DOCSLIB.ORG

Master Thesis Close-To-Nature Forest Management in Gribskov

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Master Thesis Close-To-Nature Forest Management in Gribskov UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCI ENCES AND NATURAL RE SOURCE MANAGEMENT Master Thesis Anders Meinhard Hallund (vfn124) Close-to-nature forest management in Gribskov An evaluation of land use distribution and biomass occurrence Supervisor: Vivian Kvist Johannsen Submitted on: 02 September 2019 University: University of Copenhagen Faculty: Faculty of Science Name of department: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management Education Master of Science (MSc) in Forest and Nature Management Author: Anders Meinhard Hallund (vfn124) Title and subtitle: Close-to-nature forest management in Gribskov An evaluation of land use distribution and biomass occurrence Supervisor: Vivian Kvist Johannsen Submitted on: 02 September 2019 Number of study units: 30 ECTS Cover photo: Naturstyrelsen: https://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturoplevelser/naturguider/gribskov/aaret-rundt/ II Preface This master thesis is developed as the final assignment of the MSc in Forest and Nature Management at the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen. The idea for the project was developed in cooperation with senior researcher and head of Division Forest, Nature and Biomass Vivian Kvist Johannsen. The project is an addition to the limited empirical knowledge of the implementation of close-to-nature forest management in Denmark. Even though the project is produced for academic purposes, I believe that it will be of relevance to anyone with interest in state forest management in Denmark. Further, it is my hope that professionals working within state forest management in Denmark will find the results of this thesis enriching, and the methodological approach to the evaluation inspiring. I am thankful for the guidance and constructive feedback during the process provided by my supervisor Vivian Kvist Johannsen. I would also like to thank the Nature Agency’s local unit in North Zealand for providing data for this thesis, and a special thanks to Anna Thormann in this regard. III Abstract For centuries the Danish forests have been adapted and managed primarily for wood production. But declining health and lack of stability of the forests as well as growing concerns about environmental sustainability has led to an increasing interest in nature-based forestry. To accommodate the environmental concerns, the Danish state forests have been managed according to close-to-nature forestry principles since 2005. Gribskov is one of the largest state-owned forest complexes in Denmark and has had continuous forest cover for 10.000 years. Gribskov is a productive forest but it also holds great natural, cultural and recreational values. Even though the transition to close-to-nature management has only been in progress for 14 years, a large share of Gribskov is now to be managed according to another regime as it is appointed by the Agreement on the Nature Package. This means that Gribskov will be managed as biodiversity forest and untouched forest already from 2019. Therefore, it is relevant to evaluate the impact that the close-to-nature management regime has had in Gribskov. This thesis evaluates changes in land use distribution in Gribskov by compiling data from forest resource maps from 2005 and 2017 provided by the Nature Agency. Through an analysis of this data, it is examined how well the recorded land use changes correlate with the principles of close-to-nature forest management. Additionally, the occurrence and change of aboveground biomass is examined, by comparing data from airborne laser scanning conducted in 2006/2007 and 2014/2015. The biomass occurrence is evaluated both for the entire forest and for the individual land uses. The results in this thesis show, that there have been widespread land use transformations in Gribskov between 2005 and 2017. The transformations are in compliance with close-to-nature principles such as reducing the area covered by tree species considered unstable and non-native, mainly Norway spruce, improving the conditions for biodiversity by increasing areas with forested and non-forested nature types such as grazing forest, untouched forest, grasslands and wetlands and planning and implementing forest development types to create a stable and diverse forest. Despite the increase of non-forested areas in Gribskov, the occurrence of aboveground biomass has increased slightly. The results indicate that this is due to buildup of biomass in the some very productive forest stands of especially Norway spruce. IV Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background for the evaluation of close-to-nature forestry in Gribskov ........................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of the evaluation and delimitation ...................................................................................... 2 2 Close-to-nature forestry in the Danish state-owned forests .................................................................... 3 2.1 Historical development of Danish forestry ........................................................................................ 3 2.2 Aim and purpose of the Danish state-owned forests........................................................................ 5 2.3 Close-to-nature forestry .................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Looking ahead: The National Forest Program and the Agreement on the Nature Package ............. 9 3 Case area and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Gribskov ........................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Historical events that formed Gribskov ................................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Current management plan ...................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Methods and data ........................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Land use ................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Forest Development Types ...................................................................................................... 20 3.2.3 Biomass .................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.4 Age-class distribution .............................................................................................................. 22 4 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Land use ........................................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Forest Development Types .............................................................................................................. 36 4.3 Biomass ............................................................................................................................................ 48 4.4 Forest development types and biomass ......................................................................................... 55 4.5 Age class distribution ....................................................................................................................... 64 5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 66 5.1 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 66 5.2 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 73 5.2.1 Land use ................................................................................................................................... 73 5.2.2 Biomass .................................................................................................................................... 75 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 80 7 Perspective .............................................................................................................................................. 82 8 References ............................................................................................................................................... 83 9 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 87 V List of figures Figure 1: Forest development type 51: Spruce with beech and maple.. .......................................................... 7 Figure 2: Map of the appointed areas of Gribskov in The Agreement on the Nature Package…... ................ 10 Figure 3: The Gribskov forest complex with forest names .............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecological Economics and Sustainable Forest Management: Developing a Transdisciplinary Approach for the Carpathian Mountains
    ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT: DEVELOPING A TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS Edited by I.P. Soloviy and W.S. Keeton Ukrainian National Forestry University Press, Lviv © Ihor P. Soloviy and William S. Keeton © Ukrainian National Forestry University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Ukrainian National Forestry University Press Gen. Chuprynky 103 Lviv 79057 Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Ecological economics and sustainable forest management: developing a transdisciplinary approach for the Carpathian Mountains. Edited by I.P. Soloviy, W.S. Keeton. – Lviv : Ukrainian National Forestry University Press, Liga-Pres, 2009. − 432 p. – Statistics: fig. 28, tables 67 , bibliography 686 . The modern scientific conceptions and approaches of ecological economics and sustainable forestry are presented in the book. The attention is given especially to the possibility of the integration of these concepts towards solving the real ecological and economic problems of mountain territories and its sustainable development. The ways of sustainability of forest sector approaching have been proposed using the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains as a case study. The book will be a useful source for scientists and experts in the field of forest and environmental policies, forest economics and management, as well as for the broad nature conservation publicity. Printed and bound in Ukraine by Omelchenko V. G. LTD Kozelnytska 4, Lviv, Ukraine, phone + 38 0322 98 0380 ISBN 978-966-397-109-0 ЕКОЛОГІЧНА ЕКОНОМІКА ТА МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ СТАЛОГО ЛІСОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА: РОЗВИТОК ТРАНСДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОГО ПІДХОДУ ДО КАРПАТСЬКИХ ГІР За науковою редакцією І.
    [Show full text]
  • How Community Restoration and Management of Forests Can Help Meet Climate Goals EU Forests of Hope
    1 How community restoration and management of forests can help meet climate goals EU Forests of Hope March 2020 2 Contents From ‘Forests in danger’ to ‘Forests of hope’! 3 Estonia 5 Vormsi church forest: a century ago and today France 8 A fair trade from the tree to the beam Latvia 10 Family run forestry shows a diverse range of benefits in Latvia Portugal 12 From forest to desert and back again! Galicia, Spain 14 Still working toward our Atlantic forest dream Sweden 18 Taking forestry back to the future Ireland 21 Monoculture Sitka spruce plantations dominate Ireland’s forest landscapes. But a movement to transform them is growing Acknowledgments This publication was written by members of civil society, NGOs and researchers from EU MemberStates, and compiled and edited by Fern. Thank you to Martin Luiga and Estonian Forest Aid; Algor Streng; Reseau Alternatives Forestieres’ Anne Berthet and Collectif Bois 07; Janis Rozitis and Pasaules Dabas Fonds; João Paulo Fidalgo Carvalho, Pedro Januário, Maria Lino and members of Luzlinar; Manuel López Rodriguez and the Teis Community; Priya Devasirvatham, Sven Kallen, Rodger Abey Parris, Joachim Englert and members of LIFE MycoRestore; Eva-Lotta Hultén and Plockhugget; and Seán Ó Conláin. Cover photo by Projecto Bosques, Luzlinar organisation This report was originally released in June 2019, and republished in Marsh 2020 with additional examples of close-to-nature forestry projects from Ireland and Sweden. Fern office UK, 1C Fosseway Business Centre, Stratford Road, Moreton in Marsh, GL56 9NQ, UK Fern office Brussels, Rue d’Edimbourg, 26, 1050 Brussels, Belgium www.fern.org This briefing has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Climate Foundation, the David & Lucille Packard Foundation and the European Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Production, Land Expectation Value
    Project no. 518128 EFORWOOD Tools for Sustainability Impact Assessment Instrument: IP Thematic Priority: 6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems Deliverable PD2.2.5 Report on time and scale integration of environmental impacts of forest management alternatives by use of generic modelling approach Due date of deliverable: Month 44 Actual submission date: Month 55 Start date of project: 011105 Duration: 4 years Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: University of Copenhagen (KU), Denmark Final version Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission x RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission CO Services) 1 Deliverable PD 2.2.5 - Report on time and scale integration of environmental impacts of forest management alternatives by use of generic modelling approaches: a case study of synergies and trade-offs between production and ecological services. Philipp Duncker1, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen2, Per Gundersen2, Johnny de Jong3 Klaus Katzensteiner4, Hans Peter Ravn2, Mike Smith5, Otto Eckmüllner4 1 Institute for Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany 2 Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 4 Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Austria ABSTRACT Forests provide multiple functions and services among which society traditionally tends to have a high interest in wood production. In consequence, forest management aims at increasing the timber volume produced and the economic return through intervening with natural processes.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Copenhagen & Jens Bo Rykov, the Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Copenhagen University Research Information System Toponymic Guidelines For Map And Other Editors For International Use Gammeltoft, Peder; Rykov, Jens Bo DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18683.62246 Publication date: 2017 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Gammeltoft, P., & Rykov, J. B., (2017). Toponymic Guidelines For Map And Other Editors For International Use, No. E/CONF.105/26/CRP.26, No. 11. UNCSGN Conference, 20 p. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18683.62246 Download date: 08. Apr. 2020 E/CONF.105/26/CRP.26 23 June 2017 Original: English 11th United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names New York, 8 -17 August 2017 Item 9( e ) of the provisional agenda* National standardization: Toponymic guidelines for map editors and other editors Toponymic Guidelines For Map And Other Editors For International Use Submitted by Denmark ** * E/CONF.105/1 ** Prepared by Peder Gammeltoft, University Of Copenhagen & Jens Bo Rykov, The Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS FOR INTERNATIONAL USE DENMARK WITH APPENDIX FOR GREENLAND & THE FAROE ISLANDS 3. EDITION 2017 PREPARED BY PEDER GAMMELTOFT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN & JENS BO RYKOV THE AGENCY FOR DATA SUPPLY AND EFFICIENCY [1] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LANGUAGES 1.1. GENERAL REMARKS 1.2. NATIONAL LANGUAGES 1.2.1. General remarks 1.2.2. The Danish alphabet 1.2.3. Spelling rules for Danish geographical names 1.2.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Systems Managing Forests.Pdf
    Forest Systems 26(1), eR01, 15 pages (2017) eISSN: 2171-9845 https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017261-09443 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Managing forests in a changing world: the need for a systemic approach. A review Susanna Nocentini1*, Gérard Buttoud2, Orazio Ciancio3 and Piermaria Corona4 1University of Florence, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems, Florence, Italy 2University of Tuscia, Department of In- novation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 3Italian Academy of Forest Sciences, Piazza Edison 11, 50133 Florence, Italy 4Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria. Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy Abstract Aim of study: The paper is a scientific commented discussion with the aim of defining a framework which allows both a comprehensive vision of forest dynamics, as well as an adaptive management approach and policy procedures more suited to a changing and inherently unpredictable world. Main results: We identify the main challenges facing forestry in relation to recent developments in forestry thinking, i.e. the paradox of aiming at sustainability in a changing environment, a shifting perception of the relationship between ecological and social systems, the recognition of forest ecosystems as complex adaptive systems, the need for integrating the social and ecological dimensions of forestry into a single framework, and the growing awareness of the importance of the ethical approach to the forest. We propose the concept of “systemic forestry” as a paradigm for better understanding forest dynamics and for guiding management and public actions at various levels.
    [Show full text]
  • NATURE-BASED FORESTRY in CENTRAL EUROPE Alternatives to Industrial Forestry and Strict Preservation
    NATURE-BASED FORESTRY IN CENTRAL EUROPE Alternatives to Industrial Forestry and Strict Preservation Edited by Jurij Diaci Studia Forestalia Slovenica Nr. 126 Strokovna in znanstvena dela št. 126 i UDK: 630*907(4-014) ISBN: 978-961-6020-44-2 Univerza v Ljubljani University of Ljubljana Biotehniška fakulteta Biotechnical Faculty Oddelek za gozdarstvo in Department of Forestry and obnovljive gozdne vire Renewable Forest Resources Slovenija Slovenia NATURE-BASED FORESTRY IN CENTRAL EUROPE Alternatives to Industrial Forestry and Strict Preservation Ljubljana 2006 The publication was subsidised by the Slovenian Research Agency and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food iii Published by Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources - Biotechnical Faculty CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 630*907(4-014) NATURE-based forestry in Central Europe [Elektronski vir] : alternatives to industrial forestry and strict preservation / editor in chief Jurij Diaci. - Ljubljana : Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire = Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, 2006. - (Studia forestalia Slovenica : strokovna in znanstvena dela / Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire, Biotehniška fakulteta ; št. 126) Dostopno tudi na: http://www.bf.uni-lj.si/gozdarstvo/oddelek/katedre/goj_gozd/ objave/Nature-based_forestry_in_CE.pdf ISBN-10 961-6020-44-7 ISBN-13 978-961-6020-44-2 1. Diaci, Jurij 230741504 Editor in Chief Jurij DIACI International Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Marijan Kotar, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Prof. em. Dr. Dr. hc Jean-Philippe Schütz, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich Prof. Dr. Pietro Piussi, University of Florence, Italy Acad. Prof. em. Dr. Dr. hc Slavko Matić, University of Zagreb, Croatia Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Management Approaches for Coping with the Uncertainty of Climate Change: Trade-Offs in Service Provisioning and Adaptability
    Copyright © 2014 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Wagner, S., S. Nocentini, F. Huth, and M. Hoogstra-Klein. 2014. Forest management approaches for coping with the uncertainty of climate change: trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. Ecology and Society 19(1):32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ ES-06213-190132 Research Forest Management Approaches for Coping with the Uncertainty of Climate Change: Trade-Offs in Service Provisioning and Adaptability Sven Wagner 1, Susanna Nocentini 2, Franka Huth 1 and Marjanke Hoogstra-Klein 3 ABSTRACT. The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e.g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Assessment of Use Values of Near-Natural Forestry Compared with Rotational Forestry in Denmark
    Eur J Forest Res (2014) 133:611–622 DOI 10.1007/s10342-014-0789-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Economic assessment of use values of near-natural forestry compared with rotational forestry in Denmark Dareskedar Workie Amsalu • Jette Bredahl Jacobsen • Thomas Hedemark Lundhede Received: 21 June 2013 / Revised: 12 January 2014 / Accepted: 24 January 2014 / Published online: 2 February 2014 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract The present study is a cost-benefit analysis of Introduction converting the current rotational forestry (RF) of Norway spruce stand into near-natural forestry (NNF) of beech, Conversion of the traditional rotational forestry (RF) of Nor- based on two representative soil conditions and visitors way spruce (Picea abies) into a more ecologically oriented popular case areas in Denmark, considering welfare eco- and society-centred multi-functionality forestry approach nomic values of timber, recreation provision, and ground- called near-natural forestry (NNF), using native broadleaved water recharge. The study answers the major research species and mainly European beech (Fagus sylvatica), has question of how large the welfare economic values of been growing across many European countries. There are two recreation and groundwater benefits of the conversion are underlying common factors for the conversion (Spiecker et al. as compared with timber benefits. The net present values 2004). First, with rising living standards over time, modern (NPV) of the benefits were calculated for an infinite time society’s interest in multiple functions of forest, such as out- horizon at a 3 % discount rate. The results reveal that door recreation provision, water protection, biodiversity converting into NNF would result in a NPV of at least conservation, and carbon storage, increases, and NNF is often 6,832 € ha-1 from use values of recreation and water better at securing these ecosystem services than RF.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis Cost-Effective Biodiversity Conservation
    UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN FACULTY OF SCIENCE Master Thesis Sebastian Iuel Berg Cost-effective biodiversity conservation A systematic approach to conservation planning in Gribskov Supervisor: Niels Strange External supervisor: Per Lynge Jensen (the Danish Nature Agency) Submitted on: 23rd of October 2018 Name of department: Department of Food and Resource Economics Author: Sebastian Iuel Berg (KSM882) Title and subtitle: Cost-effective biodiversity conservation – a systematic approach to conservation planning in Gribskov Topic description: Conservation planning in Gribskov connected to the designation as biodiversity forest through Naturpakken, by use of evidence-based conservation and principles of complementarity. Supervisor: Niels Strange External supervisor: Per Lynge Jensen (the Danish Nature Agency) Submitted on: 23rd of October 2018 Front page photo: Rold Skov, photo © Rune Engelbreth Larsen ECTS points: 30 ECTS Number of characters: 170.417 (excluding spacing) 1 Foreword This mater thesis is the culmination of two exciting and challenging years at University of Copenhagen, studying to become a MSc in Forest and Nature Management. The master thesis was conducted in collaboration with the Danish Nature Agency, whom provided guidance and masses of data. I am particularly grateful for the guidance I received from Per Lynge Jensen - my external supervisor – and the help I received from Bjørn Ole Ejlersen, Jens Bach and Troels Borremose regarding the supply of data for the analysis. Erick Buchwald provided a priceless contribution to this master thesis, by making the compiled data set of threatened species present on areas owned by the Danish Nature Agency, which he compiled in connection to his PhD project “Analysis and prioritization of future efforts for Danish biodiversity”, available to me.
    [Show full text]
  • Populus Breeding: from the Classical to the Genomic Approach (Brian J
    Populus Breeding: From the Classical to the Genomic Approach (Brian J. Stanton, David B. Neale, and Shanwen Li - 2010) Populus Breeding: From the Classical to the Genomic Approach Brian J. Stanton, David B. Neale, and Shanwen Li Abstract Populus breeding is distinguished by a long history in forest tree improvement and its frequent dual reliance on inter-specific hybridization and vari- etal selection as the prominent domestication strategy. This chapter presents a review of the genecology and the principal long-term improvement approaches con- sidered in the manipulation of the genus’ key taxa, the pertinent experimental design features of worldwide varietal evaluation programs, and the current understanding of the morphological, physiological, and pathology components of yield and the physical and chemical components of wood quality. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the molecular tools being developed for an integrated translational genomics program to improve upon present breeding and selection methodologies. 1 Introduction Populus was the first woody perennial to gain recognition as a model for worldwide tree breeding programs because of the groundbreaking work in species hybridiza- tion, polyploid breeding, and investigations into pathogen resistance during the early part of the twentieth century (Pauley, 1949). More recently, the success that Populus clonal testing, selection, and deployment has achieved in boosting the trend toward worldwide varietal forestry over the last 20 years cannot be overestimated. Although tree improvement work in Populus may be surpassed in sophistication by today’s Pinus and Eucalyptus breeding programs, the model designation remains deserved in view of the sequencing of the Populus genome – the first of any tree in 2006 – and the subsequent investigations into genotype-phenotype associations.
    [Show full text]
  • Coarse Woody Debris Management with Ambiguous Chance Constrained Robust Optimization
    Article Coarse Woody Debris Management with Ambiguous Chance Constrained Robust Optimization Fabian Härtl and Thomas Knoke * Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 May 2019; Accepted: 6 June 2019; Published: 13 June 2019 Abstract: Coarse woody debris (deadwood) serves as a dwelling space for many rare species, and is therefore a most important factor to ensure diversity in forest ecosystems. However, wood from forest ecosystems is also needed for construction and heating. Therefore, a forest enterprise has to simultaneously incorporate the provision of suitable habitats, as well as the production of wood into their long-term management plans. If the owner wants to fulfil such multiple objectives in an effective way, the providing of ecosystem services can be included in economic planning. Applying computer aided robust optimization techniques, we optimized the provision of deadwood for two exemplary enterprises in East Bavaria, Germany. The results show that high amounts of deadwood provision can cause severe opportunity costs for the forest owner. These costs highly depend on the tree species, the sorting strategy and the time horizon, in which the deadwood objective is reached. Low deadwood targets up to 5 m3 ha−1 can be provided most cost-effectively with crown material, while higher targets (20 m3 ha−1 and more) are better achieved with heavy timber grades or the provision of total trees. The novelty of our research is the inclusion of deadwood targets in a risk-considering optimization tool on enterprise level.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian 5.´S Nordsjællandske Jagtlandskab
    Alle tiders Nordsjælland MUSEUM NORDSJÆLLANDS ÅRBOG 2017 Christian 5.s nordsjællandske jagtlandskab AF ANDERS KRING MORTENSEN Konger og Nordsjælland har gennem århund- omdrejningspunkterne for kongens pragtudfoldel- reder været tæt forbundne. Det er tydeligt, når se. man bevæger sig rundt i landskabet, hvor prægtige slotte som Frederiksborg, Fredens- Christian 5. som regent og menneske borg og Kronborg vidner om en anselig kon- For at kunne forstå betydningen af det nordsjæl- gelig indflydelse. Også i de store skove er der landske jagtlandskab, som Christian 5. skabte i slut- spor af kongernes tilstedeværelse. Faktisk er ningen af 1600-tallet, skal det ses i sammenhæng sporene i skovene så tydelige, at Gribskov, med den rolle, han indtog, da han overtog magten Store Dyrehave samt Jægersborg Dyrehave som enevældig konge i 1670. og Hegn i 2015 blev optaget på UNESCOs li- Christian 5. overtog automatisk tronen, da hans ste over verdenskulturarv. Det blev de, fordi far, den enevældige Frederik 3., drog sit sidste ån- Kong Christian 5. i slutningen af 1600-tallet dedrag den 9. februar 16701. Frederik 3. havde ind- indrettede skovene med kilometervis af veje til ført enevælden i Danmark 10 år forinden og det sin foretrukne jagtform: Parforcejagt. De gam- betød, at Christian 5. blev konge i nyt system, der le jagtveje er stort set intakte og gennemskæ- endnu ikke havde fundet sit fodfæste. Enevælden rer den dag i dag skovene på kryds og tværs. gav al magt til kongen, men Christian 5. var stadig dybt afhængig af undersåtternes opbakning. Der er Landskabet fortæller dog om meget mere end ikke noget, som tyder på, at der var modstand mod Christian 5.s passion for jagt.
    [Show full text]