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ABPP Grant GA-2287-14-013 ARPA/NHPA COMPLIANT COPY REDACTED for PUBLIC USE

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ABPP Grant GA-2287-14-013 ARPA/NHPA COMPLIANT COPY REDACTED for PUBLIC USE CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE BENNINGTON BATTLEFIELD WALLOOMSAC, NEW YORK ABPP Grant GA-2287-14-013 ARPA/NHPA COMPLIANT COPY REDACTED FOR PUBLIC USE Prepared for: Prepared by: New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc. and Historic Preservation West Chester, Pennsylvania Albany, New York OCTOBER 2017 ARPA/NHPA COMPLIANT COPY REDACTED FOR PUBLIC USE CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE BENNINGTON BATTLEFIELD, WALLOOMSAC, NEW YORK Prepared for: New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation 625 Broadway, 2nd Floor Albany, New York 12207 ABPP Grant GA-2287-14-013 Prepared by: Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc. 2530 Spring Arbor Road Jackson, Michigan 49203 Robert Selig, Ph.D. Christopher T. Espenshade, RPA Wade P. Catts, RPA Elizabeth LaVigne, RPA James Montney October 2017 This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. For distribution copies: Kristen L. McMasters, Archeologist and Grants Manager, National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program 1849 C Street NW – Room 7228, Washington, DC 20210 (202) 354-2037 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The metal detector survey recovered battle-related artifacts from many areas of state property and private lands. Of the 397 metal detector finds, at least 221 are battle-related, including dropped and impacted lead balls, buckshot, coins, and period buttons. The GPR prospection discovered two anomalies consistent with the potato pits that received battle dead, and another two anomalies that may represent expedient, single graves. The GPR also may have discovered a faint trace from the former Tory Redoubt. The archeological results indicate that much of the battlefield remains relatively intact, despite limited development and past relic hunting. The public involvement component of the project was highly successful. The general public, school groups, and avocational detectorists were engaged through public meetings and park events with the Commonwealth team. Local detectorists and private land-owners were cooperative, providing information and access that allowed the project to reach well beyond the state lands. Overall, the historical and archeological research has significantly supplemented and refined the results of earlier studies of the battlefield. The research has generated a significant sample of battle-related artifacts, and has energized the public regarding the important Battle of Bennington. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was sponsored by the American Battlefield Protection Program of the National Park Service. Kristen McMasters provided valuable guidance throughout. The grant recipient was the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. Melissa Miller, Alane Chinian, Michael Roets, and David Pitlyk of New York Parks assisted throughout the project, and David contributed two of his weekends to assist with volunteer days. Park intern Shelby Roback assisted during the school visit day. The research benefitted greatly from the cooperation of many organizations and individuals. A school visit day was conceived and managed by Patrick Dailey, Director of Curriculum for the Hoosick Falls Central School District. Over the course of one day, 240 students visited the park and learned of our work. The school day was enhanced by the musket demonstrations by Peter Schaaphok, president of the Friends of the Bennington Battlefield. We thank the students for their interest and excellent behavior on a drizzly day. Callie Stewart, Collections Manager of the Bennington Museum pulled items in their collection that were attributed to the Battle of Bennington, and provided copies of the curation records for those items. Tyler Resch of the museum facilitated the archival research of Dr. Selig. At Saratoga National Historical Park our research was supported by Eric Schnitzer and Christine Valosin. Important historical information was also provided by Donald Londahl-Smidt and Todd Braisted. We are particularly grateful to Henry Retzer for granting permission to quote from the unpublished journals of Corporal Johann Jakob Schmidt on General Riedesel’s staff and an unidentified bat-man of Stabs-Capitain Friedrich Wilhelm von Geismar of the Hessen-Hanau Regiment Erbprinz. At the David Library of the American Revolution we were assisted in our research by librarian Katherine Ludwig, and by Hope College librarian Michelle Kelley who assisted Dr. Selig with the team's interlibrary loan needs. At the Hoosick Township Historical Society we were greatly helped by Charles Filkin, President, and Leonard Phillip, Town Historian. Local landowners were amazingly supportive of our efforts. Every landowner who we approached gave us permission to survey on their property. The data from these properties allowed us to learn more of the battle outside the park property. Bennington Battle historian Michael Gabriel generously reviewed the historical context and provided important comments and edits. Avocational detectorists contributed their efforts on four weekend days, and the derived data have been important in refining our understanding of the battle landscape. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Commonwealth team included Wade Catts, RPA, as Project Manager, Dr. Robert Selig as Military Historian, and Chris Espenshade, RPA, as Principal Investigator. Chris was joined in the field by Elisabeth LaVigne, RPA, our geophysicist, and by archaeologists Kevin Bradley, RPA, and Mark Ludlow. Kevin assisted Juliette Gerhardt with the artifact analysis, and James Montney prepared the GIS and graphics. Dr. Ted Yeshion, Professor of Forensic Science at Edinboro University, provided his expertise and the Luminol screening services as a free trial study. Our Landscape Architect, Laura Knott, participated in the public meetings and is currently writing the interpretive plan. All are thanked for their enthusiastic assistance with this project. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS _____________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES .......................................................................................................................................... xiv 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 SYNOPSIS OF THE BATTLE ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 THE GRANT ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 REPORT FORMAT ................................................................................................................. 4 2. METHODS ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 FIELD METHODS ................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 PUBLIC OUTREACH ........................................................................................................... 17 3. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 THE VERMONT-NEW YORK-NEW HAMPSHIRE CONFLICT IN 1777................................... 18 3.2 MILITIA LAWS ................................................................................................................... 20 3.3 SIR JOHN BURGOYNE’S INVASION OF NEW YORK STATE ................................................ 31 4. PRELUDE ........................................................................................................................................ 37 4.1 THE DECISION TO SEND BAUM INTO NEW ENGLAND ....................................................... 37 4.2 THE MARCH TO CAMBRIDGE ............................................................................................ 40 4.3 THE ENGAGEMENT ON 13 AUGUST SOUTH OF CAMBRIDGE ............................................. 48 4.4 THE ENGAGEMENT ON 14 AUGUST AT THE VAN RENSSELAER MILL ............................... 52 4.5 ENHANCING POSITIONS ON 15 AUGUST ...........................................................................
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