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Naval Documents of the American Revolution Naval Documents of The American Revolution Volume 6 AMERICAN THEATRE: Aug. 1, 1776–Oct. 31, 1776 EUROPEAN THEATRE: May 26, 1776–Oct. 5, 1776 Part 1 of 8 United States Government Printing Office Washington, 1972 Electronically published by American Naval Records Society Bolton Landing, New York 2012 AS A WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THIS PUBLICATION IS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. NAVAL DOCUMENTS OF The American Revolution Continental Gunboat Philadelphia. NAVAL DOCUMENTS OF The American Revolution VOLUME 6 AMERICAN THEATRE: Aug. 1, 1776-Oct. 31, 1776 EUROPEAN THEATRE: May 26, 1776-Oct. 5, 1776 WILLIAM JAMES MORGAN, Editor With a Foreword by PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON And an Introduction by VICE ADMIRAL EDWIN B. HOOPER, USN (Ret.) Director of Naval History NAVAL HISTORY DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON: 1972 I LC. Card No. 64-60087 I For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $18.40 domestic postpaid or $17.25 GPO Bookstore Each volume of this series is a reminder of the key role played by the late William Bell Clark, initial editor. Drawing upon his deep knowledge of the Navy in the American Revolution, his initial selections and arrangements of materials compiled over a devoted lifetime provided a framework on which subsequent efforts have continued to build. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY'S ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NAVAL HISTORY James P. Baxter, I11 (Emeritus) Jim Dan Hill Samuel Flagg Bemis (Emeritus) Elmer L. Kayser Francis L. Berkeley, Jr. John Haskell Kemble Julian P. Boyd Leonard W. Labaree Marion V. Brewington Richard W. Leopold Walter Muir Whitehill SPECIAL CONSULTANTS FOR NAVAL DOCUMENTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION L. H. Butterfield Oliver Wendell Holmes Howard H. Peckham Director of Naval History Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper, USN (Ret.) We are all embarked in a Cause that requires our utmost united exertions to carry us through.. Robert Morris October 1, 1776 And without a Respectable Navy-Alas America! Captain John Paul Jones October 17, 1776 'I'ltE M'III'l'E IjOUSE WASIIING1'0N April 25, 1972 FOREWORD "My future Success must be very uncertain. however I will not yet give up the pursuit. It The writer was Captain John Paul Jones, USN; the occasion, one of his reports to the Marine Committee of the Continental Congress; the bearer, another of his British prizes from the North Atlantic shipping lanes: the brigantine Favourite, Liverpool- bound with a cargo of West Indies sugar which Captain Jones di- verted westward instead, the better to sweeten the prospects of the rebellious American States. Here in one laconic sentence is the essence of America's mood and outlook during the summer and autumn of 1776, the period covered by Volume 6 of Naval Documents of the American Revolution. Independence had been declared at last, but the real winning of it was barely underway. Modest suc'cesses on the high seas did not offset the stinging defeats dealt Washington's army at New York City and Benedict Arnold's little fleet on Lake Champlain during these months. Both engagements bought time, but what would time bring? As the fledgling Republic braced for its first winter, no one could say. Ilowever an answer of sorts does run through all the papers collected here - - an iron determination, come what might, to "not yet give up the pursuit" of liberty and nationhood. It is a pleasure to welcome a new book in this distinguished historical series. In these pages, just as in those of Volume V to which I contributed a foreword two years ago, there is much to stir -the heart and steel the purpose of Americans today - - seaman recruit or Commander in Chief, President or private citizen. The voices of patriots present at the creation convey our heritage of heroism with a vividness no polished historian writing for the ages can match. They remind us of how narrow was the margin of survival, personal and national alike on which these men and women worked to build a nation. This is brought home to us, for example, in the words of commanders concerned with the privations en- dured by their men as in another report from Captain Jones: ". .the Men I have are scarce Able to Stand the Deck for want of Cloathing, the weather here being Very Cold. " We also find reminders in the words of diplomats and statesmen playing for the highest stakes against the longest odds, men like Sj.las Deane, America's represen- tative at the French court: "The fate of my country depends, in a great measure, on the arrival of these supplies. ." Reading all this, we might marvel more than ever that in the end, seven long years from the events of this book, the revo- lutionaries did prevail. And why? Because weak as the Americans of those days were in arms, poor as they were in goods, they were rich and strong and steadfast in spirit. There is the great message of this book and its companion volumes issued or yet to come. Deeper than the resource these clocuments represent for the scholar, beyond the fas- cination they hold for the casual reader, lies the home truth of all our history from that day to this: all that America has been or is or hopes to be she owes to the Spirit of '76. By helping to rekindle this spirit for our Nation's Bicentennial era, the present work honors the U. S. Navy's finest tradi- tions of excellence and service to the national interest. INTRODUCTION Naval power at sea and on inland waters played key roles in the period of the Revolutionary War covered by this volume of documents. British transports and the convoying fleet, commanded by Admiral Lord Howe, had sailed through the Narrows of New York in July. General Clinton and Commodore Sir Peter Parker joined the forces of the Howe brothers by sea after the failure to capture Charleston, South Carolina. Then, the British launched their attack across the bay on 22 August 1776, projecting troops ashore on Long Island and providing gunfire support from ships of the fleet. Had the American army been trapped on Long Island, as very nearly happened, the cause of independence would probably have been lost then and there. Supported and sustained by sea power, New York would thereafter be the main base for British operations. This gave them an excellent harbor and central location for naval operations along the Eastern seaboard, and provided flexibility for deployments of army forces to any location that could be reached by water-far more rapidly than Washington's troops could move by land. Had the forces of Sir Guy Carleton, coming down the waterways from Canada, been able to link up with the forces stationed at New York, the result might have been eventually decisive in favor of the British. This time it was the fresh water navy of Benedict Arnold that, despite the bad beating on Lake Champlain, so delayed the advance south that the British effort was given up for that year. Thus it was that the use of British sea power was very nearly decisive in the summer of 1776, and that naval operations on inland waters in the fall frustrated actions that would have cut the states in two. The Depository Location pages in this volume list some eighty ac- tivities from Venice, Italy, to San Majino, California, from which manu- scripts have been selected for inclusion herein. This list bears witness to a fact which cannot be overly emphasized, namely that the success and con- tinued progress of the Naval Doczlments of the American Revolution series is dependent upon the resources, the knowledge and generous cooperation of numerous individuals, libraries, historical societies, archives and museums in the United States and abroad. Unpublished Crown copyright material in the Public Record Office, London, is reproduced by permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Dr. Maurice Bear Gordon, a physician with a keen feeling for history, has taken time from a busy medical practice to prepare the fine pictorial essay, "Naval and Maritime Medicine During the Revolution," which enriches this volume. Within the Naval History Division, the editor, William James Morgan, is strongly supported by dedicated and extremely competent associates in the Historical Research Branch-Mr. Robert L. Scheina, Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Scheffenacker, Mr. Robert I. Campbell, Mr. E. Gordon Bowen-Hassell, Lieutenant (junior grade) Kristin G. Tryon, relieved by Ensign Mary L. Greeves, Chief Yeoman Lenzie D. Crosby, Mrs. Carolyn Ransdell, and on summer Naval Reserve duty, Master Chief Petty Officer George K. Mc- Cuistion. Mr. W. Bart Greenwood, Navy Department Librarian, assisted by Miss Mary Pickens of the Library staff, has once again searched out and collected appropriate maps and charts. Lieutenant Commander Richard M. Gannaway, while on temporary Naval Reserve duty, joined with Mr. Charles R. Haberlein, Jr. of the Naval History Division's Curator Branch to'collect, select, and identify the many contemporary illustrations to be found in the volume. Commander W. E. May, RN (Ret.) , undertook indispensable research in the Public Record Officeand other United Kingdom depositories. Sound and valuable translation services, from several languages, have been pro- vided by Commander Canio Di Cairano, USNR (Ret.) , and personnel of the Naval Reserve translator program in the Office of Naval Intelligence. To all, named and unnamed, who have contributed to the work and thus have made it possible, our debt is great, our gratitude boundless. Edwin B. Hooper PREFACE Documents contained in this volume, as in previous volumes in the series, are selections from the manuscripts brought together from domestic and foreign sources by the Naval History Division and the late William Bell Clark.
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