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Passenger Night Trains in Europe: the End of the Line?

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DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies Transport and Tourism Research for TRAN Committee - Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line? STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism. AUTHORS Steer Davies Gleave: Gordon Bird, Jim Collins, Niccolò Da Settimo, Dick Dunmore, Simon Ellis, Mohammad Khan, Michelle Kwok, Tom Leach, Alberto Preti, Davide Ranghetti, Christoph Vollath Politecnico di Milano for Steer Davies Gleave: Paolo Beria, Antonio Laurino, Dario Nistri Research manager: Christina RATCLIFF Project and publication assistance: Jeanette BELL Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, European Parliament LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to updates on our work for TRAN Committee please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in May 2017. © European Union, 2017 Print ISBN 978-92-846-0021-2 doi:10.2861/285914 QA-02-16-969-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-846-0020-5 doi:10.2861/414087 QA-02-16-969-EN-N This document is available on the internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/585891/IPOL_STU(2016)5858 91_EN.pdf Please use the following reference to cite this study: Steer Davies Gleave supported by TRASPOL - Politecnico di Milano, 2017, Research for TRAN Committee – Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line?, European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels Please use the following reference for in-text citations: Steer Davies Gleave/Politecnico di Milano (2017) DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies Transport and Tourism Research for TRAN Committee - Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line? STUDY Abstract The number of passenger night trains offering sleeping accommodation operated within Europe has declined rapidly since around 2010. This paper presents findings on what drives the financial, economic, social and environmental viability of services and hence decisions on whether to operate them or subsidise them. It presents conclusions and recommendations for the monitoring, management and regulation of the sector. IP/B/TRAN/IC/2016-103 May 2017 PE 601.977 EN Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 17 1. THE OPERATION OF NIGHT TRAINS 21 1.1. The definition of night trains 21 1.2. The definition of night train rolling stock 23 1.3. Splitting and joining 27 1.4. Less-than-daily services 27 1.5. Lower operating speeds 28 1.6. Reliability 29 1.7. Infrastructure capacity 30 2. THE PROVISION OF NIGHT TRAIN SERVICES 33 2.1. The history of night trains in Europe 33 2.2. Night train services in 2016 37 2.3. Domestic night trains 38 2.4. International night trains 39 3. THE DEMAND FOR NIGHT TRAINS 43 3.1. The use of night trains 43 3.2. The users of night trains 44 4. THE CURRENT VIABILITY OF NIGHT TRAINS 47 4.1. Costs 47 4.2. Fares 51 4.3. Subsidies 51 4.4. Financial viability 54 4.5. Mark-ups to infrastructure charges 58 4.6. Practical viability 63 5. THE FUTURE CHALLENGES TO NIGHT TRAINS 65 5.1. Competition from day trains, airlines and coaches 65 5.2. Other challenges 72 6. THE SECTOR’S SCOPE TO RESPOND 75 6.1. The role of the EU 75 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.2. The role of governments 76 6.3. The role of the night train operators 77 6.4. The role of the European core networks 84 6.5. The role of the private tourism industry 88 6.6. The scope for survival in the longer term 91 6.7. The consequences of withdrawal 93 7. THE CASE FOR SUBSIDISING NIGHT TRAINS 95 7.1. Night trains and employment 95 7.2. Night trains and modal shift 96 7.3. Night trains and the environment 96 7.4. Night trains and noise 99 7.5. The treatment of different modes 99 7.6. Evidence of unfair competition 100 7.7. Public Service Obligations and competitive tendering 101 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 103 8.1. Conclusions 103 8.2. Policy recommendations 106 Annex A: Bibliography 109 Annex B: Case study: DB City Night Line (Germany) 119 Annex C: Case study: ÖBB Nightjet (Austria) 127 Annex D: Case study: SJ Nattåg (Sweden) 137 Annex E: Case study: The Caledonian Sleeper (United Kingdom) 149 Annex F: Case study: Intercity Notte (Italy) 161 Annex G: Case study: Renfe Trenhotel (Spain) 171 Annex H: Case study: Intercités de Nuit (France) 177 Annex I: Case study: TrainOSE (Greece) 185 Annex J: Case study: PKP Intercity Night (Poland) 187 Annex K: Case study: RZD (Russia) 191 Annex L: Case study: CFR Călători (Romania) 195 Annex M: Case studies outside Europe 197 Annex N: Key evidence, analysis and implications 215 4 Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ALSA Automóviles Luarca, S.A. (a coach company) (Spain) Arafer Autorité de régulation des activités ferroviaires et routières (Regulatory authority for rail and road activities) (France) ARTC Australian Rail Track Corporation (Australia) ASK Available Seat Kilometre (in aviation) AV Alta Velocità (high-speed) (Italy) BAG Bundesamt für Güterverkehr (Federal Transport Authority) (Germany) CAA Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom) CaSL Cancelled and Significantly Late (United Kingdom) ČD České Dráhy (Czech Railways) (Czech Republic) CER Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies CFR Călători Căile Ferate Române Călători (Romanian State Railways) (Romania) CN Canadian National (Canada) CNL City Night Line (Germany) CP Canadian Pacific (Canada) DB Deutsche Bahn (German Federal Railways) (Germany) DoT Department of Transportation (USA) ECU European Currency Unit, the predecessor of the euro EEC European Economic Community ERT European Rail Timetable EU European Union HSR High-Speed Rail HS2 High Speed Two Limited (United Kingdom) ICE Intercity-Express (Germany) ICN Intercity Notte (InterCity night) (Italy) IFEU Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg) (Germany) 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ___________________________________________________________________________________________ IPS International Passenger Survey (United Kingdom) IRJ International Railway Journal JR Japan Railway (when used in the brand name of a Japanese regional railway companies) JRC Central Japan Railway Company (Japan) KTZ Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (Kazakhstan National Railways) (Kazakhstan) LGV Ligne à Grande Vitesse (high-speed line) (France) MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) MP Member of Parliament (United Kingdom) NRPS National Rail Passenger Survey (United Kingdom) NSW New South Wales (Australia) NTV Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori (New Passenger Transport) (Italy) ÖBB Österreichische Bundesbahnen (Austrian Federal Railways) (Austria) OMR Operations, maintenance and renewals PKP Polskie Koleje Państwowe SA (Polish State Railways) (Poland) PPP Public Private Partnership PRM Persons with Reduced Mobility PSC Public Service Contract PSO Public Service Obligation Renfe Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles (National Network of Spanish Railways) (Spain) RGI Railway Gazette International RMMS Rail Market Monitoring Survey RPK Revenue Passenger Kilometre (in aviation) RZD Rossiyskie Zheleznye Dorogi (Russian Railways) (Russia) SBB-CFF-FFS Swiss Federal Railways (Switzerland) SCHIG Schieneninfrastruktur-Dienstleistungsgesellschaft mbH (Rail infrastructure service company) (Austria) SJ Statens Järnvägar (State Railways) (Sweden) 6 Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ SNCF Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (French National Railway Corporation) (France) Talgo Patentes Talgo (Talgo Patents) a manufacturer of railway rolling stock, abbreviated from Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol (Goicoechea-Oriol light articulated train) (Spain) TAP-TSI Telematics Applications for Passenger Services Technical Specifications for Interoperability TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network TET Trains d’Équilibre du Territoire (Territory balance trains) (France) TREMOD Transport Emission Model (developed by IFEU) (Germany) UIC International Union of Railways UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VAT Value-Added Tax VFR Visiting Friends and Relatives VLDNT Very Long Distance Night Train VUC Variable Usage Charge (United Kingdom) 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Passenger night trains in Europe: the end of the line? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Hours of
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