and ican Vice Consul at Feghorn, Italy, has been ap¬ American Consul at Tallinn, Estonia, has been as¬ pointed American Vice Consul at Florence, Italy. signed American Consul at Winnipeg, Canada. Foster H. Kreis of Minnesota, American Vice E. Allan Lightner, Jr., of Mountain Lakes, New Consul at Funchal, Madeira, has been appointed Jersey, Third Secretary of the American Legation American Vice Consul at Horta, Azores, where an and American Vice Consul at Riga, Latvia, has been American Consulate will be established. designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ The appointment of Donn Paul Medalie as Amer¬ bassy and American Vice Consul at Moscow, ican Vice Consul at Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, U.S.S.R., and will serve in dual capacity. has been cancelled. Mr. Medalie has now been ap¬ Raymond P. Ludden of Fall River, Massachusetts, pointed American Vice Consul at Manila, Philip¬ Language Officer at the American Embassy, Peiping, pine Islands. China, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Canton, China. The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Arthur B. Emmons, 3d., of Dover, Massachusetts, eign Service since August 17, 1940: American Vice Consul at Hankow, China, has been Cornelius Van H. Engert of Berkeley, California, assigned American Vice Consul at Keijo, Chosen. Counselor of American Fegation at Tehran, Iran, Edward E. Rice of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Ameri¬ has been assigned American Consul General at can Vice Consul at Canton, China, has been assigned Beirut, Febanon. American Vice Consul at Foochow, China. Ely E. Palmer of Providence, Rhode Island, Amer¬ Philip D. Sprouse of Springfield, Tennessee, Lan¬ ican Consul General at Beirut, Febanon, has been guage Officer at the American Embassy at Peiping, assigned American Consul General at Sydney, Aus¬ China, has been assigned American Vice Consul at tralia. Hankow, China. Elvin Seibert of New York, New York, Third Non-Career Secretary of American Legation and American Vice Basil F. Macgowan of Lynchburg, Virginia, Consul at Bangkok, Thailand, has been designated American Vice Consul at Kaunas, Lithuania, has Third Secretary of American Embassy and Ameri¬ been appointed American Vice Consul at Nice, can Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. France.

570 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Bob Hale sends “photo¬ graphic evidence” (see JOURNAL’S August Service Glimpses) of his “nearly getting caught by” a 6 ft. 3 in. tarpon off the Mexi¬ can coast.

* . * **— — Sidney L r,f 1 ^ jr I eit to ~ i sistan

Consul General and In¬ spector Thomas D. Bow¬ man feeding the pigeons in front of St. Mark’s Cathe¬ dral, Venice. Submitted by Marion K. Squire.

George Andrews attains fame as a super-fisher man with the fourth largest marlin taken in Panama Bay. It was landed in 1 hour 45 minutes, and weighed 493 pounds. The JOURNAL invites further evidence of Service pisca- tology.

ot0 Norway, v,. cinessP\ on;

"^ Consul Austin Voe Q Kiath. PROMOTIONS

The following Foreign Service officers were nom¬ Name Post T itle inated for promotion effective from August 1, 1940: FROM CLASS VII TO CLASS VI Name Post T itle James C. H. Bonbright Brussels and 2d Sec. Luxemburg FROM ' CLASS II TO CLASS I J ames W. Gantenbein Buenos Aires 2d Sec. William C. Burdett Rio de Con. Gen.- Herve J. L’Heureux Antwerp Consul Janeiro Coun. Em. Sheldon T. Mills Santiago 2d Sec. Nathaniel P. Davis Department Con. Gen. Edward T. Wailes Department 2d Sec. John G. Erhardt London Con. Gen.-l Sec. FROM CLASS VIII TO CLASS VII Charles B. Hosmer Department Consul Robert D. Murphy Paris Con.-Coun. Wm. E. Flournoy, Jr. Managua V. C.-3d S. Embassy Guy W. Ray Department V. C. Avra M. Warren Department Con. Gen. FROM UNCLASSIFIED (A) TO CLASS VIII FROM CLVSS III TO CLASS 11 John K. Emerson Tokyo 3d Sec. Willard L. Beaulac Habana 1st. Sec. Beppo R. Johansen Harbin V. C. William P. Blocker Ciudad Juarez Con. Gen. U. Alexis Johnson Keijo V. C. Howard Bucknell, Jr. Madrid 1st. Sec. Carmel Offie Paris V. C.-3d S. Richard P. Butrick Shanghai Consul Edward E. Rice Canton V. C. Cecil M. P. Cross Paris Con.-1st S. Max W. Schmidt Tokyo 3d Sec. Hugh S. Fullerton Paris Con.-1st S. William E. Yuni Tientsin V. C. H. Freeman Matthews Paris Con.-1st S. Rudolf E. Schoenfekl London 1st Sec. George P. Shaw Mexico City Consul The following were promoted effective August 1, FROM CLASS IV TO CLASS III 1940: Ellis 0. Briggs Department 2d Sec. Herbert S. Bursley Department 1st Sec. FROM UNCLASSIFIED (B) TO UNCLASSIFIED (A) Curtis T. Everett Geneva Consul Samuel J. Fletcher Tientsin Consul John Hubner, 2d Sao Paulo V. C. Walter A. Foote Batavia Consul Milton P. Thompson Santiago de CubaV. C- Waldemar J. Gallman Department Consul Sydney B. Redecker F rankfort Consul FROM UNCLASSIFIED (C) TO UNCLASSIFIED (B) Edwin F. Stanton Shanghai Consul Fletcher Warren Department Consul Niles W. Bond Yokohama V. C. William 0. Boswell Vienna V. c. FROM CLASS V TO CLASS IV Donald W. Brown Bogota 3d S.-V. C. Charles R. Burrows La Paz 3d S.-V. C. Howard Donovan Bombay Consul V. Lansing Collins, 2d Batavia V. c. Albert M. Doyle Sydney, N.S.W. Consul Arthur B. Emmons, 3d Hankow V. c. Richard Ford Montreal Consul Nicholas Feld Madras V. c. Thomas McEnelly Palermo Consul William N. Fraleigh Athens 3d S.-V. C. Edwin A. Plitt Paris Con.-2d S. Fulton Freeman Peiping Lang. Off. Christian M. Ravndal Buenos Aires Consul John C. Fuess Department V.C. Ogden H. Hammond, Jr. Department V. c. FROM CLASS VI TO CLASS V Boies C. Hart, Jr. Shanghai V. c. Lewis Clark Department 2d Sec. Richard H. Hawkins, Jr. Brisbane V. c. Cabot Coville Department 2d Sec. Martin J. Hillenbrand Baghdad V. C. 3d S. John H. Morgan Madrid 2d Sec. Delano McKelvey Vigo V. c. Edward J. Sparks Port au Prince Con.-2d S. Robert C. Strong Durban V. c.

572 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Service Officers Throughout the World

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OCTOBER, 1940 573 BEAMED PROGRAMS OVER SHORT-WAVE (Continued, from page 545) iiing in English. The Columbia Broadcasting Sys¬ tem, through WCBX and WCAB, carries almost as many hours beamed on Latin America, but there is a larger proportion of net-work shows which are carried either in English, or with Spanish announce¬ ments only. The other stations make considerable use of net-work shows as well, with the exception of the World Wide Broadcasting Foundation, which continues with special Spanish hours every evening. In considering the programs presented by the va¬ rious short-wave stations in the United States, it should be remembered that there are many Ameri¬ cans resident in Latin America, and that they are interested in hearing programs from the United States in their own language. At the same time, the resident Americans number in the thousands, while the “native” listening audience numbers in the mil¬ lions. Even taking into consideration the relatively high percentage of short-wave receivers among the American colonies, there are still far more short¬ wave receivers in the hands of the citizens of the countries themselves than there are among the colo¬ nies. These Latin American listeners are interested NORTH AMERICA in hearing news, music, and entertainment programs from theUnited States, and a mere broadcasting of SOUTH AMERICA net-work shows cannot hold their interest beyond certain very restricted limits. CENTRAL AMERICA Idle introduction of commercial short-wave broad¬ casting also tends to alter the picture, since com¬ CARIRREAN mercial shows are obviously intended to appeal not only to an audience of high purchasing power, but PANAMA CANAL even to that audience whose purchasing power re¬ Consult your Travel Agent or mains still to be developed. More and better pro¬ grams suited for listeners in Latin America and con¬ sequently an unquestioned desideratum. The prop¬ agandists tenor of almost all short-wave programs GRACE LINE from Europe is driving more and more short-wave 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or listeners toward programs from other Latin Ameri¬ 10 Hanover Square, New York can republics and toward those from the United 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. States. Latin American stations themselves are becoming Agents and Offices in all principal cities conscious of this trend, and are attempting to make their programs more “international,” at least in the sense of more “interamerican.” The best stations in Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Guatemala, Colom¬ bia, Venezuela, Chile, and even Ecuador are begin¬ ning to attract attention from short-wave listeners throughout the hemisphere. Furthermore, many of the local, long-wave stations are interested in pick¬ ing up and retransmitting programs suitable for their audiences. Many rebroadcasts are being made regularly of NBC programs in Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia and Venezuela, and sporadic rebroadcasts

574 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are made in practically every republic on the conti¬ nent. (Bolivia is the only country which appears never to have rebroadcast any NBC programs, while the maximum number of stations to rebroadcast a single NBC program was 130 long and short-wave stations scattered from the Mexican border to south¬ WIPHWIMTnilR® ern Argentina.) With this general development in short-wave broadcasting, with the common use of directional beams, with increased power, with improved pro¬ grams, with the birth of commercial short-wave broadcasting, and with the introduction of practi¬ cal short-wave receiving sets at a reasonable figure, the present period of transition would seem to be leading the three Americas far along the road of progress in broadcasting. That progress in broad¬ casting will lead to further understanding, further intimate knowledge of one another between the re¬ publics of the western hemisphere, and further faith in free speech and free press—through a knowledge of a free radio. As our poet Metastasio says, “The way’s to be found.” Having found it, let us not abuse time seeking immediate perfection, but rather let us tirelessly seek that improvement which leads to perfection. Listeners will encourage the broad¬ casters in that search by telling us that we are heard. Outstanding typewriter performance Only letters can tell us that we really have found the way. made possible today's big demand for Underwood Typewriters. Business has bought more Underwoods because Underwoods always offer more in speed, accuracy, durability and typing ease.

There are more than Five Million Underwoods NEWS FROM THE FIELD back of the Underwood Typewriter you buy to¬ (Continued from page 563) day. Every Underwood Typewriter is backed by never changes, except for the better. The non¬ nation-wide, company owned service facilities. chalant Seine has taken ages to mold this city into a permanent contour of beauty, and when its waters are watched from the parapet of one of its many masonry spans, there seems to be reflected the hundreds of thousands and one nights of the city’s brilliant past, lending to its present investment by motorized forces no more importance than the casual glimpse of an uninterested spectator. It Typewriter Division has always absorbed its conquerors, be they men UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY or metal. Once again, bullets were unable to stop Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines. the invaders, but already many of the latter are Carbon Paper. Ribbons and other Supplies enticed from the safety of their Panzerwagons to Homer Building, 13th and F Streets, N. W. venture out on dangerous patrols and reconnoiter- Washington, D. C. ing expeditions to the innumerable glass front pill Sales and Service Everywhere boxes cleverly distributed on the river’s right bank; attractively mined with silk and lace lingerie, and

OCTOBER, 1940 575 Iii ihe Embassy gardens a! Madrid on July 12. Left to right: Ambassa¬ dor Bullitt; the Spanish Minister for Foreign Af¬ fairs, Colonel Beigdeber; Ambassador Weddell and Ambassador Biddle.

mander Hillenkoetter, Military Attache at Paris. During the brief stop¬ over at Madrid, Ambas¬ sador Bullitt remained at the Embassy with Ambassador and Mrs. Weddell. Ambassador and Mrs. Biddle arrived in Madrid at this time and were present at sev¬ eral garden and tennis parties given by the Am¬ bassador and Mrs. Wed¬ dell. On July 14th Am¬ “manned” with an army of short-kilted shock bassador Bullitt, accompanied by Third Secretary troops, whose age-old knowledge of the effective Offie, flew with Commander Wyatt, Naval Attache at use of powder, glycerin, camouflage and the syn¬ Madrid, to Lisbon. Commander and Mrs. Hillen¬ thetic gases of Guerlain, ffoubigant, Chanel and koetter and Third Secretary MacArthur continued others, will upset the most rigid army discipline. the journey to Lisbon by automobile. These are proving to be secret weapons the high command overlooked. It is true that the young Consul General Avra M. Warren and Mr. L. C. grey-green sons of Mars are leaving their “marks” Frank of the Department were in Madrid from July on Paris, but it is just as certain that when their 20th until the 23rd on which day they continued army-on-wheels rolls once more across the Rhine, their journey by air to Barcelona en route to Rome the Paris redolence of Hans’s knapsack will proba¬ and Berlin. Their visit was all too brief and it is bly be the cause of his having to goose-step to his hoped that they will stop-over for a longer visit on Gretchen’s displeasure for the rest of his days. their return to the United States. The manly “Blitzkrieg” may be quickly won, but Minister Fish en route to Cairo, Mr. Leland B. the womanly Donnerwetter can be everlasting. Per¬ Morris bound for Vienna and Berlin, and Mr. haps the wise old Seine is already rippling with Charles B. Bohlen returning to Moscow arrived at delight in the anticipation of such revenge. Un¬ Madrid on July 24th and stayed overnight with willing to halt armies, it always vanquishes them First Secretary Bucknell. They continued their in the end, and on its changless course rests the journey the following day. Parisii’s assurance of victory—which has always been wrested from defeat. Minister and Mrs. Gordon, en route to the United EDWIN A. PLITT. States from The Hague, were in Madrid from the 27th of July until the 29th. Miss Beatrice Phillips, daughter of Ambassador MADRID Phillips, arrived in Madrid on July 6th after having The movement of officers and Foreign Service completed her work with the Ambulance Unit oper¬ families through Madrid during recent weeks has ated in France under the command of Miss Anne given those stationed in Spain the pleasure of re¬ Morgan. Miss Phillips accompanied the Ambassa¬ newing many old friendships. Ambassador Bullitt dor and Mrs. Weddell to Zarauz, Spain, for a few arrived on July 12 from Vichy, accompanied bv days of rest at the seaside. Ambassador Phillips Third Secretaries MacArthur and Offie and by Com- arrived from Rome on July 29th for a 24 hour visit

576 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Tell it to the National Qeographic Magazinel Your timely story of travel observations will inform millions of eager readers

iO maintain its high standard of educa¬ tional content, the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE requires a wealth of informative material for each of its monthly issues. Manuscripts and photographs from all sources, emphasizing human-interest values of geography, are always cordially wel¬ comed for consideration. As world travel¬ ers experienced in the art of discriminating observation, Foreign Service Officers are especially well-equipped to prepare such illustrated narratives, and thereby to co¬ operate with The Magazine in promoting geographic education. Liberal payment is made for all material accepted for publi¬ cation. Before preparing a manuscript it is advisable that you submit to the editor a brief outline of your proposed article.

Right: Eskimo women in Greenland sewing sealskin on a kayak. Photograph from the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC by Robert A. Bartlett.

The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, Gilbert Grosvenor, LUt.D., LL.D., Editor — WASHINGTON, D. C.

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578 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL with the Ambassador and Mrs. Weddell and on the following day, accompanied by Miss Phillips, con¬ No single development in tinued the homeward journey via Lisbon. Ambassa¬ dor Cudahy remained in Madrid for a few hours on the 29th en route to the United States. Consul General James B. Stewart arrived in the typewriter industry Madrid on August 7th en route to his new post at Ziirich. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor were present has ever achieved the at a very pleasant garden party given by the Am¬ bassador and Mrs. Weddel on July 1st. The guests were privileged on this occasion to watch a fast game of tennis played by Senorita Lili Alvarez, women’s tennis champion of Spain, Mr. Mario Sva- instant success of... voszt, holder of the Spanish and Hungarian titles, Mr. Howard Bueknell, First Secretary of Embassy and Howard Bueknell II. who recently won the ten¬ nis trophy of his school in Switzerland. First Secretary Bueknell, Commercial Attache Ackerman and Second Secretary Morgan are sum¬ mer bachelors, their respectives wives and children having departed during July for holidays at home.

EARL T. CRAIN.

HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA

August 29, 1940. The speed with which the new United States- Canadian Joint Defense Board, whose members were designated immediately after the Roosevelt- King Declaration was announced, got down to work was evidenced by the arrival at “an Eastern Canadian port” by air on August 28, of Captain Harry W. Hill, War Plans Division, U.S.N., Com¬ mander Forrest P. Sherman, U.S.N., and Lieuten¬ WITH MAGIC Margin, there is no more setting of ant Colonel J. T. McNarney, U.S.A. Air Corps, all margins by hand—no more hunting for margin stops! members of the Board, accompanied by Major J. S. Gullet, U.S.A., Air Attache, American Lega¬ The operator merely positions the carriage, flicks a tion, Ottawa. Two Canadian members of the Joint little lever . . . MAGIC Margin does the rest automati¬ Board traveled with the group, namely, Air Com¬ cally, helps every operator make every letter better. modore A. L. Cuffe, R.C.A.F., and Captain L. W. Give Royal’s New No. 1 THE DESK TEST. Murray, Deputy Chief of Staff, R.C.N. The officers were greeted on arrival by Commo¬ Royal Typewriter Company, Inc., 2 Park Ave., New York dore H. E. Reid. R.C.N., Commanding His Majesty’s Washington, D. C., 839 17th Street, N. W. Canadian Dockyard, Air Commodore N. R. Ander¬ son, R.C.A.F., Chief of the Eastern Air Command, * Trade-mark, Reg. TJ. S. Pat. Off. and Consul General C. E. MacEachran. After com¬ pleting a survey of the area the group departed by air for Newfoundland. Worlds No. 1

C. E. MACEACHRAN. Typewriter

OCTOBER, 1940 579 ■■I

HARRY A. McBRIDE BRIDGE—MEMMEHTOWN, LIBERIA This bridge which is part of the road building program of the Liberian Gov¬ ernment and is located at Memmehtown, about sixty-five miles from Monrovia, was named for Mr. Harry A. McBride, former Assistant to the Secretary of State. Mr. McBride was from August, 1918, to May, 1919, acting general receiver of customs and financial adviser of the Liberian Internal Debt Commission. In July-September, 1934, he was detailed on a special mission to Liberia. Honorable Gabriel Dennis, Secretary of the Treasury of Liberia, appears in the left of the photograph and Mr. Clifton R. Wharton, American Charge d’Affaires, is on the right.

HAMILTON, BERMUDA on August 8 docked for two hours to discharge September 7, 1940. the baggage of H.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of The S.S. Excalibur, American Export Lines, en Windsor, providing an opportunity to greet three route from Lisbon to New York, stopped for a few high ranking officers of the Department en route hours at Hamilton on September 4 providing an to Washington: the Honorable William Phillips, opportunity to visit the ship while anchored at Ambassador to Italy, and Miss Beatrice Phillips; Grassy Bay, outside Hamilton Harbor. Aboard were the Honorable A. J. Drexel Biddle, Ambassador to the Honorable Myron Taylor, the President’s per¬ Poland, and Mrs. Biddle, and the Honorable George sonal representative at The Vatican, and Mrs. Tay¬ A. Gordon, Minister to The Netherlands, and Mrs. lor; Mr. and Mrs. Robert Grosjean, accompanied by Gordon. The travelers took advantage of the brief Mr. Grosjean’s mother, Mrs. Mabel Grosjean; Mr. stopover to stock up on latest New York news¬ Jacob Beam, Third Secretary of Embassy at Berlin, papers and magazines, as well as to enjoy their first ice-cream sodes in some time. and Mr. Jack Williams, Superintendent of the Gov¬ ernment Building in Paris. Again, on August 13, the Dixie Clipper in a brief stop from Horta to Darrell’s Airport, near Hamil¬ On September 5 the Yankee Clipper from Lisbon brought Mr. Robert Murphy, Counselor and Consul ton, brought returning Ambassador John Cudahy General at Paris, en route to the Department. from Belgium, accompanied by Counselor of Em¬ bassy, Orme Wilson, and Consul Donald D. Edgar, August 20, 1940. from Geneva. The SS Excalibur, of the American Export Lines, WILLIAM H. BECK.

580 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CONFIDENCE IN A NAME

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OCTOBER. 1940 581 Wherever you drive—on country road, or city street—you see this imprint more often than that of any other tyre. It's the sign of safety—the imprint of the famous All- Weather Tread with its sharp-edged, dia¬ mond shaped blocks. Throughout the world, Goodyear tyres have earned their reputation for safety, and for long, trouble- free mileage. That is the biggest reason why, more people the world over ride on Goodyear tyres than on any other make. PRETORIA On July 19th, North Winship, Esquire, Coun¬ sellor of the Legation, and Mrs. Winship enter¬ tained all American Foreign Service families in Pretoria and Johannesburg at a dinner in celebra¬ tion of the thirtieth anniversary of Mr. Winship’s entry into the Service. HOST ioik. Mr. and Mrs. Winship continued to justify the reputation which they have attained for true South¬ ern hospitality. All members of the Foreign Service in South Africa join in expressing the wish that the success which has crowned Mr. Winship’s career will con¬ tinue in the future. R. AUSTIN ACLY.

OTTAWA Mr. J. Pierrepont Moffat, Minister to Canada, is the subject of an article entitled, “Uncle Sam’s Ottawa Ace,” appearing in the August issue of Maclean’s magazine, known as “Canada’s National IN THE Magazine.” The article is illustrated with a large NATIONAL CAPITAL photograph of Mr. Moffat. When you step into the lobby of this world- famous hostelry you instantly feel that it is a great hotel, great in the sense that it is the home of international personages and a color¬ ful setting for the great events occurring DOURADO daily within its corridors. This endless pro¬ cession of important happenings and distin¬ (Continued from page 551) guished guests never fails to thrill the dis¬ criminating traveler seeking a standard of into the air, shaking his head savagely to dislodge service conforming with individual require¬ the hook. He will dart with lightning speed in any ments in comfort, hospitality and service. That is why they stop at The Mayflower, direction, and feels like an animated stone wall when visiting the National Capital. Its every when he runs upstream and you are floating down modern service and convenient location as¬ on fast water. Also, he may dive straight down into sures the most for a pleasant stay, yet, its 40 or 50 feet of water. With his powerful jaws, he rates are no higher than at less finely ap¬ will make short work of anything other than a stout pointed hotels. metal leader near the hook. The dourado is at his fighting best in the fast deep water of the open Diplomatic discount extended to officers of the Foreign Service spaces, but appears to be more plentiful at the foot in Washington on active duty. of waterfalls. However, in Piracicaba, fishing is not permitted at the base of the nearby falls. While WASHINGTON’S FINEST HOTEL the streams are high and muddy, fry seem to feel safe anywhere, i.e., in deep or shallow water. Hence, the dourado, a veritable corsair of both the surface and the deep, finds it easy to partake of square meals any time he chooses. However, when the The dlnVFLOUIER waters recede and become clear, the fry take to the WASHINGTON, D. C. shallow areas of the river itself or smaller tributary R. L. Pollio, Manager streams where the old pirate does not care to cruise in the day time. Hence, he is not so choosy at that period and more likely to strike almost any bait on

583 the theory that another choice morsel may not ap¬ pear too soon. Occasionally, it is easy to spot a good fishing area, because the voracious dourado loves to slash viciously into a school of fry and jump for them. On those occasions it is possible to glide noiselessly into the area and cast one’s spoon or bait to the exact spot. Evidently the dourado THE "GOOD NEIGHBOR" LAND has very good eyes and ears for, on one occasion, while in the middle of an excellent spot, where It’s a great land — greater than you've dourado were jumping and also taking our baits, ever imagined — with scenic wonders I had the misfortune to slip, slightly jarring the boat and making some noise by kicking over a metal that will leave you breathless — cities tackle box. The dourado departed at once and did that stand proudly among the great urban no more biting or leaping. The native pilot kept centers of the world—a life pulsing with warning us not to move around or talk too much. forward-looking enthusiasm. Mingling I think it safe to say that per pound no harder fight¬ the pioneer spirit of our own past with ing fish can be found anywhere. the rich heritage of Latin culture, these There are many other types of fish in the Piraci- “good neighbor" lands to the South caba and nearby rivers, such as the giant Jahu, a type of catfish weighing 200 pounds or more, and challenge the attention of every well- the man-eating piranha, a small fish, weighing a traveled perso pound or two with teeth like industrial metal shears, which, in great schools, will attack on sight any wounded man or animal the minute blood stains the water. The Sao Paulo piranha are reported not to be as numerous or dangerous as those in the Ama¬ zon where, we are told, they will strip every morsel of meat off a man’s or animal’s bones in less than five minutes. Then, again, there are numerous other more reasonable game fish and not every strike means the much sought-after dourado. When ■ s. S. MIGEHTO* one of the latter is landed, the lucky man seems to , York for feel about as elated as a Florida fisherman who has just taken a Wahoo. American sportsmen who periodically organize costly expeditions in quest of game fish in many countries seem entirely to have overlooked the fight¬ ing Brazilian dourado. Even lawyers and business 0 swimming P° '' ned dining men who have resided right here in Brazil for 15 to 20 years, and who own and maintain fancy cabin f0 shipboard activit.es cruisers for use on Rio’s beautiful Guanabara Bay as well as off shore, seem to have practically no in¬ formation on the dourado’s whereabouts and habits, and actually asked me to get “all the dope” on a 38-DAY CRUISES for those whose place which is not over 15 hours’ drive from Rio, time is limited — to Barbados, Rio de in dry weather. Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, Buenos As a base for operations, Piracicaba offers prac¬ Aires and Trinidad. tically all the comforts of home, and fishing which cannot be bettered by comparison anywhere—when Consult yourTravel Agent or they are biting.

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OCTOBER. 1940 06D OSLO EPISODE (Continued from page 557) But with the steady stream of supplicants increas¬ ing minute by minute, the bomb-proof was no place for the Legation staff; there was work to be done, and lots of it. Pleas for protection, advice, and in¬ formation only added to the confusion of a situa¬ tion predominated by many questions and very few answers. There was the hysterical young Norwe¬ gian girl who volunteered for service as a spy; the group of English volunteers just arrived from Fin¬ land, penniless and in a very serious position; the apologetic old gentleman who wondered whether or not the Bergensfjord would be sailing for America as scheduled; a never to be forgotten dash down to the Consulate offices during the last hours of the fighting; the sealing of the French and British Lega¬ tions; candle-light conferences in the wee hours of the morning; long hours over the code books; all incidents that now seem like things usually written General Motors has a car to fit your purse in the story books. By nightfall, Oslo had been taken and the war had and purpose. Our overseas organization is surged out around her, enclosing her in a ring of ready to show you the way to better motor¬ (occupied territory which slowly widened and soon ing through world-wide sales and service of included all of southern Norway. In the same way, these rings of occupied territory surrounding Nor¬ way’s largest cities were expanding and pushing CHEVROLET their way farther and farther inland, until one day, PONTIAC OLDSMOBILE these districts coincided and Norway found herself wholly occupied. Local mail and rail communica¬ BUICK LA SALLE tions were soon restored and life settled back to CADILLAC CMC TRUCKS normal, on the surface at least. With the scarcity of reliable news and the superfluity of amazing ru¬ mors, there has at any rate, always been plenty of Dealers in principal cities throughout the conversational material. Now that there’s a lull in the storm, we look back world. Factory sales and service at on those first two weeks of worries and uncertain¬ ties with a sigh of relief. The scene has now shifted Adelaide Melbourne and Norway is no longer in the spotlight, but as Alexandria Mexico City far as we who have seen it are concerned, there will Antwerp Osaka only be one “Oslo Episode.” Batavia Paris Bombay Perth INFORMATION PLEASE Bienne Port Elizabeth Insurance and Notary Public, N. Y. C. American Embassy, Berlin, Germany. Buenos Aires Sao Paulo Gentlemen: July 9, 1940. Copenhagen Stockholm Please inform what information it’s needed to Lima Southampton file an immigration visa’s to enter the U.S.A. under Lisbon Sydney the old and new Polish, and German quota, and who Wellington is not in the quota because i wish to take over some relatives now under Germany, before Poland. Hoping you will give me all forms and all evi deuces needed to show that the applicant will not GENERAL MOTORS OVERSEAS OPERATIONS become a public charge when such visa is granted 1775 Broadway New York City to him by your office. (Editors’ Italics.) Very truly yours,

586 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SPANISH PRISONER SWINDLE (Continued from page 555) and answers the prisoner in care of the person of his “entire trust,” he receives a speedy second, or “come- on” letter, usually sent by airmail. This missive is always very lengthy, running to six or seven closely typewritten pages, the gist of which is: The writer, on the point of being arrested for bankruptcy, was forced to flee with his eighteen-year old daughter to the United States and cached his fortune, amounting to $285,000, in the secret com¬ partment of a trunk which he shipped to New York, lie took with him a suitcase, also containing a secret compartment, into which he placed his dead wife’s jewels, the trunk check, and a hank check for $15,000 payable on demand to the bearer at a Texas hank and which he had no time to cash before his hasty departure. Upon his arrival at the border he was recognized and arrested by the Mexican police. His hand baggage was seized and sealed in his presence and the hidden checks remained un¬ detected. The trunk reposed in the New York cus¬ toms house waiting to be cleared. He was returned to Mexico City for trial, fined 12,000 pesos and the cost of the prosecution. It was also ordered that if in 35 days he had not paid the fine and the expenses of the prosecution, his suitcases would be sold and then, he feared, the secret of his trunk check would come to light and all would he lost. The victim is urged to come to Mexico imme¬ diately to cancel the embargo on the suitcases and save the fortune. He is implored also on behalf of the beautiful young daughter (enter—romantic ele¬ ment) who had been placed in a boarding school on the outskirts of Mexico Citv. He encloses a newspaper clipping telling of his arrest, a copy of the prison sentence and the deposit receipt which he had the court issue for his use. (These papers with their forged stamps and seals are very impressive.) The court expenses incurred amount to approximately $3,600 (always the same in every easel. Urgency for haste is stressed so that the payment can be made before the expiration date of the em¬ Community branches throughout Greater bargo. The guard of the prison, where the poor New York; overseas offices, affiliates man is incarcerated, will act as the go-between and and correspondent banks in every com¬ will get in touch with him upon his arrival in Mexico City. There follows detailed information as mercially important city in the world. to hotel, travel directions, etc. After several letters have been exchanged, the vic¬ THE NATIONAL CITY BANK tim is again warned to secrecy and told to bring with OF NEW YORK him travelers’ checks in varying amounts; he is in¬ "Your personal representative throughout the world" structed to meet a go-between in a hotel in Mexico Head Office: 55 Wall Street City where he is introduced to several smooth- talkers who, in turn, take him to one of the local Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation penitentiaries. He meets the “guard” who shows

OCTOBER, 1940 587 a bogus certificate of deposit (which certificate is always for the sum of $15,0001 and usually on a Texas bank, and the customs receipt for the trunk, WOODWARD & LOTHROP for which the victim passes over his money. If he 10th, 11th, F and G Streets demurs and questions the authenticity of the deposit slip, they suggest that he send a wire to the bank, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. asking if the certificate is good. The estafadores have a fake telegraph office (usually represented to be of a well known company) fixed up, they take the victim to it, and he sends his wire (which, of course, never goes out). Later a messenger boy, usually dressed up in the uniform of the telegraph company, brings the victim, generally to his hotel room, a bogus answer to his telegram, in which the bank is supposed to advise that the certificate of de¬ posit is good. One well known Texas banker has addressed letters to J. Edgar Hoover, of the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, informing him that the operators of the swindle have been issuing fraud¬ ulent certificates of deposits on his bank, the amount of such “deposits” for the past year totaling $50,- 000. Ambassador Josephus Daniels described most vividly the case of the visitor to the Embassy who related the story of how he was gulled. This poor man, who had lost his life’s savings to the racketeers, was more concerned over the probable expose of his name in this connection than over the loss of the money. “I can’t let folks know what a fool I’ve been,” he lamented. The case of one wealthy American differs from Georgetown Galleries previous cases in that he became suspicious at the last moment and refused to hand over the money, brings to your home the rare whereupon it was forcibly taken from him by the charm of Old Georgetown—pleas¬ members of the gang. One man pressed a revolver ingly portrayed in furniture for into his back, while another attempted to cut his clothes off with a razor blade. In the scuffle that your living, dining and bedrooms ensued he was slightly injured by a cut on his finger inflicted by the razor blade. The criminals took You lovers of tradition, you who admire approximately $3,600 from him. This assault oc¬ the culture that began in early Colonial curred last April and resulted in the arrest shortly days and developed into a proud American thereafter by the Mexican authorities of one Jose heritage—discover exemplars of this heritage Gonzalez Vazquez on the charge of assault and rob¬ in our Georgetown Galleries. In the bery. He was later released on bail, paid in cash gracious 18th Century manner — contem¬ by an unidentified person. porary Colonial, Sheraton, Chippendale or Jose Gonzalez Vazquez who is listed in the Mex¬ Duncan Phyfe styles—is furniture portray¬ ican police records as a resident of Mexico City is a ing an age-old charm and leisurely hos¬ man of about 35 years old, weighs 150 pounds, and pitality. Only the finest mahoganies are his good English would indicate the length of time used — by workmen whose craftsmanship he has spent in the United States where he is known assures lasting beauty and usefulness. to have had accomplices. He has been arrested in the United States on petty charges.

GEORGETOWN GALLERIES. Fifth and Sixth Floors Until recently there appeared to be no possibility of punishing the perpetrators of the fraud unless someone in the United States was willing to institute

588 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL court action in Mexico. During the past year, how¬ ever, the Mexican authorities, with the cooperation ALL-AMERICAN and assistance of the American Consulate General at Mexico City, have been successful in apprehending VACATION VOYAGES several more persons involved in the swindle, who by the luxurious ss are awaiting trial by the appropriate Mexican court. Among these were two men, Jose Barron Meza and Camilio Lopez Vazquez. Meza has the reputation of dressing like a millionaire. But, according to the AMERICA press, when he was arrested he was wearing the uni¬ the nation’s newest, largest, finest liner form of a “guard” with riding breeches, leather jacket, sombrero and a 38 shooter. Camilio to ST. THOMAS * SAN jUAN Lopez also dresses well, and lives with his wife in (Virgin Islands) (Puerto Rico) Mexico City. These two men are also out on bond. On August 30 a San Francisco jury voted con¬ PORT AU PRINCE * HAVANA spiracy and fraud indictments against a group of (Haiti) (Cuba) Mexicans who mulcted a San Francisco Minister of —all American and Neutral West Indies ports the Gospel. This Spanish Prison Swindle case also appears on the records of the Consulate General in 12 DAYS — $150 up Mexico City. The Grand Jury indictment named * Camilio Lopez Vazquez, Jose Barron Meza, Jose One Way Fares available from New York. Gonzales Vazquez, Mario de Rosos and Manuel Kates on request. Gomez. Consult your Travel Agent or The Department of State considers that the most effective way of combating the swindlers, who num¬ United States Lines ber approximately twenty, according to the Mexican One Broadway, New York City police, and who are becoming more and more ac¬ Offices in principal cities tive. is by large-scale publicity of the swindle. Notices of the swindle and attendant warnings are sent by the Consulate General at Mexico City to newspapers in all sections of the States to which the swindle letters are directed. The success of this TIME FLIES! WHY DON’T YOU? I method may be evidenced by a letter received from ... Go by Clipper and Mr. M. in Massachusetts. He was en route to lengthen your leave! Mexico yyith travelers’ checks in his pocket which were destined for the swindlers, when, he wrote, • If you w ant extra time to enjoy your leave pins an unforgettable “upon reaching Corpus Christi. Texas, I chanced to travel experience, go by Flying Clipper Ships. It’s read a notice in a Beaumont, Texas, newspaper de¬ the fast, luxurious, thrilling way home to family and scribing the Spanish Swindle and realized that 1 friends. Get there sooner and stay days or weeks was biting at this game. 1 immediately returned longer ... or go farther and see more on a leisurely- vacation jaunt. It’s quicker by Clipper for your mail home. It is believed that the notice orginated in the and package shipments... the cost is pleasingly low. Consulate General in Mexico City. The Consulate General believes that posters carry¬ ing warning against this swindle displayed promi¬ nently in all United States Post Offices would serve to put the majority of Americans on guard and would effectively reduce the number of victims. Steps have been taken by them in this direction. The Division of Current Information of the De¬ partment of State recently relayed to the press a statement on the swindle and contacts yvere made through the radio section (Mr. Robert Berger) for a special broadcast on the Jimmy Fidler radio hour and the Walter Winchell program. In addition, ra¬ dio commentators used the data briefly on their broadcasts. The number of replies to the radio warnings on

OCTOBER. 1940 589 Photo Courtesy National Aeronautics

BEAUTIFUL illustration faultlessly reproduced requires a printing plate perfect in every detail. We submit this as an example of the skill and experience of our craftsmen. SOUTHERN ENGRAVING (0. ~ ~ WASHINGTON, D. (.

590 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL file in the Department of State evidence the gratitude of the public for having this swindle brought to their notice.

(With appreciation to Consul George P. Shaw, in charge of the Consulate General in Mexico City; and Consul Robert G. McGregor, Jr., for their advice and ready cooperation in making available material for this article, as well as to Mr. Ed Morgan of the United Press in Mexico City, and Mex¬ ican officials.)

DIPLOMATIC DILEMMA (Continued from page 567) waiting near the striped marquees only to be told after an hour that there was nothing left. Stout PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE women lounged in the marble ballroom, where the IN NEW YORK CITY perspiring Ambassador shook hands with one and NO CHARGE all. Men carried their coats over their arms; young For you when you are at your post abroad, with you when you are in the city, thus saving your time and couples settled down for a peaceful afternoon on the showing you the most economical way to buy. References grass near the swimming pool. Here and there a from Service Families. You may have all the American soiled paper plate was observed tossed into the things you need and are accustomed to have at home. beautifully manicured shrubbery. The atmosphere Shopping Made Easy. Mail Your Shopping List. was one of a county fair, and a greater contrast to Use My Shopping Service When in New York. the royal garden party a year earlier could not be MISS E. J. TYNER imagined. Hotel Peter Cooper, 130 E. 39th St., New York City TELEPHONE CABLE ADDRESS CALEDONIA 5-5479 TYNERPOI L BIRTHS

MINNEMAN. A son, John Paul, was born to Mr. and Since 1889 Mrs. Paul G. Minneman on July 22 in Washington, D. C. Mr. Minneman is on detail at the Department Perfection in of Agriculture.

CAM PEN. A daughter. Carol Susan, was born to Mr. FLOWERS! Satisfaction Guaranteed and Mrs. Thomas Stokes Campen, in Habana, where Across the Street or Miles Mr. Campen is Vice Consul. Member of’ the Florist BEVERSTOCK. A son, William Charles, was born on Telegraph July 28 to Mr. and Mrs. Roswell C. Beverstock, in Delivery Belfast, where Mr. Beverstock is Vice Consul. Association NEAL. A Son, Jack Caldwell, was horn on August 9 to Mr. and Mrs. Jack D. Neal, in Tampico, where Phone NAtional 4276 ashing ton, D. C. Mr. Neal is Vice Consul. Will your LIFE INSURANCE, AS NOW IN MEMORIAM ARRANGED, do the job you want Zerm Hiner, Special Disbursing Officer at the Le¬ it to do? Although unsettled World conditions have cut tempo¬ gation in Riga, died June 3 in Riga. rarily into our plans for added coverage involving life insurance for many officers, the new limitations do not at this time affect officers serving in the Western Hemisphere. Enrique Triqueros, clerk in the Embassy at Ma¬ We still can serve all officers, however, wherever you are, drid since 1899, died on August 8 in Madrid. in helping you to arrange your present insurance to do the best job possible, irrespective of Company. At this time, when such service may mean much to you, we want to Mrs. Ruth Mathews Gullion, mother of Edmund stress the sincerity of this offer. A. Gullion, Vice Consul at Salonika, and wife of Earle W. Sapp, C.L.U., General Agent Maj. Gen. Allen W. Gullion. Judge Advocate Gen¬ New England Mutual Life Insurance Company eral of the Army, died on August 26 at her home in 405 Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. Washington after an illness of several months. Phone NAtional 3211

OCTOBER, 1940 591 THE BOOKSHELF Specializing- in systems, methods and equipment for Government Offices. {Continued from page 565) pages oh which the cases appear in the text. It is perhaps to be regretted that the author did not expand the scope of his work to include a con¬ VISIBLE RECORD EQUIPMENT sideration of the significance of the law of the United States in relation to the genera! treatment accorded to aliens today, ffe could have done this TH£ UJfl LCOTT - Tfl V LOR COmPflllV by elaborating certain passages in his concluding chapter. One can only hope that the optimistic note struck in this passage will prove warranted by MILLS BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. future events: ". . . But regardless of whether governments have adopted a more liberal attitude toward aliens for economic, philosophical, or even mystical reasons, the HIGH SCHCCL ! IMAMS fact remains that this greater liberality of treatment is SUPERVISED Correspondence Study legally assured and is one of the characteristics of modern political control. . . . FOR CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS “Recent events in the so-called dictatorial or totalita¬ ARE IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE rian states would seem to invalidate this reasoning. \ our children can obtain a complete high school These states, however, are exceptional. The condition education—or any part of it—through Supervised of aliens in most of the states of the world is what it Correspondence Study. Every course is accredited through the University of Nebraska. was before the coming of such dictatorial philosophy This is an ideal method of study for students who do not and organization of government. We must guard have high school facilities available. The University Exten¬ sion Division mantains a complete staff of competent teach¬ against allowing these dramatic exceptions to be con¬ ers. Over 125 courses offered. Write today for further sidered the rule. One cannot say whether they are information. temporary exceptions or whether they are portents of Address the UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska what is to be universal. But this much is true: at the present time they are exceptions, and one can hope, and even feel reasonably assured, that they shall be exceptions of a more or less temporary nature.” (p. 159) THE DURWARD V. SANDIFER. WAY TO PEACE GERMAN ECONOMY, 1870-1940, by Gustav Stolper, Those who seek tran¬ Reynal & Hitchcock, pp. 280. $3.00. quillity without com¬ promise of comfort The thesis of this book is the continuity from will find true har¬ 1870 to 1940 of the ascendancy of the state over mony in hotel living the economic life of the nation. Although the thesis at the Plaza . . . is not a new one, Mr. Stolper presents it in a fuller where perfection and more convincing manner than has previously marks every detail of been done. With regard to the influence of this appointment, service development upon the rise of the Nazis, Mr. Stolper and cuisine. Con¬ states, “The totalitarian regime of the Nazis is venient to everything merely the climax of the expansionist tendencies and in town, with sub¬ responsibilities of governmental power over the des¬ way station at hotel. tinies of the German people.” A 25% discount from room Several points are discussed interestingly and charger is allowed mem¬ well, among them: The stab-in-the-back theory is bers of the Foreign Service. exposed as a gross misinterpretation of the social HENRY A. ROST demoralization consequent upon complete economic 1 President and Managing Directoi and military defeat. The present state of national socialism is described as anti-capitalist, partly so¬ cialist and partly nationalist but much more of the 'Zjlu PLflZfl ]^w)otk latter. In the preface the German industrial war Facing Central Park • FIFTH AVE. AT 59TH STREET strength is well analyzed, with particular emphasis placed, probably correctly, upon the crucial petro-

592 THE AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL leum supply problem. The final section of the book concerning the relation of the Nazi Government to industry contains much useful information for the relatively uninformed. This book is essentially a descriptive rather than an analytical portrayal of one aspect of German life during the period, the continually increasing economic power of the state. The book, however, suffers from the following: The effect upon the German mind of the events described are inade¬ quately analyzed. Although the author does not so state, his thesis as presented seems to say that devel¬ opments prior to 1933 made inevitable the Nazi state. It is of course obvious that the development of government control over the economic life of a nation does not alone make Fascism inevitable; Socialism could be the result, Communism, or even T I e Allies Inn 1703 New York Ave¬ in some conditions a return to a freer system. The nue. One short block from the White role of foreign trade since 1933 is inadequately House and across Seventeenth Street from the State Department. Offers delici¬ analyzed in many respects. Mr. Stolper’s excursions ous food amid delightful surroundings into the fields of public finance and price theory are which has earned for it a national reputa¬ sometimes woefully weak. National Socialism has tion. In season a charming garden adds not. for instance, discarded the price system (page to the pleasure of dining. Buffet service: 7:30 to 9:15 a. m., 11:30 a. m. to 2 p. m., 250). On the contrary, the price system has been and 4:45 to 7:30 p. m. Sundays and holi¬ brought under the control of the German Govern¬ days 12:30 to 7:45 p. m. continuously. ment and is used by it at home and abroad to Attractive guest rooms. supplement force and decree. Underselling of com¬ petitors abroad, raising of domestic prices to assist farmers and manufacturers, and lowering of do¬ mestic interest rates are all parts of a price system which L still used by the National Socialists. JOHN T. FISHBURN. CANNED SALMON An Appetizing, Nutritious, Easily Kept and ) MODERN DICTATORSHIP, by Diana Spearman, Colum¬ bia University Press, 1939, pp. 272. $2.75. Transported Sea Food j The author has endeavored to analyze the “re¬ vival of autocracy” in Europe, which in her opinion is the most striking of modern political develop¬ ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC FISHERIES ments. The chief factors of control by a single 826 Skinner Building Seattle, Washington party and centralization of government in the hands of a single dominant trader, which all modern au¬ thoritarian states have in common and which give them undoubted administrative advantages especial¬ ly in terms of crisis are examined under such chap¬ ter headings as: Rise of Dictators; The Psychol¬ FOREIGN SERVICE CAREERS ogical Background and the Theory of Autocracy in A fully equipped Institution devoted exclusively to the preparation ★ of college graduates for the written examination for the Foreign ★ European Political Thought; Authoritarian Tenden¬ Service. Teaching staff of 12 experienced university instructors. cies in Democracy; Problems of Autocratic Govern¬ Regular Course for 1941 Written Examinations ment; Dictatorial Economics. Will Begin on Monday, February 3rd. For the purpose of the study Miss Spearman has For further information and bulletin, address COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director. divided the modern dictatorships of Europe into three groups—first, the totalitarian states of Ger¬ TURNER’S many, Italy, Russia; secondly, the Catholic dictator¬ Diplomatic School ships such as Portugal wherein the range of Catholic 1774 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W., practice and ideas extend far beyond the merely WASHINGTON, D. C. political; and thirdly, political dictatorships organ-

OCTOBER, 1940 593 ized under a personal ruler, merely to deal with a political crisis and not to produce a social and cul¬ tural revolution. Turkey is given a separate clas¬ sification in as much as the object of its dictatorship, although it aims at a complete social transformation, purports to be the establishment of democracy. The book is limited to a study of European dic¬ tatorships and gives little or no consideration to authoritarian trends in other regions. Although the book is well documented and un¬ doubtedly the result of considerable research, it gives the impression of having been written in a college library to substantiate conclusions already reached but included only in the final chapter. FEDERAL STORAGE SAMUEL REBER.

PEACEFUL CHANGE AND THE COLONIAL PROBLEM, by Bryce Wood, Ph.D., Columbia University Press, pp. COMPANY 166. $2.00. “Peaceful change” in a world where force is Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling rampant may seem a wishful concept today, but it and Care of Household Treasures is none the less important to those already con¬ cerned with the post-war order. This thoughtful Private Rooms for Furniture and carefully documented essay examines the con¬ tent of the phrase on the basis of British policy Cold Storage for Furs and opinion on the question of the return to Ger¬ Rug Cleaning and Storage many of her former colonies, a question which Mal¬ Vault for Silverware colm MacDonald stated in December 1938 was Home Inspection and Insurance Service “not now an issue in practical politics.” The study gains rather than loses in interest when one finds Fumigation Chambers that it was sent to the printer before the outbreak Piano and Art Section of war a year ago. Its conclusion that peace cannot be secured by territorial concessions alone Local and Long Dis’ance Moving but must depend in the long run on mutual con¬ Packing and Shipping fidence between nations is painfully evident in the Lift Vans for Foreign Removals light of present hostilities. Peace, or a “state of peace,” it is shown, is in ♦ itself peaceful change, since there is nothing static about human relations. As in all things, changes 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 are constantly occurring in the political and eco¬ nomic outlook and policies of nations, and the WASHINGTON, D. C., U.S.A. only question is whether those changes are to be made peaceably or are going to be brought about Officers Directors by force. The point lent most emphasis by cur¬ E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD rent events in Europe is that the “era of good President CHARLES S. BAKER HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBEE feeling ’ ushered in at Locarno provided an op¬ Vice-Pres. and Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN portunity for peaceful change which never received JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENDERSON S. DUNN Vice-Pres. and Treasurer fulfillment. The Weimar Republic of 1926 was H. RANDOLPH BARBEE HENRY P. ERWIN “weak, pacific and humane.” It admirably met the Secretary D. P. GAILLARD PAUL E. TOLSON JAMES M. JOHNSTON requirements laid down in 1938 by Winston Asst. Vice-Pres. HAROLD N. MARSH Churchill for a future Germany to which conces¬ S. WEBSTER ADAMS ALLISON N. MILLER Asst. Vice-Pres. CARROLL MORGAN sions might be granted: “A tolerant, peaceful, lib¬ A. RUSSELL BARBEE E. K. MORRIS eral-minded Germany ready to join in comrade¬ Asst. Treasurer DONALD F. ROBERTS MARIAN C. TRUMBULL CHARLES G. TREAT ship and good faith the comity of nations and thus Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD resume its place in the van of civilization.” Un¬ fortunately, the chance for propitiation which ex¬ isted in the days of Stresemann and Briining went

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by default precisely for the reason that Germany’s mitting deep-seated resentment to grow into re¬ weak position made concessions unnecessary, and newed aggression. strategic and economic considerations dictated oth¬ The establishment of political machinery and ade¬ erwise. Not until an impatient, rearming nation quate methods of world economic planning seems threatened the structure of Versailles did the no¬ increasingly necessary for the adjustment of dis¬ tion of peaceful change, treaty revision, and eventu¬ putes before they become so bitter as to go be¬ ally appeasement, begin to take hold in England— yond the limits of amicable settlement. In the tragic and then it was too late. failure of international relationships resulting in an¬ It is not contended in this work that an early other European war lies a hope that the principles indication of British willingness to make the colonial underlying peaceful change, as set forth in this adjustments urged by Lord Astor, Sir Arnold Wil¬ conscientious volume, may be given a trial next son, Lord Noel Ruxton and many others would time. in itself have saved the situation. The unyielding, HENRY S. VILLARD. or evasive, attitude on the colonial problem was merely a part of Britain’s general policy. Further - MURDER ON THE PACIFIC, by David Knox Patton, more, the author’s concentration upon British atti¬ Dodd Mead, pp. 272. $2.00. tudes, as explained in one of the prolific footnotes, Or—Who Killed the Inspecting Consul General? is not intended to impute a greater responsibility Assumably the author once wandered in and out to Great Britain than to Lrance for the lack of a of Consulates down the Eastern curve of the earth durable agreement with pre-Nazi Germany. Never¬ and traveled home on a Dollar ship with a vice theless, the story of the development of this British consul who had received a letter pursuant to section attitude on the ex-German colonies serves as an 33 of the Act of February 23, 1931, and who enter¬ excellent illustration for the argument that after tained prejudices against inspectors. Assumably war, if peace is to be the aim, the gulf between vic¬ also the author sat at the purser’s table and learned tor and vanquished must be bridged by a confidence what that gentleman thought of trans-Pacific pas¬ “created by concessions and maintained by a con¬ sengers, including Foreign Service officers. tinuous series of mutual adjustments,” not by per¬ Good light summer reading; good murder mys-

OCTOBER, 1940 595 tery machinery; conforms to the Regulations (the AMERICAN COURIERS publisher tells on the cover of his eight-point test IN THE including the requirement for honest detection) ; and is of especial interest because Service people are among the chief dramatis personae and the death of a diplomat (consular corpse, if you prefer) is more entertaining than most. In other words—rec¬ ommended. The author presents, inter alia: Inspecting Con¬ sul General P. Massingford Holt; Vice Consul and Mrs. R-John Smith (who should go far with that name); ex-Consul Whitman; various other officers West Indies, the Great and ladies; sundry narcotics smugglers and similar White Fleet carries trade and travelers on week¬ gentry; Purser Curly Jones of the .S. S. William ly sailings from American ports. Bound for a Jennings Bryan; and Magda, the beautiful, mys¬ new post or new pleasures in this part of the terious Hungarian. It was not a bon voyage for world, you will appreciate the congenial atmos¬ the Inspector. phere aboard these trim liners — first-class throughout and with all outside staterooms. GEORGE ATCHESON, JR. Splendid cruises available at all times. VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department rotAT WHITE FLEET during the past month: Apply to any Authorized Travel Agent or A ugust UNITED FRUIT COMPANY. 1514 E Street, N.W., Daniel M. Braddock, Porto Alegre 1 Washington, D. C. Also offices in New York, George H. Winters, Ciudad Juarez . 1 Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston. R. Horton Henry, Buenos Aires 1 Elizabeth Graham. Department of State 2 Jean C. Barnes, Paris 2 Parker T. Hart, Para 3 Stewart G. Anderson, Department of State 5 Joseph G. Groeninger, Auckland 5 Herbert P. Fales, Vienna 5 Edward J. Sparks, Port-au-Prince 6 To the Joreign Service Officers Herma Pulvermacher, Habana 6 Richard W. Byrd, Calcutta 7 John II. E. McAndrews, Nassau ■ 7 of the United States Ferdinand L. Mayer, Port-au-Prince 7 Alvin E. Bandy, Peiping 7 ♦ H. Earle Russell, Johannesburg 7 Edwin McKee, Barranquilla 7 THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ Lucy E. Faber, Rio de Janeiro 9 ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ Fulton Freeman, Peiping 9 Lucy Taylor Bucknell, Madrid 9 ice in writing your bond. Special attention Maurice Pasquet, Dairen 10 is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ Louis G. Dreyfus, Tehran 14 Orme Wilson, Brussels 15 ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes George A. Gordon, The Hague 15 in this service. Norman Armour, Buenos Aires 15 Donald Edgar, Geneva 16 ♦ Alfred W. Donegan, retired 16 Oliver Edmund Clubb, Shanghai 16 UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND John Cudahy, Brussels 16 H. Gardner Ainsworth, Winnipeg , 16 GUARANTY COMPANY Rosa E. Cabanas, Mexico City 17 Lee H. Bowen, Manager Robert Frazer, San Salvador 19 Bernard Gotlieb, Nuevo Laredo 20 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. Weikko A. Forsten, Caracas 20 Rolland Welch, The Hague 20 Telephone—National 0913 F. Ridgway Lineaweaver, Habana 21 Mrs. George M. Abbott, Marseille 21 Marten J. Hillenbrand, Rangoon 21 Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” Harrison Lewis, Department of State 21 William S. Farrell, Baghdad 22 Adrian E. Colquitt, Cayenne 22

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