Øresund Trends 2012 1

Øresund Trends 2012

English www.tendensoresund.org 2 Øresund Trends 2012

Project Manager Translation into English Birgitte Steenstrup, [email protected] Katie Schwarck, [email protected]

Data collection, analysis and text For more information, visit Thomas Behrens The Swedish Employment Service www.tendensoresund.org Mai Lundemark Copenhagen Municipality, Interreg-projektet Job og Uddannelse Graphic design Gert Jørgensen Employment Region Copenhagen Mikael Forth & Zealand www.forth.dk Eivor Johansson Malmö Municipality Anders Axelsson Region Skåne Printing Christian Lindell Region Skåne CS-Grafisk A/S Christina Ripa Region Skåne Daniel Svärd Region Skåne Print run Lova Wigvall Region Skåne 500 Lene Wittek-Holmberg Wonderful Copenhagen Britt Andresen The Öresund Committee Peter Krygell The Öresund Committee

Editing and translation into Danish Marianne Worm Etcetera Communications www.etcetera.dk

Øresund Trends 2012 3

Contents

A region in development ...... 4 A coherent and diverse labour market ...... 56 Preface ...... 4 The labour market ...... 56 Commuting across Øresund ...... 62 Facts about the Øresund Region ...... 6 Geography ...... 6 Accessibility and mobility ...... 70 Map of the Øresund Region ...... 7 Migration ...... 70 Demographics ...... 8 Housing and construction ...... 78 House prices ...... 84 Knowledge and innovation ...... 12 Traffic across Øresund ...... 90 Economic development ...... 12 Copenhagen Airport ...... 94 Business structure ...... 16 Research and development ...... 28 About the analysis ...... 100. Education ...... 36 Dark figures ...... 100 About Ørestat ...... 101 Culture and Experience ...... 40 About Øresund Trends ...... 102 Culture ...... 40 Identity ...... 45 Contact list ...... 103 Tourism ...... 46 Health ...... 48 Welfare ...... 54 4 A region in development | Preface Øresund Trends 2012

A region in development

Preface words, the social gains from the Øresund Region (6 per cent) in the period 2000- The Øresund Region is home to 3.8 Bridge far exceed what it cost to build it. 2009 was lower than the average for the million people. Over the next 20 years, At the same time, Sweden saves 178 mil- EU27 area (13 per cent). The develop- the population is projected to grow by a lion euro per annum in unemployment ment is significantly lower than in both further 10 per cent. benefit because unemployed Swedes find the Helsinki Region (24 per cent) and work in Denmark. Stockholm County (30 per cent). The region is an important factor for both the Danish and Swedish national Like the rest of Europe, the Øresund However, gross regional product per economy since 27 per cent of their com- Region has been affected by the finan- employee during 2000-2009 was bined GDP is created in the Øresund cial crisis. The crisis has led to a halt to stronger in the Øresund Region (5.3 per Region. the increase in relocation, commuting cent) than the average for all regions in and traffic across the Øresund. In 2011, Europe (4.2 per cent). This is still lower Within an economic context, Øresund the number of daily commuters totalled than in Stockholm (19.2 per cent) and integration is an important element 18,000, slightly lower than in 2008, Helsinki (16.9 per cent) for the period on both sides of Øresund. In 2010, when commuting was at its highest level 2000-2009. This is a situation that needs Øresund commuters contributed 751 with almost 20,000 commuters across to be addressed if the Øresund Region million EUR in added value to the Øresund. In 2011, an average of 91,500 is to remain an important driver for the Danish economy. Since the opening of individuals crossed Øresund (by car, whole of Scandinavia. the Øresund Bridge in 2000 and as a re- coach, train and ferry) and 24,700 ve- sult of Øresund commuting, the Dan- hicles crossed Øresund every day. This The Øresund Region has considera- ish economy has received a substantial is an increase of 1 per cent in passenger ble potential, which could be exploit- financial injection totalling 4,4 billion numbers and a decrease of 2 per cent on ed better. 35 per cent of the population EUR – which in 2010 prices is equiv- the year in the number of vehicles. has a higher education, which is above alent to 1.3 Øresund Bridges. In other Economic growth in the Øresund the national level in both Denmark A region in development | Preface Øresund Trends 2012 5

and Sweden. In total, approximately cation across Øresund within the areas 150,000 students study at the region's 11 of culture, the labour market, knowl- universities and higher educational in- edge and innovation as well as traf- stitutions. fic and infrastucture. Øresund Trends monitors and analyses this integration The percentage of gross regional prod- and we hope you will find the analysis uct spent on research and development interesting. in the Øresund Region is among the highest (4.9 per cent) in Europe. At the same time, 43 per cent of industry’s total investment in research and development for the whole of Denmark and Sweden is placed in the region. Nevertheless, all signs are that it is not easy to turn these investments into innovation and commercial products, which is a general problem in Denmark and Sweden.

12 years after the opening of the Øresund Bridge, it is gratifying to note that a common Øresund regional identity among the citizens of the region is growing. But identity and integration assume increased and mutual communi- 6 Facts about the Øresund Region | Geography Øresund Trends 2012

Facts about the Øresund Region

Geography side. Measured in square metres, Scania Administratively, the Øresund Region is the largest, but about two-thirds of the consists of the 33 municipalities that Geographically, the Øresund Region 3.8 million inhabitants in the Øresund make up the Scania region on the Swed- consists of Zealand, Lolland, Falster, Region live on the Danish side, which ish side, while on the Danish side there Møn and Bornholm on the Danish has 2.5 million inhabitants while there are the 46 municipalities that make up side and Scania on the Swedish side of are 1.3 million on the Swedish side. the Capital Region and Region Zea- Øresund – hence the name. Adminis- land. tratively, it consists of three regions: the The Øresund Region includes the capi- Capital Region of Denmark and Region tal of Denmark, Copenhagen, and Swe- Zealand on the Danish side and Scania den's third largest city, Malmö. Copen- Population figures in the Øresund on the Swedish side. hagen-Malmö is the largest urban area Region’s six largest municipalities (mid-2012) in Scandinavia. The Øresund Region’s Danish and Swed- Copenhagen 552,000 ish sides are connected in the south by the The average population density is 179 Frederiksberg 101,000 16 km long Øresund Bridge between Co- inhabitants per square kilometre: high- Roskilde 83,000 penhagen and Malmö, which opened in est on the Danish side with 258 inhabit- Malmö 305,000 2000, and in the north, by the ferry link ants per square kilometre and lowest on Helsingborg 131,000 between Elsinore and Helsingborg. the Swedish side with 110 inhabitants Lund 112,000 per square kilometre. There is signifi- Source: Statistics Denmark and The Øresund Region covers a total area cant geographic variation: from dense Statistics Sweden. of 21,203 square kilometres – equiva- metropolitan areas such as Copenhagen lent to half the entire area of Denmark and Malmö to the relatively sparsely – with 9,834 square kilometres on the populated rural municipalities of Lol- Danish side and 11,369 on the Swedish land and in eastern Scania. Osby Facts about the Øresund Region | Geography Øresund Trends 2012 7 Båstad

Örkelljunga Östra Ängelhom Göinge Höganäs Hässle- Perstorp holm Bro- mölla Åstorp Klippan Helsing- Gribskov borg Bjuv Helsingør Kristianstad Frederiks- Svalöv Höör værk- Hundested Fredens- Hillerødborg Scania Lands- Hørsholm krona Hörby Allerød Eslöv Odsherred Frederikssund Rudersdal Furesø Kävlinge Capital Region Egedal Lomma Lund Høje- Sjöbo Kalund- Holbæk Lejre Taastrup Burlöv Staffans- Roskilde torp borg Tomelilla Greve Malmö Simrishamn Region Zealand Svedala Solrød Sorø Skurup Ystad Ring- Køge Vellinge sted Trelle- borg Slagelse Stevns Faxe Næstved Capital Region

Lyngby-Taarbæk Born- holm Glad- Gentofte saxe Vording- Her- borg Ballerup lev Rød- ovre Frederiks- Albertslund Glos- berg trup Copenhagen Brønd- by Hvid- Val- ovre Lolland Ishøj lens- Guldborg- Tårnby sund bæk Dragør 8 Facts about the Øresund Region | Demographics Øresund Trends 2012

Demographics somewhat for the rest of the 20-year fore- In Scania, the population is expected to cast period. grow by 175,000. On the Danish side, the Population growth Capital Region is expected to grow by The proportion of the elderly (65+) is 235,000, while Region Zealand will ex- growing faster in the Danish part of the Population density perience a decline in population of about Øresund Region than in the Swedish 21,000 during the period – this fall is ex- part, while the proportion of the 20 to pected to decelerate towards the end of 64 year age group is expected to grow the forecast period. Overall, growth in the faster in the Swedish part than in the Danish part will be almost 214,000 inhab- Danish part. itants over the next 20 years.

The dependency ratio on both sides of The working age group (20–64 years) the sound is expected to increase by 14 is expected to increase by 87,000 in the to 16 per cent towards the turn of 2031– Number of inhabitants Capital Region and by 58,000 in Scania. 2032 in relation to 2012. within a 2.5 km radius Region Zealand will in turn experience 50,000 - 315,000 a decrease in this group of about 60,000 Development 20,000 - 50,000 inhabitants towards the turn of the year 10,000 - 20,000 The Øresund Region has around 5,000 - 10,000 2031/2032. 3,785,000 inhabitants, of which two thirds 2,000 - 5,000 live in the Danish part. This figure is ex- 1,000 - 2,000 More children and the elderly 500 - 1,000 The population's age composition in the pected to grow by 390,000 – about 10 per 200 - 500 cent – towards the beginning of 2030. The 0 - 200 Øresund Region is generally expected growth is expected to be highest in the Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden. to undergo major changes over the 20- next few years, after which it will decrease Map: Region Scania. year period. Facts about the Øresund Region | Demographics Øresund Trends 2012 9

Above all, the number of elderly (over Population trends 65s) is expected to rise significantly. Number of Average annual change This is partly due to the fact that in the inhabitants post-war era many children were born at the turn Five-year Øresund Øresund in the 1940s and that these generations Year of the year period Total Region DK Region SE 2001/2002 3,554,455 are now heading into retirement. The 2006/2007 3,637,272 2002–2006 15,553 7,545 8,008 higher proportion of elderly people is 2011/2012 3,785,429 2007–2011 31,538 16,765 14,773 also due to the fact that we are living Forecast 2016/2017 3,900,680 2012–2016 23,082 12,539 10,544 longer on the whole. 2021/2022 4,002,106 2017–2021 21,121 10,364 10,757 2026/2027 4,093,149 2022–2026 18,365 10,671 7,694 It is also expected that there will be 2031/2032 4,175,572 2027–2031 16,945 10,078 6,867 Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. The material has been processed by Region Scania. Development in the population’s age composition Number 35,000 Capital Region 2011/2012 30,000 Forecast Capital Region 2031/2032 25,000 20,000 Scania 2011/2012 15,000 Forecast Scania 2031/2032 10,000 5,000 Region Zealand 2011/2012 0 Forecast Region Zealand2031/2032 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. The material has been processed by Region Scania.

5.0 Books, newspapers and magazines 4.5 Film, video, TV, radio and press 4.0 3.5 Architectural business 3.0 2.5 Design, photography and translation 2.0 Theatre, concerts, artistic creation 1.5 1.0 Libraries and archives 0.5 Museums and cultural 0.0 heritage collections

Scania Capital Region Sweden Denmark Region Zealand StockholmCounty

Million vehicles Million individuals 10 40 9 35 8 30 7 6 25 5 20 4 15 3 10 2 1 5 0 0 -90 -91 -92 -93 -94 -95 -96 -97 -98 -99 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 -11 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 -11 Øresund Bridge Ferries Copenhagen-Malmö Ferries Elsinore-Helsingborg Car Train Ferries Hydrofoil

Per cent 100 90 80 Holiday 70 Mini-break 60 50 Leisure 40 30 Business 20 Commuting to place of study 10 0 Commuting to place of work Car Landing Car Train Total HH Ferries The Øresund Bridge

an increasing number of children and under pressure because there will be few- working age, Scanians supported three young people, especially in the Capital er people of working age to support the people more than the Danes. Region and Scania. This is due in large overall dependency requirement, and part to increased migration – both from more will demand public services. By the turn of the year 2031–2032, it peripheral areas in both countries and is expected that these figures will have immigration from other countries – and The dependency ratio is defined as the increased to 0.79 (the Danish part) and that an increasing number are reaching burden of every person of working age 0.81 (the Swedish part). This will mean childbearing age. (20–64) to provide beyond themselves. an increase in the dependency ratio of This ratio focuses purely on age, and not about 16 per cent in the Danish part and Consequences for the economy whether people of working age are in 14 per cent in the Swedish part. The gap The dependency ratio in the Øresund work or not. between the two parts of the Øresund Region is expected to increase signif- Region will then be narrowed down to icantly due to increasing population In the Danish part of the Øresund a difference of about 2 per cent. growth, especially in the non-active age Region, the dependency ratio in 2012 groups, 0–19–year-olds and over 65s, was 0.68 persons, while in the Swedish If you look at the breakdown of the which are growing faster than those aged part it was marginally higher, at 0.71. dependency ratio between the two 20–64. This means that for every 100 people of regions in the Danish part of the Øresund Development in dependency ratio (2012–2032) The population’s changing age composi- Geography 2011/2012 2012/2022 2031/2032 tion will present challenges for the wel- Øresund Region DK 0.68 0.71 0.79 fare state as we know it, particularly in Øresund Region SE 0.71 0.77 0.81 relation to child care, schools, care of the Capital Region 0.64 0.65 0.72 Region Zealand 0.77 0.86 0.98 elderly and demand for different types Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. of housing. All types of care will come The material has been processed by Region Scania. Facts about the Øresund Region | Demographics Øresund Trends 2012 11

Region, the difference between the two Declining net migration Population development (2012–2021) is significantly higher than the differ- Population growth in the Øresund ence between the Danish and Swedish Region is expected to consist of new- parts. In 2012, the dependency ratio in borns and incomers. The number of the Capital Region was 0.64 while in births per year is greater than the num- Region Zealand it was 0.77 – a differ- ber of deaths per year in both Scania and ence of 0.13. At the turn of 2031–2032, the Capital Region. At the end of the the Capital Region's dependency ratio is 20-year forecast period, the number of expected to be 0.72, and Region Zealand deaths is expected to increase further Percentage will have a dependency ratio of 0.98 – due to more and more retirees reaching change these are significant increases of 27 per an age at which the numbers begin nat- 2011- 2021 cent for Region Zealand and 13 per cent urally to thin out because of old age. 13 – 23 7 – 13 for the Capital Region, compared to 4 – 7 2012. It is difficult to assess future movements, 0 – 4 but net influx (the number of immi- -5 – 0 -10 – -5 Although the dependency ratio is rising grants less the number of emigrants) is Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and across the Øresund Region, the increase expected to decline on both the Danish Region Scania. The material has been processed will be significantly greater in Region side and Swedish side of Øresund. by Region Scania. Zealand and Scania in comparison with the Capital Region. Scania and Region Zea- Statistics Denmark has prepared fore- to municipal level, and figures should land will, at the turn of 2031–2032, have a casts for the Danish part of the Øresund be taken with a pinch of salt. Population dependency ratio of 0.81 and 0.98 respec- Region and Region Scania for the growth is expected to be highest in the tively, while the Capital Region is expect- Swedish part. Inaccuracy in the forecasts largest municipalities and their neigh- ed to have a dependency ratio of 0.72. is greater when they are broken down bouring communities. 12 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Economic development Øresund Trends 2012

KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION

Economic development period: Helsinki had a GRP growth of and Helsinki had higher growth than the 24 per cent and Stockholm 30 per cent. Capital Region and Region Zealand in Gross regional product from a Unfortunately, there is a lack of GRP 2010 and 2011. Since 2009, growth in European perspective data for the period after 2009 due to a Sweden and Finland has been higher than At national level, gross domestic product backlog in regional economic statistics. in Denmark. (GDP) is a measure of a country's total Eurostat data on the trend for GDP in- productive effort per year and is meas- dicate, however, that Scania, Stockholm One explanation for the higher growth in ured as the value of total output of goods and services less the value of the raw ma- Development in GRP and GRP per employee in EU27 terials and consumables. At regional lev- and the Øresund Region (2000–2009) el, the gross regional product (GRP) is a Index: 2000=100 120 measure of a region's economic development. The figure is calculated in the same 115 way as GDP but at regional level. 110

During the period 2000–2009, economic 105 growth in the Øresund Region was low- 100 er than the average for the EU27 area: 95 respectively 6.1 per cent in the Øresund 90 Region and 12.8 per cent in the EU27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 countries. Also, in comparison with the Helsinki Region and Stockholm Coun- EU27 GRP EU27 GRP/employee ty, the Øresund Region has had even Øresund Region GRP Øresund Region GRP/employee weaker economic growth over the same Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. Calculations by Region Scania.

130 125 120 115 Øresund Region SE (Scania) 110 Capital Region 105 Øresund Region DK 100 95 Region Zealand 90 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Economic development Øresund Trends 2012 13

GRP in the Øresund Region compared to EU27 (2000–2009) in EUR million (2000 prices) 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth 2000–09 EU-27 9,202,611 9,527,334 9,911,896 10,433,529 10,788,269 10,842,210 10,375,995 12.8% Øresund Region DK 81,819 81,648 83,896 88,516 90,311 90,002 84,597 3.4% Capital Region 63,233 62,783 64,617 68,615 70,330 70,541 66,732 5.5% Region Zealand 18,586 18,865 19,279 19,901 19,981 19,461 17,866 -3.9% Øresund Region SE 31,012 32,102 33,461 36,050 38,718 36,820 35,163 13.4% Øresund Region 112,831 113,750 117,357 124,566 129,028 126,823 119,761 6.1% Denmark 173,598 175,337 178,679 188,073 192,022 192,022 182,229 5.0% Sweden 268,253 278,534 296,908 319,584 330,130 328,150 311,742 16.2% Stockholm 76,135 78,886 84,730 92,705 97,618 98,106 98,597 29.5% Helsinki 75,668 78,565 82,025 88,029 93,486 93,860 93,860 24.0% Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. Calculations by Region Scania.

the Swedish part of the Øresund Region, regional level – instead it can be useful to and Helsinki 17 per cent. compared to the Danish part, is that the measure the value added per employee. population in the former grew by 9 per In the Øresund Region, growth in la- Within the Øresund Region, the Cap- cent over the period 2000–2009, while bour productivity during the period ital Region experienced stronger pro- in the Danish part it grew by 4 per cent. 2000–2009 was marginally better than ductivity growth than Scania during the A growing population requires a greater the average for the EU27 countries: 5.3 2000–2009 period. Region Zealand was supply of goods and services, which con- per cent in the Øresund Region and 4.2 hit hard by the financial crisis in 2008 tributes to increased GRP. per cent in the EU27. In comparison with and has both a negative GRP growth in Stockholm County and the Helsinki general and a negative GRP growth per Productivity Region, the development in the Øresund employee. In the Swedish part, the total Productivity is usually measured as in- Region was significantly weaker over the GRP growth per employee has been 5 creased output per hour worked. How- same period: Stockholm County had a per cent compared with 6 per cent in the ever, it is not possible to measure this at GRP growth of 19 per cent per employee Danish sector. Index: 2000=100 120

115

110

105

100

90 14 KNOW2000LEDGE 2001 AN2002D INNOV2003 A2004TION 2005 | E cono2006 m2007ic de2008v el2009opme nt Øresund Trends 2012 EU27 GRP EU27 GRP/employee Øresund Region GRP Øresund Region GRP/employee

GRP development in the Øresund Region (2000–2009) Economic growth 130 in the Øresund Region 125 It is too early to talk about the Øresund Region as a functionally integrated eco- 120 nomic entity. The region has the poten- 115 Øresund Region SE (Scania) tial to become an important economic 110 centre eventually, provided that the Capital Region 105 economies on each side of the sound be- Øresund Region DK 100 come linked more closely. 95 Region Zealand One measure of the Øresund Region's 90 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 economic potential is that it accounts Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. Calculations by Region Scania. for about 27 per cent of Denmark and GRP per employee in the Øresund Region compared to EU27 (2000–2009) in EUR (2000 prices) 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth 2000–09 EU-27 45,579 46,583 47,863 48,592 49,113 48,790 47,516 4.2% Øresund Region DK 65,517 66,209 68,546 69,658 70,359 71,448 69,271 5.7% Capital Region 68,873 69,403 72,161 73,976 74,938 76,131 74,021 7.5% Region Zealand 56,200 57,416 58,690 57,989 57,905 58,423 55,878 -0.6% Øresund Region SE 64,261 65,008 67,106 69,311 72,290 68,606 67,161 4.5% Øresund Region 65,167 65,866 68,129 69,557 70,927 70,599 68,638 5.3% Denmark 63,540 64,859 66,753 67,480 68,043 69,986 69,118 8.8% Sweden 66,024 67,162 71,148 74,480 75,010 74,283 72,649 10.0% Stockholm 79,274 80,993 87,712 92,698 94,286 93,057 94,498 19.2% Helsinki 61,614 62,586 65,963 68,329 71,249 70,150 72,045 16.9% Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Region Scania. Calculations by Region Scania. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Economic development Øresund Trends 2012 15

Sweden's total GDP. In 2009, the Danish part of the Øresund Region accounted for 49 per cent of Denmark’s total GDP. The Capital Region alone accounted for 38 per cent and Region Zealand for 11 per cent. The Swedish part of the Øresund Region accounted for 11 per cent of Sweden's total GDP, which has remained unchanged since 2000.

The Danish part of the Øresund Region accounts for two-thirds of the Øresund Region's total GRP. GRP growth has been higher in Scania than in the Dan- ish part of the Øresund Region, partly due to the fact that the financial crisis hit Denmark harder than Sweden. While Scania’s GRP increased by 13 per cent during the period, the corre- sponding increase in the Danish part of the Øresund Region was just 3 per cent. 16 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012

Business Structure falling in all three parts of the Øresund intensive production, the OECD has Region, the Capital Region is experi- identified a number of sectors of particu- As with the rest of the Western world, encing the biggest drop. lar interest under the classification 'high- the Øresund Region is undergoing tech'. structural changes: the proportion of On the other hand, the Capital Region persons employed in the private service has a high proportion of employees – 52 The high-tech classification includes in- sector is increasing, while the propor- per cent – in the private service sector. dustries with high-tech service and goods tion of persons employed in production In Region Zealand and Scania, the pri- production; for example, specialisation in and agriculture is decreasing. vate service sector accounts for 43 and the production of pharmaceuticals, com- 44 per cent of total employment. The munications and aircraft and, in the ser- Because of a break in the statistics in most prominent sectors in all three vice sector, research and development as 2007, it is not possible to set out the regions are business services, transport well as IT and telecommunications. It is region's long-term structural chang- along with wholesale and retail trading. slightly misleading to call some of these es, but it is certain that there are major industries ‘high-tech’, since it is more structural differences between individu- The high-tech sector in Europe about knowledge industries, which are al areas in the region. Globalisation means that the 'old' econ- both value-creating in themselves while omies are facing increased competition also providing services that strengthen In 2010, approximately 11 per cent of from countries with lower costs and to the business community. However, since the total employment in the Capital counter the increased competition, it is the high-tech concept is standard in the Region was engaged in manufacturing, necessary to think along new lines. One OECD, we will also use this term in this including the construction industry. By strategy could be to compete better on report. A high proportion of employment comparison, the figures for Region Zea- knowledge rather than price for goods in the high-tech sector is considered to be land and Scania were 18 and 20 per cent and services. In order to analyse which an important competitive parameter to respectively. Although manufacturing is countries/regions have knowledge- achieve the EU 2020 targets. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012 17

Number of employed (daytime population) per industry in per cent (2010) Industry Scania Capital Region Denmark + Sweden, excluding Region Zealand the Øresund Region Agriculture, forestry and fishery 2.0 0.4 2.7 2.3 Raw material extraction 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Food, drink and tobacco industries 2.3 0.8 2.0 1.6 Textile and leather industries 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Timber and paper industry, printing 1.4 0.3 0.6 1.7 Oil refineries etc . 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Chemical industry 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.4 Pharmaceutical industry 0.4 1.5 1.1 0.2 Plastic, glass and concrete industry 1.3 0.4 1.1 0.9 Metal industry 1.4 0.5 1.0 2.4 Electronics industry 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.8 Electrical equipment production 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.6 Machinery industry 1.5 0.7 1.4 2.0 Transport industry 0.5 0.0 0.1 1.6 Furniture and related industry 1.3 0.5 0.9 1.2 Energy supply 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 Water supply and renovation 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 Building and construction 7.1 4.2 7.5 6.5 Commerce 13.9 14.2 16.2 13.3 Transport 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.9 Hotels and restaurants 3.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 Information and communication 3.3 6.2 2.9 3.5 Financing and insurance 1.4 4.5 3.0 2.1 Property and rental services 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.5 Advertising, consultancy and other business services 5.4 6.6 3.7 4.8 Research and development 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.4 Travel agencies, cleaning and other operational services 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.9 Public administration, defence and politics 4.7 6.7 5.7 5.4 Teaching 10.9 8.1 7.6 9.9 Health and social services 16.4 18.4 19.7 17.0 Culture and leisure 1.9 2.3 1.4 1.8 Other support services 2.4 3.9 3.4 2.6 Unknown activity 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of employed 537,594 842,781 387,153 5,311,727 Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden 18 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012

In terms of high and medium high- The high-tech service sector in the 20 leading European regions tech industrial production, the Øresund grouped per number of employed (2011) Region has no prominence in compar- Ranking Country Region Percentage Number of 1 of employed employees ison with other Nuts2 regions in the 1 France Île de France 6.6 344,000 EU15. High and medium high-tech in- 2 Spain Comunidad de Madrid 6.7 189,000 3 United Kingdom Outer London 5.7 130,000 dustrial production is concentrated in 4 Italy Lombardy 3.0 129,000 south-western Germany and northern 5 Italy Lazio (NUTS 2006) 5.5 124,000 6 Germany Oberbayern 5.4 123,000 Italy together with the Czech Repub- 7 United Kingdom Berkshire, Buckinghamshire 9.0 117,000 lic, Slovakia and Hungary. The Øresund and Oxfordshire 8 United Kingdom Inner London 6.6 102,000 Region, together with Oslo, Stockholm 9 Poland Mazowieckie 4.0 100,000 and Helsinki has a strong position in 10 Denmark/Sweden Øresund Region 5.0 96,000 11 Spain Cataluña 2.9 88,000 high-tech services, including postal and 12 Sweden Stockholm 7.8 86,000 telecommunications, data processing and 13 Germany Cologne 4.2 83,000 14 Germany Berlin 4.6 74,000 research and development. If you look at 15 France Rhône-Alpes 2.8 73,000 the absolute number of jobs in the high- 16 Germany Düsseldorf 3.0 72,000 17 Finland Etelä-Suomi (NUTS 2006) 5.4 71,000 tech sector, the Øresund Region occu- 18 Germany Stuttgart 3.3 66,000 pies tenth place among the 232 regions 19 Ireland Southern and Eastern 4.7 63,000 20 Netherlands Zuid-Holland 3.5 61,000 included in the statistics. 21 Germany Darmstadt 3.1 60,000 22 Germany Karlsruhe 4.4 58,000 23 United Kingdom Surrey, East and West Sussex 4.6 57,000 1Nuts2 is EU's regional subdivision and comprises 24 Hungary Közép-Magyarország 4.4 55,000 a total of 319 regions – the majority of Eurostat's 25 Denmark Metropolis 6.3 54,000 regional statistics are reported at Nuts2 level. Not all Source: Eurostat. The material has been processed by Region Scania. the regions are included in the statistics. In this report we have worked with a benchmark of approximately 150 European regions. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012 19

The high-tech service sector in the 20 leading European regions The high-tech service sector in the 20 leading European regions grouped according to the percentage of employed grouped per number of employed (2011) within high-tech services of the total number of employed (2011) Ranking Country Region Percentage Number of Ranking Country Region Percentage of total Number of Degree of of employed employees employed employed specialisation 1 France Île de France 6.6 344,000 1 United Kingdom Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire 9.0 117,000 3.3 2 Spain Comunidad de Madrid 6.7 189,000 2 The Czech Republic Praha 8.1 52,000 2.9 3 United Kingdom Outer London 5.7 130,000 3 Sweden Stockholm 7.8 86,000 2.8 4 Italy Lombardy 3.0 129,000 4 Slovakia Bratislavský kraj 7.3 24,000 2.6 5 Italy Lazio (NUTS 2006) 5.5 124,000 5 Spain Comunidad de Madrid 6.7 189,000 2.4 6 Germany Oberbayern 5.4 123,000 6 Norway Oslo and Akershus 6.7 42,000 2.4 7 United Kingdom Berkshire, Buckinghamshire 9.0 117,000 7 France Île de France 6.6 344,000 2.4 and Oxfordshire 8 United Kingdom Inner London 6.6 102,000 2.4 8 United Kingdom Inner London 6.6 102,000 9 Denmark Metropolis 6.3 54,000 2.3 9 Poland Mazowieckie 4.0 100,000 10 Belgium Prov. Brabant Wallon 5.8 9,000 2.1 10 Denmark/Sweden Øresund Region 5.0 96,000 11 United Kingdom Outer London 5.7 130,000 2.1 11 Spain Cataluña 2.9 88,000 12 Italy Lazio (NUTS 2006) 5.5 124,000 2.0 12 Sweden Stockholm 7.8 86,000 13 Germany Oberbayern 5.4 123,000 2.0 13 Germany Cologne 4.2 83,000 14 France Etelä-Suomi (NUTS 2006) 5.4 71,000 2.0 14 Germany Berlin 4.6 74,000 15 Belgium Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest 5.4 22,000 2.0 15 France Rhône-Alpes 2.8 73,000 16 Austria Vienna 5.3 42,000 1.9 16 Germany Düsseldorf 3.0 72,000 17 Belgium Prov. Vlaams-Brabant 5.3 26,000 1.9 17 Finland Etelä-Suomi (NUTS 2006) 5.4 71,000 18 Netherlands Utrecht 5.0 32,000 1.8 18 Germany Stuttgart 3.3 66,000 19 Denmark/Sweden Øresund Region 5.0 96,000 1.8 19 Ireland Southern and Eastern 4.7 63,000 20 Slovenia Zahodna Slovenija 4.9 22,000 1.8 20 Netherlands Zuid-Holland 3.5 61,000 21 Sweden Southern Sweden 4.8 32,000 1.7 21 Germany Darmstadt 3.1 60,000 22 Ireland Southern and Eastern 4.7 63,000 1.7 22 Germany Karlsruhe 4.4 58,000 23 Switzerland Zürich 4.7 37,000 1.7 23 United Kingdom Surrey, East and West Sussex 4.6 57,000 24 Holland Flevoland 4.7 10,000 1.7 24 Hungary Közép-Magyarország 4.4 55,000 25 Iceland Iceland 4.7 8,000 1.7 25 Denmark Metropolis 6.3 54,000 Source: Eurostat. The material has been processed by Region Scania. Source: Eurostat. The material has been processed by Region Scania. 20 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012

Employment within high-tech divided according sector (2010) Øresund Capital Region Southwestern Rest of Stockholm Region Region Zealand Scania Scania FA2 High-tech production Pharmaceutical basic products 3.51 4.66 0.55 4.72 1.73 0.19 Pharmaceuticals 2.45 3.42 2.26 0.97 0.82 1.59 Electronic components and printed circuits 0.84 0.41 1.12 2.34 0.26 1.07 Computers and computer accessories 0.74 1.35 0.04 0.22 0.00 1.39 Communication equipment 0.17 0.22 0.13 0.13 0.13 2.84 Electronics 0.14 0.15 0.29 0.08 0.00 0.19 Measuring, testing and navigation instruments and 1.01 1.46 0.35 0.23 1.12 1.30 apparatus X-ray equipment and electro-medical and electro- 2.73 4.94 0.87 0.10 0.04 0.22 therapeutic equipment Optical instruments and photo equipment 1.78 2.75 0.10 2.07 0.00 0.92 Magnetic and optical media 2.01 3.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43 Aircraft, spacecraft etc. 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.10 0.08 High-tech service production Film, video and TV company 1.35 2.23 0.30 0.69 0.25 2.43 Audio and music reproduction 1.06 1.63 0.18 0.77 0.45 2.57 Radio transmission 0.43 0.34 0.39 0.84 0.34 2.33 Planning and transmission of TV programmes 1.95 3.50 0.22 0.64 0.00 1.54 Telecommunications, landline 1.01 1.52 0.33 0.92 0.10 1.38 Cordless telecommunication 1.19 2.10 0.06 0.55 0.05 2.38 Telecommunication, satellite 0.85 1.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.63 Other telecommunication 1.39 2.15 0.23 1.00 0.56 1.07 Data programming, data consultancy company etc. 1.18 1.65 0.31 1.34 0.38 1.86 Data handling, hosting etc, web portals 1.09 1.68 0.38 0.62 0.41 2.33 Other information services 1.34 2.37 0.12 0.33 0.29 3.31 Natural science and technical research 1.75 1.61 1.15 4.07 0.31 1.32 and development Social science and humanities research 2.00 3.20 0.34 1.76 0.00 2.16 and development High-tech production 1.29 1.81 0.97 0.64 0.53 1.56 High-tech services 1.29 1.78 0.41 1.53 0.31 1.82 Total high-tech 1.29 1.79 0.56 1.29 0.37 1.75 At least 50 per cent higher specialisation ratio than the average for Denmark and Sweden At least 100 per cent higher specialisation ratio than the average for Denmark and Sweden 2FA: Functional labour market region Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012 21

“Specialisation ratio” measures the share The high-tech sectors in Denmark specialisation ratio within high-tech of employment in the high-tech sector and Sweden than the Øresund Region. If you look at in a region divided by the average em- From a Danish-Swedish perspective, industries in the high-tech sector indi- ployment share in all regions. the Øresund Region's high-tech profile vidually, the picture changes somewhat. is not as strong as it is from a European For example, the Øresund Region has a Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Ox- perspective. By calculating a regional competitive position in pharmaceutical fordshire are the regions with the high- specialisation index for the high-tech production compared to Stockholm. est proportion employed in high-tech sector, where 1 is equal to the average services (9 per cent of total employ- for Denmark and Sweden combined, it Within the Øresund Region, Scania ment), which gives a specialisation ratio becomes possible to describe the tech- specialises not only in manufacturing, of 3.3. Stockholm occupies third place nological profile for each region. The but also in natural science and technical with 7.8 per cent of employment and a Stockholm Region has a high-tech spe- research and development; for example, specialisation ratio of 2.9. The Capital cialisation index of some 60 per cent there are several research and develop- Region is in ninth place with 6.3 per above the average for Denmark and ment-intensive enterprises in both bio- cent of employment in high-tech serv- Sweden. By comparison, the Øresund technology and telecommunications. ices and a specialisation ratio of 2.3, Region has a specialisation index of while the Øresund Region is in nine- only 29 per cent of the Danish-Swedish The Capital Region occupies a prom- teenth place with 5 per cent employed in average. Within the Øresund Region, inent position, primarily in the phar- high-tech services, which corresponds the Capital Region has the highest spe- maceutical industry, other advanced to a specialisation ratio of 1.8. cialisation ratio with 57 per cent above technological production and other data the Danish-Swedish average, while related industries. southwestern Scania has 51 per cent. Region Zealand specialises particularly Stockholm has a significantly higher in medical technology. Of all employ- 22 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012

Jobs according to sector in percentage (2010) Øresund Øresund Øresund Denmark Sweden Denmark Region Region DK Region SE and Sweden Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishery 6.6 5.4 9.0 11.3 9.4 8.9 Raw material extraction 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Manufacturing companies 5.0 4.5 6.1 5.5 6.4 5.7 Electricity, gas and district heating 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 Water supply, sewerage, waste handling and purifica- 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 tion of soil and groundwater Building and construction companies 10.2 9.8 10.9 9.3 11.5 10.5 Wholesale and retail trading, repair of motor vehicles 17.9 18.0 17.6 18.1 15.8 17.1 and motorcycles Transport and freight handling 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.6 4.4 Overnight facilities and catering 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.3 Information and communication 5.3 6.2 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.6 Banking and finance, insurance 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 Property 4.3 4.8 3.3 5.3 3.0 4.0 Liberal, scientific and technical services 13.2 13.2 13.2 10.1 13.2 12.4 Administrative services and helplines 4.8 5.4 3.6 4.7 3.6 4.3 Public administration and defence; social security 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 Teaching 3.2 2.7 4.0 2.7 4.1 3.4 Health service and social services 8.6 10.2 5.5 9.5 5.7 7.6 Culture, entertainment and sport 3.1 2.6 4.1 2.3 4.2 3.3 Other services 6.1 5.3 7.6 5.3 7.1 6.3 Private households with homehelps; household produ- 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 ction of goods and services for own use Extra territorial organisations and bodies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unknown 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.4 Percentage total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number 208,009 138,116 69,893 305,565 527,427 1,249,010 Source: Ørestat. Note: Only businesses that account for the main revenue source for the owner or others are included. Ancillary companies with no employees are thus not included. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012 23

ees in the pharmaceutical industry in ployed within this sector. It is important, with other metropolitan regions across Denmark and Sweden, 62 per cent were however, to remember that the Øresund the rest of Scandinavia and Europe. found in the Øresund Region in 2010. Region cannot yet be described as an economically homogeneous region in Jobs in the Øresund Region It should be remembered, however, that the same way as other metropolitan In 2010, a total of 208,000 jobs were in the above information is from 2010. regions like Stockholm, for example. the Øresund Region, of which 78 per Since then there has been a major re- In the longer term, increased integra- cent were in the service sector, which structuring of the telecommunications tion between business in Zealand and in in turn was 4 percentage points higher and medical technology industries in Scania will be encouraged through scale than the average for Denmark and Swe- the Øresund Region: Nokia in Copen- effects3, which can also help to strength- den. hagen and AstraZeneca in Lund have en the Øresund Region's position in closed while Sony has announced cuts. terms of competition and in cooperation The highest proportion of jobs was

The Øresund Region had well over Jobs according to the number of employees (2010) 44,000 employees (2010) in technical Number Øresund Øresund Øresund Denmark Sweden research and high-tech manufacturing – of employees Region Region DK Region SE which accounts for 35 per cent of Den- 1 52.9 51.9 55.0 49.2 52.7 2–4 22.0 22.4 21.2 23.3 21.8 mark's and Sweden's total employment 5–9 10.9 11.2 10.3 12.1 11.1 in this sector – and is the largest know- 10–19 7.1 7.3 6.7 7.9 7.2 20–49 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.9 4.6 ledge centre, followed by Stockholm FA 50–99 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 in second place with 32,800 people em- 100+ 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 Percentage total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number 208,552 138,659 69,893 306,837 527,427 3Scale effect or economy of scale effects: large regions tend to have higher growth and to be more innovative Source: Ørestat. Note: Only businesses that account for the main revenue source for the owner or others are than small regions. included. Ancillary companies with no employees are thus not included. 24 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012

within commerce (18 per cent) and lib- Generally, the majority of companies in made it a priority to increase the number eral professions such as law, economics, the Øresund Region in both Denmark of start-ups in future. science and technology (13 per cent) and and Sweden were small. About half of building and construction (10 per cent). all jobs were sole proprietorships with Both the Danish and the Swedish side only one employee. Approximately 85 of the Øresund Region have a higher The distribution varies relatively little per cent of all employees were working proportion of start-ups than the average between the Danish and Swedish sides in small businesses with fewer than 10 for the respective countries. The num- of the Øresund Region. Scania has a sig- employees. ber of start-ups is higher in Sweden than nificantly higher proportion of jobs in in Denmark. The number of start-ups agriculture than the Danish part of the New companies in the Capital Region is lower than in region, but a significantly lower propor- Setting up new enterprises is a key driv- Stockholm County and Scania, but is tion of jobs in information and commu- er of the economy. In comparison with higher than in Region Zealand. nication, health care and social services. the rest of Europe, both Denmark and Sweden have a relatively low number of In 2009, 22,500 new companies were new companies, but both countries have launched in the Øresund Region. This

New start-ups per industrial sector (2009) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Denmark 6.8 6.1 7.1 7.0 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.3 7,6 Sweden 6.3 6.6 6.4 7.3 7.6 7.6 9.2 9.1 10,0 Øresund Region 7.9 7.2 8.0 8.3 9.0 9.4 9.8 9.7 9,3 Øresund Region DK 8.3 7.3 8.5 8.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 9.8 8,5 Capital Region 9.3 8.1 9.4 9.1 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.8 9,2 Region Zealand 6.2 5.7 6.6 6.7 7.8 8.3 8.5 7.7 6,9 Øresund Region SE (Scania) 7.0 7.0 6.8 8.1 8.2 8.6 9.5 9.5 11,1 Stockholm County 10.6 10.2 11.2 11.4 11.1 13.7 13.8 13.5 15,3 Source: Ørestat. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012 25

New start-ups per industrial sector (2009) Øresund Øresund Øresund Sweden Denmark Region Region DK Region SE Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishery, raw material extraction 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.2 5.9 Manufacturing companies, electricity, gas and district heating 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.2 4.8 Building and construction 9.4 8.8 10.4 11.3 8.9 Wholesale and retail trading 13.9 11.6 17.6 15.3 12.5 Transport and freight handling 11.7 13.3 9.3 10.1 10.7 Overnight facilities and catering companies 4.7 5.0 4.2 4.0 5.1 Banking, finance, insurance and property 35.4 38.8 30.0 30.1 36.3 Public administration and defence: social security 18.4 16.0 22.4 22.7 15.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Ørestat.

Full-time work in new start-ups as a percentage (2009) Øresund Øresund Øresund Sweden Denmark Sweden + Region Region DK Region SE Denmark Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishery, raw material extraction 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.9 4.9 2.5 Manufacturing companies, electricity, gas and district heating 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.0 Building and construction 8.8 8.1 9.6 11.0 8.6 9.9 Wholesale and retail trading 15.2 11.9 19.0 16.4 13.8 15.6 Transport and freight handling 10.1 10.8 9.2 10.1 9.0 9.9 Overnight facilities and catering companies 9.9 11.3 8.2 7.8 11.6 9.1 Banking, finance, insurance and property 31.1 31.9 30.1 29.0 27.6 29.4 Public administration and defence: social security 19.3 20.2 18.2 19.8 20.0 19.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number 61,808 33,103 28,705 193,093 62,989 379,698 Source: Ørestat. 26 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012

figure represents 26 per cent of all new ish and the Swedish parts of the Øresund businesses in Denmark and Sweden. Region than they are in proportion to 61 per cent of the new businesses were the respective countries as a whole. established on the Danish side of the Øresund. In 2009, 31 per cent of man years in the Øresund Region's new businesses were The majority of new companies in the established in the financial sector and Øresund Region were set up in the business services. This was followed by financial and business services sectors (35 commerce (15 per cent) and transport per cent), commerce (14 per cent), build- and communications (10 per cent). This ing and construction (9 per cent) and pattern is consistent regardless of geog- hotels and restaurants (5 per cent). The raphy. industry breakdown of start-ups in Sca- nia roughly corresponds to the distribution in Sweden as a whole, but with some over-representation in terms of wholesale and retail businesses. The Danish part of the Øresund Region differs primarily from Denmark as a whole in that it has a larger share in the financial sector and business services together with a smaller share of start-up companies in the wholesale and retail trade. Industry structural differences are greater between the Dan- KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Business Structure Øresund Trends 2012 27 28 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012

Research tion to other economic activities in the the Nordic countries are generally char- and Development value chain: R&D activity focus (basic acterised by a good business climate2. research, applied research or experi- The first phase of the innovation process mental development), the regional mar- R&D investments is usually founded upon research and ket size and access to capital. The time Investment in R&D is a key objective development (R&D). The knowledge factor also plays an important role in the of regional capacity and willingness to base that underlies high tech and quali- innovation process, which can frequent- optimise the knowledge base. It does tative products, goods and services arises ly have a time frame of several decades. not, however, necessarily mean that all from this. A specialised R&D sector of appropriate investments in R&D are transformed size and quality is the first step towards into commercial products. The EU2020 However, it is far from certain wheth- financial success in the modern knowl- plan, which aims to make the EU the er the results of R&D are always com- edge economy. world's most competitive knowledge mercialised in the same region in which economy, uses R&D investments as one the research takes place. This can affect In this context, the Øresund Region of 14 indicators to measure progress. economic growth1. occupies a prominent place at the Nor- The goal is an investment level of at least dic and European level (see page 16 on 3 per cent of GDP. The regional return on R&D invest- business structure). This is also reflected ment depends on several factors, such in access to capital – especially foreign The Nordic countries – apart from Nor- as conducting R&D projects in rela- capital – to finance R&D. In addition, way and Iceland – are world leaders in

1This is supported by empirical studies. Further evidence to support it is demonstrated in a 2006 study, which 2Forbes Best Countries for Business 2011. The Nordic included Nuts2 regions that compared R&D intensity and number of patents on the one hand against economic countries' position in the world (in parentheses): development (measured in GDP per capita) on the other. The study showed that the region that invested the Denmark (5), Sweden (7), Norway (8), Finland (13) most in R&D – Braunschweig in Germany – was simultaneously the fourth weakest region in terms of economic and Iceland (23). growth. Conversely, none of the league's top 10 growth regions has an R&D intensity of more than 2 per cent (Hanell, T & Neubauer, J: Geographies of Knowledge Production in Europe. Nordregio WP 2006: 3). Index: 2000=100 120

115

110

105

100

90 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 EU27 BRP EU27 BRP/sysselsatt Öresundsregionen BRP Öresundsregionen BRP/sysselsatt

130 125 120 115 Skåne 110 Region Hovedstaden 105 Öresund DK 100 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012 29 95 Region Sjælland 90 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP in selected countries (2010) in per cent 264 European regions reporting R&D 5.0 investment, the Øresund Region is high 4.5 on the list of R&D investment as a share 4.0 of gross regional product. The Øresund 3.5 Region is in eighth place (The Capital 3.0 Region occupies seventh place, Scan- 2.5 ia-Blekinge ninth and Region Zealand 2.0 is in seventeenth place). 1.5 1.0 The investment structure is virtually 0.5 identical on both sides of the Øresund 0.0 waterway. The business sector’s signifi-

Italy cant and market-oriented R&D invest- Spain EU27 China Israel Russia France Poland Austria Ireland Estonia (2009) Sweden Finland

Belgium ment, which accounts for 75 per cent Slovakia Portugal Slovenia Hungary Germany Denmark

US A of total investments, is combined with Netherlands Iceland (2008) Norway (2009) more modest investments from universi- Czech Republic United Kingdom ties and authorities (it is a little different OECD total (2009) Source: OECD. in Region Zealand because this is a ma- terms of investment in R&D. In 2010, West Sweden and several German jor activity undertaken by the authori- Denmark, Sweden and Finland's total ex- regions were previously high on the list ties). The pattern also characterises the penditure on R&D was already far above of business R&D investment, but fell other Nordic metropolitan regions. the EU 2020's target. Two thirds of these back a little in 2009. This can be ex- investments were financed by business, plained by the financial crisis hitting the The Øresund Region is strong in which is high by international standards. automotive industry hard. Among the the academic field: the University of 30 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012

Copenhagen is number 44 in the world well as northern Europe. Only Stock- When you look at the business sector’s according to the Shanghai Index 2011, holm is just as strong3. involvement in national R&D invest- and two other universities are among ment relative to total investment, there the top 200 universities in the world. 3According to the Shanghai Index 2011 is a clear link between them. That is, the This puts the Øresund Region in a www.shanghairanking.com higher the R&D expenditure funded strong position in the Nordic Region as by business, the higher the overall level R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP in the top 20 EU regions Ranking Land Region R&D funds (EUR million) Share of GRP in per cent 1 Germany Braunschweig 3.454 7.93 2 Belgium Prov. Brabant Wallon 922 7.63 3 Finland Pohjois-Suomi 1.129 6.58 4 United Kingdom Cheshire 1.694 6.51 5 Germany Stuttgart 8.549 6.44 6 United Kingdom East Anglia 2.961 5.59 7 Denmark Metropolis 4.316 5.27 8 Denmark/Sweden Øresund Region, including Blekinge län 7.029 4.91 9 Sweden Scania-Blekinge 1.746 4.73 10 Germany Oberbayern 8.067 4.63 11 Germany Tübingen 2.468 4.55 12 Sweden Östra MellanSweden 1.880 4.55 13 France Midi-Pyrénées 3.307 4.38 14 Sweden VästSweden 2.358 4.32 15 Germany Karlsruhe 3.676 4.09 16 Finland Länsi-Suomi 1.592 4.06 17 Denmark Zealand 966 3.97 18 Austria Vienna 2.847 3.95 19 Austria Steiermark 1.334 3.88 20 Sweden Stockholm 3.503 3.88 21 Finland Etela-Suomi (Helsinki) 3.798 3.83 Source: Eurostat. Since Eurostat only reports data on NUTS2 regions, it has not been possible to distinguish between Scania and Blekinge since both regions are within the same NUTS2 region. This means that the absolute value of the Øresund Region's R & D expenses are a little higher. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012 31

Business sector's R & D expenditure in EUR billion and Although the Øresund Region cannot as a percentage of GRP (2009) yet be regarded as functionally coher- Ranking Region EUR billion Percentage of ent, it can be concluded that a significant GRP 1 Cheshire 1,644 6.32 proportion of total R&D investments in 2 Stuttgart 7,865 5.93 Denmark and Sweden are concentrated 3 Braunschweig 2,362 5.43 4 Pohjois-Suomi (NUTS 2006) 0,910 5.31 in the Øresund Region. 43 per cent of 5 East Anglia 2,024 3.82 the business sector’s total R&D invest- 6 Metropolis 3,094 3.78 7 Øresund Region 5,210 3.64 ments in Denmark and Sweden in 2009 8 Oberbayern 6,238 3.58 were located in the Øresund Region. 9 Scania-Blekinge 1,295 3.51 10 Tübingen 1,862 3.44 The region has also increased its share of 11 Zealand 0,821 3.38 R&D expenditure over time. In 1997, 12 West Sweden 1,835 3.36 13 Essex 1,164 3.32 the Øresund Region accounted for just 14 Midi-Pyrénées 2,400 3.18 25 per cent of total corporate R&D 15 Länsi-Suomi 1,220 3.11 16 Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire 1,366 3.04 expenditure in Denmark and Sweden. 17 Darmstadt 4,426 2.95 Thus there is an increase of 18 percent- 18 Östra MellanSweden 1,168 2.83 19 Stockholm 2,539 2.81 age points between 1997 and 2009. 20 Etelä-Suomi (NUTS 2006) 2,613 2.64 Source: Eurostat. The general pattern is that the major- of investment in the country4. This re- The Øresund Region is among the lead- ity of R&D investment takes place in lationship is apparent for most Nordic ing European regions, both in terms of metropolitan regions. In Denmark, the regions. business R&D expenditure and total business sector’s own R&D investments R&D expenditure as a share of GRP. are largely concentrated in the Danish part of the Øresund Region, especial- 4Hanell & Neubauer, 2006. ly the Capital Region. Approximately 32 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012

84 per cent of Danish business R&D cent, respectively. The proportion for Øresund Region. Although it is not investment takes place in the Danish the total Øresund Region amounts to currently possible to analyse the conse- part of the Øresund Region: the Capital 3.64 per cent. quences in detail, it is reasonable to as- Region accounts for the majority, 66 sume that investment in R&D on the per cent, and Region Zealand for 18 per When comparing investments inter- Danish side probably has a lower pur- cent. nationally in nominal terms, it is not chasing power and thus finances a smaller obvious that the same sums can finance amount of R&D than is the case in Swe- In Sweden, the greater part of business an equal amount of R&D in different den. This becomes more important when R&D investment is also in the Capital countries and regions. It depends, of comparing regions in western and east- Region, but Stockholm's role is not as course, on the different structures in ern Europe. The difference in purchas- dominant in Sweden as Copenhagen is terms of business, research and costs. ing power can influence the investment in Denmark. Approximately 34 per cent patterns in R&D in Europe significantly of business R&D investments are made Another part of the explanation is the in the longer term; this is because lower in Stockholm County, followed by 25 wage gap between countries and re- costs outside western Europe may attract per cent in the Västra Götaland Region gions as well as between sectors. Differ- a much larger share of R&D investment and 17 per cent in Scania and Blekinge ences in purchasing power are usually in the future. (figures from 2009). adjusted to different price indices. This is not possible for R&D. As with so 5Denmark and Sweden have no statistics on R&D If we measure business R&D expend- many other services, R&D is personnel investments, but in Germany, R&D studies include iture as a share of GRP, the Øresund heavy, and so the majority of R&D ex- questions of this nature. The German studies show that in most industries, around two thirds of R&D ex- 5 Region is also high. The Capital Region penditure goes in salaries . penditure goes to fund salaries, especially in dedicated has the highest with 3.78 per cent, fol- R&D environments (Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft: FuF-Datenreport 2007. Tabellen und lowed by Scania-Blekinge and Region Around two-thirds of R&D expend- Daten, s. 38 Tabelle 14). Zealand with 3.51 per cent and 3.38 per iture is accounted for by salaries in the KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012 33

The high-tech service sector in EU15 (2003) Since 2000, wage costs in Denmark have increased by 35 per cent, while Sweden

Specialisation index high tech services has experienced a growth of 18 per cent.

1.42–3 In comparison, labour costs in Germany

1.2–1.42 rose by just 6 per cent over the same pe- 1–1.2

0.001–1 riod. In other words, it has become rela-

Information lacking tively expensive to conduct R&D in the Not EU Øresund Region and in the Danish part in particular.

Innovative capacity The ability to translate research, knowledge and ideas into new commercial products and processes is essential to increasing a region's global competitiveness. Innovative capacity is difficult to measure, in part because the concept is difficult to define, in part because there is a lack of standardised data at regional level.

An attempt to measure regional inno-

Source: Eurostat, Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden vation capability has been made in the Map: Region Scania. EU-funded study 'The Regional Inno-

34 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012

vation Scoreboard'. According to the in the next highest group, which includes study, regions in Denmark and Sweden much of the central and western regions are among the most innovative regions in (half of EEA6 countries' regions). Europe. The study is based on a weighted index of 17 different indicators, which are divided into three main groups: innovation promoting background factors (public R&D expenditure, higher education, access to broadband, etc.) innovation activities in enterprises (R&D expenditure, patents, etc.) and performance factors (employees in high-tech companies, sales of new products, new innovation companies, etc.). The latest survey from December 2009 contains data from 2006.

Unfortunately, the statistics in Den- mark are at national level, not regional. Denmark as a whole is considered to be among the regions with the highest capacity for innovation, while Scania is

6EEA countries consists of 27 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Research and Development Øresund Trends 2012 35 36 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Education Øresund Trends 2012

Education Percentage with higher education, aged 25–64

Per cent In addition to a large number of voca- 45 tional university colleges, there are 11 universities and institutions of high- 40 er education in the Øresund Region. Around 150,000 students and 10,000 35 graduate students study here. Capital Region Øresund Region 30 According to the OECD, a highly edu- Scania cated population is one of the most im- 25 Denmark portant and robust indicators of urban Sweden economic performance. 20 Region Zealand 2007 2008 2009 2010 The Øresund Region has nearly 700,000 Source: Ørestat. highly educated citizens; this is a greater proportion than in Denmark and Swe- Education2,500 is important for the According to the OECD report on den as a whole. The proportion of the appeal of the Øresund Region Copenhagen 2009, the capital’s big- Swedish students in Denmark highly educated is increasing, especial- In2,000 a highly specialised knowledge and gest challenge is the shortage of skilled ly in Copenhagen. In spite of this, the innovation society like Denmark and labour, and the Øresund Region’s po- 1 OECD believes that the supply of skilled Sweden,1,500 education is an essential factor tential should be better exploited . Re- labour will continue to be a challenge for growth and international appeal. gional forecasts from both sides of the for the capital. 1,000 1OECD Territorial Review Copenhagen 2009. 500 Danish students in Sweden

0 1

1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/20 1 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | Education Øresund Trends 2012 37

sound also show a growing need for A growing proportion of highly Percentage of university graduates highly educated labour2. Education is a educated youth between the ages of 25 and 34 major factor in the individual’s hold on The education level among young people 2007 2010 Capital Region 40.3 41.9 the labour market because people with between the ages of 25–34 in the Øresund Region Zealand 24.9 24.1 low or no education are at a high risk of Region shows that more and more of the Scania 39.0 39.8 ending up outside it. younger generation are taking up higher Source: Ørestat education. This trend is stronger in the A highly educated population Øresund Region than in Denmark and In the Swedish part of the Øresund 690,500 (or 35 per cent) of the Øresund Sweden as a whole. Approximately 40 per Region, over 40 per cent are highly ed- Region’s population of working age (25– cent of young people in the region now ucated in Lund, while the proportion 64 years)3 have a higher education. With have a higher education, which is about among municipalities in the northern 35 per cent being highly educated, the 5 per cent more than the region’s popula- part of Scania is less than 25 per cent. Øresund Region has a greater share of the tion (up to 65) as a whole. highly educated than Denmark and Swe- The tendency to concentrate in met- den have nationwide (32 per cent each). The highly educated are ropolitan areas and within commuting The Capital Region has the highest pro- concentrated in cities distance of them is a common pattern. portion of highly educated, followed by In the Øresund Region, the proportion Students and people with a higher ed- Scania and Region Zealand. of young people with a higher education ucation move to the areas with the best is not developing at a uniform pace. The education and job opportunities. 2Source: Region Scania (2012) Utbildnings- och ar- proportion of young people with a high- betsmarknadsprognos för Scania – med sikte på 2020; er education is growing in the Capital Swedish students are more mobile det tværregionale analysesamarbejde i Østdanmark (2012) Østdanmark 2010–2024 – fremskrivninger Region and in Scania, while it has de- than Danish med Sam/K-Line. clined slightly in Region Zealand. There have always been many more 3 Source: Ørestat. Swedes going to Denmark to study than Per cent 45 38 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | education Øresund Trends 2012 40

35 Capital Region Øresund Region 30 Scania

25Danes studying in Sweden. This dispar- 2,117 Swedish studentsDenmark who received Sweden was 363. Even when taking into ity increased after the opening of the student grants forSweden full-time studies with account that the number of students in 20Øresund Bridge in 2000. During the final exams in RegionDenmark. Zealand In the same Sweden is higher than in Denmark, it academic 2007 year 2010/2011, 2008 there 2009 were 2010year, the number of Danish students in is clear that Sweden sends a far greater proportion of students to Denmark than Student mobility vice versa. Study abroad is generally less 2,500 common among Danish students than among Swedish. Swedish students in Denmark 2,000 The Swedish students in Denmark usu- 1,500 ally chose a university or other institu- tion of higher education in the Capital 1,000 Region, while the Danish students in Sweden usually chose a college outside 500 the Øresund Region. Danish students in Sweden

0 New rules may affect the Swedish 1 educational mobility After ten years of increasing numbers of 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/20 1 Swedish students in Denmark, the num- Source: Nordisk statistikbank, EDUC05. ber fell by over 100 between 2009–2010 Notes: Students are classified here as recipients of student grants (SU or CSN). This includes grants for and 2010–20114. This may be due to the whole or part of the education programme. In Denmark, Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU) (The State Education Grant and Loan Scheme) extends financial support to young people in education. In Sweden, it revised rules in Denmark, which have is Centrala studiestödsnämnden (CSN). made it difficult for Nordic students to KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION | education Øresund Trends 2012 39

achieve high marks when their grades pean Credit Transfer and Accumulation About the statistics from their home country have to be val- System), which makes it easy to com- A number of statistics databases under- idated in Denmark. This makes it more pare grades and transfer credits between lie the figures on education in Denmark difficult to be admitted to the most pop- European college and university pro- and Sweden. These include: OECD, ular education programmes. At the same grammes. It can be rather more difficult Nordic Statistics Bank and Ørestat. De- spite the international ISCED standard time, the requirement for tuition fees in to validate grades between international (International Standard Classification of 2011 was made more rigorous for single commercial and secondary education. Education) for categorising levels of ed- subjects in Denmark. ucation in an internationally comparable Popular fields of study 2010/2011 way, there are still some difficulties in making comparisons, for example, the Mobility highest at university level5 Looking at the subjects that are popu- definition of tertiary education ISCED The vast majority of those studying on lar, medicine tops the list in Denmark 5a) differs in Denmark and Sweden. In as in previous studies among Swedes: Denmark it includes full-time study for the other side of the sound are studying a minimum of three years with a final at universities or other higher educa- 687 were enrolled in medical school in examination. In Sweden it does not re- tion institutions. 90 per cent of Swedish Denmark. This is followed by econom- quire a degree, but at least three years students in Denmark and 75 per cent ics (270) and veterinary studies (218). of full-time study. of Danish students in Sweden studied Training as an architect was also a very at university or other higher education popular education among Swedes (130). institutions in 2010–2011. This is partly due to the international grading scale of About a third of the Danish students in colleges and universities, ECTS (Euro- Sweden prefer psychology, sport and social studies. This is followed by arts and 4The figures vary depending on the time of the sur- crafts, journalism and media, and then vey. New figures from CSN indicate 200. the humanities and economics. 5DTS: KELA Students Abroad 2010–2011. 40 Culture and experience | Culture Øresund Trends 2012

Culture and experience

Culture life and the labour market. An exciting tecture as a focal point are strong in the cultural life is essential not only for cit- Øresund Region and, unlike the general Culture and creativity are important izens' well-being, but is also an impor- trend over the last few years, the cultural factors for individual development, social tant factor when companies choose their sector is currently experiencing modest cohesion and economic growth. base, as well as when foreign knowledge progress. workers seeking jobs abroad choose José Manuel Barroso, a new country in which to settle with Awareness of the region and the feeling President of the European Commission family and children. of cohesion are greater on the Swed- ish side than on the Danish side of the The Øresund Region is the largest met- The Øresund Region is characterised by Øresund. As many as 79 per cent of ropolitan area in the Nordic countries a rich cultural life, both in terms of the Swedes identify themselves wholly or and it also links Denmark and Sweden diversity that extends from the ethnicity partly with the Øresund Region, while together. This gives a special cultural of its urban areas to theatre, music and the same applies to just 44 per cent of strength and diversity in the meeting museums internationally, and in terms Danes1. However, the common identi- between two countries’ related but dif- of the identity that goes right across the ty is reinforced through many differ- ferent customs and languages. It also Øresund, and which challenges and en- ent cultural collaborations across the involves a number of challenges and riches due to differences in culture and Øresund, such as the common platform opportunities for culture to work across language. for the Øresund Region's cultural play- the Øresund and to create a common ers: Culture Øresund. identity for the whole region. Over 50,000 – or nearly a third of all those employed in the cultural sector Culture is identity, habits and expres- in Denmark and Sweden – work in the 1Nätverksbaserad urban innovation, Öresunds- regionen version 3.0, Underlag till IBU:s projekt om sion, and culture is part of creating and Øresund Region. Business sectors with Öresundsregionens kvalitet, identitet och framtid, consuming activities and affects business TV, film and visual media and archi- Oxford Research, 2009. Number 35,000 Capital Region 2011/2012 30,000 Forecast Capital Region 2031/2032 25,000 Scania 2011/2012 Culture and experience | Culture 20,000 Øresund Trends 2012 41 15,000 Forecast Scania 2031/2032 10,000 5,000 Region Zealand 2011/2012 0 Forecast Region Zealand2031/2032 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age

With regard to the importance of cul- the share is around 4 per cent, while in but, despite this, the Swedish capital in ture, the priority given by citizens Region Zealand and Region Scania it is Stockholm County has a higher propor- is admittedly not as high as for oth- only between 1.5 and 2 per cent. tion employed in cultural sectors than er areas but, on the other hand, their the Capital Region. The main reason is satisfaction is highest here. 7 per cent of Overall, the cultural industries have a that employment in the 'theatre, concert the Øresund household income is spent slightly higher proportion of the labour and artistic creation' category is relative- on culture. On average, citizens visit a market in Denmark than in Sweden ly small in the Capital Region, while the museum twice, frequent a library seven times and borrow six books annually. Cultural sectors in percentage of all jobs (1 .1 .2011) 5.0 Books, newspapers and magazines Employment in culture 4.5 Film, video, TV, radio and press In Denmark, 66,000 people are em- 4.0 ployed in cultural sectors, while in 3.5 Architectural business Sweden the figure is 102,000. In the 3.0 2.5 Design, photography and translation Øresund Region, 52,000 work in this 2.0 Theatre, concerts, artistic creation area, which represents 31 per cent of all 1.5 culture workers (168,000) in the two 1.0 Libraries and archives countries. With regard to total employ- 0.5 Museums and cultural ment, the culture sector accounts for 0.0 heritage collections about 2.4 per cent of those employed in Scania Capital Region Sweden Denmark and Sweden. Of the Øresund Denmark Region Zealand StockholmCounty Region’s just under 1.8 million em-

ployed, 3.0 per cent are employed in the Source: Special data from Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden, Öresund Committee calculations. cultural sector. In the Capital Region, Note: Employment is calculated according to workplace, in Sweden only individuals over the age of 16.

Per cent 100 90 80 Holiday 70 Mini-break 60 50 Leisure 40 30 Business 20 Commuting to place of study 10 0 Commuting to place of work Car Landing Car Train Total HH Ferries The Øresund Bridge

opposite is true of 'libraries and archives'. of 'film, video, television, radio and Øresund Region. The Danish side of Øresund is slightly press' along with 'architectural services' better represented in terms of 'architec- (35 per cent), but the smallest share in Tourism is not included in the figures tural services' and a little less so in terms the case of 'theatre, concert and artistic for employees in the cultural sector, of ’design, photography and translation'. creation' (25 per cent). but the Øresund Region does have around 10,000 employees in the hotel In relation to the cultural sector’s em- Despite the weakness of the economic and 41,000 in the restaurant sectors. In ployment figures in Denmark and Swe- cycle and a general decline in the labour addition, a large number of people are den as a whole, the Øresund Region has market, the cultural sector also shows a employed in tourism-related transport the largest share of employment in terms modest increase in employment in the industries.

The population’s cultural activities (2010) Museums Theatre (state supported) Cinema Number Number Visits per Number Number Visits per Number Visits per of visits in inhabitant of per- of visits in inhabitant of visits in inhabitant thousands formances thousands thousands Øresund Region 194 7,354 1.9 12,776 2,435 0.6 8,497 2.3 Øresund Region DK 145 6,184 2.5 10,637 2,105 0.8 6,560 2.6 Capital Region 88 5,397 3.2 9,442 1,988 1.2 5,298 3.1 Region Zealand 57 787 1.0 1,195 117 0.1 1,262 1.5 Øresund Region SE (Scania) 49 1,170 0.9 2,139 330 0.3 1,937 1.5

Denmark 396 11,681 2.1 15,500 2,797 0.5 12,433 2.2 Sweden 429 17,927 1.9 21,720 3,254 0.3 16,419 1.7

Stockholm County 82 8,254 3.9 7,398 1,415 0.7 5,224 2.5 Source: Special data from Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden, Öresund Committee calculations. Note: Employment is calculated according to workplace, in Sweden only individual over the age of 16, Culture and experience | Culture Øresund Trends 2012 43

Cultural consumption 1.3 per cent and in Sweden 1.2 per cent to 7 per cent of total household expend- The consumption of culture is account- of gross domestic product on cultural, iture. ed for in part by its citizens’ expenditure sports and leisure2 in 2009. Citizens’ ex- and partly by the funds that the public penditure on culture is also around 25 Cultural activities sector contributes. In Sweden, the state, per cent more of private consumption in The Øresund Region has over seven county and municipalities contribute Denmark and Sweden than in EU coun- million visitors annually to its museums almost a third of the total costs for pro- tries generally3. and art galleries. In relation to its popu- ducing and consuming culture. In gen- lation, this corresponds to two visits per eral, the public sector in Denmark spent Between 2004 and 2006, households in year, which corresponds to the average the Øresund Region spent 3.6 billion for Denmark and Sweden. But in Stock- 2Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2011 EUR annually on cultural activities. holm County museum visits were twice 3Eurostat, Household Budget Survey – EU-15 This is equivalent to 2,280 EUR per as frequent. household, which in turn is equivalent

The population’s use of public libraries (2011) Number of librar- Libraries per Borrowers per Lending of books Visits per ies, incl . branches 100,000 inhabitants 1,000 inhabitants per inhabitant inhabitant Øresund Region 374 9.9 326 6.0 7.3 Øresund Region DK 211 8.4 347 5.8 7.3 Capital Region 120 7.1 373 6.0 8.1 Region Zealand 91 11.1 295 5.5 5.8 Øresund Region SE (Scania) 163 13.0 283 6.4 7.1

Denmark 525 9.4 310 5.6 6.5 Sweden 1,212 12.8 291 6.1 7.1

Stockholm County 130 6.2 283 4.2 7.1 Source: Statistics Denmark and Statens Kunstråd. Danish data: 2010. 44 Culture and experience | Culture Øresund Trends 2012

Annually, there are about 2.5 million cinema more often than the Swedes, and per capita. In the metropolitan regions, visits to the theatre in the Øresund the citizens of the Capital Region are more people visit each library and have Region. In the Capital Region, there is more frequent cinema-goers than they a slightly higher borrowing and visit more than one visit per citizen, while in are in Stockholm County. frequency. The number of libraries and Scania it is only 0.3 and even fewer in visits is falling slightly in general. Zealand. Danes go to the theatre more There are 374 public libraries in the often than the Swedes, and the citizens Øresund Region, or one library for of the Capital Region are more frequent every 10,000 citizens. Nearly every third theatre-goers than the citizens of Stock- citizen is a library user – borrowing six holm County. The Danes also go to the books – and there are seven library visits

About the statistics tions, DB07 and SNI2007, respectively. At It is difficult statistically to define what sector level, a comparison between Danish should be considered as the cultural sector and Swedish data should be reasonably and thus cultural employment. The figures reliable, but minor differences in sector here include the production of newspapers ranking may occur. Statistics Denmark and books, design activities, including ar- and Statistics Sweden have both recently chitects, photographers and designers. In switched classifications, which means com- addition, there are film and television/ra- parisons over a period of several years are dio, creative activities (theatre, music and difficult. There is also a narrower definition literature, etc.), the running of theatres, of the cultural sectors than in the past. etc., museums, etc., and public libraries.

Statistics Denmark (Danmarks Statistik) and Statistics Sweden (Statistiska Central- byrån) use two different trade classifica- Culture and experience | Culture Culture and Experience | Identity Øresund Trends 2012 45

Identity year olds in the region showed that 59 per cent watched Danish television each A common Øresund regional identity is week, 55 per cent visited Zealand over developing, but it requires greater recip- the past year, 53 per cent know someone rocal relations across the Øresund – both who works in Zealand, and 51 per cent physically and mentally. understand Danish well2.

The awareness of the region and a feel- Among Zealanders of the same age, only ing of cohesion is greater on the Swedish 13 per cent watch Swedish television, 40 side than the Danish side of Øresund. As per cent have visited Scania, 23 per cent many as 79 per cent of Swedes identi- know someone who works in Scania and fy themselves wholly or partly with the 40 per cent understand Swedish well. Øresund Region, while the same applies only to 44 per cent of Danes1. But common identity is reinforced through many different cultural collaborations across the Øresund, such as networking between the Øresund Region's museums. 1Nätverksbaserad urban innovation, Öresunds- regionen version 3.0, Underlag till IBU:s projekt om In this context, Scanians are more re- Öresundsregionens kvalitet, identitet och framtid, ceptive to the opportunities in Co- Oxford Research, 2009.

penhagen and Zealand than vice versa. 2The survey was conducted by the Öresund Com- A survey in 2012 among 1,500 15–64 mittee. 46 Culture and experience | Tourism Øresund Trends 2012

Tourism whole has seen growth of around 7 per The overall growth in the region is cent in the number of overnight stays caused by an international trend towards During 2011, the Øresund Region had in both Scania and Zealand. Growth big cities attracting more tourists – in- nearly 11 million overnight stays in ho- in tourism in the Øresund Region is ternational ones in particular – in recent tels and similar1. Despite its relatively driven by a sharp increase of 19 per cent years, than the rest of the country does. small geographical extent, this corre- more overnight stays from the rest of the The same trend is seen between Stock- sponds to the Øresund Region being world than there have been from Den- holm and the rest of Sweden: the city responsible for 24 per cent of overnight mark and Sweden. gets more and more tourists, while the stays in Denmark and Sweden. There rest of the country is losing ground. were 8 million overnight stays on Zea- Looking at Zealand alone, there is a land compared to nearly 3 million in significant difference in the trends: the The burgeoning growth in internation- Scania. The growth in Sweden has been Capital Region has had 14 per cent more al tourism is particularly reflected in the slightly more positive than in Denmark overnight stays, while Region Zealand number of cruise tourists. Cruise pas- for many years and, since the downturn has lost every fourth night over just a senger numbers have quadrupled in just following the financial crisis, which be- few years. ten years, and Copenhagen is the largest gan in 2008, the number of overnight cruise ship destination in the Baltic Sea. stays in Sweden has risen by 8 per cent, Overnight stays in the Øresund Region In 2012, the Øresund Region’s main while Denmark's increase is more recent are largely based on 'domestic tourism', city, Copenhagen, was visited by 376 and is 5 per cent2. with just over a third from countries cruise ships with 840,000 cruise pas- other than Denmark and Sweden. Tour- sengers of whom more than 60 per cent Since 2007, the Øresund Region as a ism in the Capital Region is more inter- 1With at least 40 beds. national and just under one in two stays 2Ørestat, Statistics Denmark here are from other countries. 3COO Cruise and Ferries, Copenhagen Malmö and Statistics Sweden. Port AB (CMP). Culture and experience | Tourism Øresund Trends 2012 47

were embarking or disembarking in Copenhagen. Cruise ship tourism gen- erates a turnover of approximately DKK 175 million EUR3.

Also, as an international conference city, Copenhagen is nicely positioned as the Nordic city with the most conferences. In 2010, Copenhagen had 102 conferences and thus took sixteenth place in the world ranking4 and the position as the Nordic area’s largest conference destination.

4Wonderful Copenhagen, Union of International Associations. The figure includes major international events and meetings. 48 Culture and experience | Health Øresund Trends 2012

Health expectancy in Scania is 81 years, while years) and Malmö (78 years). For a man in the Capital Region and Zealand it is to have a longer life, he needs to settle The health of a population reflects both around 78 years. in Båstad, where male life expectancy the lives of citizens and the health sys- reaches 82 years on average. tem's ability to prevent and cure diseases. In addition, there is a difference for life expectancy between the sexes. The life An Øresund citizen has a life span of 79 With regard to health and welfare, there expectancy for men living on both sides years on average with a range from 77 in are many similarities between Denmark of the Øresund is four or five years low- Copenhagen and to 84 in Båstad. and Sweden. In both countries, health er than it is for women; and the differ- spending is about 4,030 EUR per year ence in gender life expectancy is highest In general, average life expectancy is ris- per capita, which corresponds to the av- on the Danish side. In the Danish part ing rapidly. In just four years (from 2006 erage for OECD and EU countries of of the Øresund Region, men in Co- to 2011), the average life expectancy on about 10 per cent of GDP (OECD). penhagen have a life expectancy of 74 both sides of the Øresund has increased years compared to 77 in North Zealand, by 0.8 years – slightly faster on the Dan- There are significant differences, how- where men have the highest life expec- ish side and slightly faster for men. ever, between the two countries in tancy. In Scania, the lowest life expec- terms of health, treatment and lifestyle. tancy is found for men in Perstorp (77 Sweden is number five and Denmark Average life expectancy for a 0-year-old, born between 2006–2010 number 25 on the list of the 34 OECD Denmark Sweden Capital Region Scania Øresund countries. In Denmark, life expect- Region Zealand Region ancy is two and a half years shorter than Men 76.5 79.1 75.9 75.6 79.1 76.9 in Sweden and is thus one of the low- Women 80.8 83.2 80.5 80.2 83.3 81.3 est in Europe. This difference also ap- Total 78.7 81.2 78.2 77.9 81.2 79.1 plies to the Øresund Region, where life Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden. Culture and experience | Health Øresund Trends 2012 49

Causes of death per 100,000 inhabitants (2009) Denmark Sweden Capital Region Scania Øresund Region Zealand Region Men Cancer 284 250 237 312 243 255 Cardiovascular diseases 256 371 219 279 337 270 Suicide 17 19 13 20 19 16 Traffic accidents 8 6 2 8 4 4 Accidents in general 21 32 18 22 27 22

Women Cancer 264 229 224 303 242 246 Cardiovascular diseases 268 400 241 274 363 287 Suicide 5 7 5 6 9 6 Traffic accidents 3 2 2 3 3 3 Accidents in general 20 24 18 20 25 21 Source: Statistics Denmark and Social Services Sweden. The most frequent causes of death age group is compared on the two sides of the Øresund, while the incidence of In general, the two major causes of death of the Øresund, the risk of death asso- suicide and accidents in general is slight- on both sides of the Øresund are cancer ciated with cancer and cardiovascular ly higher on the Scanian side. and cardiovascular diseases. The shorter diseases is significantly higher west than lifetime of the Danes is due in part to a east of it. The risk of dying of cancer is Obesity Average life expectancy for a 0-year-old, born between 2006–2010 higher incidence of cancer earlier in life, 30–40 per cent higher, of lung cancer up Of the Øresund Region's adult popula- Denmark Sweden Capital Region Scania Øresund Region Zealand Region while the Swedes die at a slightly later to 50 per cent higher and cardiovascular tion, 13 per cent are obese. This is par- age and thus more often of cardiovascu- disease 20 per cent higher. ticularly high in Zealand and is lowest in Men 76.5 79.1 75.9 75.6 79.1 76.9 Women 80.8 83.2 80.5 80.2 83.3 81.3 lar diseases. the Capital Region. There are roughly Total 78.7 81.2 78.2 77.9 81.2 79.1 Traffic accidents are a slightly more fre- equal numbers of obese men and wom- Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden. But if, for example, the 60–69 year old quent cause of death on the Zealand side en, with most aged 55–74 years. 50 Culture and experience | Health Øresund Trends 2012

Obese (BMI = 30 and over) among the adult population in percentage Denmark Sweden Capital Region Region Zealand Scania Øresund Region Men 14 14 11 17 15 13 Women 13 14 11 15 14 13 Total 13 14 11 16 14 13 Source: National Institute of Public Health, The National Health Profile 2010 and Region Scania, Public Health Scania 2008. Note: In Denmark, adults comprise citizens aged 16 and over; in Sweden, adults comprise citizens aged 18 and 84. The Danish data is from 2010.

Smoking lying municipalities such as Brøndby, Use of health services Every fifth Øresund citizen has one where more than 25 per cent smoke on When comparing health system or more cigarettes daily. Danes smoke a daily basis. North of Copenhagen, resources and the use of health services more than Swedes and there are general- there are several municipalities, such as in the two parts of the Øresund Region, ly more male smokers than female. Most Furesø, Allerød and Hørsholm, where there are certain caveats to be aware of smokers are in the 45–64 age group. there are fewer than 15 per cent who – for example, people’s behaviour is af- smoke on a daily basis. fected by the availability of health ser- 23 per cent of citizens in Region Zea- vices and the extent to which they are land smoke on a daily basis, while only 15 In Scania, most of the smokers (about free. (See text box). per cent of citizens in Region Scania do. 20 per cent) are in Åstorp and Östra Within the regions, however, the smok- Göinge, while the fewest are in Lund Doctor capacity is roughly similar in ing patterns are essentially different. and Lomma (below 10 per cent). the two parts of the region, but there are a few more doctors per capita east of In Zealand, most smokers are in the The Danes rarely take snuff, while 17 the Øresund than west of it. In Region more outlying areas, for example Lol- per cent of Scanian men use it daily. In Zealand, there are 2.5 doctors per 1,000 land and Odsherred; and also in the west general, women use no snuff. inhabitants, while in Scania there are Culture and experience | Health Øresund Trends 2012 51

Daily smokers among the adult population, in per cent Denmark Sweden Capital Region Scania Øresund Region Region Zealand Men 23 12 21 24 14 19 Women 19 13 18 22 15 18 Total 21 13 19 23 15 19 Source: National Institute of Public Health, The National Health Profile 2010 and Region Scania, Public Health Scania 2008. Note: In Denmark, adults comprise citizens aged 16 and over; in Sweden, adults comprise citizens aged 18 and 84. The Danish data is from 2010, Scanian from 2008 and for Sweden as a whole, the data is from 2010.

Number of doctors and hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants (2010) Denmark Sweden Capital Region Region Zealand Scania Øresund Region Doctors 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.5 3.4 3.1 Hospital beds 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.8 3.1 Source: Danish Health and Medicines Authority and Sweden’s municipalities and Landsting (regional facts)

Number of doctor and dentist visits, hospital admissions and bed days (2010) Denmark Sweden Capital Region Scania Øresund Region Region Zealand Per 1,000 inhabitants Visits to the doctor 8.3 2.9 7.1 8.4 3.0 6.1 Visits to the dentist 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.5 Per 1,000 inhabitants Hospital admissions 231.6 . 215.1 280.7 153.6 209.4 Bed days 815.9 . 757.9 936.1 911.6 842.2 Per admission Bed days 3.5 . 3.5 3.3 5.9 4.0 Source: Statistics Denmark, Danish Regions and Social Services (SE) and Öresund Committee calculations. Note: Health consultations comprise most health services, apart from visits to the dentist (see text box). 52 Culture and experience | Health Øresund Trends 2012

3.4. The opposite is true for the number most on the Danish side. respectively. In terms of bed days per of hospital beds. In the Capital Region, capita, use of hospitals was a little higher there are 3.4 beds per 1,000 inhabit- Visits to the dentist are also a more fre- west of the Øresund. ants, compared to 2.8 in Region Scania, quent occurrence on the Danish side which is slightly higher than the national than on the Swedish, with the Danish average in Sweden. Øresund citizens going to the dentist twice as often as the Scanians. In both On average, the inhabitants of the countries, citizens pay a significant pro- Øresund Region visit the doctor 6.1 portion of their dental costs themselves. times per year. This figure conceals, All in all, dental care is significantly however, a marked difference in fre- more expensive in Denmark than it is in quency when the two parts of the Sweden. (See text box). Øresund Region are compared. Danes go to the doctor more than twice as of- The number of hospital admissions is ten as the Swedes, although the compar- much higher in Denmark than in Swe- ison is associated with some uncertainty; den. In the Øresund Region, the inhab- see text box. The comparison suffers itants of Region Zealand accounted for from the fact that the Swedish figures the most admissions: there were 287 ad- for visits to the doctor are not as com- missions per 1,000 inhabitants in 2010, prehensive as the Danish. Data for health compared with only 158 in Scania. By consultations is therefore more compre- contrast, admissions were of a short- hensive and comparable. Overall, there er duration in the Capital Region and are 7.3 health consultations annually Region Zealand than in Scania: on av- per capita in the Øresund Region, with erage these were 4.4, 3.9 and 5.6 days, Culture and experience | Health Øresund Trends 2012 53

About health systems Treatment resources, structure and registration are very different rapid discharges in Denmark can mean slightly more short-term in Denmark and Sweden. Therefore, there are a number of difficul- readmissions. ties and caveats about comparisons across the Øresund in terms of number of doctors and hospital beds, consultations and admissions In Sweden, there is a tendency for patients to have slightly longer to hospital. See also Nomesco: courses of treatment at the same hospital. http://nomesco-da.nom-nos.dk/ The figures for the Capital Region include patients from the rest of Both countries' health systems are essentially built around the the country admitted for specialist treatments at Rigshospitalet, the same welfare ideals and have many similarities. In Denmark, how- national hospital of Denmark. ever, a system of private practitioners and medical centres is used, while doctors in Sweden are usually associated with hospitals and Medical care in Denmark is free, while in Sweden patients pay for health centres. medical consultations and hospitalisation. Payment in Sweden is determined regionally and is typically a few hundred kroner. Nearly all contacts with the public health system in Denmark are registered as doctor consultations because of the billing system. In both Denmark and Sweden, citizens pay in general for dentistry. In Sweden, some consultations are recorded as contacts with other In Denmark, standard treatment such as dental examinations, are health professionals other than a doctor; this is the case, for exam- supported by a small subsidy, while the more expensive treatments ple, for health care. are not subsidised. On the other hand, many citizens have private health insurance, which reduces the cost of dental treatment to A better comparison is for health consultations, which include some extent. In Sweden, citizens have a lower basic subsidy but registration for all types of health services, including psychiatric also 50 per cent or more in subsidies for expensive treatments. In treatment (but excluding dentists). addition, dental care is generally cheaper on the Swedish side than the Danish. In the Danish health system, there is much outpatient care and patients are discharged very quickly. Hospital breakdown by spe- On both sides of the Øresund, health and lifestyle are comprehen- ciality affects how patients are treated. A number of patients are sively and continuously surveyed. For a number of parameters, admitted to a local hospital for diagnosis, then sent to a larger hos- data is not directly comparable – for example, alcohol habits. pital for treatment and finally back to the local hospital. This allows multiple admissions of a relatively short duration. In addition, 54 Culture and experience | Welfare Øresund Trends 2012

Welfare mocracy. The Øresund Region links the Better Life Index”. The index comprises Denmark and Sweden are among the best of the two countries in a number of 33 members and is based on 11 param- most well-established welfare states in ways. Denmark and Sweden's position eters with data on living conditions and the world and both have a high stand- is borne out by the OECD, which pro- their degree of satisfaction. The index is ard of living and a well-functioning de- duced a welfare index in 2011: the “Your only available at national level and does

Citizens’ satisfaction/agreement with the statements listed below (2009) in per cent Satisfied with: Public Green Sports Cultural Job Integration The op- Administra- Safety Health transport areas facilities offerings opportuni- of portunity to tive system ties immigrants get good and service inexpensive housing

Copenhagen 86 88 71 97 68 52 18 68 97 86 Malmö 88 95 90 96 49 37 38 82 91 78 6 major 85 86 84 96 50 42 21 59 90 87 cities Agree: Air pollu- The city will Noise is a This is The city is Resources Foreigners People can Poverty is Not difficult tion is a major combat major a clean healthy to are used are trust not a to pay problem climate problem city live in responsibly welcome each problem one’s change here other here bills

Copenhagen 71 71 57 44 61 52 87 84 53 89 Malmö 63 77 59 70 74 74 77 75 36 90 6 major 58 63 56 57 76 46 76 77 31 80 cities N.B. Six major cities are the average satisfaction/agreement among citizens in Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Hamburg, Helsinki and Stockholm. Source: Eurostat, Urban Audit, Perception Survey 2010. Culture and experience | Welfare Øresund Trends 2012 55

not cover regions. However, one can major cities, Copenhagen and Malmö, As in other cities, there is great satisfac- with some reasonable accuracy conclude were measured on 20 welfare indicators tion with cultural offerings and safety in that what applies to Denmark and Swe- and were generally more satisfied with both Copenhagen and Malmö. den, also applies to the Øresund Region. their cities than the average citizen in six comparable northern European cities. The index shows that Denmark and Sweden are among the highest ranking When compared to Malmö and the six Citizens’ satisfaction/agreement with the statements listed below (2009) in per cent countries in terms of experiencing qual- northern European comparison cities, Satisfied with: ity of life, a good balance between work Copenhagen scored highest in terms of Public Green Sports Cultural Job Integration The op- Administra- Safety Health transport areas facilities offerings opportuni- of portunity to tive system and family life, a healthy democracy job opportunities, integration of immi- ties immigrants get good and service grants, hospitality towards foreigners inexpensive with a high turnout and a good social housing network. On health, education and in- and the absence of poverty. The lack of Copenhagen 86 88 71 97 68 52 18 68 97 86 come (adjusted for purchasing power), sports facilities, air pollution, the city's Malmö 88 95 90 96 49 37 38 82 91 78 however, the two countries are further sanitation and health were Copenha- 6 major 85 86 84 96 50 42 21 59 90 87 gen's biggest problems. cities down the rankings, especially Denmark. Agree: Air pollu- The city will Noise is a This is The city is Resources Foreigners People can Poverty is Not difficult As part of Eurostat's regional statistics Malmö, on the other hand, was in front tion is a major combat major a clean healthy to are used are trust not a to pay problem climate problem city live in responsibly welcome each problem one’s project, Urban Audit, the recurring Per- in terms of green areas, sports facilities, change here other here bills ception Survey was conducted in 2009 accommodation, efficient administra- Copenhagen 71 71 57 44 61 52 87 84 53 89 when citizens of 75 European cities tive services, combating climate change Malmö 63 77 59 70 74 74 77 75 36 90 were asked about their perceived satis- and the ability of citizens to pay their 6 major 58 63 56 57 76 46 76 77 31 80 cities faction with their cities. bills. Malmö fell behind with regard to a better integration of immigrants and a N.B. Six major cities are the average satisfaction/agreement among citizens in Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Hamburg, Helsinki and Stockholm. Source: Eurostat, Urban Audit, Perception Survey 2010. Inhabitants of the Øresund Region’s two better functioning health system. 56 A coherent and diverse labour market | The labour market Øresund Trends 2012

A coherent and diverse labour market

The labour market ment has fallen slightly in Zealand, to LFS statistics. while the unemployment rate, according Summary to the official unemployment statistics, In 2010, there were nearly 1,690,000 The economic crisis that began in 2008 has been relatively stable and increasing employees in the 16–64 year age group is in decline and has been replaced by slightly according to the Labour Force in the Øresund Region. In addition, ap- stagnation. The process is not entire- Survey, (LFS)1. proximately 18,500 commuted across the ly identical on the Danish and Swedish Øresund, who are not included in the sides of the Øresund Region, however. Zealand has been worst affected by the register-based labour market statistics. crisis. Before it began, the unemploy- 17,700 commuted daily from Scania to In Scania, employment rose slightly in ment level in Scania was almost twice Zealand and 700 in the opposite direc- 2010, but has fallen slightly since the be- as high as in Zealand. Now in Scania, tion. ginning of 2011, which has resulted in an the unemployment rate – expressed as emerging rise in unemployment in Scania. a percentage of the workforce – is not Nearly 70 per cent of the region's em- Since the beginning of 2010, employ- much higher than in Zealand according ployees – equivalent to 1,161,600 people About the labour market statistics Ørestat’s register-based labour market statistics are built on the Therefore, the latest version of Ørestat’s labour market statistics two national register-based labour market statistics: RAS from fails to take account of current developments in the labour market. Statistics Denmark and RAMS from Statistics Sweden. The analysis is supplemented with current information from the Labour Force Survey1. LFS is a survey carried out in both the RAS (Denmark) is based on the number of inhabitants at 1 January Danish and the Swedish parts of the Øresund Region, and is only and RAMS (Sweden) at 31 December each year, which give differ- measured to a limited extent both at different age groups and ent annual data for the two countries. The latest information from regional level. Ørestat is RAS 2011 and RAMS 2010. In the Øresund statistics, RAS 1The International Labour Organisation (ILO) conducted the survey 'Labour is adjusted for RAMS, which means that the figures for the Danish Force Survey' (LFS) – known as AKU in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark and part of the Øresund Region are reported with a one-year delay in Sweden, the LFS survey was conducted through Statistics Denmark and Statistics relation to the official Denmark-only statistics. Sweden and in the EU the task was undertaken by Eurostat. A coherent and diverse labour market | The labour market Øresund Trends 2012 57

Employment trend among 16–64 year-olds (2000–2010) – lived on the Danish side, and 30 per Index (2000 = 100) cent, or 529,000, lived on the Swedish 115 side. 110 Øresund Region SE 105 People of working age – 16–64 years – in employment rose steadily in the Øresund 100 Øresund Region Region between 2002 and 2008, with 95 Øresund Region DK the strongest growth on the Swedish 90 side. In 2008, there was no significant 85 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 change in employment. Both sides of the Source: Register-based labour force statistics, Ørestat (RAS/RAMS). Øresund Region saw a sharp decline in employment from 2008 to 2009 with Employment trend in the Øresund Region (2009–2012) around 90,000 jobs being lost. From 2009 to 2010, employment continued to Index (2000 = 100) decline on the Danish side of the Øresund 120 118 Region, while the Swedish side regained 116 Øresund Region SE many of the lost jobs. 114 112 110 Recent data from LFS suggests that em- 108 Øresund Region 106 ployment on the Danish side has been 104 Øresund Region DK stagnant since the beginning of 2010 102 100 apart from a brief decline in early 2011. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2009 2010 2011 2012 There are no clear signs of improved Source: Labour force survey (LFS), Ørestat. economic prospects. The LFS data also

Age -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Per cent

Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Per cent 80 78 76 74 72 Øresund Region DK 70 Øresund Region 68 Øresund Region SE 66 64 62 60 58 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 Year

Age

-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Per cent Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Per cent 10 9 Øresund Region SE 8 Øresund Region DK 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Index (2000 = 100) 115 110 Øresund Region SE 105 100 Øresund Region 95 Øresund Region DK 90 85 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10

Index (2000 = 100) 120 118 116 Øresund Region SE 114 112 110 108 Øresund Region 106 104 Øresund Region DK 102 100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2009 2010 2011 2012

58 A coherent and diverse labour market | The labour market Øresund Trends 2012

suggested that employment rose a lit- Change in employment according to age (2005–2010) tle in 2010 on the Swedish side of the Age Øresund Region. This trend has since -19 reversed: the latest LFS data indicates 20-24 that employment since early 2011 25-29 has decreased in the Swedish part of 30-34 Øresund Region. 35-39 40-44 Commuting to work across 45-49 the Øresund 50-54 Cross border commuters are not reliably 55-59 60-64 measured in labour market statistics. For example, commuters from Scania do not -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Per cent appear in the Zealand figures and vice Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK versa. Source: Ørestat (RAS/RAMS).

Recent data suggests that commuting changesPer cent in commuting flows have not the end of 2005. Among the younger is fairly stable. When the economy was 80significantly influenced overall employ- age groups in the Danish labour mar- at its peak, 19,800 people commuted 78ment and unemployment developments ket, there was a fall in employment, from Scania to Zealand; by 2010 it was 76in the Øresund Region. especially among the 25–29 age group. 17,800 people. Over the past five years, 74 Among other things, the economic cri- the number of commuters from Copen- 72Developments by age sis in 2008 and Øresundthe current Region stagnation DK hagen working in Scania has remained 70On the Danish side, employment at the has made it difficultØresund for graduatesRegion – both stable at 600–700 people. Therefore, 68 academic and skilled – to find work. end of 2010 was about the same as at Øresund Region SE 66 64 62 60 58 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 Year

Age

-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Per cent Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Index (2000 = 100) 120 118 116 Øresund Region SE 114 112 110 108 Øresund Region 106 104 Øresund Region DK 102 100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2009 2010 2011 2012

Age -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 A coherent and diverse labour market | The labour market 50-54 Øresund Trends 2012 59 55-59 60-64 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Per cent

Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

By contrast, employment among the The employment rate (2000–2010) oldest in the Zealand labour market has Per cent increased significantly. This is partly 80 due to the general ageing of the Zealand 78 population and that the older workers 76 were not first out in the series of redun- 74 dancies as the crisis accelerated. 72 Øresund Region DK 70 Øresund Region In the Scanian labour market, employ- 68 Øresund Region SE ment overall was higher in 2010 than in 66 2005. As on the Danish side, employ- 64 ment has increased the most among the 62 oldest in the labour market but, remark- 60 ably, there has also been a significant 58 increase (almost 27 per cent) in the em- -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 Year ployment of the 20–24 age group. This Source: Ørestat (RAS/RAMS). group was previously characterised by relatively high unemployment. Only Agement – is still higher in Zealand than in The employment participation rate among 55–59-year-olds has there been a Scania, but the crisis has narrowed the among 30–59 year-olds is at roughly significant decline in employment. gap-19 considerably. On the Danish side, the same level in Scania and Zealand. 20-24a technical adjustment of RAS has re- By contrast, there are significant cross- The employment rate 25-29duced the employment figure, which is, Øresund differences in the employment The employment participation rate – the 30-34in part, an explanation for the otherwise participation rate among the oldest and proportion of the population in employ- 35-39sharp fall in the employment rate. youngest. 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Per cent Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Index (2000 = 100) 120 118 116 Øresund Region SE 114 112 110 108 Øresund Region 106 104 Øresund Region DK 102 100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2009 2010 2011 2012

Age -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Per cent

Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Per cent 80 78 76 74 72 Øresund Region DK 70 Øresund Region 68 Øresund Region SE 60 A66 coherent and diverse labour market | The labour market Øresund Trends 2012 64 62 60 58 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 Year

Employment rate according to age (2010) probably the special Danish early re- Age tirement scheme that has resulted in the somewhat lower employment rate among the 60–64 age group. -19 20-24 Unemployment 25-29 Unfortunately, efforts to harmonise 30-34 the official Danish and Swedish unem- 35-39 ployment statistics are not yet complete. 40-44 Therefore, there are currently no com- 45-49 parable data-based estimates of unem- 50-54 ployment in Scania and Zealand. The 55-59 questionnaire-based random sample 60-64 survey (LFS) with fairly consistent data2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Per cent is currently the only source to compare Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK trends in unemployment in the Øresund Region’s two areas. Source: Ørestat (RAS/RAMS).

2 PerOn centthe Danish side, the employment ment count as employed in the Danish Sweden and Denmark define official unemployment slightly differently to what it is in the LFS calculation. 10participation rate among the youngest RAS, whichØresund is less the Region case in SE the Swed- On the Danish side, it means that the unemployment is9 much higher than in Scania. This is ish RAMS. rate is 1–2 percentage points higher in the LFS than 8 probably due to the fact that Danish Øresund Region DK in the official unemployment rate. This may be due to 7 LFS including people who do not receive unemploy- school6 children and students in employ- At the other end of the age scale, it is ment benefits or cash, for example: students. 5 4 3 2 1 0 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Index (2000 = 100) 115 110 Øresund Region SE 105 100 Øresund Region 95 Øresund Region DK 90 85 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10

Index (2000 = 100) 120 118 116 Øresund Region SE 114 112 110 108 Øresund Region 106 104 Øresund Region DK 102 100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2009 2010 2011 2012

Age -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Per cent

Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Per cent 80 78 76 74 72 Øresund Region DK 70 Øresund Region 68 Øresund Region SE 66 64 62 60 58 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 Year

Age

-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 | A coherent and diverse labour market The labour market 55-59 Øresund Trends 2012 61 60-64

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Per cent Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Unemployment trends (2006–2012) tics Denmark). According to the LFS, Per cent the unemployment rate has risen more 10 than 1 percentage point since early 2010. 9 Øresund Region SE According to the official Danish unem- 8 Øresund Region DK ployment figures, unemployment has 7 remained unchanged since the begin- 6 5 ning of 2010. 4 3 2 1 0 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Arbetskraftsundersökningen (The Labour Force Survey).

In the years up to 2008, unemploy- employment was reduced to 1 percent- ment was significantly higher in Scania age point. Unemployment rates in Sca- than on the Danish side of the Øresund nia and Zealand have not been closer to Region. When the crisis began, unem- each other in the last 15 years. ployment in Scania was around 7 per cent, while on Zealand it was between The Labour Force Survey (LFS) for 3–4 per cent, which represents a differ- Zealand paints a slightly gloomier pic- ence of 3–4 percentage points. By early ture of unemployment trends than the 2012, this difference in the level of un- official unemployment statistics (Statis- 62 A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012

Commuting across While the Danish economy gets an eco- to a job on the other side of the sound, Øresund nomic boost from the Øresund com- since both journey time and travel costs muting, the Swedish economy saves have been reduced significantly as a re- Commuting developments across Øre- expenditure on unemployment benefits sult of the opening of the fixed link. sund have primarily taken place bet- because Swedish employees get jobs in ween southwest Scania and the Danish Denmark instead of becoming unem- Effects on the economy part of the Øresund Region. This ac- ployed. In 2010, this saving was nearly The many Swedes who have entered counted for 55 per cent of all commu- 175 million EUR. the Danish labour market have solved a ting across Øresund in 1999, while in labour shortage problem since, and had 2010 it amounted to 81 per cent. The calculations show only a part of the Danish employers not been able to the regional economic impact that the recruit Swedes, the Danish economy Øresund commuters lift the Danish Øresund Bridge has and has had. For would have lost production and hence economy by 740 million EUR a year example, the shorter travel time across the added value. In 2010, Øresund commuters contrib- the Øresund to and from Kastrup (Co- uted 740 million EUR in added value to penhagen Airport) had a positive effect The social value of a person in employ- the Danish economy. Since the Øresund on the number of business start-ups in ment amounts to around 73,900 EUR. Bridge opened in 2000, the Danish and around Malmö and also the number Social value is measured as a company's economy has received a substantial finan- of Swedish air passengers travelling from added value per employee. cial injection totalling 4.4 billion EUR Kastrup. The value of these and many through Øresund commuters. For that other effects have not been calculated. Added value is calculated by subtracting money it would be possible to build one the value of the raw materials, consuma- and one-third Øresund Bridges. In other The Øresund Bridge is the single most bles and services that the company uses in words, the social gain from the Øresund important reason that many have given production from the company's turnover. Bridge exceeds what it cost to build it. for taking the opportunity to commute The added value goes to the remunera- A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012 63

The contribution of commuting to added value growth divided according to industry sectors (2010) Net commuting Gross added value Øresund commuting flow, per employee contribution to added value individuals in EUR growth, EUR million Agriculture, forestry, fishery and raw material extraction 15 120,996 2 Industry 778 89,226 69 Supply companies 40 256,708 10 Building and construction 274 48,205 13 Commerce 1,690 51,334 87 Hotels and catering 771 27,070 21 Transport and communication 2,042 98,088 200 Finance and insurance 469 200,111 94 Property and rental of commercial property 1,325 106,225 141 Public and private service 300 78,417 24 Education 285 52,784 15 Health care, etc . 1,325 43,841 58 Culture, leisure and other services 323 51,804 17 No information 7 71,690 1 Total 9,645 751 Source: Statistics Denmark, Øresund Data Bank and the Öresund Committee’s own calculations. tion of employees, profit in the comp- added value, while hotels and restaurants dustry divided commuter statistics from any and production taxes (property taxes, have a low added value per employee. the Øresund Data Bank and national road taxes, social security contributions, accounts data for the Danish economy. payroll tax, etc.). The value to Danish society of the Øresund commuters’ labour force cor- Effects on the labour market Added value per employee varies signifi- responds to the added value in the in- Danes, who at some point have chosen cantly depending on the profession. Cer- dustries in which they are employed. to live on the other side of Øresund and tain occupations – such as pharmaceuti- The calculations of the commuters’ con- commute to work in Denmark, usually cals and financial services – have a high tribution to added value is based on in- also had jobs on the Danish side before 64 A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012

they moved. In other words, they con- Commuting from the Swedish side of Øresund to Denmark (2010) tribute as much to the Danish economy Jobs after they have become Øresund com- 4–250 muters as they did before. In 1999 – be- 251–500 fore the Øresund integration really took 501–1,000 off – the Danes already accounted for some 10 per cent of commuting from 1,001–2,000 Scania to Zealand. In the analysis, there- 2,001–11, 000 fore, 10 per cent of the Danish commuters from Scania to Zealand are regarded as a subsidy for the Danish economy and Municipality of residence on an equal footing with the Swedish 9–250 commuters. 251–500 501–1,000

Commuting flows from Scania to Zea- 1,001–2,100 land are far greater than the flow in the 2,101–11, 000 opposite direction, which amounted to 633 commuters in 2009. In principle, the 633 jobs in Denmark could have Source: Region Scania. been taken by commuters living in Den- mark, so that the calculation of com- Commuting structure and thus have the greatest share, while muters’ economic contribution would 96 per cent of the Øresund commuters Danes number 37 per cent. The remain- only need to take net commuting from live in Sweden and work in Denmark. der were born outside Sweden and Den- Sweden to Denmark. Of this, Swedes number 40 per cent mark. A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012 65

57 per cent of the commuters on the Øresund, choose to drive to work to a The large proportion of Danes is due to Øresund Bridge commute by train, greater extent than the Swedish com- the fact that the economic incentive to while the rest take the car. The Danes muters. move to Sweden was very strong until who have moved to the Swedish part of mid-2007, when Danish house prices Øresund commuters’ country of residence 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 From the Øresund Region DK to the 166 188 204 281 539 533 536 692 734 750 623 708 633 712 Øresund Region SE From the Øresund Region SE to the 2,130 2,365 2,584 3,010 3,751 4,697 5,683 7,160 8,783 12,744 17,890 19,097 18,387 17,702 Øresund Region DK Total 2,296 2,553 2,788 3,291 4,290 5,230 6,219 7,852 9,517 13,494 18,513 19,805 19,020 18,414 Source: Ørestat. Øresund commuters’ place of birth 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Denmark 884 938 929 1,208 1,822 2,419 3,063 3,811 4,545 6,011 7,400 7,379 7,149 6,868 Sweden 1,212 1,362 1,569 1,753 2,004 2,187 2,329 2,804 3,445 4,804 7,225 7,968 7,660 7,315 Other countries 200 253 290 330 464 624 827 1,237 1,527 2,679 3,888 4,458 4,211 4,231 Total number of commuters 2,296 2,553 2,788 3,291 4,290 5,230 6,219 7,852 9,517 13,494 18,513 19,805 19,020 18,414 Source: Ørestat. Commuters from the Øresund Region SE divided according to residence and jobs in per cent (2010) Copenhagen Copenhagen North East West and Øresund city environs Zealand Zealand East Zealand Region DK Southern Scania 54 21 4 2 1 81 Northeastern Scania 0 0 0 0 0 1 Northwestern Scania 4 3 10 0 0 18 Total number of commuters 59 24 14 3 1 100 Source: Ørestat. 66 A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012

began to fall. It was in 2005 that Dan- of the Øresund Bridge’s life saw a rea- ences on the two sides of the sound. In ish companies' recruitment of Swedish sonable increase in the number of com- 2008, the number of commuters peaked employees began in earnest because of muters, while the growth in the period at 19,800 and has since declined due to labour shortages in Denmark. 2005–2007 was exceptionally high due the financial crisis in the first instance, to both Danish companies' labour short- and the recession has since then taken its Due to the demographic developments ages and significant house price differ- toll on the Øresund regional landscape. in the Øresund Region (see page 8) significantly greater problems are expected Commuters across Øresund in future in recruiting sufficient man- Number power in the Danish part of the Øresund 25,000 Region than in the Swedish. Therefore, commuting in the future is expected to 20,000 be increasingly driven by real labour market integration rather than the hous- 15,000 ing market integration as in the early 10,000 years of the Øresund Bridge's lifetime.

5,000 Number of commuters

Approximately 18,000 people commut- 0 ed daily between home and work on the 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 other side of Øresund in 2011. In 1999, Ferries Commuters by hydrofoil the year before the Øresund Bridge Rail commuters Car commuters opened, there were 2,600 daily com- Source: Øresund Bridge, DSB and Ørestat. mutes across Øresund. The first year Note: 2011 is the Öresund Committee’s calculation. A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012 67

Commuter distribution by industry Øresund Region since the millennium. regard to jobs on both the Danish and The majority of the Øresund commuters Swedish sides of the sound, there are from the Swedish part of the Øresund The transport industry has always had relatively many from the Swedish side Region work in the Danish service sec- many Swedish employees, mainly due of the Øresund Region commuting to tor. This reflects Copenhagen’s business to Copenhagen Airport, which has tra- work in the commerce, hotel and res- structure which is strong in profession- ditionally been a large employer that taurant, transport and property sectors, al services, research and development attracts workers from a wide catchment while there are relatively few for con- (R&D) and commerce. The retail trade area, including Scania. Transport and struction, public administration, educa- and business services in particular have communication remain the industries tion and social and health care. recruited staff from the Swedish part of that employ the most commuters. With

Commuters from the Swedish side of the Øresund Region to the Danish side divided into sectors 1999 2010 Share 1999 Share 2010 Agriculture, forestry, fishery and raw material extraction 6 28 0% 0% Industry 222 1,365 9% 8% Energy and water supply 6 74 0% 0% Building and construction 174 416 7% 2% Wholesale and retail 334 3,083 13% 17% Hotels and catering 128 1,307 5% 7% Transport and communication 682 3,898 26% 22% Financial companies etc . 80 916 3% 5% Rental and property sales 287 2,416 11% 14% Public administration and personal services 70 528 3% 3% Education 102 634 4% 4% Health care etc . 374 2,447 14% 14% Community, associations and culture 119 585 5% 3% No information 0 5 0% 0% Total 2,584 17,702 100% 100% Source: Ørestat. 68 A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012

The educational level of commuters according to place of residence Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE Primary and lower secondary/basic school 6% 12% Upper secondary and vocational education 27% 44% Higher education 64% 42% Not known 3% 2% Source: Ørestat. Øresund commuters work in the private ison, on both the Danish and Swedish sector to a greater degree. 72 per cent sides of the Øresund, only around 35 per of all commuters from both the Swedish cent of all 20–64 year olds have a higher and the Danish side are employed in the education. private sector. By comparison, only 60 and 66 per cent of the jobs on the Danish The breakdown by gender for com- and Swedish sides respectively are to be muters is such that for every three men found in the private sector. who commute from the Swedish side of Øresund Region to the Danish side, Commuters are generally well educat- there are only two women. ed. Up to 64 per cent of the commuters residing in Denmark have received a higher education, while educational skills are somewhat more differentiated among the Swedish resident commuters: here 42 per cent have higher education with 44 per cent having upper secondary or vocational education. By compar- A coherent and diverse labour market | Commuting across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012 69 70 Accessibility and mobility | Migration Øresund Trends 2012

Accessibility and mobility

Migration immigration policy. On the Danish side of Øresund, population growth has increased to around Population growth Growth in the Øresund Region ca- 20,000 annually over the period 1998– The Øresund Bridge opened in 2000 pita number remained fairly constant at 2011 and is determined mainly by a ri- and, since then, the number of inhabi- around 15,000 annually from the late sing immigration surplus of 12,000 from tants in the Øresund Region has grown 1990s until 2005, but it peaked with other countries; there is also a slight by about 270,000 in 2012. 6 per cent of 37,000 in 2009. The increasing excess of increase of about 5,000 relocations from the growth is distributed west of Øre- births over deaths and especially immi- the rest of Denmark. Net emigration of sund and 11 per cent east of it. Some of gration surplus has driven the growth in Danes (including to Scania) stopped af- this growth is due to an excess of births the number of inhabitants. ter 2007 and there has also been an in- over deaths of 40,000 – mainly on the Danish side – while the remainder is Migration surplus and excess of births over deaths due to an immigration surplus. There 40,000 is a net immigration of 100,000 people from countries other than Denmark and 35,000 Sweden, while the net migration from 30,000 other regions of the two countries, es- 25,000 pecially Sweden, is 40,000. 20,000 Immigration surplus 15,000 The extent and direction of migration is 10,000 Migration surplus determined mainly by the labour mar- 5,000 Excess of births ket (wages, qualifications and mobility), 0 over deaths the housing market (pricing and loca- 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

tion) as well as cultural differences and Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Ørestat.

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 00-04 05-09 10-11 00-04 05-09 10-11 Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE

Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500

3,000 From Scania to Zealand 2,500 From Zealand to Scania 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

EUR Number 1,800 3,000 1,600 2,500 1,400 2,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,000 800 500 600 - 400 200 -500 - -1,000 201 1 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Additional cost

Migration (net)

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Other 2,000 Swedish 1,500 1,000 Danish 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Per cent Number

50 1,200

40 1,000 800 30 600 20 400 10 200

0 0 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group Migration to and from Migration between From Zealand From Scania Greater Copenhagen Greater Copenhagen to Scania to Zealand and Malmö and Malmö 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 Immigration surplus Accessibility and mobility | Migration 15,000 Øresund Trends 2012 71 10,000 Migration surplus 5,000 Excess of births 0 over deaths 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

creased net immigration, especially from Migration surplus and excess of births over deaths, average per year western countries. The annual excess of 25,000 births over deaths is around 4,000. 20,000 In Scania, the number of immigrants 15,000 and newcomers from the rest of Sweden 10,000 peaked in 2009 with a total of 23,000. In 2011, the figure dropped to a more 5,000 modest level of between 5,000 and 0 00-04 05-09 10-11 00-04 05-09 10-11 6,000. Net immigration from Zealand Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE peaked at 2,800 in 2006 with the fall in immigration but it is now replaced by a Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths net emigration to Zealand. On the oth- Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Sweden and Ørestat. er hand, Scania has experienced a rising excess of births over deaths in recent The main drivers of the flow of Danes to So it was the Danish inflow to Scania, years. Scania5,000 in the period 2000–2007 were op- which started the commuting wave from portunities4,500 for bigger and cheaper hous- Scania to Zealand. During the period Migration across the Øresund ing.4,000 In addition, there was the lower cost 2000–2011, 13,000 moved permanently After the opening of the Øresund of3,500 living and, for some, the less stringent from Zealand to Scania, and Danes ac- Bridge, there was a tremendous growth rules on family reunification in Sweden. count for half of the daily commute from 3,000 From Scania to Zealand in migration across Øresund, and it was The better and cheaper housing in Scania Scania to Zealand. 2,500 quite significant that it was Zealanders – usually Malmö – was usually combined From Zealand to Scania who began to move to the Scanian side with2,000 retaining attractive and well-paid Housing prices have had a major impact of the Øresund. jobs1,500 on Zealand, usually in Copenhagen. on migration behaviour. Given that the 1,000 500 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

EUR Number 1,800 3,000 1,600 2,500 1,400 2,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,000 800 500 600 - 400 200 -500 - -1,000 201 1 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Additional cost

Migration (net)

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Other 2,000 Swedish 1,500 1,000 Danish 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Per cent Number

50 1,200

40 1,000 800 30 600 20 400 10 200

0 0 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group Migration to and from Migration between From Zealand From Scania Greater Copenhagen Greater Copenhagen to Scania to Zealand and Malmö and Malmö 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 Immigration surplus 15,000 10,000 Migration surplus 5,000 Excess of births 0 over deaths 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000 72 A5,000cce ssibility and mobility | Migration Øresund Trends 2012 0 00-04 05-09 10-11 00-04 05-09 10-11 Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE

Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths

Migration across Øresund (1998–2011) hand, migration from Scania to Zealand peaked in 2010, when it overtook the 5,000 number of relocations from Zealand to 4,500 Scania, but then this migration flow also 4,000 waned. In 2011, there were 500 more 3,500 relocations to the west than the east.

3,000 From Scania to Zealand 2,500 Just as the migration flow to Scania was From Zealand to Scania characterised by the fact that 75 per cent 2,000 were Danes, this is also the flow in the 1,500 opposite direction, since many Danes 1,000 are now moving back to Zealand after 500 living for a time in Scania. Only one 0 in five of those moving from Scania to 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Zealand, is a Swedish citizen.

Source: Ørestat. An increasing proportion of migrants large difference between the high hous- substantially, and the migration surplus are not born in Denmark or Sweden. In ing prices in the Capital Region and the has even become a migration deficit. 2010, one in three of those who moved low prices in Scania peaked in 2007, mi- to the other side of Øresund was from gration flow followed the same pattern. By 2011, migration from Zealand to a country other than Denmark or Swe- Scania dropped to half the maximum den. This proportion is the same for After 2008, both the price difference and level of 2007, and relocations are now each direction and fell slightly in 2011. theEUR migration surplus to Scania declinedNumber only twice the 2000-level. On the other 1,800 3,000 1,600 2,500 1,400 2,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,000 800 500 600 - 400 200 -500 - -1,000 201 1 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Additional cost

Migration (net)

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Other 2,000 Swedish 1,500 1,000 Danish 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Per cent Number

50 1,200

40 1,000 800 30 600 20 400 10 200

0 0 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group Migration to and from Migration between From Zealand From Scania Greater Copenhagen Greater Copenhagen to Scania to Zealand and Malmö and Malmö 40,000 35,00040,000 30,00035,000 25,00030,000 20,00025,000 Immigration surplus Immigration surplus 15,00020,000 10,00015,000 Migration surplus Migration surplus 10,0005,000 Excess of births 5,0000 Excessover deaths of births 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011over deaths 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

25,000 25,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 0 00-04 05-09 10-11 00-04 05-09 10-11 0 00-04Øresund 05-09 Region 10- DK11 00-04Øresund 05-09 Region 10- SE11 Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths 40,000 35,000 30,000 5,000 5,000 25,000 4,500 4,500 20,000 4,000 Immigration surplus 15,000 3,5004,000 10,000 3,500 Migration surplus 3,000 From Scania to Zealand 5,000 2,5003,000 Excess of births From Scania to Zealand over deaths From Zealand to Scania 0 2,0002,500 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 From Zealand to Scania 1,5002,000

1,0001,500 1,000500 25,000 5000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0 20,000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 15,000

10,000

5,000

0 00-04 05-09 10-11 00-04 05-09 10-11 Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE

Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths EUR Number 1,800EUR 3,000Number 1,6001,800 2,5003,000 5,000 1,4001,600 2,0002,500 1,400 4,500 1,200 1,5002,000 1,0001,200 4,000 1,0001,500 1,000 800 3,500 5001,000 600800 -500 3,000 400600 From Scania to Zealand - 2,500 200400 -500 From Zealand to Scania -500 2,000 200 - -1,000 -1,000 1,500 - 201 1 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 201 1 1,000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Additional cost Accessibility and mobility | Migration 500 Øresund Trends 2012 73 Additional cost 0 Migration (net) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Migration2011 (net)

Additional cost for a one family Number of relocations from Zealand to Scania according to nationality house in the Capital Region com- 5,000 pared to Scania (EUR per m2) 5,0004,500 and net migration from the Capital 4,5004,000 Region to Scania (1998–2011) 4,0003,500 3,5003,000 EUR Number 2,500 3,000 Other 1,800 3,000 2,5002,000 Swedish 1,500 Other 1,600 2,500 2,000 Swedish 1,5001,000 Danish 1,400 2,000 1,000500 Danish 1,200 1,500 5000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1,000 0 1,000 Source: 2001Ørestat.2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 800 500 600 5,000Number of relocations from Scania to Zealand according to nationality - 400 5,0004,500 200 -500 4,5004,000 4,0003,500 - -1,000 3,5003,000 3,0002,500 Other 201 1 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2,5002,000 OtherSwedish 1,500 Additional cost 2,000 Swedish 1,5001,000 Danish 500 Migration (net) 1,000 Danish 5000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Realkreditrådet, Värderingsdata AB 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 and Ørestat. Swedish price data after 2008 is estimated. Source: Ørestat.

5,000 Per cent Number 4,500 Per cent Number 4,000 50 1,200 3,500 50 1,200 3,000 40 1,000 2,500 40 1,000 Other 800 2,000 30 Swedish 800 1,500 30 600 1,000 20 Danish 600 500 20 400 0 10 400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 200 10 200 0 0 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group 0 0 5,000 Migration0-5 6-15 16-24to and 25-34 from 35-54 Migration55-64 +65 Agebetween group 0-5 From6-15 16-24 Zealand 25-34 35-54 55-64From +65 ScaniaAge group 4,500 MigrationGreater Copenhagen to and from MigrationGreater Copenhagen between Fromto Scania Zealand Fromto Zealand Scania 4,000 Greaterand Malmö Copenhagen Greaterand Malmö Copenhagen to Scania to Zealand 3,500 and Malmö and Malmö 3,000 2,500 Other 2,000 Swedish 1,500 1,000 Danish 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Per cent Number

50 1,200

40 1,000 800 30 600 20 400 10 200

Migration across Øresund Change in Change in per cent per cent 2007 2011 2007–2011 2007 2011 2007–2011

Migration eastwards from Zealand to Scania From To Copenhagen city 2,126 1,117 -47 Malmö 2,671 1,307 -51 Rest of the Capital Region 1,593 825 -48 Rest of southwest Scania 651 288 -56 Region Zealand 656 343 -48 Rest of Scania 1,038 674 -35 Total 4,375 2,285 -48 Total 4,360 2,269 -48

Migration westwards from Scania to Zealand From To Malmö 1,248 1,645 32 Copenhagen city 968 1,256 30 Rest of southwest Scania 273 337 23 Rest of the Capital Region 709 1,004 42 Rest of Scania 541 678 25 Region Zealand 385 415 8 Total 2,062 2,660 29 Total 2,062 2,675 30 N.B. Danish and Swedish figures for the number of relocations do not correspond precisely. Figures for 2011 are preliminary. Source: Ørestat. Direction of migration Migration from Zealand to Scania has Zealand increased by 29 per cent from A large proportion of the relocations now halved compared to its peak in 2007 to 2011. Growth in migration across Øresund are concentrated be- 2007. Relatively, the decrease is greatest from Scania comes mainly from Malmö. tween the two major cities of Copenha- for Malmö and southwest Scania, while, Relatively, growth in migration to Zea- gen and Malmö. Migration to Scania has on the whole, the rest of Scania has not land is greatest in Copenhagen and es- been particularly characterised by many experienced such a decline in arrivals pecially to the rest of the Capital Region first-time relocations across Øresund; from Zealand. of Denmark outside Copenhagen. This and it is Malmö especially, which has is largely due to Danes who choose to been the target of movement. The reverse migration from Scania to move back to the Danish part of the 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 Immigration surplus 15,000 10,000 Migration surplus 5,000 Excess of births 0 over deaths 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 00-04 05-09 10-11 00-04 05-09 10-11 Øresund Region DK Øresund Region SE

Immigration surplus Migration surplus Excess of births over deaths

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500

3,000 From Scania to Zealand 2,500 From Zealand to Scania 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

EUR Number 1,800 3,000 1,600 2,500 1,400 2,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,000 800 500 600 - 400 200 -500 - -1,000 201 1 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Additional cost

Migration (net)

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Other 2,000 Swedish 1,500 1,000 Danish 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Other Accessibility and mobility | Migration 2,000 Swedish Øresund Trends 2012 75 1,500 1,000 Danish 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Migration between Greater Migration between Zealand and Migration by age Copenhagen and Malmö according Scania according to age (2011) Migrants between Greater Copenhagen to age (2011) Per cent Number and the rest of Denmark and between Malmö and the rest of Sweden are for 50 1,200 the most part around 16–24 years old; 40 1,000 typically they are young people who leave home. Migrants across Øresund 800 30 between Greater Copenhagen and 600 Malmö are somewhat older, around 20 400 25–34 years; typically, these are young 10 people who have either established or 200 are about to start a family. In general, 0 0 women are younger than men when 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group 0-5 6-15 16-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 +65 Age group they move, and this is especially true for Migration to and from Migration between From Zealand From Scania Greater Copenhagen Greater Copenhagen to Scania to Zealand those who choose to cross the Øresund and Malmö and Malmö to settle on the other side. Source: Ørestat. Note: Greater Copenhagen is Copenhagen and its In other words, whether moving from surrounding area, and Malmö is Southern Scania. Source: Ørestat. Zealand to Scania or the opposite di- region, now that housing prices have all areas in Scania. In 2011, the net direction, migrants are roughly the same fallen significantly. rection of travel was in the opposite di- age. However, a picture emerges that rection from all areas in Scania. migrants who move back to the west In 2007, there was significant net of Øresund are a little older – typically migration from all areas of Zealand to families with children – than the mi- 76 Accessibility and mobility | Migration Øresund Trends 2012

grants who move to the eastern part of Danish citizens in Scania the Øresund Region 1 January Growth 1 January Percentage of 2000 2000–2011 2012 population Danes change settlement patterns 1 .1 .2012 in Scania Danish citizens in total 9,588 15,529 25,117 2.0 As at 1 January 2012, 25,000 Danish Percentage breakdown citizens were living in Scania1, of which Southwest Scania 47 78 66 2.6 Malmö 25 64 49 4.1 quite a few (15 per cent) were born in Rest of southwest Scania 21 14 17 1.2 Sweden. In addition, there were sever- Northwest Scania 39 14 24 1.9 Northeast Scania 8 4 6 0.8 al thousand people who were born in Southeast Scania 6 3 4 1.2 Denmark, but have Swedish citizenship. Source: Ørestat. In the latter group, more than half are more than 60 years old. tion from Scania to Denmark has in- 2000, and 39 per cent of them lived in creased because many Danes have cho- northwest Scania at the time. Migration from Denmark to Scania has sen to move back following a period in increased significantly since 2000, when Scania – typically when their children After 2000, there was a shift in settlement there were almost 10,000 Danish cit- reach school age. patterns, although all municipalities in izens living there. Migration to Scania Scania experienced increased migra- has declined since 2007, while migra- Prior to 2000, Danes were over-repre- tion from Denmark. During the period sented in many municipalities in north- 2000–2011, 15,500 Danes moved to Sca- 1According to an earlier report from Region Scania, west Scania, including in the small in- nia, of which only 14 per cent settled in approximately 75 per cent of all Danes born in Scania dustrial municipalities Klippan, Åstorp, northwest Scania, while 78 per cent set- are Danish citizens, which is equivalent to the fact that there should be around 32,000 Danes currently settled Perstorp and Örkelljunga. It was evident tled in Southwest Scania. And growth is in Scania. that the Danes had immigrated before concentrated in Malmö, which received Accessibility and mobility | Migration Øresund Trends 2012 77

64 per cent of Scania's net increase of pattern that started with movement away Future migration patterns will be influ- Danes. The rest of southwest Scania has from rapidly rising house prices, where enced by developments in an uncertain had a relatively small increase in Danes. there was good and affordable housing housing market, a labour market with Also, in northeast and southeast Scania, and at a distance, which meant that they high unemployment, and by the fact that where Danish settlement was already could keep their attractive and high- the economic situation, all things be- modest, the growth in Danish settlers has ly paid jobs on the Danish side of the ing equal, has been more favourable to been even more limited. In 2012, half Øresund. the Swedish than the Danish side of the of Scania’s 25,000 Danish citizens were Øresund. Will it still be advantageous in Malmö and represented 4 per cent of Moving to another country can be an ex- to settle in Malmö in terms of housing the population. Other municipalities in citing challenge, but it can also be costly prices, travel costs and travel distance? Scania with 3–4 per cent Danes are Bjuv, in terms of cultural and linguistic hurdles Will relocations still be linked closely to Örkelljunga and Klippan, while Kris- and barriers to establishing new networks commuting back to a well-paid job in tianstad with only 0.3 per cent Danish – perhaps at the expense of old networks Copenhagen, or will more Danes move nationals is the city that has the smallest and family. After a few years, many both home and work to Scania and thus population of Danes. Danes decide, therefore, to move back to become more and permanently integrat- where they came from, partly because the ed in the Scania side? Future migration patterns children have reached school age. Others When the Øresund Bridge opened in move back because the Danish housing Likewise, the future will show whether 2000, the increasing number of migra- market has become more accessible after any of the over 7,000 Scanians, who cur- tions across the Øresund was an expres- the years of high prices, or because many rently commute to a job on the Danish sion of emerging integration of Dan- lost their jobs in Denmark after the fi- side, will settle closer to their work. Will ish and Swedish parts of the Øresund nancial crisis and have been unemployed. they be able to come to adjust to the Dan- Region. Relocations, particularly in re- ish housing market after the house price spect of Copenhageners, were part of a falls in Copenhagen and Zealand? 78 Accessibility and mobility | Housing and construction Øresund Trends 2012

Housing million on the Swedish side. Around 70 The proportion of residential blocks, and construction per cent of the region's housing is con- small homes and rental units is slightly centrated around Øresund: the densely greater in the Swedish part, while homes Housing populated Capital Region and the Sca- in the Danish part are clearly the oldest. There are 1.8 million homes in the nian Øresund municipalities including Øresund Region. This breaks down into Greater Malmö. The housing structure in the Capital 1.2 million on the Danish side and 0.6 Region and in southwestern Scania is

Housing structure (1 .1 2011). Total number Apartment Small homes Rented and Old homes New homes of homes blocks (1–2 rooms) cooperative housing –1920 1981– Number Per cent Øresund Region 1,786,556 52 28 54 18 8 Øresund Region DK 1,205,143 52 25 50 21 7 Øresund Region SE 581,413 54 34 61 12 9 Capital Region 820,413 64 28 57 21 6 Copenhagen city 365,406 90 38 74 35 3 Copenhagen environs 242,016 55 23 53 5 6 North Zealand 191,529 30 16 35 11 11 Bornholm 21,462 11 14 28 40 9 Region Zealand 384,730 26 17 36 23 10 East Zealand 101,584 30 18 37 10 14 West and south Zealand 283,146 25 17 35 28 9 Region Scania 581,413 54 34 61 12 9 Southern Scania 350,377 59 37 65 10 9 Northeastern Scania 78,270 38 28 47 15 9 Northwestern Scania 152,766 51 32 60 13 10

Greater Malmö 305,523 63 38 68 9 8 Source: Ørestat. Accessibility and mobility | Housing and construction Øresund Trends 2012 79

similar with a large proportion of small The other parts of Zealand and Scan- Danish side of the Øresund. For a long apartment blocks. This is particular- ia outside of Copenhagen and Greater period from the mid-1990s until 2003, ly apparent in the centre municipali- Malmö are characterised by the oppo- there was an increase of only around ties, Copenhagen and Greater Malmö. site of the inner cities: not multi-sto- 5,000–8,000 homes (including dem- Both cities are dominated by apartment rey buildings, but a large proportion of olitions) becoming available annually blocks, where 38 per cent of the homes homes with gardens (individual fami- across the Øresund Region. The Danish have 1–2 rooms, and the vast majority ly houses, terraced houses, etc.). This situation was partly the result of many are rental units. More than half of the is especially true of Region Zealand, groupings of very small homes in and Øresund Region’s small dwellings are north Zealand, Bornholm and north- around Copenhagen, the demolition of located in Copenhagen and Greater east Scania. These have larger homes in outdated housing and a very low level Malmö. the main, with three bedrooms or more, of activity for new housing. The same and owner-occupied housing is far more trend characterised the 1980s. The houses in the centres of the region prevalent. Outside the densely populated are also old, especially in Copenhagen, areas, there are relatively few apartment In 2004, there was an almost explosive where more than 126,000, or one in three buildings, small homes and rental units, growth in residential construction not was built before 1921. The vast majority but they do occur slightly more often in only in and around Copenhagen, but of these homes have been refurbished of Scania than in Zealand and the islands. also in the Capital Region and Region course but, despite extensive urban reno- The old houses are mostly found in the Zealand. This development should be vation and improvements, there are many centre of the region and the periphery. seen in conjunction with the improved older homes in Copenhagen that are still economic conditions in Denmark, as in a poor condition. 35,000 – or 12 per Residential construction the capital in particular was boosted cent – are missing at least one of the mod- In the early 1990s, there was a large in- by the expansion of port areas and the ern amenities such as shower, toilet, dis- crease in the number of homes in Sca- construction of a new district, Ørestad. trict or central heating. nia, while it was extremely low on the The new-build escalation should also be 80 Accessibility and mobility | Housing and construction Øresund Trends 2012

Housing increase in the Øresund Region (1991–2011) more people a year, while any growth outside the metropolitan area has stalled. 30,000 In relative terms, 7 per cent more peo- 25,000 ple are living in and around Copenhagen since 2000, but there are only 4 per cent 20,000 more homes. Conversely, in the rest of the Capital Region and Region Zealand, 15,000 there are 10 per cent more homes over 10,000 the period, but only 4 per cent more people. This development means a greater 5,000 demand for housing in Copenhagen. The cost of ownership and cooperative hous- 0 ing is marked by uncertainty and con- 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK tinued low demand, while rent levels on Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden. the other hand are increasing. The lack of affordable housing means that young Co- seen in the context of the period’s inflat- Copenhagen apart from the years 2004– penhageners are, to a greater and greater ed price expectations because the price 2008, when the construction boom gave extent, choosing to share housing, and of owner-occupied homes increased by Copenhagen and its environs sever- that they remain living with their chil- about 40 per cent from 2004 to 2006 in al thousand new homes. The situation dren in relatively small dwellings. At the Capital Region. currently is that new construction is at a the same time, rent laws are hampering Number standstill everywhere. NumberAt the same time, mobility in the Danish housing market. Many elderly people are living at very low On20,000 the Danish side of the Øresund, most the population of the metropolitan area houses have generally been built outside is increasing rapidly with20,000 over 15,000 rents in large houses in the old housing

15,000 15,000

10,000 10,000

5,000 5,000

0 0

1990 1995 200020052010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 1990 1995 200020052010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 ------1994 1999 20042009 1994 1999 2004 2009 1994 1999 20042009 1994 1999 2004 2009 -5,000 -5,000 Increase in the number Growth in population Increase in the number Growth in population of homes of homes Region Zealand Rest of Capital Region Southwestern Scania Rest of Scania Copenhagen city and its environs

0 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK 30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Accessibility and mobility | Housing and construction Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK Øresund Trends 2012 81

Average growth in the number of homes Average growth in the number of homes and inhabitants (1994–2001) .The Øresund Region DK and inhabitants (1994–2011) .The Øresund Region SE Number Number

20,000 20,000

15,000 15,000

10,000 10,000

5,000 5,000

0 0

Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden. Source: Statistics Denmark and Statistics Sweden.

stock, but want to move to smaller, more But Danish rent laws are preventing this than their current homes. There should modern and elderly friendly accommo- because new and smaller housing is likely be a relaxation of the Danish rent adjust- dation with lifts and modern facilities. to be significantly more expensive to rent ments in the coming years. 30

0 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK 30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK

Number Number

20,000 20,000

15,000 15,000

10,000 10,000

5,000 5,000

0 0

1990 1995 200020052010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 1990 1995 200020052010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 ------1994 1999 20042009 1994 1999 2004 2009 1994 1999 20042009 1994 1999 2004 2009 -5,000 -5,000 Increase in the number Growth in population Increase in the number Growth in population 82 Accessibility and mobility | Housof inhomesg and construction of homes Øresund Trends 2012 Region Zealand Rest of Capital Region Southwestern Scania Rest of Scania Copenhagen city and its environs

On the Swedish side of Øresund, there is Homes in the Øresund Region: percentage according to size (1 .1 .2009) even more development; during 2010– 30 2011, some 2,500–3,000 new homes became available and there was a growth 25 in population of 10,000–12,000. The 20 figur: growth in housing and population oc- Gennemsnitlig vækst i antal curred predominantly in southwestern 15 boliger og indbyggere Øresund Region DK (1994-2011) Scania. There was also a relative imbal- fil: 10 ance between the growth in population boliger i Øresund Region.pdf and housing supply. Since 2000, there 5 have been 4 per cent more homes in 80x67 both southwest Scania and in the rest of 0 Scania, but population growth in south- 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms west Scania is 11 per cent compared to Øresund Region SE Øresund Region DK only 3 per cent in the rest of Scania. Source: Ørestat. There are slightly more apartment constant since 2000, the major growth rooms, houses on the Danish side are a blocks, small houses and rental apart- has been in the number of small and little larger but, measured in square me- ments in the Swedish part of the Øresund large homes. The homes in the Swed- tres, they are slightly smaller than on Region, while the housing stock in the ish part of the region include slight- the Swedish side. Furthermore, in Swe- Danish part is the oldest. ly more one-room dwellings than the den, the net area, i.e. the living space, Danish part. On average, a home in the is measured while in Denmark it is the The size of the houses varies greatly. Øresund Region has 100 square metres gross area, i.e. walls, fittings, common While the total space has been fairly and 3.5 rooms. Measured by number of areas, etc. are included. Accessibility and mobility | Housing and construction Øresund Trends 2012 83

In relation to the population size, the nurses, must be able to stay close to town retirees, and their mobility. The social number of homes available is roughly and at a reasonable price. At the same cohesion of neighbourhoods can be equal on both sides of the sound time, urban densification and new hous- strengthened through joint ownership ing close to workplaces contribute to a and housing design. Finally, future cli- 1 Future housing needs lower environmental and CO2 impact . mate initiatives are that new buildings Also, flexibility in purpose and design of must be energy neutral and that the ex- A number of questions can arise for dwellings contributes to flexible supply isting housing stock must be insulated future developments in the housing relative to demand from various popu- and increasingly supplied with energy market. However, the major challenge lation groups, such as young people and is the prevailing shortage of accommo- from renewable sources. dation at a reasonable price, whether it is owned or rented. The public servants 1See both Assessment and Recommendations, OECD for large conurbations, such as teachers, Copenhagen Review, 2009, and Bostadsläget i police officers, medical secretaries and Öresundsregionen, Slutrapport, Skåne Län, 2009. Property calculations In Denmark, cooperative housing in private cooperative housing Housing figures include only homes that are purpose-built as associations is considered as rented accommodation, while own- all-year-round dwellings. Dormitories, residential institutions, as er-occupied apartments are counted as owned housing (although well as holiday homes and second homes used for year-round hab- they may be sublet). The breakdown by housing structure and itation, are not included in the calculation. Housing figures include number of rooms is based on inhabited dwellings for the Danish all dwellings, whether occupied or not. The Danish housing data data. is based on regular reports to the Building and Housing Register, while the Swedish data is based on a more uncertain annual update In Sweden, homes with 'hyresrätt' (a form of cooperative housing) from the Population and Housing Census 1990 (FoB90). are included as rented accommodation, while apartments with 'bostadsrätt' are considered as owner-occupied housing. Different forms of ownership in the two countries impede a direct comparison of the ownership structure across Øresund. Property availability includes housing calculated as net growth in housing stock, i.e. the reported completed constructions less demolitions and housing mergers. 84 Accessibility and mobility | House prices Øresund Trends 2012

House prices Square metre prices for a single family house (2000–2011) Swedish house prices less attractive 100 for Danes 80

When the Øresund Bridge opened in 60 2000, cheaper housing along with bigger and better value homes were the 40 2000 driving force behind the flow of Danes 20 2006 who began to move east to Scania, and 0 2011 especially Malmö and its environs. Most Capital Region Scania Malmö of them kept their jobs on the Dan- Region Zealand City ish side and commuted back across the Square metre prices for owner-occupied apartments Øresund. (2000–2011) 100

Around the turn of the millennium, 80 the price of a single family house was significantly lower if outside the Capital 60 Region. Prices in 2000, when compared 40 2000 to Copenhagen, were almost 40 per cent 20 2006 lower per square metre for a single fam- 0 2011 ily house in both Region Zealand and Capital Region Scania Malmö Scania. Region Zealand City Source: Realkreditrådet (Housing Market Statistics), Svensk Mäklarstatistik AB, Värderingsdata AB and Up until 2000, the price of a home in Statistics Sweden. The Öresund Committee’s calculations: Malmö 2011, partly estimated.

100

60 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

5,000 4,500 4,500 4,000 4,000 3,500 3,500 3,000 3,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 500 500 0 0

-96 -98 -00 -02 -04 -06 -08 -10 -11 -96 -98 -00 -02 -04 -06 -08 -10 -11

Copenhagen City Capital Region Region Zealand Malmö City Region Scania 100

40 2000

20 2006

0 2011 Capital Region Scania Malmö Region Zealand City

100

40 2000

20 2006 Accessibility and mobility | House prices Øresund Trends 2012 85 0 2011 Capital Region Scania Malmö Region Zealand City

The Swedish krone’s exchange rate movements rose to three times more than Scania. compared to the Danish krone After 2006, the difference reduced, so 100 housing prices in Malmö, Scania and Region Zealand are now at about 60 90 per cent of the square metre price of an owner-occupied apartment in Copen- 80 hagen.

70 Price developments since 2006 have clearly meant that it is now less attractive for Copenhagen citizens and Zealanders 60 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 to buy property on the Swedish side of Øresund. Source: Central Bank of Denmark.

the Capital Region and Malmö was only The price difference between own- The price differences across Øresund a few per cent lower than in Copenha- er-occupied apartments is even greater over the last 10–15 years have also been 5,000gen. But after 2000, the price differ- than for single family homes. In both characterised by large fluctuations in the 4,500ence increased until it peaked in 2006, Malmö and Scania in general,4,500 the aver- Swedish kroner. But in addition, differ- 4,000 4,000 3,500when house prices in Copenhagen had age square metre price3,500 in Danish kro- ent loan options (including the special 3,000increased to twice those in Region Zea- ner for owner-occupied3,000 apartments was Danish bonds versus typical Swedish 2,500land and Scania, while prices in Malmö about 40 per cent of the2,500 price in Copen- short-term loans), interest rates and 2,000 2,000 1,500were about two-thirds of the Copenha- hagen in 2000. Until 1,500the price bubble property taxes have also had an effect 1,000gen prices. burst in 2006, this gap 1,000increased signifi- on the price of homes. This is not clear 500 cantly, and house prices 500in Copenhagen from the statistics. 0 0

-96 -98 -00 -02 -04 -06 -08 -10 -11 -96 -98 -00 -02 -04 -06 -08 -10 -11

Copenhagen City Capital Region Region Zealand Malmö City Region Scania 86 Accessibility and mobility | House prices Øresund Trends 2012

Price increases after there was another fall through 2011. The nated to some extent over the last few the housing price bubble negative growth has hit Region Zealand years in relation to the general contin- The property price bubble was a Danish hard but, in general, Danish prices are ued price increases in Sweden. phenomenon with an overheated hous- back to the level of 2004–2005. Com- ing market, which peaked in 2006 and pared to 2000, the price rises have been Residential property turnover was particularly marked in Copenhagen highest in Copenhagen, where single The level of property supply and home and the Capital Region. For instance, family homes increased by 81 per cent sales give a good indicator of price lev- the square metre price for owner-occu- and owner-occupied apartments by els. pied apartments in Copenhagen grew by 70 per cent. Both types of housing in- 40 per cent in 2005 alone. One contrib- creased by only 35 per cent in Region In Scania, the volume of home sales has utor in particular to the significant in- Zealand over the same period. been stable for several years, and there creases in house prices was the introduc- has been a substantial turnover of own- tion of the interest-only mortgage with In Scania, the average square metre er-occupied apartments over the period a flexible interest rate adjustment, which price for housing has more than dou- 2009–2011. was introduced in 2003, when short- bled compared to 2000, and the price of term interest rates were historically low. owner-occupied apartments especially Although prices on the Danish side of has caught up with the Danish prices. Øresund are back at 2004–2005 lev- After the price bubble burst, Danish In Malmö, there has been a tripling of els, the stagnant housing market is in house prices declined significantly, es- the price of owner-occupied apartments a completely different situation to that pecially in the metropolitan area and alone. Prices in Sweden have increased in Sweden. In 2004, 30,000 owner-oc- during the years 2006–2008. This was steadily, have avoided the price bubble cupied homes were sold, but there were until 2010–2011 when prices stabilised that hit Denmark and have only been only 10,000 homes for sale at any one in general and the price of an owner-oc- interrupted by a temporary fall in late time. In contrast, only 17,000 homes cupied home slightly increased; but then 2008. In Scania, however, prices stag- were sold in 2011 but 21,000 were 100

40 2000

20 2006

0 2011 Capital Region Scania Malmö Region Zealand City

100

40 2000

20 2006

0 2011 Capital Region Scania Malmö Region Zealand City

Accessibility and mobility | House prices Øresund Trends 2012 87

100

available 80 for sale. The actual supply is in to sell a home, whereas in 2004 it took and growing in Greater Copenhagen, fact much higher because the prospect three months. where there are many newcomers and a of 70 incurring a loss and not being able soaring population, while construction to repay a large mortgage has led many Finally, coupled with the stagnant is almost at a standstill. This has forced to 60 step back from selling their homes. Danish owner-occupied housing mar- rents up in many rental apartments and In 2011,1996 it 1998took more2000 than2002 six months2004 2006ket 2008is the 2010fact that demand is high sublet owner-occupied housing. The

Single family houses etc .: Average m2 price in EUR Owner-occupied apartments: Average m2 price in EUR (Q1 1996–Q4 2011) (Q1 1996–Q4 2011)

5,000 4,500 4,500 4,000 4,000 3,500 3,500 3,000 3,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 500 500 0 0

-96 -98 -00 -02 -04 -06 -08 -10 -11 -96 -98 -00 -02 -04 -06 -08 -10 -11

Copenhagen City Capital Region Region Zealand Malmö City Region Scania

Source: Realkreditrådet (Housing Market Statistics), Svensk Mäklarstatistik AB, Värderingsdata AB and Statistics Sweden. The Öresund Committee’s calculations: Malmö 2011, partly estimated. 88 Accessibility and mobility | House prices Øresund Trends 2012

Price for an owner-occupied home of 120 m2 in the centre of town (2011) This is particularly because the prices of 1,000 euro per m2 Total EUR million Copenhagen's owner-occupied housing London 15.2 1.8 Paris 13.4 1.6 market have fallen over a long period, Zürich 11.4 1.4 while other cities have fared somewhat Rome/Milan 7.2 0.9 Stockholm 7.0 0.8 better in recent years. It is striking that Helsinki 6.2 0.7 while prices in Copenhagen are around Vienna 5.1 0.6 Amsterdam 4.3 0.5 the 2005 levels, they have increased in Madrid/Barcelona 4.0 0.5 Stockholm by 40 per cent over the pe- Copenhagen 4.0 0.5 Berlin 3.7 0.4 riod 2005–2011; and prices per square Dublin 3.7 0.4 metre in Stockholm are about 75 per Brussels 2.8 0.3 Malmö 1.9 0.2 cent higher than Copenhagen. Figures Source: The Global Property Guide 2012. from Statistics Sweden suggest, how- Note: Figures for Malmö have been estimated by the Öresund Committee. ever, that the price level provided by Global Property Guide for Stockholm is frozen housing market is partly be- housing, which in turn is likely to put rather inflated. cause many fail to put their homes up upward pressure on prices, although for sale as they have negative equity and of course there are many other factors are reluctant to realise the loss that a that come into play in relation to house sale would cause them. It is also partly prices. due to the fact that many families with children are living in the city, where- International comparison as previously they would have tended Relative to other European cities, resi- to move out of town into the country. dential property prices in the Øresund This means a lower supply of available Region's urban centres are inexpensive. Accessibility and mobility | House prices Øresund Trends 2012 89

Owner-occupied housing Cooperative housing / hyresrätt

• Single family houses: in Denmark these Cooperative housing in Denmark and include: patrician villas, detached homes with hyresrätt in Sweden mean a houses, semi-detached houses and joint ownership with the right to occupy terraced-family homes and farmhouses. a dwelling in a housing association, but In Sweden these include småhus (small these types of housing are regarded as houses). rental units and are not covered by sys- tematic price statistics. • Owner-occupied apartments: in Denmark, these homes are typically found in an apartment building that is subdivided into individual ownerships. In Sweden, it includes homes with a bostadsrätt, which is in some ways similar to a Danish owner-occupied apartment, but not quite. An apartment with bostadsrätt means shared ownership in an apartment building through an owners’ association. Number 35,000 Capital Region 2011/2012 30,000 Forecast Capital Region 2031/2032 25,000 20,000 Scania 2011/2012 15,000 Forecast Scania 2031/2032 10,000 5,000 Region Zealand 2011/2012 0 Forecast Region Zealand2031/2032 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age

Scania Capital Region Sweden Denmark Region Zealand StockholmCounty

Traffic across Øresund third consecutive year that the number of ry. After a modest fall in traffic in the ear- vehicles crossing the Øresund daily has ly 1990s, the number of vehicles crossing Ferries in the north – bridge in the south fallen. The declining number of vehicles Øresund rose by an average of 10 per cent In 2011, an average of 91,500 individuals is a reflection of the economic downturn per year from 1995 to 1999. New ferry (by train, coach or ferry) and 24,700 ve- that characterises the Danish economy in routes, more frequent services, lower pric- hicles travelled across Øresund each day. particular. es and economic growth in Denmark and This is an increase of 1 per cent in pas- Sweden were all reasons for this growth. senger numbers and a decrease of 2 per During the 1990s, between two and three The opening of the Øresund Bridge recent in the number of vehicles. This is the million cars a year crossed Øresund by fer- sulted in a jump in traffic of more than 43

Traffic across Øresund (1990–2011) Individuals crossing Øresund (2001–2011) Million vehicles Million individuals 10 40 9 35 8 30 7 6 25 5 20 4 15 3 10 2 1 5 0 0 -90 -91 -92 -93 -94 -95 -96 -97 -98 -99 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 -11 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 -11 Øresund Bridge Ferries Copenhagen-Malmö Ferries Elsinore-Helsingborg Car Train Ferries Hydrofoil Source: Øresund Bridge and Shippax. Source: Shippax and Øresund Bridge.

Per cent 100 90 80 Holiday 70 Mini-break 60 50 Leisure 40 30 Business 20 Commuting to place of study 10 0 Commuting to place of work Car Landing Car Train Total HH Ferries The Øresund Bridge

4,500,000 20% 4,000,000 18% 3,500,000 16% 14% 3,000,000 12% 2,500,000 10% 2,000,000 8% 1,500,000 6% 1,000,000 4% 500,000 2% 0 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Number 35,000 Capital Region 2011/2012 30,000 Forecast Capital Region 2031/2032 25,000 20,000 Scania 2011/2012 15,000 Forecast Scania 2031/2032 10,000 5,000 Region Zealand 2011/2012 0 Forecast Region Zealand2031/2032 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age

Scania Capital Region Sweden Denmark Region Zealand StockholmCounty

Accessibility and mobility | Traffic across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012 91

per cent, and total traffic across Øresund Reason for journey across Øresund (week 9, 2009) grew on average by 10 per cent annually Per cent over the period 2001–2007. 100 90 In early 2008, the financial crisis that had 80 Holiday 70 been brewing and which burst into flames Mini-break 60 later in the year was just around the corner. 50 Leisure The growth in traffic over Øresund came 40 to a standstill and ended only 3 per cent up 30 Business over the full year. Since then, traffic has 20 Commuting to place of study been falling year on year. 10 0 Commuting to place of work Car Landing Car Train Total Passenger cars form the vast majority HH Ferries The Øresund Bridge – 91 per cent – of all road traffic across Source: Øresund Bridge. Øresund, while lorry traffic accounts for the different modes of transport across of car passengers and 39 per cent of train 8 per cent and coaches, 1 per cent. 80 per Øresund. Ferries carry a high proportion passengers are on a leisure or holiday trip. cent of car passenger traffic crosses the of leisure and holiday travellers, while the Business travellers prefer to cross the sound via the Øresund Bridge, while the Øresund4,500,000 Bridge has a high proportion of Øresund Bridge by car when they do busi20%- same applies to about half of lorry traffic. commuters.4,000,000 A total of 61 per cent of those ness on the other side of the sound. 2818% per 76 per cent of all individual journeys across travelling3,500,000 by ferry are on leisure or holiday cent of car passengers are travelling16% on 14% Øresund were via the Øresund Bridge by trips,3,000,000 while 32 per cent are commuters. business, while the figure for rail passen- either car or train. On the Øresund Bridge, 36 per cent of gers is only 9 per cent. For those crossing12% 2,500,000 car passengers and 49 per cent of train pas- the Øresund by ferry, 16 per cent are10% on 2,000,000 Source: Shippax and Øresund Bridge. The purpose of the journey varies for sengers are commuters, while 35 per cent business. 8% 1,500,000 6% 1,000,000 4% 500,000 2% 0 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 92 Accessibility and mobility | Traffic across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012

Traffic across the Øresund Bridge The opening of the City Tunnel on the remaining 40 per cent, most are leisure 230 million people have crossed the Swedish side of Øresund in December travellers, while a small proportion are Øresund Bridge either by train or car since 2010, with two new stations in Malmö, business and holiday travellers. it opened in 2000 –141 million by car and Hyllie and Trianglen, has shortened travel the remaining 89 million by train. The time between Copenhagen and Scania by Car traffic across the Øresund Bridge 141 million travelling by car were distrib- five minutes. It has also strengthened the Car traffic across the Øresund Bridge fell uted over 62 million vehicles in the period competitiveness of the train in relation to by 1 per cent in 2011; this was primarily 2000–2011. the car as a means of transport. In 2011, due to a decrease in commuter traffic. On the number of train passengers increased average, a total of 19,146 vehicles per day Rail traffic by 8 per cent, while car traffic across the crossed the Øresund Bridge in 2011. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of bridge fell by 1 per cent. train passengers more than doubled from Developments in car traffic across the 4.9 million to 11.1 million. Over the same Most of the journeys by Øresund bridge can be divided into different phas- period, the number of passenger trains trains are within the Øresund Region, es, which follow economic developments rose by 10 per cent. In 2011, 59,500 pas- where 90 per cent of passenger travel is in the surrounding communities. From its senger trains crossed the fixed link. regional. Four out of five train passengers opening in 2000 until and including 2007, live in Sweden, and only one in five in the annual growth in traffic was between The volume of goods transported by train Denmark. Only a very small proportion 10 and 17 per cent. In 2007, success was across the Øresund Bridge increased by is foreign. fully established in that, for the first time, 114 per cent between 2001 to 2011, while traffic levels were higher than the original the number of freight trains rose by 46 per Commuters dominate among the train traffic forecasts had predicted. In 2008, the cent. In total, 9,700 freight trains crossed passengers. Approximately 60 per cent financial crisis hit, and there was an imme- the bridge in 2011. of the travellers on the Øresund trains diate slowdown in the growth of car traf- are work or study commuters. Of the fic. Car traffic rose 5 per cent that year. In Accessibility and mobility | Traffic across Øresund Øresund Trends 2012 93

2009, there was zero growth in traffic and, reversed, and the Swedish krone is strong- passenger and equipment trains. Because in both 2010 and 2011, traffic decreased. er than it ever has been over the life of the of traffic diversity, scheduled traffic during All types of traffic have increased over the Øresund Bridge. This makes it advanta- rush hour is mainly restricted to about 10 life of the Øresund Bridge, but particular- geous for citizens residing on the Swedish trains per hour in each direction. ly noteworthy is the development in com- side of the Øresund to cross over to Den- muting. Commuting today constitutes 40 mark to shop. In Sweden, Norway and Denmark, there per cent of all passenger traffic compared has been discussion on the need to focus with 5 per cent in 2001. For the second consecutive year, lorry on high-speed trains. These should, where traffic increased sharply in 2011. It grew appropriate, run to Kastrup (Copenha- In addition to commuter traffic, car pas- by 9 per cent that year. gen Airport). At the same time, there is a senger traffic across the Øresund Bridge growing need to carry freight by rail; and consists of regional business traffic, which Øresund Bridge capacity future population developments in the accounts for 18 per cent of passenger car The Øresund Bridge motorway has a ca- Øresund Region indicate that the Dan- traffic, as well as holiday and leisure traf- pacity of about 4,000 cars per hour in each ish side will have a greater need to recruit fic, which accounts for the remaining 40 direction. This comes down to the capac- staff from the Swedish side. Overall, this per cent of passenger car traffic on the ity of the tunnel, which limits the number will put pressure on the capacity of the Øresund Bridge. of cars on the bridge. But before any crit- Øresund Bridge rail service, and there is ical congestion on the link occurs, there a need to focus on initiatives to increase The exchange rate has also left its mark on will already be congestion on access roads. capacity across Øresund. Already today, traffic across the Øresund Bridge. In 2009, there are capacity constraints at Copenha- when the Swedish krone fell in value as a Rail traffic across the Øresund Bridge al- gen Airport, southern mainline in Scania result of the turmoil in the financial mar- ternates between high frequency passenger and on the network in central Copenha- kets, many Danes travelled to Scania for traffic and international freight evenly dis- gen; and these are expected to worsen in the low prices. Now, the trend has been tributed over the day as well as occasional the coming years. 94 Accessibility and mobility | Copenhagen airport Øresund Trends 2012

Copenhagen airport or the traffic is passing through. Wheth- The airport's importance to the er it comes to attracting international Øresund Region Accessibility investment, tourism or highly skilled Copenhagen Airport, with its geo- Accessibility is the key word when en- labour, it is essential for the Øresund graphical location and an extensive suring the competitiveness of a region Region's competitiveness and devel- route network, is the obvious choice for in the globalised economy. It is essential opment that there is an extensive net- many travelling to and from Scandina- for attracting tourists, investors, work- work of international flights to and from via. The consequence is that it acts as ers, conventions and major international Copenhagen Airport together with a the 'gateway to Scandinavia'. Further- events to an area. well-functioning infrastructure. more, since the Øresund Bridge opened in 2000, Copenhagen Airport, with its An important prerequisite for accessi- location just ten kilometres from the city bility and coherence across the Øresund centre, and at the heart of the Øresund Region is a well-developed infrastructure. For businesses, this means that Flights from airports in Copenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm/Arlanda goods and services can be distributed and Helsinki (2009) quickly and efficiently. And for people, Number of routes CPH OSL ARN HEL it means more freedom to choose where Overseas 24 6 18 12 European 97 73 68 40 to live and work. Scandinavian 13 6 7 9 Total number of international routes 134 85 93 61

The international traffic passing through Domestic 6 26 25 18 an airport, in terms of number and fre- Total number of routes 140 111 118 79 quency of routes serviced, is an indica- Number of passengers (million) 22.7 21.1 19.1 14.8 tor of a city's accessibility, regardless of Percentage of transfers ((2009) 25% 16% 6% 13% whether the city itself is the destination Source: Copenhagen Connected and Copenhagen Airports – CPH. Number of passengers Proportion of LCC 4,500,000 20% 4,000,000 18% 3,500,000 16% 14% 3,000,000 12% 2,500,000 10% 2,000,000 8% 1,500,000 6% 1,000,000 4% 500,000 Accessibility and mobility | Copenhagen airport 2% Øresund Trends 2012 95 0 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Passenger developments in Scandinavia’s main airports (2008-2011) Copenhagen Airport (CPH) is the largest airport in Scandinavia, not just in terms Million passengers of total number of passengers, but also in 24 terms of international traffic, direct over- 23 Copenhagen seas routes and number of destinations: 22 Copenhagen has a total of 134 interna- Oslo 21 tional routes. By comparison, Stockholm 20 Stockholm has 93, Oslo 85 and Helsinki 61. 19 18 Copenhagen Airport's position 17 Copenhagen Airport with its many 16 flights, comprehensive international 15 2008 2009 2010 2011 route network and strategic location in the middle of the Øresund Region is an Source: Copenhagen Connected and Copenhagen Airports – CPH. important logistics centre; not just for Denmark but also for southern Scandi- Region, has become a primary air traffic after Arlanda in Stockholm. Swedish navia. hub; not only for Copenhagen, but also passengers accounted for 16 per cent of for Scania. all international departing passengers at But with intercontinental routes concen- the airport in 2011. This is an increase trated more and more on fewer and larger In 2011, 1.6 million Swedish passengers over 2009, when Swedish passengers ac- nodes (hubs) and the huge megahubs in travelled to an international destination counted for 11 per cent (one million) of Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Munich, London from Copenhagen Airport. It is the sec- international departing passengers. and Paris, there is a challenge to Copen- ond busiest airport for Swedish citizens hagen's position as a hub. Copenhagen 96 Accessibility and mobility | Copenhagen airport Øresund Trends 2012

Development in low-cost traffic at Copenhagen Aiport (2000–2011) large airport with an annual capacity of Number of passengers Proportion of LCC up to 27 million passengers will be ready 4,500,000 20% within the next few years. Over time, the 4,000,000 18% airport is expected to reach an annual capacity of up to 45 million passengers. 3,500,000 16% 14% 3,000,000 12% In 2008, 21.5 million passengers passed 2,500,000 through Copenhagen. In comparison, 10% 2,000,000 19.3 passengers passed through Oslo 8% 1,500,000 and 18.2 million through Stockholm 6% that year. Copenhagen Airport had 1,000,000 4% the largest number of passengers ever 500,000 2% in 2011, but the gap between the three 0 0% airports over the period 2008–2011 nar- 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 rowed somewhat. In 2011, Copenhagen 2010 2011 Growth, Share 2011, had 22.7 million passengers, Oslo and per cent per cent Stockholm, 21.7 and 19.1, respective- IDP 9,607,000 10,239,000 6.6 Local 7,310,000 8,000,000 9.4 78 ly. Stockholm and Oslo experienced a Transfer 2,297,000 2,239,000 -2.5 22 higher growth rate than Copenhagen

Source: Copenhagen Connected and Copenhagen Airports-CPH. and are catching up on Copenhagen's Million passengers position as the leading Scandinavian air- 24Airport is also experiencing stiff com- sinki, with all competing to gain mar- port hub. 23petition from cities such as Hamburg, ket share.Copenhagen Furthermore, there is the long 22Stockholm, Oslo, Reykjavik and Hel- term threat from Berlin, where a new Oslo 21 20 Stockholm 19 18 17 16 15 2008 2009 2010 2011 Accessibility and mobility | Copenhagen airport Øresund Trends 2012 97

The proportion of low-cost traffic on the so-called feeder routes1 when order to change flights to another desti- (LCC) is growing rapidly. In 2000, it flying in direct competition with low- nation) is in decline. In 2005, the total amounted to about 3 per cent of the to- cost carriers, because they risk losing the transfer traffic was 33.4 per cent of the total traffic and, by 2011, it had grown to point-to-point traffic2, which helps to tal number of international departing pas- represent about 18 per cent, equivalent anchor a route. Thus, they risk having sengers (IDP). In 2011 this had dropped to just over four million passengers an- to reduce the number of departures on to 22 per cent, an 11.4 per cent fall. nually. The low-cost airline EasyJet is these routes. Copenhagen's position as the airport's third largest airline today. an aviation hub thus risks being eroded International routes are essential if the feeder traffic to the intercontinen- In addition to being the central traffic Budget airlines are helping to create the tal routes is eroded further. hub in the Øresund Region, Copen- essential accessibility, primarily from hagen Airport is also a major northern European markets, because many busi- Along with the increasing number of European traffic hub. The airport has so ness people choose the cheapest alterna- LCC routes, the proportion of transfer far performed well compared to the rest tive when travelling within Europe. At traffic (passengers flying to an airport in of Europe's big cities when measured by the same time, low-cost carriers increase international traffic and the number of competition among airlines significantly passengers – 2011 was a record year with 1Feeder traffic is defined as traffic from Norway, because they have a different cost base to Sweden, the Baltic countries, Poland and northern 22.7 million passengers. the traditional carriers. Germany to the Copenhagen hub, where passengers change planes to continue on to other destinations in But the struggle to attract new routes Europe or overseas destinations. More LCC routes mean that there are is tough, and Copenhagen risks losing cheaper and more alternatives for pas- 2Point-to-point-traffic is that between two cities, ground. Amsterdam, for example, is sengers travelling point-to-point in Eu- without the possibility of stopovers and transfers. targeting Scandinavian routes outside Point-to-point traffic refers to the fact that travellers rope. In other words, traditional airlines only use a flight to get from A to B and not from A Copenhagen, Helsinki is targeting traf- will find it difficult to fill their planes to C via B. fic to emerging markets in Asia, and 98 Accessibility and mobility | Copenhagen airport Øresund Trends 2012

Berlin is expanding its airport capacity It is important to keep in mind, how- significantly. Therefore, Copenhagen ever, that it is not just about main- Airport needs to strengthen its hold on taining existing services and attracting international traffic and launch an of- new routes to the airport. It is very fensive strategy to secure its position as much about attracting the right routes. the most important transport hub for Whether it is international investment, the Øresund Region and northern Eu- tourism or highly skilled labour, it is rope. essential that there is a wide network of international flights to and from Copenhagen Airport has, for example, Copenhagen Airport. This connects formulated an ambitious strategy to Copenhagen and the Øresund Region maintain the airport's status as an effi- with emerging markets. Accessibility is cient hub and ensure growth potential a prerequisite for Denmark to be seen under the title 'World Class Hub'. Also, as an attractive destination for tourists, Wonderful Copenhagen has launched international conferences as well as for the project 'Copenhagen Connected'. companies and organisations to estab- Both projects aim to strengthen and lish new headquarters. expand the accessibility of Denmark and the Øresund Region. This goal is achieved through targeted marketing to attract and secure international flights to the region. Accessibility and mobility | Copenhagen airport Øresund Trends 2012 99

Case study In 2011 and 2012, Copenhagen Connected helped to establish in South and Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania. The new route direct flights between Copenhagen Airport and a large number of became a reality after Copenhagen Connected, in partnership with destinations of importance to Danish industry. This is particularly Copenhagen Airport, had been in dialogue with Emirates about the case for routes to Toronto, Shanghai, Dubai and San Francisco, developing the route. Bahrain and several others. The agreement with Emirates makes it possible to market Copen- A good example is the direct route between Dubai and Copenha- hagen, Denmark and the Øresund Region heavily in Australia and gen with the Middle East's largest airline, Emirates. The route will India in order to increase the demand for travel to Copenhagen. improve access not only to the Middle East but also to key markets

Copenhagen Connected Copenhagen Connected is a Wonderful Copenhagen initiative. The project falls under the Global Connected umbrella and, through targeted marketing, aims to stimulate demand and thus the accessibility of Copenhagen, Denmark and the Øresund Region.

Copenhagen Connected is supported by a wide range of public and private partners:

Wonderful Copenhagen the City of Malmö VisitDenmark Lund Municipality The City of Copenhagen scania The Capital Region Region Zealand Foundation for the Promotion of Denmark Copenhagen Airport and others

In addition, a number of prominent companies and organisations expressed their support for the project, including: LO, Danish Metal, DI, Danish Chamber of Commerce, A.P. Moller-Maersk, Carlsberg, FLSmidth, University of Copenhagen and others 100 About the analysis | Dark figures Øresund Trends 2012

About the analysis

Dark figures labour market statistics. 10,500 of these ers’ income is included. cross-border commuters lived in Malmö In statistics, there is the term: “dark municipality. When the cross-border In 2010, 99,000 Scanians aged 20–64 figures”. These are the events or people commuters are included in the official years – of whom 40,000 were living in that the official statistics cannot record statistics, the number of people em- Malmö – had no taxable income in Swe- and are therefore not taken into account. ployed in Scania rises over 3 per cent, den. Of this group 15,000 (15 per cent) and Malmö nearly 9 per cent. worked in Denmark, and 9,000 (23 per For example, cross-border commuting cent) lived in Malmö. in the Øresund Region is largely not re- In the official register-based statistics corded in the official statistics. This is for 2010, the employment rate (20–64 In 2010, the proportion of 20 to 34 year not because of missing information on years) for Scania was 71.1 per cent and olds who were neither studying nor cross-border commuters, but because 62.0 for Malmö municipality. When the working in Scania, was 23.3 per cent these statistics are not integrated with figures for cross-border commuters are in Scania and 29.5 per cent in Malmö. the official records. Strictly speaking, included, the correct figures become Nationwide (Sweden), the proportion this is not about dark figures, but it does 73.5 per cent and 67.5 per cent. was 18.3 per cent. Taking into account represent a misleading picture of trends the proportion of young people who are in the Øresund Region – especially on In 2010, the total wages and salaries for Øresund commuters, the proportion the Scania side. Examples include: workers living in Scania was 17.6 billion changes to 20 per cent of Scania and EUR. If the cross-border commuters’ 22.8 per cent for Malmö. In 2010, there were about 18,000 peo- income is included, that figure rises to ple who commuted across the Øresund; 18.6 billion EUR. In 2008, the total they lived in Scania and worked in wages and salaries for Malmö was 3.7 Denmark but were not included in Sta- billion EUR, but this figure rises to 5.2 tistics Sweden’s official register-based billion when the cross-border commut- About the analysis | Dark figures About the analysis | About Ørestat Øresund Trends 2012 101

About Ørestat pose is to shed light on Øresund regional Zealand, Helsingborg city, Landskrona development and integration. city, Malmö, Arbetsförmedlingen (The Currently, there are statistics available Swedish Public Employment Service), for the Øresund Region, which describe The Øresund Database is being devel- the Öresund Committee and the Em- the development of: oped continuously. In 2011, a new pro- ployment Region Copenhagen & Zea- ject was launched: 'Ørestat III'. This is land and has a budget of approximately • Commuting an EU-funded project, which aims to 1.3 million euros. • Migration across the Øresund strengthen the knowledge base about • Business social issues in the Øresund Region in www.orestat.dk • Population order to support the Øresund regional www.orestat.se • Housing development strategy 'Ørus'. The pro- • The labour market ject focuses upon:

Much of this information comes from • Knowledge and innovation the Øresund Database, which is unique • Culture and experiences in that it contains statistics on both the • Cohesive strength Danish and the Swedish parts of the and the changing labour market Øresund Region. The information has • Accessibility and mobility been harmonised, so that figures from • Climate and sustainability both sides are comparable. • Health and lifestyle

Border statistics have been produced in The project, to be completed in 2014, collaboration between Statistics Den- is run by Region Scania in coopera- mark and Statistics Sweden and the pur- tion with the Capital Region, Region 102 About the analysis | About Øresund Trends Øresund Trends 2012

About Øresund Trends

Øresund Trends is the result of collaboration between statisticians and analysts from 12 organisations in the Øresund Region:

Arbetsförmedlingen (Job Centre) in Scania, Employment Region Copenha- gen & Zealand, the Interreg Project Jobs and Education, Malmö City, Landskro- na City, Lund Municipality, Helsing- borg City, Capital Region, Region Zealand, Region Sania, Wonderful Co- penhagen and the Öresund Committee. About the analysis | About Øresund Trends Øresund Trends 2012 103

Contact list

Øresund region Denmark Øresund region sweden

Employment Region The Öresund Committee The Swedish Employment Service Region Skåne Copenhagen & Zealand Britt Andresen Thomas Behrens Christina Ripa Gert Jørgensen +45 31 31 38 18 +46 (0)10 486 11 20 +46 (0)44 309 32 73 +45 72 22 34 05 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Birgitte Steenstrup Helsingborg municipality Anders Axelsson Copenhagen Municipality +45 20 52 05 35 Marianne Toreblad +46 (0)40 623 97 26 Mai Lundemark [email protected] +46 (0)42 10 50 68 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Peter Krygell Christian Lindell Capital Region of Denmark [email protected] Landskrona Municipality +46 (0)40 675 34 12 Birgit Petersen Eivor Johansson [email protected] +45 20 56 12 43 +46 (0)41 847 38 30 [email protected] [email protected]

Region Zealand Lund Municipality Per Anders Foss Jens Nilson +45 57 87 59 59 +46 (0)46 35 82 69 [email protected] [email protected]

Malmö Municipality Necmi Incegül + 46 (0)40 34 12 83 [email protected] 104 Øresund Trends 2012

Øresund Trends 2012

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