Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science

Introducing charging infrastructure for electric cars Suitable placement in municipality

Införa laddningsinfrastruktur för elbilar Lämplig placering i Landskrona kommun

Author: Ivana Souckova

Degree Project • 30 credits Landscape Architecture - Master’s Programme Alnarp 2016

1 2 Introducing charging infrastructure for electric cars - Suitable placement in

Införa laddningsinfrastruktur för elbilar - Lämplig placering i Landskrona kommun

Ivana Souckova

Supervisor: Åsa Ode Sang, SLU, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management

Co-supervisor: Ingvi Thorkelsson, Landskrona Energi AB, Landskrona

Examiner: Erik Skärbäck, SLU, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management

Co-examiner: Anna Peterson, SLU, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management

Credits: 30

Project Level: A2E

Course title: Master Project in Landscape Architecture

Course code: EX0775

Programme: Landscape Architecture - Master’s Programme

Place of publication: Alnarp

Year of publication: 2016

Cover art: Ivana Souckova

Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se

Keywords: charging infrastructure, electric vehicle, fossil-free transport

SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management

3 4 preface - energy landscapes

“1,4 billion tonnes - annual reduction in carbon emissions if the world’s largest cities had more efficient transport systems”

Source: Global Commision on the Economy and climate

During my studies in SLU and especially during a course Master planning - Energy landscapes I became interested in energy, flowing in the landscape we are living in.

This thesis is a continuation of a process of learning, intertwining energy, in form of liquid fuels, and landscape.

5 6 abstract

Electric mobility is one of the most promising solutions towards decarbonizing the transport sector, especially in cities. It is favourable to use zero – emission vehicles, as conventional cars emit pollution, generate noise, and release particulate matter. Although electric vehicles (EVs) are infrastructure dependent, the distribution grid for electricity is available almost everywhere in . This basic prerequisite is therefore creating a favourable opportunity.

Dependence upon public charging infrastructure will vary greatly among EV owners. For those that do not have a private parking space, public charging is inevitable, whilst others may charge at home or at work. However, to facilitate the large-scale adoption of EV’-s, the presence of public charging is of great importance.

This thesis combines the theoretical framework and practical implications of EVs and charging infrastructure from both a general perspective and through a case study of Landskrona, Sweden. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are used to identify suitable placements for standard, accelerated and fast charging stations. Inverse Distance Weighted analysis (IDW), based on the number of potential customers - people living, working or travelling within in the area, is used as a tool to compute the suitability. The number of people and other chosen criteria are layered on top of each other in GIS and the analysis results in suitability maps for different charging stations.

The maps are made on a raster basis using IDW, and cover the whole municipality in the first stage. As a second stage, results from a workshop with themain stakeholders are presented. The third stage presents identified placements of charging infrastructure on a local scale that combines results from the first and second stages of the process. The suitability of charging station placement is analyzed for the present (2016) as well as for the near future (2020), which takes into account proposed development of the municipality.

7 8 acknowledgments

This thesis would not have been possible without a great deal of help.

To the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and their Master program in Landscape Architecture. This program connects people from all over the world, with different kinds of backgrounds and broadens horizons. Thank you for the opportunity to be a student in this university in Sweden.

Thank you to my supervisor Åsa, your knowledge and experience deserve my admiration and your wise opinions pushed me ever forward and made me reflect upon my work.

Thank you to my supervisor Ingvi, firstly for your cooperation on this project as a whole and, for the opportunity to be part of Green Hub Landskrona. Secondly, thank you for your everlasting guidance, positive energy and quick and thorough feedback.

Thank to all the people that helped me during my work, Michael for constructive feedback when I felt stuck, and Timothy always being there for me when I needed a text check. A big thanks to Neil Sang, who helped me to find out a way to reflect reality in GIS. Withouth you this work would not be as truthful as it is now.

Thanks to my family, expecially my father, for financial and emotional help during my stay in Sweden and beyond. Thank you for your endless care, that can be given only with a pure love.

A great deal of gratitude to all the students and teachers I’ve met and lived with during my stay at Alnarp. The inspiring environment gave me many opportunities and opened many doors.

And finally thanks to Nico, for pushing me a bit on my way to success. Thank you for understanding me for who I am.

In Alnarp 14/9/2016 Ivana Souckova 9 10 content

PREFACE - ENERGY LANDSCAPES...... 5 ABSTRACT...... 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... 9 CONTENT...... 11 LIST OF FIGURES...... 13 LIST OF TABLES...... 17 BACKGROUND...... 19 TRANSPORT BASED ON FOSSIL FUELS...... 19 THE CAR AND THE CITY...... 23 PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOUR AND TRANSPORT...... 27 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION...... 31 AIM ...... 31 RESEARCH QUESTION...... 32 METHODOLOGY...... 32 CHAPTER 2 - TO MOVE WITH ELECTRICITY...... 35 ELECTRIC VEHICLES...... 35 CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE...... 39 CHAPTER 3 - THE PROCESS...... 49 METHOD...... 49 CHAPTER 4 - CASE STUDY...... 57 LANDSKRONA MUNICIPALITY...... 57 CHAPTER 5 - LOOKING FOR SUITABLE PLACEMENT...... 63 ANALYSIS...... 63 CONCLUSIONS OF THE ANALYSIS...... 85 CHAPTER 6 - REFLECTIONS AND THOUGHTS...... 89 DISCUSSION...... 89 REFERENCES...... 93

11 12 list of figures

Figure 1 Greenhouse gas emissions, analysis by source sector, EU-28, Figure 20 The municipalities with highest numbers of charging points. 1990 and 2013 (percentage of total) (Eurostat, 2015)...... 19 The leader is Stockholm, analyzed Sigtuna third with 95 and Figure 2 Share of renewables in energy use in Sweden between 2004- Sundsvall forth with 90. (Laddinfra, 2016)...... 45 2014 (Energy in Sweden, 2016)...... 20 Figure 21 A map over placements of charging stations in Sundsvall Figure 3 Total renewable energy supply in Sweden between 2004-2014 central area (Green highway, 2016; Eniro, 2016)...... 46 (Energy in Sweden, 2016)...... 20 Figure 22 Introduction to the main stakeholders (foto: Linkedin, 2016; Figure 4 The five-minute city principle designed for sustainable mobility Landskrona stad, 2016)...... 49 (inspired by Ramboll, 2016)...... 24 Figure 23 Simple flow diagram of the process...... 50 Figure 5 Mean use in transport in Landskrona in 2007 and 2013 Figure 24 Flowchart of data needed for performing analysis...... 54 (Svensson, 2014) ...... 27 Figure 25 Bird-eye view over Landskrona town (Landskrona, 2016)...... 57 Figure 6 Mean of transport depending on the length of journey in Figure 26 Map over Landskrona municipality/stad and location in Sweden.58 Landskrona (Svensson, 2014)...... 27 Figure 27 Rate of environmentally friendly vehicles (Energiinventering, Figure 7 Destinations of travels in Landskrona in 2007 and 2013 2014)...... 59 (Svensson, 2014)...... 28 Figure 28 Visualisation of criteria used in GIS...... 63 Figure 8 What came first, the chicken or the egg?...... 32 Figure 29 Range of suitability for placement of STANDARD charging Figure 9 The number of BEVs and PHEVs in Sweden in 2012 - 4/2016 stations. The darker the colour, the greater the probability of a.. (Elbilsstatistik, 2016)...... 35 high density of parked (electric) cars in Landskrona Figure 10 The number of personal PEVs in Sweden, April 2016 municipality...... 65 (Elbilsstatistik, 2016)...... 37 Figure 30 Range of suitability for placement of ACCELERATED charging Figure 11 The number of truck PEVs in Sweden, April 2016 stations. The darker the colour, the greater the probability of a (Elbilsstatistik, 2016)...... 37 high density of parked (electric) cars in Landskrona municipality.67 Figure 12 The number of PHEVs in Sweden, April 2016 (Elbilsstatistik, Figure 31 Range of suitability for placement of FAST charging stations. 2016)...... 37 The darker the color, the greater the probability of a high Figure 13 Different kinds of charging contacts (Haghanipour, 2015)...... 39 density of parked (electric) cars in Landskrona municipality...... 69 Figure 14 The variety of charging types in Sweden in April 2016 Figure 32 Workshop results with focus areas for different vision years ...... 71 (Laddinfra, 2016)...... 40 Figure 33 Selected focus area description...... 73 Figure 15 The municipalities with highest numbers of charging stations Figure 34 Overview of Borstahusen in progress (Proposal for in April 2016 (Laddinfra, 2016)...... 40 Borstahusen, 2016)...... 74 Figure 16 Placement of charging stations in the world (ChargeMap, 2016)..42 Figure 35 The suitability of charging stations placement according to Figure 17 Placement of charging stations in Landskrona municipality selected criteria. The darker the color the more suitable the (Uppladdning, 2016)...... 44 placement...... 75 Figure 18 Placement of charging stations in Norway (ChargeMap, 2016).....44 Figure 36 Overview of Karlslund in progress (Jaenecke arkitekter, 2016).....76 Figure 19 Placement of charging stations in Sweden (ChargeMap, 2016).....44 Figure 37 Karlslund’s suitability of charging stations placement according 13 to selected criteria. The darker the color the more suitable the placement...... 77 Figure 38 Densifying in the center. Parking places will disappear (Bunke, 2016)...... 78 Figure 39 Suitable placement of future parking houses in Landskrona center (Bunke, 2016)...... 78 Figure 40 The center’s suitability of charging stations placement according to selected criteria. The darker the colour the more suitable the placement...... 79 Figure 41 Overview of Weibullsholm in progress (Tengbom arkitekter, 2016)...... 80 Figure 42 Weibullsholm’s suitability of charging stations placement according to selected criteria. The darker the colour the more suitable the placement...... 81 Figure 43 Overview of Kronan in progress (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, 2014)...... 82 Figure 44 Kronan’s suitability of charging stations placement according to selected criteria. The darker the color the more suitable the placement. (own work)...... 83

14 15 16 list of tables

Table 1 People spending time on certain activities and charging their car meanwhile, California (Brown, 2013) ...... 43 Table 2 A table of placements of charging stations and points in Sundsvall central area (own work according to Eniro, 2016)...... 47 Table 3 Standard charging station criteria...... 50 Table 4 Accelerated charging station criteria...... 51 Table 5 Fast charging station criteria...... 51 Table 6 Questions discussed during the presentation with the stakeholders...... 52 Table 7 Workshop questions to stakeholders...... 53 Table 8 Buffer distances the analysis: the longest acceptable walking distances to parking lots for Landskrona (Bunke, 2016) ...... 53 Table 9 Combined criteria for 3 types of charging station ...... 54 Table 10 The municipality’s car fleet in 2014 (Energiinventering, 2014). 59 Table 11 Different kinds of parking in the municipality of Landskrona defined by the parking plan(Bunke, 2015)...... 61 Table 12 Focus areas that came as a result from the workshop...... 70

17 18 background TRANSPORT BASED ON FOSSIL FUELS

It has been scientifically suggested that human activity plays the most significant role in recent climate change. (Schellnhuber, 2014) The main contributor is the burning of fossil fuels to power machines, generate electricity and propel transport vehicles. The Kyoto protoco, agreed to by UNFCCC parties in 1997, proposes that the world must stop, then reverse, the growth in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Fossil fuels are the main source of energy in contemporary transport (EC Climate action, 2016). According to Eurostat (2015) shown in Figure 1, 22,2% of

CO2 emissions in 2013 came from the transport sector. This number can decrease because transport has potential for fossil-free future. EU has a plan to cut these emissions by 20% in 2020 and by 80-95% by 2050 (European commission, 2016).

Transport in all its modes (road, air, water, rail) affects the environment in several Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions, analysis by source sector, EU-28, 1990 and 2013 (percentage ways. Vehicles are responsible for emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. of total) (Eurostat, 2015) The environment is negatively affected by the infrastructure required by vehicles. Valuable natural landscapes are destroyed and cut up by motorways and other For the purpose of this thesis only personal vehicle road traffic is considered. infrastructure. Naturally some advances have been made, new vehicles are quieter Other associated means of modern transport can be considered for expansion and cleaner than their predecessors. However, many of these positive effects are and collaboration: electric freight traffic, electric busses, electric bikes, electric diminished by the increase of vehicles on the road. motorbikes, car-pooling and self-driving cars.

Environmental problems associated with traffic according to Kvärnbeck (2000) are: Electric vehicles, EVs, provide significant opportunity for fossil-free transport. The vehicles are emission free and the electricity can be produced from renewable •Air pollution sources. With this in mind, electric cars are one way to reach the goal of fossil •Impact on climate fuel independent transport. It is unlikely that only one technology will be the •Noise solution for this sector, but the combination of electricity, hydrogen and biofuels •Impact on the landscape is promising. However, there are many challenges before it is possible to change the fleets completely from fossil fuels to more renewable technologies. One of This thesis focuses mainly on pollution and noise. These two negative effects the challenges could be to increase renewable electricity production to ensure can be diminshed by electrification of the vehicle fleets which will be explained that electric vehicles are powered from the least environmentally harmful energy further. Emissions contribute to acidification, which causes damage to soil, forests sources as possible. and water. Nitrogen fallout contributes to eutrophication in seas, lakes and watercourses. Gases in the atmosphere lead to a gradual increase in the average temperature on Earth. Road transport is responsible for a large share of airborne Electricity for vehicle propulsion offers a big opportunity for oil substitution. emissions, mainly in the form of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and Renewable and carbon free energy sources in the transport sector could help to particulate matter. Diesel engines emit more nitrogen oxides than petrol engines, meet the EU target of decreased carbon emissions (European commisson, 2012). but less carbon dioxide. Emissions can only be cut in fuel consumption or changed The first EU fossil-free transport target is to reach 10% of transport fuel derived to less polluting fuels, preferably based on renewable resources (Kvarnbäck, 2000). from renewable sources by 2020. Sweden has it’s own goal to reach fossil-free vehicle fleet by 2030 (Sweden, 2016). The governmental analysis group will 19 investigate and describe the political and market changes needed to realize these goals (Government, 2015). According to Swedish Energy Agency the final energy use for biofuels and electricity in the transport sector in 2014 was 19 % as show in Figure 2 (Swedish Energy Agency, 2016).

Swedish parliament adopted a vision for 2050 not to have any net emissions of greenhouse gases (Haghanipour, 2015). In Sweden the fossil fuel dependency for electricity and heat production has decreased after 1970 due to strategies that found new technologies to substitute oil. In 1991 the carbon tax was introduced which accelerated the movement from fossil fuels to biomass that had previously been used mainly for heating. During the past years biomass pellets and heat pumps have accompanied the use of biomass. For energy purposes efficient district heating system have been using biomass and waste products. Biomass and wind power are foreseen as a source of renewable electricity, therefore the use of fossil fuels for heating systems are to vanish in future (Bengt Johansson, 2007).

In 2003 Sweden introduced green electricity certification for energy coming from Figure 2: Share of renewables in energy use in Sweden between 2004-2014 (Energy in Sweden, wind, solar, geothermal, wave power, biofuels and small-scale hydroelectric plants. 2016) Power producers receive certification per produced unit of renewable energy and it is compulsory for electricity retailers to buy a certain share of these ‘bonds’ for all the electricity they sell. (Sweden, 2016)

Sweden has the highest percentage of renewable energy use in the EU, 53 % measured for 2014 (Swedish energy agency, 2016). This value already exceeds the goal for renewable energy determined after the EU directive for 20 % share of electricity production as well as the Swedish target for 49% renewable energy use in 2020 (European comission Energy, 2016;Swedish energy agency, 2016). As for the renewable energy supply, Figure 3 shows the supply from renewables.

Electricity production coming from renewable sources constitutes 63 % of the whole of electricity production in Sweden. Therefore, electric cars can be powered from renewable sources (Swedish energy Agency, 2016). There has been a study done by Linköping university (Infrastrukturnyheter, 2016) showing that 1 million of electric cars could be charged overnight with the electrical systems currently in use. In the mornings and in the evenings electricity consumption reaches its peak, Figure 3: Total renewable energy supply in Sweden between 2004-2014 (Energy in Sweden, 2016) 20 therefore a system of charging overnight with lower electricity prices is logical. At the end 2015, there were more than 4.5 million personal cars in traffic in Sweden (Myhr, 2016). According to study by Linköping University, 22,2% of these vehicles could be electrified with the existing electrical grid and electricity sources every day.

21 22 THE CAR AND THE CITY

Transport is vital to cities and their function. As large cities whose transport systems Driving has become the dominant factor that suppressed other urban qualities that are based primarily on passenger cars approach gridlock, it has become apparent agglomeration should and can provide. The car, and other fuel propelled vehicles that a better solution is needed. The assumption that continued automobile use that cause negative consequences, should be reduced in number to ensure good is inevitable must be examined (Crawford, 2009). There are supporters of the health and unspoiled ecosystems. personal cars in the last century, like Howard (1902) of Corbusier (1967). The post- industrial revolution and demand on comfortable and healthy living supported the The planning policies must support more sustainable modes of travel that provide spread of personal vehicles in every day lifes. Later, the critics of the car dependent security, and safe streetscape for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport architecture began to appear, such as Gehl (2011) or Jacobs (2011). In their studies passengers (Sveriges kommuner och landsting, 2011). they point out the dissappearance of the human scale and sterility of the public life on the streets, that do not only criticise the personal vehicle transport, but also other aspects of modern architecture. The old paradigm, that when one gets richer they drive more, no longer appears to be valid. Young people are obtaining driving licences later, and according to research, it works the same way as alcohol: if one starts later, they will use it less. The car is the most space-intensive form of urban transport system and has forced In most major cities the road traffic is decreasing or is stationary. This is a result cities to spread into rural areas (Crawford, 2009). A growing number of studies of numerous factors, but is in part due to the increasing redistribution of space and publications in planning and social sciences are developing the idea that the from cars to other modes. In larger cities, this is done not only to make the city car should not be the primary means of transport in future in the global North attractive, but often it is the only way to cope with traffic requirements as more (Kwan, 2016). However, the automobile infrastructure is deeply ingrained in our and more people want to stay in the cities. Walking, cycling and public transport urban environments. are simply much more space-efficient than the car (Ljungberg, 2015). At the same time it must be noted that car traffic is still needed for community businesses and In past few years, planners of urban environments have begun to stimulate the citizens to carry out their business. Car traffic will continue to be a significant part use of alternative means of transport whereas in the further past planning it was of travel in urban areas. This requires that a functioning structure serves all modes more about encouraging the use of the car (Graves-Brown, 1997). The car was of transport, even cars (Sveriges kommuner och landsting, 2011). considered a solution to “modern” society. Cars represent flexibility, freedom, social Fossil-fuel cars could be gradually replaced by electric cars. Such a trend would status and the sensation of speed. Road construction became popular governmental not solve the problems associated with a car dependent society, but could serve as strategy to stimulate local and regional economic development. Auto mobility a first step towards a better mix of transport modes. is perceived as more attuned and receptive to society than, for example, public transport or cycling (Kwan, 2016). Ramboll’s The Primer (2016) presents a little different thought for climate friendly urban mobility. They highlight that cities should consider growth to organise The car is a very effective means of transport, able to rapidly move persons and smaller communities around the main urban area in a way that everyday activities goods from different parts of an urban area. The car’s performance and capabilities are mostly reachable by walking or biking. That requires a top-down planning of were a major factor behind the economic growth in the West after World War II. land use and urban structures to minimise the spatial distances and travel times. The car has enabled longer journeys and greater freedom of movement for many Cities should also provide a mix of modal choices, prioritising the most community- people. During the 1960’s and 1970’s the physical planning of urban areas was friendly options such as walking and cycling. Residents should be offered reasonable largely aligned to meet the needs of car traffic and motorists (RAC foudation, 2014; prices to allow the choice of the most convenient travel option. Sveriges kommuner och landsting, 2011). Such a mobility as a service (MAAS) schemes are being implemented in some 23 Nordic cities and offer bike and car share programs. Multi-modal transport systems To conclude, it is essential to make the transport systems in urban environments overlaying densely organised cities more fairly empower all residents, resulting in more efficient and reduce the dependency on cars. The shift towards electric more attractive conditions, stronger social cohesiveness, and increased economic vehicles is one element - along with carpooling, adequate public transport, and competitiveness. walkability - towards livable communities. The five-minute principle for sustainable community in dense cities has been implemented in Nordhavn, a part of Copenhagen, Denmark (Ramboll, 2016). This principle prioritizes climate and space friendly modes of transport in a sustainable city. It can serve as an inspiration for urban planning, but every city is different and should adapt a scheme that suits according to its own needs.

• Ensure that public transportation is provided • Allow for direct and high quality bike routes • Plan for indirect car routes • Locate all services within a five minutes walking distance

A B

A B

A B

Figure 4: The five-minute city principle designed for sustainable mobility (inspired by Ramboll, 2016)

24 25 26 PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOUR AND TRANSPORT

MOVEMENT PATTERNS IN LANDSKRONA The travel survey for Skåne in 2013 (see Figure 5) shows that the car is the most PREFERREDPreferred MEANSmeans of OF transport TRANSPORT in Landskro IN - common transport mode for Landskrona’s residents. The people participating in LANDSKRONAna in IN 2007/2013 2007/2013 the sourvey, took a car for 57% of the trips, which is a slight increase compared 57% 60% 55% with 2007’s 55%. The proportion of train and bus travel has decreased whereas the bike journeys stayed constant. The car is also used the most when travelling 50% to and from Landskrona, with 71% of trips taken by car. 40%

Figure 6 shows, that 57% of car journeys are between 1-5 km, and 25% of all 30% trips to 1 km are done by car in Landskrona. According to Sveriges kommuner och 20% 15% 15% landsting (2011), part of this number of journeys could be substituted by cycling 11% 9% 9% 10% 10% or walking if the infrastructure was better planned. 10% 6% 2% 1% 0% COMMUTING PATTERNS Car Bus Train Bike Foot Other

According to a survey done in Landskrona municipality for the bus company 2013 2007 Nobina people travel within the municipality to certain work places identified Figure 5: Mean use in transport in Landskrona in 2007 and 2013 (Svensson, 2014) during the survey. Many more people commute to and from Landskrona for work. The number is higher for commuting out, 7 977 persons, than for commuting in - 5 990 persons (Landskrona stad, 2016). For the commuters living outside of MEANS MeansOF TRANSPORT of transport 2013 2013 (%) (%) Landskrona, it is sometimes easier to use a car for going to work. It simply takes more time to travel by train or bus. Residents of Landskrona commuting outside Car Bus Train Bike Foot Other of the municipality could be motivated to take their electric car to work if it would be the most convenient option for them. However, it is difficult to identify these >1 KM 25 40 34 34 1 potential commuting customers and placement of charging stations in their home. >1- 5 KM 57 7 1 23 12 1 THE LENGHT OF JOURNEY According to the study by Svensson (2014), people travel on average 72,5 km per >5- 10 KM 78 6 2 8 4 2 day in Landskrona. That exceeds the average in Skåne, which counts 61,8 km per person/day. The average length of journey is 25,6 km in Landskrona, again higher >10- 20 K M 76 13 8 022 than the Skåne average - of 19,5 km/per journey. The most common electric car in Sweden - the Nissan Leaf - can today reach up to 250 km on a fully charged battery >20- 50 K M 66 4 30 0 (Nissan, 2016), which would be enough for 3 days of average Landskronan travel.

>50 KM 60 0 32 0 8 DESTINATION According to the survey (Svensson, 2014) the most common destination for people Figure 6: Mean of transport depending on the length of journey in Landskrona (Svensson, 2014) 27 is home (Figure 7). 41% of journeys in 2013, were homebound. The second most common journey (20%) was to work. Third place with 14% are destinations connected with movement or recreation. Journeys for shopping represent 12% of total journeys. These destinations, representing 87% of all trips, play an important role in electric vehicle planning; these places provide potential locations suiteble for charging infrastructure development.

Distribution of movement in Landskrona DISTRIBUTIONkommun 2007/2013OF MOVEMENT (%) IN LANDSKRONA KOMMUN 2007/2013 (%)

2007 2013 41 40 22 20 14 13 12 12 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2

Figure 7: Destinations of travels in Landskrona in 2007 and 2013 (Svensson, 2014)

PERSONAL TRAFFIC The reduction of fossil transport is of great interest. When the distances are too long to use public transport or bike it is important to make use of alternative fuels instead of fossil fuels to reduce the environmental impact. Electric vehicle or other environmentally friendly vehicles provide a sustainable option (Energiinventering, 2014). So what can electric car offer? That is dealt with in the next chapter. 28 29 30 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION AIM

This theses is a part of Green Hub Landskrona project (GHL). It is a collaboration The aim of this study is to find the most suitable locations for electric vehicle between Landskrona Energi AB, Landskronahem AB and LSR AB with the task of charging stations, in order to maximize their use and value. These locations may stimulating the transition to a sustainable society. Currently, the main focus of GHL include 3 types of charging station - standard, accelerated or fast. The goal is is on cooperation with universities on academic theses. Specifically for this thesis to determine locations for each type of station through a literature review and Landskrona Energi AB would like to investigate its role and other stakeholders’ collaboration with the stakeholders. role when it comes to developing charging infrastructure for electric cars in the municipality of Landskrona. Determining suitable places for charging stations may The result is spatial analysis as a suitability map for implementation of charging support the stakeholders in determining appropriate investments. infrastructure on a municipal scale for year 2016 as well as at a local scale or the years 2016 and 2020. Suitability map showing the range of not suitable - suitable places for charging infrastrurcture introduction. The focus is made on close future development areas to encourage the initial adoption of electric cars, because the evolution from fossil fuels in the transport sector is needed as soon as possible. With this feasibility study interested stakeholders have the opportunity to consider their role in future transport strategies in Landskrona.

A suitability map is created for each type of charging station at the municipal scale. The results also include local scale placement depending on a set of criteria resulting from the workshop and literature review.

After an implementation of the charging infrastructure, fossil fueled vehicle owners will have further incentives to switch to electric vehicles. With a complete transition to electric vehicles in future the municipality will become cleaner, less noisy and transportation will adhere to the sustainable strategies and image of the municipality.

31 RESEARCH QUESTION METHODOLOGY

To answer the research question and fulfill the objectives and aimes, the thesis used literature review, spatial analysis and participation with stakeholders as research methods. The method is described in Chapter 3.

The literature review (see Background and Chapter 2) combines findings from international and Swedish sources. The plannning of charging infrastructure is in it’s infancy, but a few good examples were found (Portugal, USA, Norway). The aim of the review was to find argumentation and support for the thesis, as well as significant criteria influencing the position of charging infrastructure for electric ? vehicles. The criteria were further developed during the spatial analysis, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), shown in Chapter 4. The GIS were used to answer the question of how to spatially determine areas in Landskrona municipality that are most suitable for different kinds of charging stations. During spatial analysis, a raster analysis was introduced, showing a range of suitability based on potential number of people living, working or travelling in the area.

Figure 8: What came first, the chicken or the egg? Finally, a workshop (see Chapter 3 and 4) is held with the main stakeholders to determine goals, visions and focus areas for Landskrona. Some of the areas decided on the workshop are then further developed in GIS spatial analysis with a proposal • Where would it be the most suitable to place charging infrastructure for electric for the approximate placements of stations in the municipality and focus areas. personal vehicles in Landskrona municipality?

To find the best places for charging stations it is important to set criteria for each type of station. These criteria are found with the help of literature and through cooperation with stakeholders. From a city planning perspective it is important to be strategic when locating the stations. The station locations should direct the drivers to park their electric vehicles in areas that are convenient for the driver. Areas that are designated to have limited vehicle parking can more easily develop other spatial qualities of the space. The chicken and egg paradigm is present here, the paradigm is visualised in Figure 8. Do charging stations have to be first or are the electric cars first?

32 33 34 CHAPTER 2 - TO MOVE WITH ELECTRICITY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Incorporating EVs into the existing transportation system is challenging. Expansion working together. When the battery is empty, the combustion engine takes over of the vehicle fleet without proper infrastructure, parking and road connections can and drives the vehicle. suppress the practicability of EVs. On the other hand EV facilities with low usage can be considered as a waste of valuable resources. Therefore it is necessary to Pure electric vehicles, also called battery electric vehicles (BEVs), include only carefully plan introduction of EVs into the city and its surroundings (Lam, 2013). electric motors. The battery is charged via a cable from power grid. This energy is used to propel the vehicle (Haghanipour, 2015). Both kinds, plug-in vehicles and In Sweden, Power Circle is an electricity industry association focusing on future electric vehicles need charging infrastructure to be more widely adopted. Figure issues within the sector. They also promote the importance of e-mobility in future 9 shows the number of PEVs until April 2016 in Sweden, according to national transportation. statistics database (Elbilsstatistik, 2016).

THE HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES In 1886 the fist gasoline-powered automobile was invented by Karl Benz. This was the beginning of the ‘mass’ production of vehicles (Eckermann, 2001). In 1898 Porsche first manufactured an electric car and dominated the US market until the 1900’-s. Due to the short distances possible with electric vehicles, internal combustion engine (ICE) powered cars soon took control of the market. But electricity was still used by smaller vehicles such as golf carts or lifts (Haghanipour, 2015).

The Toyota Prius was the first car of the modern era with hybrid technology that was widely implemented. It contained both an electric and a combustion engine. Up to 30 km/h the electric engine was used. When the ICE was used, it would divert part of its energy to recharge the battery. It was therefore not defined as an electric car because it was not externally rechargeable (Energy.gov, 2015).

Today the definition of rechargeable vehicle is a vehicle with one or more electric motors. Electric motors include batteries that can be recharged from an external power grid.

There are two types of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) one combining combustion and electric engine and the other using only electricity. There are 2 main designs Figure 9: The number of BEVs and PHEVs in Sweden in 2012 - 4/2016 (Elbilsstatistik, 2016) for plug-in electric hybrids (PHEVs). For series hybrid only the electric engine propels the vehicle. The internal combustion engine only provides necessary power to charge the electric engine. Parallel hybrid has electric and combustion engines

35 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES and innovation, 2016). Electric cars have several advantages compared to classical combustion engine. Some of these advantages contribute to the fight against climate change. Nevertheless EV range is limited and relates to cost. Battery prices have fallen in the past years, there exist many prejudices and myths. There are no cars that are “good” for and, as technology continues to advance, will lead to cars having greater range the environment, but EVs have very low impact on the climate compared to the (Haghanipour, 2015). In March 2016 Tesla introduced the Model 3 with pricing traditional ICE vehicles. geared towards average consumers. It will be available in 2017, and in April of 2016 Tesla already received more than 325 000 orders globally. Electric cars Another important aspect is that, EVs reduce traffic noise (note that it is possible to haven’t been on the market for long so it is unsure how the resale will function, activate a noise to draw the attention of pedestrians when required). The car has but there will be likely no difference in comparison with conventional cars (Tesla also 30% fewer moving parts, which reduces maintenance compared to combustion motors, 2016). engine cars. Another interesting aspect is the reduced fuel cost. EVs costs about 0,2 SEK/km to run, whereas with diesel or petrol engines cost 1 SEK/km. The user For mass distribution of electric vehicles in Europe it is necessary to raise saves 0,8 SEK/km. Electric engines are also much more efficient: in a combustion awareness about electric mobility. Awareness needs to reach local policy makers, engine, 62% of energy goes into heat, 15% is lost in the process and 5% is driverless as a prerequisite for consumer acceptance and widespread charging infrastructure loss. Only 18% of the energy used actually propels the vehicle (Haghanipour, (Green emotion, 2016). Sweden currently has a limited number of fast chargers 2015). with several companies, for example CLEVER, developing fast chargers along the main roads between Malmö, Stockholm and Gothenburg. However, the availability In an electric car, the whole power capacity is available from the start whilst in a is insufficient for car owners to take longer of more remote journeys (Haghanipour, ICE vehicle, the engine needs to gain revolutions before all the power is available. 2015). EVs therfore accelerate faster and more efficiently than many traditional vehicles. Electricity doesn’t need to be transported the same way as gasoline, hydrogen CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECRIC VEHICLES or other fuels. It is transported by cables, which is faster and more efficient, but The comparison between EV and ICE vehicles is inexact, but there are similarities. requires an adequate infrastructural network. The first one is battery vs. fuel tank. A traditional car has a tank where fuel is stored in the form of gasoline, diesel or other fuels, measured in liters, whilst an THE CHALLENGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES EV’s battery engine is measured in kWh. Secondly, fuel consumption in liters/km The biggest issue with contemporary battery technology is the availability of corresponds to kWh/km. Thirdly, engine size in conventional cars is about cylinder lithium and a question of whether supply would meet the large scale in the capacity such as 1.8 or 2.0 litres. The combustion engine is measured in horsepower the demand. However, batteries can be reused and other kind of batteries may whilst the electric engine is measured in kW. One horsepower is comparable to be developed (Haghanipour, 2015). Davidsson et al. (2013) conclude that the 0,75 kW. The range of EVs on a full charge depends on external conditions such as availability of lithium could be a limiting factor, depending on the scale and pace outdoor temperature, road conditions, acceleration etc. The range of a traditional of EV production. To enable the transition towards a fossil-free car fleet, other car depends on many factors as well, but generally can travel further on a full types of batteries should be considered and lithium batteries should be recycled as tank than an than EV with a full charge much as possible. An EU funded project SyrNemo developed a machine free from (Haghanipour, 2015). rare earth materials. This technology is new and will be further presented at SAE 2016 - World congress and exhibition in Detroit (European comission Research ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN SWEDEN 36 Figure 10: The number of personal PEVs in Sweden, April 2016 (Elbilsstatistik, 2016)

Figure 10 to Figure 12 show the current (April, 2016) number of EVs in Sweden. In total, there are 19 323 EVs (Elbilsstatistik, 2016). Regeringskansliet (2015) supports the purchase of EVs with a 40 000 SEK credit, but in future the government plans to adopt a bonus-malus (bonus-penalty) system. The system would provide PEVs with a bonus of 60 000 SEK and PHEVs with 35-45 000 SEK, upon purchase. Figure 11: The number of truck PEVs in Sweden, April 2016 (Elbilsstatistik, 2016) On the other hand ICEs vehicles would receive a penalty in the form of a higher tax (Elbilsstatistik, 2016). The commission has been instructed to submit a proposal of this bonus-malus system to increase the proportion of environmentally friendly vehicles and therefore this system reduce the transport sector’s dependence on fossil fuels. The report Ett bonus-malus-system för nya lätta fordon (2016) includes cars, light/electric trucks and light/electric busses manufacture in 2018 or later, registered in the system in 1.1. 2018 or later.

Figure 12: The number of PHEVs in Sweden, April 2016 (Elbilsstatistik, 2016)

37 38 CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE

Charging infrastructure consists of charging stations. Charging stations can have different number of charging points, but the most common is 2 points per station. EVs can be charged in different ways. In general the higher the power the shorter the charging time. However, higher power means higher cost for purchase and TYPE TYPE 2 establishment of the charging station. There are 3 main categories of charging stations: standard, accelerated and rapid (Svensk energi, 2014), however there exist other kinds of charging stations with mixed currents and plugs. For the purpose of this theses it is enough to work with the three primary types of stations with charging time as a main feature.

Charge map (2016) creates statistics about electric cars and charging in some countries in the world. According to their website, there are currently 742 charging points with 1 956 charging plugs in Sweden. According to the Nobil website (2016) there are 588 charging points with 2054 charging plugs in Sweden. Additionally CHADEMO CCS there are 106 Tesla charging stations. Association Power Circle (2016) specifies that according to the national database there are currently 1 600 charging points. In Skåne, according to Eniro (2016) and Laddinfra (2016), there are 37 charging points with 121 charging plugs. In Landskrona municipality, according to Eniro (2016) there are 2 charging stations, but on the Uppladdning (2016) website it shows 4. One fast charging station and three standard stations. Uniform data is not available , but Uppladdning (2016) provides the broadest coverage of charging stations in Sweden.It is also possible to download a mobile application to see the availability of the station (Svensk energi, 2014).

TYPES OF STATIONS The most common type of station with low power is standard charging. To charge SCHUKO from completely empty to completely full takes approximately 8 hours. This type of charging takes place typically at home overnight or at work during the day (Haghanipour, 2015; Brown, 2013). According to Charge map (2016) 57,7 % of charging stations installed in Sweden are this type.

Accelerated charging can be done with single, three phase alternating current and direct current. From empty an to a fully charged battery takes between 30 min to 2 hours. These stations are suitable for public charging points. It uses mainly Figure 13: Different kinds of charging contacts (Haghanipour, 2015) direct current charging power with 22kW. Because it can take an hour to charge the battery up, charging locations are well suited to exist near services such as 39 restaurants or shopping malls (Haghanipour, 2015; Svensk energi, 2014). The percentage of accelerated charging points in Sweden according to Charge map, is 21,8 %. There is only one of these in Landskrona municipality.

With fast/rapid charging the battery is fully charged in about 20 or 30 minutes. When establishing this kind of station, it is convenient to have quick services available, such as toilets, fast food restaurants or free Wi-fi. These stations are comparable to gas stations where the driver can rest, easily buy food, newspapers, etc. It is also important that charging stations are not occupied for more than 30 minutes to keep customers moving efficiently. There is a risk of the station being occupied by other drivers, therefore checking the availability of charging station online would be helpful (Haghanipour,2015; Svensk energi, 2014).

Figure 14 shows the types of charging stations in Sweden and Figure 15 identifies the municipalities with most numbers of charging points. Tesla supercharger represents a different type of charging station. The Tesla EV owners charge their car for free and Tesla motors determines the placement of each charging station. The Figure 14: The variety of charging types in Sweden in April 2016 (Laddinfra, 2016) power is higher than for the standard and accelerated charger (Haghanipour,2015). Landskrona’s closest Tesla supercharger to stands outside of Löddeköpinge near ICA Maxi and other shopping areas (Tesla motors, 2016).

OTHER KINDS OF CHARGING There are other methods for charging electric vehicles. For example electrical paths are already used in toothbrushes and tramways. In the future electric pathways could be used to recharge also the EVs.

Another way is conductive charging, where electric energy is transferred from the roadway through rails or other electric lines. Vehicles recharge while driving or standing still. This technique is being tested on a small scale in Sweden.

Inductive charging takes place wirelessly, the location is equipped with loading place and the vehicle has an induction receiver. It is new in vehicle industry but has been used for toothbrushes and mobile phones. Being tested in Japan, the Figure 15: The municipalities with highest numbers of charging stations in April 2016 (Laddinfra, advantage of this method is that it charges where vehicles have to stop such as 2016) red lights, for private vehicles or bus terminals. There are no exposed cables, and 40 therefore reduced possibility for shock or electrocution. Namdeo (2014) concludes that well distributed public charging infrastructure is essential, both from the perspective of EV drivers and the promotion of the EV market. Strategic locations could reduce range anxiety while facilitating public An interesting and fast option are battery replacement stations. Battery charging. replacement should take 5-8 minutes, and would be the quickest option to fully charge a battery. The switch is fast and the driver in theory doesn’t even have to leave the car. The disadvantage is that this technology and process would be The appearance of charging stations is important from several perspectives. Firstly, expensive (Haghanipour, 2015). high visibility is convenient for drivers and secondly, public relations/marketing for the owner of the charging station. There is a risk that the base of the station can become damaged, but many of the actors today have chosen not to install THE PROCESS OF CHARGING protection. Stations can handle winter and summer conditions. Next to fast charging Vehicles cannot be charged with higher power than its installed capacity. When the stations there could be a form of shelter for safety against weather. Traditional car has an installed capacity of 16A and the station is 32A, it will still be charged vehicles can be fined if parked on the site designated for electric vehicles, so obvious only with 16A. There is no risk in installing station with higher power, because the signage reserving the spot for charging is needed. The charging station should be car determines the current. Although few cars only can handle higher power. It is illuminated, which will facilitate use and reduce the risk of sabotage or vandalism more convenient to put higher power now rather than later, due to costs. (Haghanipour, 2015).

There are also technical specifications about the cables and contacts. For charging To reach as many users as possible, stations must be placed strategically. They stations, the most common are shown in Figure 13. A contact type 2 is currently should be easily accessible, located in an attractive location , and be close to other used as a standard in Europe, but there are some cars with other types of contacts. facilities to allow the user of the charger to pass the time while the vehicle is CHAdeMO will be the standard for fast charging stations in Europe (Haghanipour, charging. Figure 19 shows Sweden’s charging locations according to Charge Map 2015). (2016) and Figure 16 the rest of the world. For normal charging it is convenient to place the station near residential areas, neighborhoods. Other attractive public The length of battery charging depends on which station is used, the capacity of spaces can be airports, train or bus stations, where the driver can park his vehicle the battery, and current battery charge. Voltages are 230V and 400V. When talking and continue to his or her destination. For accelerated stations suitable sites can be about the speed of charging, it is the time from 0 to 80% of battery’s charge, the supermarkets, restaurants, cafés and places of interests (parks, cinemas, beaches, last 20% charge slower, due to battery properties (Haghanipour, 2015). etc). Finally, the location of fast charging must be well planned mainly due to high cost. The parking time of the vehicle should not be more than the charging time to allow other EV drivers access in an efficient manner. It can be placed at fast-food LOCATION restaurants, cafés, rest stops along highways and country roads, and at service There have been many studies done about the suitable charging station placement, stations for traditional combustion engine vehicles. based mainly on mathematical modelling (Brown, 2013; Frade, 2011; Namdeo, 2014; Sadeghi-Barzani, 2014;etc.)These models were based on for example, optimization of electrical output (Brown, 2013), and the number of vehicles owned, An interesting aspect is presented in a paper from Brown (2013), considering the income and household type (Namdeo, 2013). Other aspects were development, placement of charging stations according to where people spend the most time, electrification and grid losses (Sadeghi-Barzani, 2014). Optimal placement can (see Table 1 on page 43). According to the table, EV owners charge primarily therefore depend on multiple factors, including location. at home and at work. Lower amount of charging takes place while shopping or visiting services and meal related activities. 41 or shopping centers. For the purpose of faster charging that services require, fast or accelerated stations are suitable. Railway stations, bus terminals or sometimes airports could accommodate standard charging types as well.

The last principle is combined structure - in which a corridor is created between clustered urban areas and ess populated areas (Haghanipour, 2015).

PAYMENT OF THE CHARGING AND PARKING Decisions about the payment method should be made before installing the infrastructure. If parking and charging are offered for free, it clearly promotes EVs and the electrification of the vehicle fleet in Sweden. The revenue from payed parking and charging is not in close future associated with high benefit. The benefit is however enough to cover the establishment and maintenance. When choosing a payment method, user ease is paramount. Some positive methods include charging cards, payment via SMS or app, or charging directly to the user’s electricity bill. Figure 16: Placement of charging stations in the world (ChargeMap, 2016) Parking and charging should be distinguished. When paying for both charging and parking, the benefit from it should be taken as reduced cost of charging infrastructure establishment, not a business opportunity. Subscriptions could allow usersto pay monthly fee for charging the EV wit certain types of charging, but may CHARGING STRUCTURE require increased fees for fast charging (Molmen, 2013). There are three principles developed to determine where charging infrastructure should be placed (Haghanipour, 2015). The charging stations can be used mainly for fast charging development, especially for long-distance travel or commuters.

First is a corridor structure - the station is placed between two points, for example two urban areas. To provide flexibility and margin for error in the system, charging stations should be placed 60-80 km apart from each other.

Second is a cluster structure - creating a cluster in urban areas. Normal, accelerated and fast charging stations are placed at strategical locations so that electric vehicles can travel in and around the city on pure electricity. This structure has been beneficial to businesses travelling long distances within cities, such as delivery vehicles, car sharing, taxi companies, couriers or domestic care, where daily mileage reaches the limits of today’s electric vehicles. Strategic placement for clusters of stations can also be airports, railway stations, ferry terminals, and city 42 Table 1: People spending time on certain activities and charging their car meanwhile, California (Brown, 2013) EXAMPLES OF CHARGING STATIONS PLACEMENTS Inspiration could be drawn from many parts of the world, but Locations Charge Dwelling count (%) count chosen examples are Oslo, Sigtuna and Sundsvall. Figure 17 and Figure 19 show (%) the placement of charging stations in Norway and Sweden. Residential 67 36 Oslo is a capital city, bigger than Landskrona, but lessons about placements of Work 12 13 charging stations can be transferred. Sigtuna municipality has similar number of School/religious 2 2 people as Landskrona municipality and has the third most charging stations in Sweden. Sundsvall is a municipality in northern part of Sweden and is bigger than Medical 2 2 Landskrona municipality,and has fourth most charging stations. Shopping/service 7 21 OSLO - NORWAY Gym/exercise/sports 2 3 Norway is a country worth emulating. It has the highest market share of EVs Visit friends 2 3 (Hybrid cars, 2016) and electricity production comes from renewable source, hydropower (Statkraft, 2016). Norway took away the fee for toll roads for EVs Meal related 3 6

Relax/entertainment 2 3

Other 2 12

FIRST STEPS What should come first? The chicken or the egg? Charging infrastructure or broad adoption of EVs? There are already thousands of EVs in Sweden (April 2016) and the number is increasing rapidly, even doubling every year. Increasing the number of charging stations is a prerequisite for sustainable growth in the number of EVs on Swedish roads. If local authorities lead the way, local businesses will follow (Haghanipour, 2015;Namdeo,2014).

There are currently 4 charging stations in Landskrona municipality, shown in Figure 18. In Glumslöv gas station OKQ8 are one fast charging station with 2 plugs and 1 accelerated point. All of the stations are public. (Uppladning, 2016) The first steps have therefore already been taken.

43 Figure 17: Placement of charging stations in Norway (ChargeMap, 2016)

Figure 18: Placement of charging stations in Landskrona municipality (Uppladdning, 2016)

Figure 19: Placement of charging stations in Sweden (ChargeMap, 2016)

44 as well as tolls on ferries. EVs also have free parking and access to bus and taxi Figure 17 shows that over half of charging stations in Norway are placed on lanes. (Portvik, 2015) public roads. In second place are parking garages and third are shopping areas. Distribution of other locations are quite equal. It can be assumed, that public charging combined with on street parking is important and convenient for EV users. With help of the project UrbAct from the Agency of Urban Environment, a set of charging stations were planned in Oslo to meet the municipal goal for installing 400 charging stations between 2008-2011 (Molmen, 2013). Recognizing the lack SIGTUNA - SWEDEN of charging infrastructure, Oslo installed an additional 300 public charging stations Sigtuna municipality had 44 786 inhabitants in 2015 in 2014 (Eltis, 2014; Portvik, 2015). In 2015 the municipality installed another 400 (Sigtuna kommun, 2016). As of 2016 it has the second most EV charging points charging stations, becoming the country’s largest owner of charging infrastructure. in Sweden with 95 charging points as shown in Figure 20. The municipality has Oslo had a large EV community and a strong users’ association, who were asked collaborated since 2009 with all major hotels and Arlanda airport on the issues of where would they like to have charging stations placed. Residents were asked sustainable development. There is strong hotel and conference service in Sigtuna aswell via local newspapers. and they decided to set up initial charging stations by the hotels and conference centers around the municipality (Sigtuna, 2013). According to Google maps Early on a lot of EV drivers suggested public spaces, such as sport arenas, concert (2014) most of the charging stations in this municipality are placed beside hotels halls, theaters and shopping areas. Placement into residential areas, where residents or conference houses. Fast chargers are by gas station and outside fast-food areas. are dependent on on-street parking, was highlighted aswell. The Agency of Urban There are currently 14 charging stations with 95 charging points according to environment also drove around in the city, trying to find where the most EV’s were Sigtuna municipality website and Google maps (2016).As Sigtuna municipality is parked, without an opportunity for charging. They mapped the electricity coverage so characterized by the airport and hotels/conference centers, collaboration with in the city, for electric transformer placements. (Molmen, 2013) these entities allowed for effective network development.

SUNDSVALL - SWEDEN Sundsvall together with Östersund and Trondheim created a partnership called Green Highway. It stretches over 450 kilometers from Sundsvall in Sweden to Trondheim in Norway. The goal is to create a fossil-fuel free transport corridor, as well as contribute to sustainable growth, and to create the right conditions for fossil-fuel free and energy efficient transport corridor in Scandinavia (Green highway, 2016). According to a report (Gustafsson, 2009), the residents of the municipality choose to take a car 72-80% of their trip depending on the season. The use is higher than in Landskrona, where the percentage is 57% in 2013. The use of the car is therefore higher in Sundsvall than in Landskrona, if elilminating the error from using a different research method, but is considered as a main mean of transport for the residents in both municipalities.

Figure 20: The municipalities with highest numbers of charging points. The leader is Stockholm, Sundsvall doesn’t have any general information about the placement of charging analyzed Sigtuna third with 95 and Sundsvall forth with 90. (Laddinfra, 2016) stations available, but Eniro (2016) makes it possible to see where, and which 45 type, they are. Sundsvall’s inner city has 14 public charging stations. Locations are shown in Figure 21. The placement confirms to previous research about combining charging stations with urban destinations.

Table 2 shows the location of charging stations in central part of Sundsvall. Most of them are in parking lots, where the function is mixed. Most of the stations are close to each other. There are also some stations near recreational and cultural areas. The only 2 fast stations are near the highway, connecting with the Green Highway network.

Charging stations outside the city center are connected to the Green Highway network, leading towards Östersund. There are other charging stations within the municipality, usually a single charging station with 2 points (standard, accelerated). The placement under these areas differ, but is often close to shopping facilities or municipality services. There are fast charging points by the airport and by a highway shopping area in Harnösand.

SUMMARY What can be learned from these 3 cities? Every city or town has unique local condition that have different levels of importance for placement. In Oslo, the success was based on cooperation with the electric motorists, determining the Figure 21: A map over placements of charging stations in Sundsvall central area (Green highway, 2016; Eniro, 2016) placement of charging stations according to users needs. Norway heavily supported the mass adoption of EVs with lower taxes and driving priorites.

Sigtuna municipality has approximately the same number of inhabitants as Landskrona, but the image and function of the town is different. Sigtuna is in close proximity to the capital city’s airport, Arlanda. Sigtuna is therefore a place for international conferences and overnight stays, charging stations are therefore often adjacent to hotels.

Sundsvall is a bigger municipality, but with a character similar to Landskrona, with high car use and town services. The stations are located next to transport hubs, shopping centers, cultural attractions, sport halls and parking houses. The principles of Sundsvall are adopted for use in this thesis.

46 Table 2: A table of placements of charging stations and points in Sundsvall central area (own work according to Eniro, 2016) Num- Acceler- Placement Function Standard Fast Tesla ber ated 1 Central station Travelling hub 1 1 - - Esplanaden Shopping/work/ 2 1 1 - - parking residential Shopping/work/ Harbor area/ 3 residential/relax/ 2 2 2 - higway visitor Shopping/work/ 4 Museum residential/relax/ 1 1 - - visitor Shopping/work/ 5 Fish square residential/relax/ 1 1 - - visitor Shopping/work/ Kulturmaga- 6 residential/relax/ 4 2 - - zinet visitor Shopping/work/ 7 Parking house 3 3 - - visitor Parking house/ Shopping/work/ 8 2 2 - - gas station residential/visitor 9 Town hall Work/visitor 1 1 - - 10 Museum Relax/work/ 1 1 - - 11 Industrial area Work/visitors 2 - - - Gas station/ 12 Service/residential - - - 6 Tesla 13 Sport hall Sport 1 1 - - School/Relax/ 14 School 1 1 - - Sport 15 Hospital Health/services 2 2 - - Outdoor 16 Relax/sport 1 1 - - center Total: points 52, stations: 23 23 19 2 6 47 48 CHAPTER 3 - THE PROCESS METHOD

Suitable placement of charging stations in Landskrona municipality is done THE PROCESS quantitatively in the first and third stage through the use of GIS, and qualitatively The work flow is concisely shown in Figure 23. It consist of 3 stages, each of in the second stage through a workshop. which results in different maps. According to the literature review, possible charging station locations had been suggested depending on site characteristics. The thesis used Geographic information system (GIS) to identify these locations STAKEHOLDERS spatially. GIS is a technology to support decision concerning location. The program Project Green Hub Landskrona is a collaboration of 3 companies and is organized creates a better understanding about what is happening and what can happen in by the municipality of Landskrona. This project was undertaken mainly with the geographical space. GIS-based maps and visualisations promote understanding of cooperation of Landskrona Energi AB, Landskronahem, LSR and Landskrona the situation and support storytelling (ESRI, 2016). municipality. The main actors are introduced in Figure 22.

“A geographic information system (GIS) lets us visualize, question, analyze, and interpret data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends.It is also designed Ingvi Thorkelsson Johan Holmstedt Development CEO to capture, manage, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced ingeneer Landskrona energi information. ” Landskrona energi AB - ESRI (2016) AB FIRST STAGE Using aspects from different articles that identify optimal location s for charging stations (Brown, 2013; Fraude, 2013; Namdeo, 2013) a GIS raster analysis has Mattias Schriever-Abeln Birthe Bunke been chosen as an effective method of analysis in the first stage of the process. Landscape architect Traffic ingeneer Specifically IDW (inverse distance weighted) analysis, that interpolates a raster Landskrona municipality Landskrona mu- surface based on points having a certain value (in this case population) (ArcGIS, nicipality 2016).

The first part of the study consists of a GIS raster analysis based on the number of people living, or approximately moving, in the area. The number of people represent number of potential EV drivers. With a set of criteria derived from the literature Jonny Ask review, possible locations for each type of charging station are determined. The Property Manager placement in an appropriate Landskronahem coverage for each type of charging station. The analysis is based on current municipal conditions and creates a gradient of suitability for each type of charging station.

Further visual representation was undertaken through a GIS network analysis Figure 22: Introduction to the main stakeholders (foto: Linkedin, 2016; Landskrona to identify a service area the fast station placement. A network service area is a stad, 2016) region that encompasses all accessible streets within specified distance or time. 49 (ArcMap, 2016) First stage First stage SELECTING CRITERIA 1 Standard charging stations

SUITABILITY MAP FOR CHARGING STATIONS IN LANDSKRONA Table 3: Standard charging station criteria MUNICIPALITY Criteria Explanation Point value Source

People living in blocks of houses Second stage Block of houses are dependent on population Namdeo, 2013 public charging infrastructure MEETING STAKEHOLDERS Long distance commuters require Work places workplace parking. services: 2 (services, At the same time the Landskrona, 2016 industry) municipal strategy industries: 13 FOCUS AREAS is to eliminate workplace parking

Commuters that take Glumslöv: 1500 Third stage the car to the station Train station Häljarp: 1500 Landskrona, 2016 leave the car there during the day Landskrona: 5000 SELECTING CRITERIA This is the time spent 6-8 hours time at these destinations - Brown, 2013 aspect for appropriate standard charging use. EXAMPLE OF SUITABLE PLACEMENT IN FOCUS AREAS

Table 3 shows the chosen criteria for standard charging station placement. Map layers were taken from Lantmäteriet, they were chosen and converted into points. Figure 23: Simple flow diagram of the process IDW tool was used to produce a map showing the range of suitability in Landskrona municipality.

50 1First stage 1First stage Accelerated charging stations Fast charging station Table 4: Accelerated charging station criteria Table 5: Fast charging station criteria Criteria Explanation Point value Source Criteria Explanation Point value Source Dynamic parking Services for shopping 150 Brown, 2013 A gas station is a (visitors) Brown, 2013 typical placement purposes Gas station - for this type of Power circle, Visitors parking 2015 Nature station encouraging the 50 Brown, 2013 interests visit Typical Brown, 2013 E6 proximity placement along max. 5 minutes Power circle, Visitors parking highway 2015 Cultural encouriging 20 Brown, 2013 monuments the visit of a High number monument of vehicles can lead to increase Visitors parking use of charging GIS department Traffic count layer based value Nature reserve encouriging the 20 Brown, 2013 station, but at Landskrona visit the same time increased safety in Planned Visitors parking placement recreation encouriging the 20 Brown, 2013 Dynamic parking outside of the Services visit for shopping 150 Brown, 2013 city (visitors) purposes Natural parks Visitors parking This is the time outside of the encouriging the 20 Brown, 2013 spent at these city area visit 20-30 minutes destinations - Brown, 2013 This is the time time aspect for appropriate spent at these standard charging 1-2 hours time destinations use. - Brown, 2013 aspect for appropriate standard charging use. Table 5 represents criteria for fast charging station locations. Placement is suitable Table 4 represents different criterias for accelerated charging station locations. at destinations where visitors/customers spend 20-30 min. Fast charging is often Previous research varies for placement of this type of charging station, therefore associated with fast services, such as gas stations or fast food restaurant areas by probable locations were selected by to approximate amount of time spent doing highways. Traffic count was added, as density of traffic can represent potential each activity. EV drivers moving in the area. 51 SECOND STAGE Organizations involved in the workshop were: Landskrona Kommun, Landskrona The second phase consisted of a half-way presentation and workshop with the Energi and Landskronahem. It was held on April 12th, 2016 in Landskrona’s town primary GHL stakeholders hall. It was 2 hours of discussion that continued the questions raised on April 7th, to determine their visions for future development and focus on selected areas 2016. The goal of the workshop was to understand detailed information about within the municipality of Landskrona. EVs in Landskrona are seen to promote an the future plans of the organizations. The main questions discussed were the attractive and environmentally conscious life style. The presentation held on April vision, strategies, future development and focus areas within the municipality of 7th, 2016 was a combination of students involved in GHL project for their master Landskrona (see Table 7). The results were used to develop detailed focus areas theses’. The questions asked are presented in Table 6 and identify 4 different in the third stage of the analysis. subthemes that arose from the work. The questions were discussed and it was decided to continue to a more detailed discussion during the workshop. Three time frames were identified during the 2016, 2020 and 2050. 2016 was identified as the most important time frame in order to encourage the implementation of charging stations as soon as possible. Areas currently undergoing detail planning, Second stage and that were located near to Landskrona’s urban centre were chosen in order to support a jump start to EV charging in the municipality. 2Half-time presentation THIRD STAGE Table 6: Questions discussed during the presentation with the stakeholders In the third stage a multi-criteria GIS analysis has been performed within the identified places of interest to approximate potential placement of the charging Method Placement Ideologies Sustainability stations. Possible locations were chosen using all parking spots as initial possible. These spots were overlaid with the results from the first stage and stations were Are commuters placed according to the results. Placement criteria are shown in Table 9. What influences If people have 2 cars Add income more likely to where to put the and one electric, is layer? take the car or stations? this sustainable? public transport? Placement is only a demonstration of possible implementation, real placement will How the use of public What is have to be demand-oriented and researched more deeply, mainly to accommodate 1 station for 10 How to predict transport and cycling acceptable EVs? who will buy EV? can be improved at the electricity network’s capacity, impact on the urban design and property borders. distance? the same time? The stakeholders can determine their role and requirements for charging station

Can we make placement at this scale. Do we want busy people go where Where the streets or do we want we want them to municipality is to free them from go in relation to going to develop? Finally, the results were discussed and analyzed. Suitable placements ares were parking? health? chosen according to the results from first stage of analysis combined with acceptable

Which kind of walking distances according to the Landskrona parking plan (see Table 8). people to attract?

How acceptable is to prefer electric cars?

52 2 Second stage Workshop with stakeholders

Table 7: Workshop questions to stakeholders Table 8: Buffer distances the analysis: the longest acceptable walking distances to parking lots for Landskrona (Bunke, 2016) Future Vision Strategies Focus areas development Acceptable walking distance How do to/from parking Landskrona Where it is important want to be? What are the to develop and can the development be Point out together Housing 300 m - sustainability strategies of the where should the municipalities? described? - social thesis focus on to Workplace 500 m - how to fulfill - transport solve problems - environmental those goals - social and help the future - economical Services - visitor 300 m - environmental development - transport - other? - energy

Can more strategies be added in relation Is it wished for people What details can be to electric cars? to take cars? added?

Differenciate How can the different accelerated charging strategies stations be used to What is the for different promote EVs? acceptable distance? places at the municipality?

Detail planning of stations - density/ frequency?

Social mixture - car possesions?

53 the first stage of analysis provides interesting results. The first stage considers Third stage broad landscape architecture considerations, using charging stations as attraction 3 for people to be attracted to. Placement of the stations into focus areas in 2016

Table 9: Combined criteria for 3 types of charging Data collection station

Criteria Explanation Source GIS/MKB department Lantmäteriet Google maps Workshop Landskrona stad Strategic Parking place placement of Frade, 2011 parking place Main and minor roads Public parking places Digitize Future number Digitize Destination of people living, Brown, 2013 points working or moving in the area Buildings - housing, Traffic counting More people services, culture Gas stations in Landskrona Focus areas municipality Previous results provide better Consultation with from stage 1 opportunity for Neil Sang owning the EV Services and industry Public parks Focus areas - changes Possibility for fast 1-3 min from E6 charging station to ---- highway be placed

Nature reserve DATA ANALYSIS Data that has been used are described in Figure 24. The flowchart presents all layers needed to perform the analysis. The layers needed determined by the set Planned recreation of criteria used in GIS modelling. These criteria strongly influence the final result. Legend:

Income Source of data The data was analysed throughout the process. Due to lack of information regarding Shapefile - vector real demand, the suitability maps are based on approximate distribution of charging stations placement. The 2016 vision is highlighted to determe the main areas for Digitizing immediate implementation. Visions 2020 and 2050 are developed for descriptive Train stations purposes only. The assumption is that a similar model to identify focus areas in 2016 could be used in future visions of 2020 and 2050. Figure 24: Flowchart of data needed for performing analysis In addition to the 3 visions and focus areas from the perspective of stakeholders,

54 55 56 CHAPTER 4 - CASE STUDY LANDSKRONA MUNICIPALITY

INTRODUCTION Landskrona municipality is located in Skåne () on Sweden’s southwestern coast and is part of the Öresund region, which includes the main cities Copenhagen and Malmö.

The municipality contains approximately 43,000 inhabitants (Landskrona, 2016). Landskrona is a growing municipality thanks to its geographical position in a growing region and its access to commuting opportunities. The latest commuting statistics show that more people commute from Landskrona than to, every week day (Svensson, 2014). Landskrona’s unemployment rate is higher than the Scanian average, about 15-16%, compared to 10,1% (Labour Force Surveys, 2014) of the region.

Landskrona has history as a fortress city that continues to define its urban character. The center is a grid structure and the building stock consists mainly of city-owned apartment buildings and a main service center clustered around the main square and nearby streets. Nearby towns and villages accommodate another 11 774 inhabitants. The towns, sorted by population include: Häljarp, Glumslöv, Asmundstorp, Saxtorp, Annelöv, Härslöv, Kvärlöv, and Vadensjö. An overview of the town is shown in Figure 25 and plan of the municipality in Figure 26 (Översiktsplan för Landskrona stad, 2015).

CHALLENGES Landskrona is facing challenges that must be addressed to continue the municipality’s Figure 25: Bird-eye view over Landskrona (Landskrona, 2016) progress towards a sustainable future. According to the Översiktsplan för Lanskrona stad, 2015, the most important challenges include following:

• Residents in surrounding towns do not identify with Landskrona’s town center, and are therefore likely to look outside of Landskrona for shopping, education, entertainment, and recreation. • Small towns have the highest rate of commuting outside of the municipality. Landskrona is working to strengthen the connection between center and the surrounding towns to improve regional competitiveness.

57 Sweden • Landskrona needs a stronger link to the larger population center and labor market of Copenhagen. E6 E20 • Public transport in rural areas is inconvenient, so most people depend on their cars. • Opportunities for rural and natural recreation is limited, there is only a Glumslöv small forest in Saxtorp. Härslöv • Highway E6 creates significant noise pollution. Skåne • Landskrona’s social and health challenges lead to feelings of insecurity and discomfort. • There exist barriers to integration of residents due to ethnicity, socioeconomics and physical barriers. • Landskrona struggles to adopt a post-industrial economy that focuses on service and modern industry. • The agricultural land is of national interest for preservation, but also Asmundtorp presents valuable development opportunities.

Landskrona • As a coastal municipality Landskrona will have to manage rising sea levels and extreme rainfall in the future (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, 2015).

OVERALL GOALS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES The municipality has a convenient location in the region, between Malmö and Häljarp , and relative proximity to Copenhagen. The West coast railway and the E6 highway provide excellent access. The sea is attractive for housing development, leisure and business activities. There are also economic activities that could be further developed further in the future such as shipyard heritage, logistics industry, Kvärlöv Annelöv or creative and cultural industries.

Landskrona 2030, the municipal comprehensive plan comprises of five overrearching Figure 26: Map over Landskrona municipality/stad and location in Sweden topic areas: sustainable development, attractive housing, modern industrial city, urban mix, and managed heritage. Industrial heritage should be seen as an opportunity and vision for the municipality to develop green industry and become a green municipality (Översiktsplan för Landskrona stad, 2015).

Landskrona works well with sustainability. Sustainability is defined by its 3 pillars: social, economic and environmental. These 3 aspects are indivisible. For 58 social sustainability Landskrona would like to enhance the image of the city and Vehicle traffic should be directed to the main network. On minor roads, private its community. To strengthen its image, urban planning and the city’s physical vehicles have reduced priority compared to public transport, cycling and structure can be used to improve living environments to improve well-being and pedestrians. The municipality’s own vehicle fleet has been managed holistically health. A feeling of inclusion in the environmental decision making process is since 2012. Investigation from 2014 (see Table 11) show the number and kind also crucial for a society to thrive. It is also important that presidents have good of vehicles in the municipality’s fleet. The goal was to determine the proportion jobs. Landskrona’s position offer multiple good options. of environmentally friendly vehicles (miljöbilar) among total number of cars (see Figure 27). Environmentally friendly vehicles do not mean fossil-fuel free or renewable energy vehicles, but a certain level of energy savings. These numbers are One of Landskrona’s environmental sustainability goals is increased energy similar to the rate of environmentally friendly cars from a survey in 2013. 64% of efficiency and reduced climate impact. In order to move towards a more energy efficient society, changes in production and use of energy are required Table 11: The municipality’s car fleet in 2014 (Energiinventering, 2014) Bensin/ Bensin/ Bensin/elec- Type of vehicle Bensin Diesel Electricity Metan gas Total (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, 2015). etanol metan gas tricity Personal car 21 19 1 7 42 5 5 100 Economic sustainability is seen as a tool to stregthen social and environmental Light truck 14 48 3 22 0 8 0 95 dimensions of sustainability. The contemporary industrial city should embrace Heavy truck 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 new industries, cultural/creative activities and tourism. It should take advantage Moped 19 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 of existing structure and, dense urban areas with homes, businesses, trades Tractor 0 14 1 0 0 0 0 15 and services. Dense structures allow cost efficiency and a dynamic economy. An Other 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 12 attractive urban environment brings people to socialize, shop, take advantage of cultural amenities etc. More people will create better conditions for trade, Special fleet 3 10 0 0 0 0 0 13 services and cultural venues (Översiktsplan för Landskrona stad, 2015). Total 63 100 10 29 42 13 5 262 Diagramrubrik

VISION 2050 The long term vision is that in 2050 all energy operations must be ecologically, economically and environmentally sustainable. The energy system is secure, cost-effective and has minimal negative impact on health, environment and 38% climate. New energy and renewable fuels are the primary sources of energy. All the transport in the city uses environmentally friendly fuels. The city is free from 62% fossil fuels (Översiktsplan för Landskrona stad, 2015).

TRAFFIC IN LANDSKRONA

It is important to feel safe and in a clean and attractive environment. Communications Non-environmentally classified Environmentally classified in the city should be planned to be accessible, available and safe. At the same time, the environment should not affected negatively. Giving priority to biking Figure 27: Rate of environmentally friendly vehicles (Energiinventering, 2014) and walking before cars can lead to higher proportion of sustainable transport. 59 Landskrona’s registered vehicles were environmentally friendly (Energiinventering The types of parking places described in Table 10 show different functions of för Landskrona stad, 2014). Having a large number of environmentally friendly parking spaces, and the activities for which people park their car. Buffers (see vehicles in the municipality’s fleet is a step in the right direction and it is necessary Table 8 on page 53) are interesting to determine which parking spots are to examine which kind of energy source are most used and how it can be converted connected to which destination. (Bunke, 2015) to renewables (Energiinventering för Landskrona stad, 2014). PUBLIC TRANSPORT PARKING PLAN Landskrona city has good public transport links for both train and bus. The Because parking places have great potential for charging EV, it is interesting to surrounding towns and villages, however, do not have the same connectivity. look closer at parking in Landskrona. Parking has a central role in traffic and has Häljarp and Glumslöv lie along the train tracks between Malmö-- a major impact on how the city functions and is experienced. Access to parking Helsingborg, but other towns and villages depend on buses. The main train is fundamental prerequisite for vehicles, whether cars or bicycles, but requires station is located outside of the city center with a commuter parking lot. The significant space and affects the urban environment. Therefore it is important bicycle plan for Landskrona was developed in 2015 and aims to provide to balance availability in proportion to need. Numerous parking places increase support in planning to prioritize measures for increased cycling. At short vehicle accessibility, but often correlates with increased car use. Insufficient parking, distances biking and walking dominate (Bunke, 2015; Svensson, 2014). however can lower accessibility by car and increase risk of unauthorized parking Landskrona was recognized as the city in Sweden where biking covers 34% of which affects safety and flow of transportation. travels within 1 km and walking another 34% (Svensson, 2014).

Landskrona will be densifying in coming years and several main parking areas will Landskrona’s public transport includes trains and 5 lines for busses. Landskrona is be used for other purposes. A compact city provides greater proximity and thus the only city in Sweden with an electric trolley bus line. The line opened in 2003 a reduction in vehicle transport. Parking in urban environments takes valuable and is run by the bus company Nobina. The line was developoed after construction space - a car park takes up to 12.5 m2, which could fit 12 bicycles. If including the of West Coast train track, connecting Malmö and Helsingborg. A new train station maneuvering areas, each park places requires up to 25 m2. was built on the outskirts of the city center. A new bus connection to the center was needed. Landskrona also investigated other kinds of connection, such as trams, battery bus, hybrids or magnetic track. Today, trolley and combustion engine buses There are currently 980 parking spaces on municipal land in central Landskrona. connect the town with the train station (Regionstyrelsen, 2009). In addition, the The general plan for parking in Landskrona is to reduce car commuters and promote SlideIn project started in 2013, and enables the bus to drive without wires, because other means of transport which contribute to sustainable development of the city. the vehicle is equipped with a battery. A fifth bus with a battery that can be charged The parking plan also promotes new technologies and implementation of charging quickly was ordered; it can drive for 10 km after a full charge (SlideIn, 2012). stations in future, but provides no details.

Landskrona city should prioritize parking for visitor and business, carpooling. Studies show that one carpool vehicle can substitute 5 personal cars. The parking plan also targeted 3 spots for parking house placement and other open parking areas, while building on other parking places around the city center.

60 Table 10: Different kinds of parking in the municipality of Landskrona defined by the parking plan(Bunke, 2015)

Types of parking

Require within walking distance to dwelling. Residential Greatest need during night and evenings. Greatest need during daytime on Workplace weekdays. For commerce and leisure have Services - visitor greatest need during afternoons, evenings and weekends. Should represent 2-3% of all parking spaces, at least one have Parking for disabled to be 25 m from entrance of the target buliding Co-usage of parking

61 62 CHAPTER 5 - LOOKING FOR SUITABLE PLACEMENT ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION Criteria for geographic information system (GIS) The analysis is based on the current situation and data from sources described in Figure 24 on page 54. There are 3 sets of maps to illustrate the placement of POWER WORK standard, accelerated and fast charging station. Visions 2016 and 2020 focus on certain areas indentified by stakeholders as pertinent. Vision 2050 is presented but detailed information is not developed. PEOPLE SHOPPING FIRST STAGE - IDW ANALYSIS According to the methodology described in chapter 2, suitability maps are produced for 3 types of charging stations. Suitability map in brief shows a gradient TIME CHARG- SPORT of suitable to unsuitable areas in the municipality for charging station placement. ING The analysis works for a range of potential customers; if all of them owned a car and if all of them traveled to their destinations by car, this is how many users the stations would have. The darker the color the greater the density of people BLOCKS COMMUTING working, living or moving in the area. It is only a model, trying to reflect a dynamic HOUSES situation. It is an approximation of density of people and their activities which is vital to identify potential use of each type of charging stations. CULTURE PRICE TIME ASPECT The 2016 vision developed suitability maps for 3 kinds of charging stations according to available data from Lantmäteriet and current potential for charging stations. NATURE IN- TEREST GAS STATION READING THE MAPS Suitable locations are shown as a gradient from lighter to darker color because the planning for charging stations in detail is not possible for the purpose of this thesis. HOSPITAL Further investigations would have to be done. If stations are placed, recommended distance from parking place to destination was considered, as shown in Table 8.

PARKING

Figure 28: Visualisation of criteria used in GIS

63 STANDARD CHARGING PLACEMENT POTENTIAL STANDARD CHARGING STATION PLACEMENT IN 2016 Standard charging stations, as the literature review reveals, are usually located in residential areas, in which inhabitants do not own a parking place (blocks of houses). It is also interesting to consider working areas, that are outside of central (industrial area of Landskrona). Lack of public transit and the provision of Glumslöv train station parking spaces means that workers can commute to work more easily by car. Since the municipality has high commuting values, train stations become interesting - the train station represents the highes value due to the number of commuters from Glumslöv / for standard charger placement since people living in the outskirts of the town, day (cca 1000) dependent on the cars to reach the station, could park and charge at the train - Up to 100 potential customers are located in the residential area. stationwhile commuting via train (Översiktsplan för Landskrona stad, 2015).

South of Borstahusen These locations are chosen due to approximate amount of vehicle time spent at the locations: standard charging requires to 8-10 hours for a full charge. As - high value is due to many people living in the area, presence of some services. Figure 29 shows, there are 7 areas where the number of potential customers is the highest. Other less densely covered areas could also be interesting at later stages of Karlslund development depending on demand. This map provides an overview and is limited in criteria and methodology. However, it leads to a basic understanding of suitable - high value is due to many people living in the area, presence of some services. locations for standard charging stations.

RESULT Landskrona station area The most suitable areas according to this map are the train station due to the high number of commuters (Landskrona, 2016). Karlslund also shows a high - high value is due to many people commuting from Landskrona (cca 5000 / day), presence of density of possible customers due its density of residents. Sport activities are close working places in proximity. by and provide possibilities for both standard and accelerated charging. Future development of Karlslund (Jaenecke arkitekter AB, 2016) brings opportunity to Landskrona center develop the new community center and sport facilities in a fossil-fuel free way by installing different kinds of charging stations, in this case standard chargers by - higher value is due to many people living, but also many people working in the area. blocks of houses. - interesting for long-term hotels customers

Häljarp train station Another suitable area is located east of Borstahusen. Many people live there densely and, public parking is available. In the center of Landskrona city, blocks of houses -- the highest value lies next to train station due to the number of commuters and working places create opportunity for standard charging. The tricky part is - some service and housing areas have up to 100 potential customers. to manage densification and public parking when, the municipality is planning parking houses in the center. The terminal to Ven creates a good opportunity Industrial area for tourists leaving their car while travelling to the island Ven in the season. The - area with mainly worklplaces outside of the city center is also interesting for placement for industrial area represents a perfect place for electric parking at work, and can workers coming by car provide a modern attraction to investors interested in the area. 64 Placement of standard charging stations [ West coast railway Train station Large public parking Blocks of houses Industry Coastline Road network Major and minor roads E6 highway Municipality border Range of suitability Number of people in the area 0 - 20 21 - 50 51 - 100 110 - 200 210 - 300 310 - 400 410 - 500 510 - 600 610 - 700 710 - 800 810 - 900

910 - 1 000 Figure 29: Range of suitability for 1 100 - 5 000 placement of STANDARD charging stations. The darker the colour, the greater the probability of a high density of parked (electric) cars in Landskrona municipality

0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers

65 ACCELERATED CHARGING PLACEMENT POTENTIAL ACCELERATED CHARGING STATION PLACEMENT IN 2016 The highest values appeared in the center of the city due to many businesses and their potential visitors. The center should try not to be too accessible for car travels, but some visitors/customers parking are required. This system is preferred Glumslöv in the parking plan of Landskrona. Charging for 1-2 hours can provide a dynamic environment needed for businesses and inner city streets. Outside of the city the - higher value for recreation and small businesses. charging stations can serve as an attraction to visit cultural or recreational areas. The coastal area provides attractions, for bathing and camping. Smaller towns in Camping places the municipality can strengthen their position and attract visitors to recreation and local markets. - camping provides natural place for charging of caravans for instance. This activity can provide standard charging as well. RESULT Figure 30 shows that the highest number of potential customers appear in the center Coastal areas of the city, where visitors spend around 1 hour for shopping, eating, exercising etc. The shopping area in Weibullsholm, close to the E6 highway and train station, is - high value is due to cultural and recreational activities. planned for services and housing development (Tengbom arkitekter, 2016). These features could strengthen the suitability for accelerated and standard charging stations in the near future. The coastal areas provide recreational opportunity, The city center shopping areas especially during the summer. During that time the harbours are visited, recreational and fishing boats are docked. Station towns Häljarp and Glumslöv provide good - high value is due to number of businesses and the people visiting them during the day. Dynamic recreational opportunities such as golf or nature walks. Smaller towns such as environment. Asmunstorp or Saxtorpsskogen provide recreational opportunities as well, such Asmunstorp as horse riding, community gardens or walks in the forest. In general 1-2 hour visits provide enough time to patronize all kinds of services, even those that are - higher value due to sport activities and small businesses. not included in the GIS layer maps from Lantmäteriet such as gyms or restaurants. The rest of the municipality not covered with any value is either lacking data or is not suitable for this type of charging station. The latter could be lack of road Häljarp infrastructure or preferred activity criteria in the area. Other functions, such as agriculture or forestry preclude the use of charging infrastructure. - higher value for recreation and small businesses.

Saxtorpsskogen

- higher value for coastal and forest area.

66 [ Placement of accelerated charging stations West coast railway t Golf Coastline !Ë Horses Municipality border ") Sport Major and minor roads r Sauna E6 highway ED Tower Destinations \ Community garden _ Bathing Model airplanes à Camping ²¸ Museum W Citadellet F Hospital/Clinique Î Harbor ¸Ä Shooting range Airplanes 5 School R& Fotball ù Running track Birdwatching Large public parking Smallshops Nature reserve Free time areas Recreational area Range of suitability Number of people moving in the area 0 - 20 21 - 35 36 - 50 51 - 80 Figure 30: Range of suitability for placement of ACCELERATED charging 81 - 100 stations. The darker the colour, the greater 110 - 150 the probability of a high density of parked (electric) cars in Landskrona municipality 160 - 200 210 - 350 360 - 410

0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers

67 FAST CHARGING PLACEMENT POTENTIAL FAST CHARGING STATION PLACEMENT IN 2016 The values for the raster layer are obtained through a combination of the approximate number of short term customers (visitors rate) and the average number of vehicles per day. The number of vehicles are dependent on the method for gathering the data, but the distribution of the vehicles is clear: most of the vehicles are by the train station, in the center and by Hälsingborgvägen in Landskrona. Vehicle Glumslöv gas station count near Häljarp also shows a high number of cars in traffic. Visitor rate is approximated and is used as a ratio of approximate number of people moving in - this gas station is very close to E6, within one minute drive. A fast charging station already exists the area. Gas stations, as noted in the literature study, are very suitable to be used there. for fast charging. Other areas that have high traffic and service values, such as the center of Landskrona and east of Borstahusen, can be also used as an attraction Hälsingborgvägen for electric vehicles. - there is quite a lot of traffic along this road, the gas station has quite a wide reach RESULT Figure 31 shows the suitability for fast chargers. The potential is the highest by the gas stations, because they represent in mindset of the drivers, a place where The center a driver spends max. 30 min for refreshments and filling the tank. They are often associated with different kinds of services, in this case Weibullsholm developed in - the central area could be used as a location, can serve as a magnet to shops the future as a shopping area, represents the best solution for on-site fast charging. The Preem gas station was identified as the closest accessible gas station from E6, only 3 minutes off the highway. The dark blue areas, where gas station is not Weibullsholm gas stations located, could potentially serve to attract more customers coming by electric car in Häljarp and center Landskrona for short shopping visits. - Preem is the closest gas station in Landskrona city reachable within 3 minutes to E6 highway.

The rest of the municipality with lighter colors or blank places is not suitable because of absence of data for number of vehicles per day or an absence of gas Häljarp stations. - many vehicles has been counted also in Häljarp, however the reach from E6 is not that interesting

68 Placement of fast charging stations

[ !¸ Gas station West coast railway Coastline Municipality border !¸ Service area around gas stations Coverage 1 minute 3 minutes 5 minutes Major and minor roads E6 highway Range of suitability Traffic values and number of people moving in the area 0 - 500 !¸ 510 - 820 !¸ 830 - 1 000 !¸ 1 100 - 1 400 1 500 - 1 900 !¸ !¸ !¸!¸ 2 000 - 2 600 2 700 - 3 800 3 900 - 5 700

5 800 - 8 600 Figure 31: Range of suitability for placement of FAST charging stations. The darker the color, the 8 700 - 13 000 greater the probability of a high density of parked !¸ (electric) cars in Landskrona municipality

0 1,5 3 6 Kilometers

69 SECOND STAGE - WORKSHOP AREAS FOR FUTURE PLANNING FOR VISION 2020/2050 Focus areas had been digitized after the workshop. The time scales are approximate and sometimes overlap. Figure 32 shows the overall results and focus areas. The areas that will be further investigated during third stage are highlighted in pink Glumslöv in Table 12 and are described briefly in Figure 33. For these areas a detail plan as a planning document had been received to support further investigations in the - new mixed housing development. The central area should be strengthened to create quality public space. Strengthen recreational activities. third stage. Härslöv Table 12: Focus areas that came as a result from the workshop

Focus areas Vision - new buildings should respect the character of the area, mixed housing is planned.

Jönsaplan 2016 Asmunstorp Weibullsholm 2016 - a public meeting place has to be created, also investigate the opportunities for mixed housing Karlslund 2016 development. Some natural areas will be developed for urban recreation.

Borstahusen 2016/2020 Häljarp/Sax ån/Saxtorpsskogen

Kronan 2016/2020 - station area will be connected with the town through new mixed housing development. Here a center is needed. Recreation is strengthened through Saxån walk. Saxtorp needs to develop it’s Walk along Saxå 2020 accessibility.

Öresund connection 2050 Annelöv East station area 2050 - the town is close to the train station in Dösjebrö, but the link can be strengthened. New apartment housing development is planned. Recreational equestrian qualities will continue to be strengthened. RESULTS FROM WORKSHOP Saxån walk will connect Annelöv with Häljarp. All the actors want to make Landskrona a more attractive place for living, in all aspects. Buildings should be energy efficient in the future, possibly connected to Öresund connection a larger project funded by the state or European authorities. - a strip between the old town and industrial area will create an office area. New stations will be developed, likely in Weibullsholm. Development of a new railway line gives opportunity for Landskrona Energi wants to focus on smart investments - in future densifying expansion of the town. plans the buildings will use the same amount of energy and infrastructure for East station area more housing units. - in the future the east side of the area will be developed for mixed housing and parking areas for commuters. The municipality would like to densify the city center and develop Weibullsholm outside of the city center. In Weibullsholm shopping mall, Biltema and other businesses will be located. Further away, next to the E6 highway, the Kronan logistic 70 Focus areas within selected time vision

Parking

G l Industries u

m

s l ö Train station v Roads H ars löv Focus areas [ Vision 2016 2020 2050 West coast railway

B orstahusen Coastline Municipality border Block of houses

d n E lu a Small businesses s Asmundsto l s rp r t

a s K t a

t i o

n

a

r e a n Krona

n la p a ns Jö

H ä lja rp

Sa xå n

Figure 32: Workshop results with focus areas for different vision years A Sax n tor n pss e ko l ge ö n v 0 1,25 2,5 5 Kilometers 71 center and fast food restaurants will be developed. As for car traffic, the priority FOCUSED AREAS DEVELOPED FURTHER IN THIRD STAGE FOR VISION 2016/2020 is focused on visitors and convenience for businesses. The residents should not often use their vehicles in the center, pedestrians and cyclists are preferred. There Borstahusen 1 are opportunities for new business models for EV’s parking and new agreements between businesses. - area adjacent to the existing road structure north of Borstahusen area. Approximately 1500 homes ofl mixed types, services and business premises will be built. There will be green string across the area creating a migration corridor in the landscape. The accelerated charging stations can be used for strategic planning outside of the city in Landskrona municipality. Green areas are not easily accessible by Karlslund 2 bike or walk, therefore could be more visited if charging stations were placed there. Similarly, it could be an opportunity for small villages to attract people. - urban renewal of Karlslund area - paths for high-quality public transport and mixed traffic are Infrastructure availability is the key issue here, as roads may not be accessible by under investigation. Urban renewal of the district’s well-defined districts will be integrated with car, and electric cables are unavailable. each other by a process of densification.

It was determined to focus on three time periods: 2016, 2020 and 2050. It is Jönsaplan 3 important to write about how to start development, attempt different placements and business models. After they are approved and working well, models can be - building a new hotel opposite the town hall and densification of the central area. Development of copied in future development. Only 5 focus areas will be developed in the third new parking places but also removal of existing spaces. stage of this thesis due to the higher number of people visiting or living in these areas, therfore the greater practically of developing charging stations. Weibullsholm 4

- future mixed-use area combining living and services (shopping, working, parking houses). This area can serve as a possible attraction to travellers on the E6 highway to come to Landskrona for shopping.

Kronan 5

- scheduled plans include offices, non-intrusive businesses, trades and a service center. That includes a new motel and restaurants, also the expansion of existing industry.

72 Focus areas within selected time vision

Parking

G

l Industries u

m

s l ö Train station v Roads H ars löv Focus areas [ Vision 2016 2020 2050 Focus areas within selected time vision Parking West coast railway

G

l Industries u

m

s l Bö orst Train station v ahusen Coastline Roads H ars löv Focus areas Municipality border [ Vision 2016 Block of houses 2020 d n E 2050 lu a Small businesses s Asmundsto l s West coast railway rp r t a Borsta s husen K t Coastline a

t Municipality border i o

n Block of houses

d a n E lu a Small businesses s Asmundsto l s r rp r t e a s K t a a t n i a o Kron n

a

r e a nan n Kro n la la p p a ns sa Jö n Jö H ä lja rp

Sa xå H n ä lja rp Figure 33: Selected focus area description

A Sax n tor n S pss e a ko l gen ö x v å 0 1,25 2,5 5 n Kilometers 73

A Sax n tor n pss e ko l ge ö n v 0 1,25 2,5 5 Kilometers THIRD STAGE - PLACEMENT OF CHARGING STATIONS BORSTAHUSEN PROPOSAL

1 BORSTAHUSEN 1 4 Development of mixed-use housing is planned in this attractive seaside area. 1500 new apartments, detached and semi-detached houses will be developed. New buildings are placed behind the shore line and the protection area and beach campsites will be available to the public. Mixed recreation services such as golf, swimming, sauna, beach, events, museums, art galleries, restaurants, camping sites, fishing and sailing are good prospects for tourism all year round. A new school, sport hall and a smaller number of homes will be located in the southern part. A new bus line will connect the area with the rest of the town. The plan for the area is shown in Figure 34. For the third stage of analysis the plan has been 3 digitized in GIS according to chosen criteria. For apartment buildings and attraction 2 3 3 areas the number of visitors or residents has been approximated. 7 5

Borstahusen is an interesting area for standard and accelerated station placement, as shown in Figure 35. As a start, an accelerated station could be placed at the 6 parking for bathing, at the beach. Standard charging stations could be placed at camping sites for electric caravans or visitors with electric cars. Standard and accelerated charging stations in the residential area close to the beach could serve Figure 34: Overview of Borstahusen in progress (Proposal for Borstahusen, 2016) as parking for both visitors and residents. Analysis presented in the first stage of 1 Camping analysis shows more people in the north-east of Borstahusen, so that is where we CAMPING AND BATHING AREA 2 Single houses are likely to find the most vehicles. In the southern part of the new development - accelerated charging station creates opportunity for attraction of Borstahusen, an older urban structure appears. The density of people is very 3 Mixed housing high, therefore it is appropriate to place standard charging stations there for the 4 Golf course residents. As a start, a few standard stations could be placed, but in time more 5 Urban recreation RESIDENTIAL AREA standard and accelerated stations could be added, in the same place or elsewhere, 6 Sport and school according to need. This option would cost approximately 190 000 SEK with all 7 Retirement home - standard charging stations for residents and people working in costs at the establishment phase (Haghanipour, 2015). the area

74 Proposal of charging [ stations placement Charging stations Number of potential customers d TYPE 0,011 - 50 51 - 100 d Accelerated 110 - 150 160 - 200 d Standard 210 - 250 Roads 260 - 300 Focus areas 310 - 350 Vision 360 - 400 2016 410 - 450 Bo rstahusen Coastline 460 - 500 Parking 510 - 550 Block of houses 560 - 600 Small businesses 610 - 650 660 - 700 710 - 750

B

o

r 760 - 800 d s t a

h 810 - 850 u

s e 860 - 900 n 910 - 950 960 - 1 000 1 100 - 1 100 d 1 200 - 1 100 1 200 - 1 100 d 1 200 - 1 200 Figure 35: The suitability of 1 300 - 1 200 charging stations placement according to selected criteria. The darker the color the more suitable the placement.

0 0,15 0,3 0,6 Kilometers 75 2 KARLSLUND KARLSLUND CHARGING STATION PROPOSAL

There is a variety of locations in Karlslund, such as housing, education facilities, SPORT FACILITIES sport facilities, park and infrastructure. At the same time the area is segregated and it is difficult to access the rest of the town. The Karlslund development seeks - accelerated charging station could attract people to the sport park to answer how the area can be tightened together and opened to the rest of the town and region. It will become an attractive place with sport fields that will be visited by people from the city and hopefully from the whole municipality. HIGH DENSITY OF PEOPLE

- standard charging stations in places where many potential customers live The new housing areas, both apartment buildings and single houses, will be - the private parking places with high density of people for standard charging developed together with mixed-use planning. A new road will lead through the area and bring flow and accessibility from the rest of town. Figure 36 shows the conceptual plan that is still a work in progress.

Figure 37 shows the possible placement of standard and accelerated charging

Järnväg stations in Karlslund area for future and current situation. Public parking is

Gröning one criterion for station placement, because of the method used and due to the preference for parking separated from residences. Other stations can be placed where the density of residents is high, because of the potential number of customers

Ridsport and the convenience of customers. P Entré- Park plats Cricket

Sporthall K a r l s l u n d s s k o g e n Accelerated stations by the sport facilities can create dynamic and modern image Park Friidro P K o p p a r ä n g e n Ʃ Tennis for the future and existing sport park. Standard stations can be added closer to Park “Elprogrammet” the residential area for use by residents with electric cars.

Ishall Gröning Gröning Park P

Skola Fotbollsstadion S i l v e r ä n g e n Stenorsvägen The development of electric charging in Karlslund area could attract more people

Hälsingborgsvägen P to live or found a business, and highlight the sustainability and attractiveness of Gröning

Gröning Karlslund. P

Ak Ɵ vitets- yta Puls arena Ny temalekplats Damm Plats P This alternative, with 3 accelerated and 7 standard charging stations would cost

Tillkommande byggnader approx. 380 000 SEK (Haghanipour, 2015). The distribution serves as an example, P i l ä n g e n Be ntliga och planerade byggnader

Ringvägen because it is not possible to say precisely how many stations are needed. Karlslundsområdet Plan 1:5000 UNDER ARBETE Utvecklingsplan för Karlslundsområdet Landskrona 2016-02-16 JAENECKE Jaenecke Arkitekter AB sid 5

Figure 36: Overview of Karlslund in progress (Jaenecke arkitekter, 2016) 76 Proposal of charging [ stations placement !¸ Gas station 210 - 250 Charging stations 260 - 300 TYPE 310 - 350 360 - 400 d Accelerated 410 - 450 460 - 500 d Standard 510 - 550 Roads 560 - 600 Focus areas 610 - 650 Vision 660 - 700 dd 2016 710 - 750 2050 760 - 800 d Coastline 810 - 850 Parking 860 - 900 Block of houses 910 - 950 Small businesses 960 - 1 000 Number of potential customers 1 100 - 1 100 0,011 - 50 1 200 - 1 100

d n 51 - 100 1 200 - 1 100 lu s d rl 110 - 150 1 200 - 1 200 d a K d 160 - 200 1 300 - 1 200

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0 0,25 0,5 1 Kilometers

77 !¸ JÖNSAPLAN CHARGING STATION PROPOSAL 3 THE CENTER RESIDENTIAL/SERVICES

ThePlacering municipality och strategier has plans vid etablering for the densificationav ny parkering of their town center,lösning such för attas to täcka upp för det- standard parkeringsbehov and accelerated som charging uppstår stations när can be developed together buildI samband a new med hotel förtätning opposite av the Landskrona town hall, centrum and kommerother apartment tre av housesbefintlig nearby. parkeringsmark exploateras. På centrala platser kombineras Developmentcentrums stora ofparkeringsplatser new parking attplaces bebyggas. is necessary, Vid behov but behöver some dessa old ones parkeringshuswill disappear. med bostäder och centrumfunktioner. En lämplig Inersättas. general, Möjliga as the ytor parking för etablering plan states,av eventuell the municipalityny parkering har is focusingtagits onlokalisering cars visiting av ett nytt parkeringshusHIGH är DENSITYsöder om AREAS järnvägen, mitt emot offram the inom businesses arbetsgruppen and not i dialog on residentialmed politiker or under work en placeworkshop. parking. FigureTeaterparken 38 shows samt på City Gross stora parkering. Lokaliseringen kopplas till dagens centrum samt till en framtida utbyggnad av centrum österut. current and planned parking places. Figure 39 shows suitable placement of - standard and accelerated charging stations can be developed together parkingParkeringshus houses. Both these maps point out the importance of parking planning inParkeringshus Landskrona. är Integrationeffektiva ur ettof ytperspektivelectric infrastructure och lämpar sigand väl its suitability after PARKING HOUSE densificationför samutnyttjande is shown mellan in olikaFigure typer 40. av parkering. Att anlägga ett nytt parkeringshus inom centrum skulle därför kunna vara en - standard and accelerated charging stations can be developped together

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r B s 1 g 8 1 9 n 1 2 5 i 1A g 2 A 2 ma n 4 3 A 2 ä 0 n 2 1 Ö 1 A A r 3 ste 1 g 5 1 5 d 1 3 1 r 3 2 1 D u 3 ga 2 B 8 g 9 2 t B 4 1 7 3 4 1 an å s 79 4 0 K 2 o 8 2 4 3 2 k 1 C 5 C g 5 1 R r n 3 8 5 9 85 B 0 8 2 S 4 a 5 y 2 a t 7 2 transportation. In Figure 40, the combination 1 N n lot 2 4 A de ts 1 4 2 K 9 y le 3 1 t a 9 g r g A 3 te

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4 n n a a A 4 0 9 4 1 at La r o 2 3 g g 2 A lls e 4 1 A he rlö 8 o t 3 7 c fs C n 1 6 2 Ö n v 2 S 2 6 s a B t r ä 1 0 e 4 g N 8 rg 4 1 T 5 1 4 7 5 a 2 4 ata 6 4 t 1 2 0 4 1 1 8 n 29 3 5 2 2 2 a 0 10 2 6 12 31 2 4 g 9 16 A 1 s 4 n B 4 5 1 1 35 A u a 8 No 9 2 4 1 9 4 r h t Rådhustorget 6 ra 8 B L 6 B 3 å 1 d n A n n 2 3 3 ng 1 3 a 4 g 7 a å a 4 e 3 65 a 1 8 ta t n t g 1 6 R B 7 a 7 B 2 d a 1 s 1 1 8 9 1 g 0 g 1 2 n 2 g A 7 1 s 2 0 3 k 6 2 1 2 ä Ö r n 2 1 s 1 g A r t 4 A 3 e a 1 r 5 ä of standard and accelerated charging stations u 3 ga 1 C g 6 7 2 t P 1 v 7 3 4 1 an 4 0 14 1 2 1 6 B 3 7 o 2 n K 2 n 2 1B 1 2 4 3 2 4 3 6 r k 1 a 1 0 A 1 A B r n 1 t 3 1 2 1 1 ä 8 5 9 5 1 1 8 9A1 8 2 a 1 0 9B 5 J 0 5 2 y 2 a 9 9 A 0 5 7 g 1 4 2 n 1 t N A e 3 2 4 y d 3 2 4 K le s 2 2 9 r A a 9 ga ste 2 2 7 Ö u 7 5 4 S 2 ta B 7 16 Nor 23 5 e a 2 n h B 3 ra l rg 8 L m 3 r 1 5 1 8 ån a A 4 0 9 d 2 2 gg La r o 2 C 2 n at g 2 3 a e a 1 3 8 3 n r 4 7 B e löf 8 o 3 6 3 s C 1 B v 2 St n 2 8 3 d äg 1 B A 9 3 N 4 a n B 2 5 1 7 8 A 6 4 5 t 1 ä 8 1 30 1 7 3 5 2 2 2 2 0 4 1 4 0 r 2 7 2 a 1 3 3 g 1 4 5 1 2 g 0 r 75 4 a 5 1 s D 15 9 40 r 8 k 1 Industrigata 4 5 ot 2 n A u tn 1 s seems useful, according to the results from in 7 2 i No 9 2 38 gga r h ta 2 F 3 4 ra 8 n 1 B L 1 d 6 B F n ån 1 n 32 9 2 3 gg 3 1 1 4 a å 7 a 36 9 E a 1 8 ta 2 2 t n t 1A 1 6 R 21B2 D a 1C a 1 1 2 g 0 g 7 1 0 k 6 2 1 2 s B a 3 7 r 1 dh 1 1 g usg 4 4 A at 1 a 5 an 9 2 1 C ä D 1 6 7 r 4 P 14 v 6 ottn 0 1 n 2 1 in 6 B 3 7 n 2 B n 8 g n 2 1 2 a ga 1 a 9 t 2 4 3 6A r t an a 1 1 0 t t 3 A 2 1 1 B ä a 2 5 1 1 1 8 9 a 31 1 0 A19 3 g 5 J a 1 B g 9 5 A 2 s 9 9 0 s g 1 4 g 2 1 t 1 A IDW analysis. There is an opportunity for fast 3 2 n 2B s 3 2 o 7 A 2 1 2 7 u P 2 L 4 u 7 5 4 räs 1 No 2 5 tg 4 7 6B rr 3 15 K ata h 3 a L S n 8 1 ö n 3 6 5 8 ång 2 dr d 2 C 2 g a a 2 L 2 2 n a Lå t 0 8A o 3 3 tan ng a 1 8 3 g a 2 8 k 5 7 6 B 3 e ata B o 5 4 n g B 8 d 25 r 8C m A 9 3 1 3 o 8 o n B 2 2 8 A 17 6 t 1 t 1 8 6 n i ä 7 n 1 v 8 30 0 1 8 S 4 7 e 4 r 2 7 D n g 6 1 a 1 d 1 1 t a 3 3 g 4 a le 1 6 C t r t 5 n 0 r a a 5 1 1 e G Jönsaplan a 7 4 t n a 5 g 3 a B s 2 a 15 9 t 1 B g 4 D Indus n 7 4 Ö k 1 trig A s 0 8 s r atan a 3 ottn 1 2 A 5 3 v 3 s m g 7 in 7 2 1 19 1 5 d 2 e i 0 l 1 g r 3 B l I1 8 g 2 a 1 1 1 r at 2 3 3 K 1 5 k a F 1 2 A å 1 4 u 1 1 s charging stations due to the high number of n L F 2 H H 11 3 A M C 1 2 g g 5 32 9 B T 1 0 2 C 1N a 1 D 1 4 d 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 9 1 O B 1 4 t E 1 8 a 6 132 platser 11 1 2 S ä 2 0 1 7 1 2 G 4 2 öd 5A r n A2 1 2 ra 1 3 1 1 L T B21 D 21 A 24 ång 5B C 5 4 26 ga 1 5 n B 2 ta 1F 1 1 8 n 4 1 e 30 2 0 323 4 1 d 1 43 0 A4 3 6 7 B4C 11 n Ba 31 4D E 1 d 1 2 1 10 3 ä A hu 4 A 6A 1D B r n O sga 1 1 0 G a n ta 1 6 1C 10 g t m 7 a n 9 2 B 1 A r 1 1 8 a t S 1B F 3 a D to 11 1 a J g n 6 ro ra S A 1 s ib ig ttn 2 tra 1 k 8 E d tr n in n s r u 3 B d 1 s n 8 g ga i å s a ga ta g 3 u 29 ta 1 n F D g t n 8 9 H n d 1 a ta G a n n 15 E t I a 2 17 8 C a 1 8 F B a a 6 n 1 visitors and people travelling close to the city. 9 8 31 1 t 2 7 1 n 3 g 1 8 3 e A B g a 2 s 9 3 3 8 37 g 4 d B 39 1 s 3 4 A 2 n C 14 7 t 1 g A s 8 D 34 5 1 2 5 ä 8 47 n B 5 C g 8 49 o 7 r 1 27 1 A n 416 u P g 18 9 L 4 räs u 202 S 2 tga 4 o 22 26 tor 2 4 a 15 K tan 5 5B K k 8 28 S t S r 303 ran 2 öd n 3 6 y 23 dg r n C 43 at a 2 L F 6 an L a 0 8 7 K 5 a 38 å t A o 2 t 4 4 4 ng 9 B D 0 4 g a 2 8 k 5 a a 2 at B r 4 3 E a o 5 3 g A C 4 n g d r 4 2 r 8 m 1 4 3 5 1 C 1 ö o D 7 8 t B 4 o o S 1 1 2 3 1 S 3 9 17 6 t t A C 1 1 Ö 6 n i 1 n 1 v 8 5 3 4 1 8 4 7 e L S n il 2 D g 6 la s a d S B 3 Standard chargers can serve people working 1 t r t t 4 a e a an 4 2 l d 1 r 6 C t g 9 5 r t a a a n a ta 2 1 1 e Ga n A 7 4 a t n g 3 a B s 2 4 2 K t 9 1 B g 4 2 a n 7 4A Ö s a s 1 3 5 3 j Havsörnen A v 3 g 3 1 19 m g 1 7 d e 3 0 l 1 5 2 3 a 2 l I1 B r r a 1 1 3 1K 5 k t 1 a 1 2 å 4 u 1 1L A s 23 H H 11 n A M C 1 2 g g 5 B T 11 0 C D N1 4 a 1 d 1 5 1 1 1 t 8 1 O B 18 4 a 1 11 1 20 S 1 ä 7 G ö 1 4 2 dr 5A r n 2 75 platser 2 a L 1 3 21 1A 24 ån 5B T Skeppsbron 4 2 gg 5 5 6 at n 6 11 1 n B 2 an e F 1 1 8 3 4 d 2 e 0 03 e 35 and living in the center, accelerated can boost 23 rl 4 1 d 1 43 e 37 A4B 3 6 t 4C 11 n s 4D E 1 10 Ö 2A 6 11 B 3 ä A n A D r O 7 1 1 0 G a n 6 1C 10 g t m 7 a 2 B 1 A r 1 1 8 a t n n S 1B F 3 ta e to 11 J g n a rga 1 a ä 2 g ra S A 1 s i ig a Tv ä b K t 1 2 tra 1 k 8 E d tr örs v n s r u o F 20 s B dg 1 å 3 s v ata i g s 3 u lg r 1 n F D g d a a 8 9 H n a t V 1 G 1 a n a n 5 E t I 17 8 C B a n a 6 n 19 8 F 1 t 7 8 1 n 21 A 8 3 a e 2 B 3 3 8 37 g 4 d B 39 1 3 41 A n C 4 7 4 the businesses with visitor parking. s 8 D 34 8 54 1 5 g ä 74 5 C r 1 8 9 A n 416 g 18 9 u 20 S V o 22 2 to 2 24 6 ra e 1 K 2 k 8 2 S 5 5B 8 t r 6 r 3 r 2 03 and k 2 0 y n 343 ga s C F 6 tan t 7 K 5 a 38 a 2 t 4 4 4 0 d 9 B D 42 a a E s r 4 3 g 3 g A C 1 d r 4 a 4 9 25 11 ö 3 D t o a t B 4 7 1 n 23 S 13 1 3 9 S A C M 2 15 1 Ö 4 1 a 1 Li 3 4 4 l 2 g la S B 3 s 9 t a r t an 4 2 d 1 r s g 9 5 0 a a ta 2 i n A 7 1 n n Planned parking houses shown in Figure 40 ta ga s Tvär 4 2 K ndra 9 g A 4 a a 6 2 1 1 t j 1 a 4 3 g 3 3 n 3 a t G a atan 6 ju n Tvärg t 8

2 1 Skeppsbron

n 6 create an opportunity for standard charging e ed 35 rl 7 Lämplig lokalisering av framtida parkeringshus i Landskrona centrum e 3 st Ö

7 2 n n rgata e ä 2 g a Tv ä K örst 1 v Förslag på lokalisering av parkeringshus o F 20 s l rv g a a V station placement. The position is out of city ta n

4

V e 1 Figure 39: Suitable placement of future parking houses in r 6 2 k 0 s core but accessibility to the center or industrial t a

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n 23 M Landskrona center (Bunke, 2016) 4 2 a 1 4 g 9 a

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3 n G atan 6 ju Förtätning av centrum. Befintliga parkeringsytorTvärg som försvinner. t This alternative would cost 1 020 000 SEK CentrumnäraFigure parkeringsytor, 38: Densifying 2015 in the center. Parking places will disappear (Haghanipour, 2015). Antal och reglering (Bunke, 2016) Parkeringsplan 23 78 [ Proposal for charging stations placement

Charging stations 210 - 250 TYPE 260 - 300 310 - 350 d Accelerated dd 360 - 400 410 - 450 d Fast 460 - 500 510 - 550 d Standard 560 - 600 Roads 610 - 650 dd Focus areas 660 - 700 Text Vision 710 - 750 e us 2016 760 - 800 n o a h l ng d p rki 2050 810 - 850 a a s P n Parking 860 - 900 ö J d dd Block of houses 910 - 950 Small businesses 960 - 1 000 Number of potential customers 1 100 - 1 100 0,011 - 50 1 200 - 1 100 51 - 100 1 200 - 1 100 n e g h 110 - 150 1 200 - 1 200 a n e p o 160 - 200 1 300 - 1 200 -C a n 300 m buffer ro sk d n La d Figure 40: The center’s suitability of charging stations placement according to selected criteria. The darker the colour the more suitable the placement.

0 0,125 0,25 0,5 Kilometers

79 WEIBULLSHOLM CHARGING STATION PROPOSAL 4 WEIBULLSHOLM RESIDENTIAL/OFFICES/SHOPPING Currently, there is existing activity and retail. Future land use, considering the region’s strategic location and simultaneous consideration of ongoing activities, - standard and accelerated charging stations can be developed together needs to be investigated. Weibullsholm, a former office building and catalog park, is included in the area. The park’s historical value should be taken into account. Restoration or new forms of urban farming would be interesting urban FAST FOOD/GAS STATION experiments. The park can be an important asset to the rail station, and eastern part of Landskrona city. - fast charging station covers accessibility within 300m of the whole Weibullsholm area

DIAGRAM 1 Kvartersstruktur As Figure 42 shows, 7 charging stations are proposed. Future plans for this area DIAGRAM 2 Ram av kontorsbebyggelse längs bullerutsatta stråk och annonslägen. focus on the business potential, because the location is close to the station area as

DIAGRAM 3 Blandstad. Bostadsbebyggelse längs de inre skyddade stråken. Delar av bostadsbebyggelsen dras fram mot gatan för att skapa variation i gaturummet. well as E6 highway. The mixture of residences and shops create a suitable option,

DIAGRAM 4 Högre bostadsbebyggelse 5-10 våning environment for all kinds of stations. Standard stations can be used during the Utsikt mot hav och landskap. Skapa visuell identitet utifrån. night for the residents and during the day for workers. Locating the stations within

DIAGRAM 5 Markbostäder med egen trädgård längs de inre stråken. Enfamiljsboende i kvalitativ urban miljö. 300 m walking distance to destinations assure maximum use of the stations. This

DIAGRAM 6 use dependent on actual demand for charging stations, according to how many Flytta, vrida och dra. Skapa bättre belysningsförhållanden samt skapa en intressantare och variationsrikare inre urban miljö. EVs frequent in the area.

DIAGRAM 7 Offentligt kontra byggt rum. Gårds- och gågator i gult.

A fast charging station is located by the nearest gas station, because of its proximity to the E6 highway. Services are within walking distance and create opportunities to spend the half hour charging, however one needs. Cars can reach this gas station in 3 minutes from the highway. There is another charging station proposed near another gas station provide 300 m accessibility coverage for the whole Weilbullsholm area. The number of fast chargers depend on demand and can be increased in future. It is also important to mention that there is already existing fast charging station by gas station in Glumslöv, creating possible competition between those 2 chargers. With the projected increase in use of electric cars, this should not be a problem.

This option combining 7 charging stations would cost cca 1 290 000 SEK (Haghanipour, 2015).

Figure 41: Overview of Weibullsholm in SITUATIONSPLAN ”VISION” A0 SKALA 1:1000 2016.04.13 progress (Tengbom arkitekter, 2016) Tengbom Arkitekter 80 Proposal of charging [ stations placement

!¸ Gas station Parking Charging stations Block of houses d TYPE Small businesses E a s d t s t Number of potential customers a d Accelerated t io n 0,011 - 100 a re d Fast a 110 - 200

d Standard 210 - 300 310 - 400 Roads 410 - 500 Focus areas 510 - 600 Vision 610 - 700 2016 710 - 800 2050 810 - 900 Industries dd 910 - 1 000 1 100 - 1 100 1 200 - 1 200 d 300 m buffer

Preem !¸ d OKQ8 Landskrona !¸ Figure 42: Weibullsholm’s suitability of charging stations olm placement according to selected criteria. The darker the ibullsh We colour the more suitable the placement.

St1 Landskrona Malmövägen !¸ Statoil d !¸ 0 0,125 0,25 0,5 Kilometers

81 KRONAN CHARGING STATION PROPOSAL 5 KRONAN FAST FOOD/GAS STATION Currently, the companies: Oatly facilities, Cestron and Stefan Pålsson AB are located in the area of Kronan. The detail plan, shown in Figure 43, shows the - fast charging station covers 300 m accessibility of the whole Kronan area scheduled expansion of these facilities. Other businesses are also planned to be built, especially fast-food services, motels or gas stations. WORKING PLACE/MOTEL

- standard chargers could be installed for people working or sleeping in the area

The approximate placement of charginig stations are presented in Figure 44. Standard charging stations are placed close to existing, and planned buildings. Dots represent future buildings and are shown as points due to the IDW analysis. Standard charging is provided for workers commuting by car to Kronan. This area is quite small and is outside of the town. Therefore workers or visitors are likely to take their cars. A motel is planned for visitors to Landskrona, so overnight charging for EVs is possible.

Fast charging stations can be placed by the proposed gas station. This gas station is located in proximity to the E6 highway, and can serve as an optimal point for motorists to charge their EV and use the services. This option with 2 stations would cost approximately 540 000 SEK (Haghanipour, 2015).

ANTAGEN AV BN 2015-01-27 LAGA KRAFT 2015-02-28 GENOMFÖRANDETID SLUTAR 2020-02-28

Figure 43: Overview of Kronan in progress (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, 2014)

82 [ Proposal for charging n Krona stations placement

!¸ Gas station Parking d Charging stations TYPE d Fast

d Standard

Roads d Focus areas Vision 2016 Industries

Figure 44: Kronan’s suitability of charging stations placement according to selected criteria. The darker the color the more suitable the placement. (own work)

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83 84 CONCLUSIONS OF THE ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION users. The 2016 vision was the most appropriate to develop, since the current The suitability maps in this case study, for the purpose of this thesis, create an situation is known and short term plans are ready to implement. The placement of understanding on how to plan charging stations on a large scale. The results are charging stations for other parts of the municipality can help to enhance sustainable dependent on the criteria, selected from previous studies in literature review and transportation and attract more businesses, residents and visitors. workshop discussions with stakeholders. Three types of charging stations can be placed in most suitable places within the municipality, according to the suitability maps. For standard charging stations the main areas are train stations due to high number of people commuting by train as shown in Figure 29 on page 65. The placement of charging stations can be interesting for commuters from outside of the main Placement of charging stations can help to fulfill goals set in the municipality’s town (farther 8 km) who could take their EV to the train station. For distances comprehensive plan. First, for the social part of the sustainability triangle, there lower than 8 km, it is possible to use bicycles or electric bicycles. Other possible is an advantage for urban construction process that can increase participation areas for standard charging implementation are in Karslund and the south of among residents. Charging infrastructure development provides opportunities for Borstahusen. The center also contains quite a few areas with a high number of good communication, a mixed urban structure and an attractive public room. The residents. mental and physical barriers of traffic can be eliminated to facilitate urban life.

Accelerated charging stations, shown in Figure 30 on page 67, are the most Secondly, sustainability’s environmental corner, apart form social and economic, variable and hard to predict. It is difficult to say how many people will visit shops says that the traffic system should be developed in a way that minimizes use and or attractions for (2 hour charging) duration. The map shows that it is interesting waste of resources. Strategic planning and the implementation of technologies that to place accelerated charging stations in the city center to enhance the dynamics of save energy and resources are favourable. That municipally produced electricity the visitors’ parking. Attractive places along the coast also provide good spots for and heat should be fossil-fuel free, is not directly dealt with in this thesis, but adds EV drivers that are going to a restaurant or for a swim in the sea. Smaller towns to the overall vision of a sustainable municipality. A building’s construction and such as Glumslöv or Häljarp are likely locations or accelerated station placement energy performance can be tight together with the charging stations in front of it. to enhance the dynamics of parking near shops, or for people visiting recreational or free time areas. In Asmundstorp, there is a small recreation area that could be Finally, a sound business strategy for charging stations needs to be developped. Such interesting for EV drivers to visit. a strategy could broadly stimulate business development in Landskrona by offering different types of attractive places for business. The goals encourage a diversified Fast charging stations, see Figure 31 on page 69, are bound to fast services, housing supply, for both housing types and tenure. EV charging infrastructure such as fast food restaurants or gas stations. With the help of network analysis supports this, and can provide an extra service; ti also supports the municipality’s and service area, a Preem gas staion closest to the E6 highway is identified as the desire to promote rural development for recreation and tourism. most suitable place for a fast charging station. The layer also includes information about the traffic density. Due to high number of cars it could be interesting in the SUITABILITY MAPPING future to have fast charging stations in the city center or along Hälsningborgvägen. The first stage developed a suitability map for the placement of different types Also Häljarp shows suitability due high levels of traffic. of charging stations in 2016. This method was used to better reflect the real context, but actual placement will be dependent on the stakeholders and customer demand. The map was developed according to approximate number of customers living, working, visiting or passing the area, because that represents possible EV 85 PLACEMENT A second stage, a workshop described in Table 12 on page 70, identified areas, HEADING FOR THE FUTURE that are currently focused on by the municipality and other stakeholders, mainly This study can be used for future visions and development o f the municipality. Landskronahem. 5 areas were chosen for deeper analysis, those who have detail Electric trolley busses and charging stations around the city can support the electric plans available and are more prepared for car planning. sustainable city of Landskrona in the future. The use of biogas, waste heat plant and sustainable electricity production (wind, solar) can can add to this image. Landskrona could be the fist fossil-free municipality in Sweden, even before the Detailed plans were digitized according to set criteria. Different areas of the city 2030 national goal. The Swedish government launched the project “Fossil Free were more or less appropriate for different types of charging stations. Borstahusen Sweden”, to encourage all kinds of actors towards a fossil-free future. (Government can accommodate a few standard charging stations for residents or campers, but offices of Sweden, 2016) also accelerated stations for visitors to the beach as shown in Figure 35 on page 75. The method of the thesis can be replicable to other municipalities and large scale planning for charging infrastructure placement. Every case study is specific, but Karlslund is densely populated area that is ready for development of standard adapting the method to site-specific planning can add the value and needs for charging stations, but accelerated ones may be added for visitors to the sport park each location. as shown in Figure 37 on page 77.

Central Landskrona see Figure 40 on page 79, provides space for accelerated charging stations that can dynamically respond to the business character of the area. New parking places and new buldings are planned. Residents can have spots for standard charging that can be used during the day by area employees, while they use them at night time for themselves. Strategic distribution of cars can be enhanced here, more charging spots could be in parking houses. Weibullsholm is a future mixed use area, focused on retail. Therefore it is suitable for accelerated and fast charging stations because they relate to amount of time the customers spend shopping. The plan includes some office areas and apartment buildings. These conditions are appropriate for standard charging stations to be used during the day for workers, during the night by residents. The plan is to have parking houses, so that spatial distribution would is more efficient. This area also covers the most interesting spot for a fast charger, the Preem gas station Preem, which lies within 3 minutes of the E6 and can attract travellers to Landskrona. The Weibullsholm proposal is shown in Figure 42 on page 81.

Kronan, in Figure 44 on page 83, is focused mainly on truck drivers, but its fast-food character can invite EV motorists from the E6 for fast charging. Working spaces, outside of the city, create an opportunity for standard charging stations. 86 87 88 CHAPTER 6 - REFLECTIONS AND THOUGHTS DISCUSSION

INTRODUCTION Limiting the number of cars in the center of the city will increase safety and improve Electric transport provides a significant reduction in carbon emissions, decreased public life. Landskrona is the city where people bike the most in Sweden, 34% of noise in the city, and, if electricity comes from renewable sources, harms the total trips, but what determines why people go by bike or car? If the city decreases environment as little as possible. There are other means of fossil-free motorized the number of parking spots, would people cycle more or would it increase anxiety transport, such as biogas-fueled vehicles or hydrogen cells, but electricity is leading and unwillingness to move to Landskrona? the industry and has many advantages. In the future there will be more innovations providing options of even more diversity, to meet the needs of all customers. All these innovations have disadvantages, for electric cars the main challenge is the Electric cars are an alternative for fossil-fuel free transport in the future, but the battery storage and the scope of the vehicle per full battery charge. Therefore paradigm of a car-dependent society remains. This is not as much seen in Sweden, electric urban transport can be foreseeable better in personal transport and electric but in other big cities such as Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, and Kuala Lumpur, where the freight trains, until the technology advances. traffic jams determine a city’s movement (Gertten, 2015). The goal is to switch the paradigm and engage people in local activities, where it would be convenient to use public transport and bikes. EVs can serve as a mediator for a start of a different Since the beginning of 20th century, society has been creating a car-dependent kind of thinking. Charging stations can be located outside of the city core to leave society. Personal vehicles have become a part of life for many people living in urban the center almost free of traffic. Some people cannot take bikes, public transport sprawls. Today, the trend of car use and car ownership in developed countries is or walk and need to take the car. It should be permitted to park next to important decreasing, but the car is still the primary means of transport in most places. The destinations, but pedestrian zones should be left almost vehicle free for the safe use of public transport, cycling and walking is rising in developed countries. In movement of high number of people. developing countries car ownership and use is predicted to rise even as public transport or cycling remain the primary means of transport here. EVs can be seen as a shift towards a sustainable future, and planning should be done in a way to Installing charging station can lead to discrimination against those who cannot, in not diminish other forms of transport. In developed countries EVs can be seen as short term, afford to buy an electric car. If parking places are reserved for electric a way to shift car planning to a more healthy and sustainable level, strategically vehicles, fossil-fuel vehicle owner would have nowhere to park. In the future providing space for cars, but prioritizing public transport, cycling and pedestrian electric vehicles will become cheaper and generally more affordable, but until then traffic. regular vehicles need to continue to be considered in parking plans.

Travel patterns, according to the survey in Landskrona, show a slight increase in The question of safety was discussed in Brown (2013) working with parts of the car use in 2013 compared to 2007. Landskrona, located strategically in the Skåne city where the crime rate is the lowest. This aspect could be also considered for region, has more people commuting out of the municipality than to it. To some Landskrona: strengthen security in problematic areas or place charging stations extent people are dependent on their cars due to inconvenient public transport inside a surveilled buildings or parking houses. Gentrification is a problem, when connections. It is important to plan for cars in Landskrona in different kinds of high-income families are separated from low-income families. Not everyone can areas, while at the same time improving the public transport connections. afford an EV, so mixed housing areas around the municipality should be planned in a way to not divide the society. Common spaces for all kinds of transport and There is a discussion as to whether it is even appropriate to plan a future of the city types of vehicles should be planned. for cars (Ljungberg, 2015). Firstly, the municipality should plan for pedestrians, cyclists, public transport and then for cars. S

89 STANDARD CHARGING STATIONS as the harbor in the coastal area, the castle, or the natural reserve near Glumslöv Standard charging stations provide charging/parking space for vehicles for 6-8 can provide facilities for semi-fast charging for visitors who run or walk the dog hours. According to the literature review, the location of the station is mainly in the area and then return home by car. Such a system could again attract visitors in residential areas, but also in work places. The car is parked 95% of it’s life, from neighbouring municipalities. therefore the parking place is important. In Landskrona people with no parking place are dependent on public or semi-public car parks. It is interesting to locate FAST CHARGING STATIONS the apartment buildings, to determine where a public charging station could be This type of station is traditionally used in fast-food areas or gas stations. The placed. Charging is needed during the night, which can help to balance electricity Preem gas station in Landskrona is closest to the E6 highway, so travellers on the use thoroughout the day. route could come to Landkrona for fast charging and refreshments. Currently, there is one fast charging station in Glumslöv. Another one in Landskrona can relieve It is hard to say who will actually buy an EV. It can be assumed that families with the anxiety of EV drivers to have more diversity in charging. Kronan creates an higher income will be the first ones to adapt and probably those owning 2 cars ideal place in the future for fast chargers as explained in Figure 44 on page 83. will change one to electric. The exact placement of charging stations is therefore Restaurants and gas station can attract travellers from the E6 route. The availability not possible to determine: that will depend on real demand. Educational platform of all charging stations should be shown online. Particularly for fast chargers, as for the demand could be launched, as the education of the public is important for the queue is undesirable, since it will increase the waiting time. The cost of a fast right acceptance of this relatively new technology. charging station is high, so the location has to be carefully planned. In the future there can be more of them in other gas stations close to the E6 highway to ensure that travellers have safe continuity on the road. In work places the situation is similar. Going to work by car is according to the new parking plan not preferred, but some work places such as industrial area provide THE METHOD AND LIMITATIONS space for parking and also have unfriendly environment for biking, walking and public transport. The question is if it will be like this in future or these areas will GIS is alluring interface for merging all the values and criteria together resulting be converted to more pedestrian and bike friendly environments. in maps of suitability. At first a buffer analysis was performed, using the parking- walking distances in Table 8 on page 53, but that did not provide significant results. The modelling of the existing context was imprecise. Raster IDW analysis ACCELERATED CHARGING STATIONS was introduced after consultation with Neil Sang. This method better reflected the Placement of semi-fast charging stations can be seen as the most strategic. 1-2 hour reality with broader scale of suitability for charging station placement. Nevertheless, charging can be located in areas, where people spend a similar amount of time, even this method is imperfect and the results are highly dependent on selected such as shopping areas, free-time places, sport halls, etc. Stations can be also placed criteria. The values for criterion were challenging to determine due to the lack of outside of the city in rural area to attract visitors for recreation. These stations spatial information and the large scale. The main criterion was number of potential would be used mainly during the day, creating dynamic environments for visitors. customers - people living, working or moving in the area. The data for people living During the night it could be used by the residents, or the station could go un. or in the area was clear, but people working, commuting, visiting and moving had to be estimated. These numbers therfore serve as a ratio of approximate number The most suitable locations, according to the map in Figure 30 on page 67, are of people, determining mainly the density of people in the area. The numbers were Weibullsholm and the center. Placing the stations there can attract more visitors for selected according to the population living in the area. the retail. In future, visitors from neighbouring municipalities that are more car dependent can be drawn towards shopping in Landskrona. Recreational places such Location-allocation network GIS analysis was also preferred at the beginning of the 90 process since Sadeghi-Barzani (2014) used this method with acceptable results. At infrastructure. The city will follow the lead of other countries such as Norway, the end it was not relevant for this scale and was hindered by the absence of future Denmark and the Netherlands. Electric infrastructure can be connected with road network data. In the third stage, the charging stations are placed according electric car pools, similar to what was done in Helsingborg. Car pool planning to the results from IDW and located on existing or future planned public parking requires a different study to be done, but its potential is significant and it has been spots. The results only propose one of the options of how to place stations of each implemented used in many other cities. A car pool can substitute up to 5 cars, kind. Real demployment will depend on the willingness of the stakeholders to and even more cars can be taken off the road in the future with the development support EVs, or the demand from people living in the area. of other means of transport.

During the workshop the focus areas were determined, as shown in Table 12 on page Electric vehicles are improving in technology becoming more recognized and 70. The chosen areas have a potentially high number of customers. Placement in accepted by the public. The strategic placement of charging infrastructure is other parts of the municipality could have been proposed, but these areas consist necessary, not only for the efficient use of electricity and space, but develop more mainly of single-family houses, therefore the need for public infrastructure is sustainable and healthy cities. not great. Areas outside of Landskrona city have high recreational potential, so accelerated charging stations could be placed on public parking lots, depending on the accessibility of electric grid. During the workshop, Landskrona’s goals were set, with one above all: to become an attractive place to live. It is recognized that the prioritization of clean transport in the area this can serve as attraction for people to move or visit. Landskrona could be seen as a modern municipality, adopting innovations, but still planning for other means of transportation such as public transport, cycling or pedestrians. It was discussed that there are already customers willing to have charging station in their home, so this pre-study of placement is highly appreciated. It was also determined that the actual placement of stations is determined by the demand.

This workshop was narrowed down the parameters for charging infrastructure according to the wishes of key stakeholders. It was valuable input to the work because helped the project to meet the needs of the stakeholders.

LANDSKRONA’S DEVELOPMENT Introduction of charging infrastructure into Landskrona can support the goal for fossil-free transport in Sweden and the EU. It is difficult to say which comes first, the EVs or charging infrastructure, but introducing charging infrastructure based on a mixture of research and demand could be efficient. It is almost assured that EVs will soon be on our roads in huge numbers, if only because there are so few other options to meet the goals for fossil-free transportation. Landskrona can be seen as an electric city, with trolley busses and charging 91 92 references

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