&
VOLUME 1 AT HOME Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 1 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 1 Contents
Introduction ...... 4 Egg Toss ...... 25 In the Bathroom ...... 46 From the Fridge ...... 5 Floating Eggs ...... 26 Down the Drain ...... 46 Hot Chocolate Effect ...... 5 Naked Egg ...... 26 Plunger Power ...... 47 Bendable Bones ...... 5 The Incredible Shrinking Egg ...27 Oil + Water = ? ...... 47 Egg in a Bottle ...... 6 Foldable Egg ...... 28 Mirror, Mirror in the Steam ...... 48 Egg Strength ...... 29 This library edition published in 2018 by MoonDance Press, Straw Through a Potato ...... 7 Floating Bowling Balls ...... 49 an imprint of The Quarto Group 6 Orchard Road, Suite 100 Drink a Rainbow ...... 7 Balance an Egg ...... 30 Soap Clouds ...... 49 Lake Forest, CA 92630 Taste with Your Eyes ...... 8 Walking on Eggshells ...... 30 Oily Water Mix-up ...... 50 © 2017 Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc. Text © 2017 Elizabeth Snoke Harris Taste with Your Nose ...... 8 Water & Ice ...... 31 Toilet Paper Inertia ...... 50 Published by MoonDance Press, a division of Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc. Better with Butter ...... 9 Water Filter ...... 31 Wrinkly Fingers ...... 51 All rights reserved. MoonDance is a registered trademark. Ice Cream in a Bag ...... 10 Straw Sprinkler ...... 32 Elephant Toothpaste ...... 52 Illustrations by Je Albrecht Studios Cover and interior design by Melissa Gerber The Gelatin Jiggle ...... 10 Ice Cube Rescue ...... 32 Bubble Snakes ...... 52 Distributed in the United States and Canada by Lerner Publisher Services Make Meringue ...... 11 Solar Still ...... 33 Bomb Your Bath ...... 53 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 U.S.A. Yeasty Beasties ...... 12 Ice Cube Island ...... 33 www.lernerbooks.com Light & Color ...... 54 Gluten Goodness ...... 12 Hot + Cold Water ...... 34 Break a Pencil ...... 54 Printed in USA 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fruity DNA Extraction ...... 13 Leaky Bottle ...... 35 Color Explosion ...... 55 Get the Iron Out ...... 14 Oil Spill Cleanup ...... 36 Candy Chromatography ...... 55 Drink Your Iron ...... 15 Ketchup Diver ...... 36 Color-mixing Spinner ...... 56 Clearing Up Cola ...... 15 Floating Ball ...... 37 Crookes Radiometer ...... 57 Ripening Fruit ...... 16 Surface Tension Shimmy ...... 37 Disappearing Bowl ...... 58 Floating Fruit ...... 16 Water Wheel ...... 38 Disappearing Coin ...... 58 Mayo Emulsion ...... 17 Ice Cubes or Oil Cubes? ...... 39 Reappearing Coin ...... 59 Apple Exposure ...... 18 Super Cool Water ...... 40 Indoor Rainbow ...... 59 One Plus One ...... 18 Ice Cubes on a Wire ...... 40 Measure the Speed of Light .....60 Salty Science ...... 19 Walking Water ...... 41 Metamerism Matters ...... 61 Use Your Noodle ...... 20 Soap-powered Boat ...... 41 Kaleidoscope ...... 62 Hot Water Freeze ...... 21 Soft Water, Hard Water ...... 42 Rainbow Paper ...... 62 Upside-down Toast ...... 22 Hero’s Engine ...... 43 Sky Colors ...... 63 Potatosmosis ...... 22 Moving Molecules ...... 44 Un-mixing Colors ...... 63 Curds & Whey ...... 23 Pepper Scatter ...... 44 Index ...... 64 Eggstravaganza! ...... 24 Bottle Pour ...... 45 Cook and Egg ...... 24 Penny Drop ...... 45 Spinning Eggs ...... 24 Proof 1 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 2 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 3 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 2 TWS Page: 3 From the Fridge Introduction The colest experiments take place in your own kitchen! Have you ever wanted to... Fold an eg in half? Make a snow cone in your kitchen? Create your own bath bomb? Hot Chocolate Effect This experiment is perfect for a cold morning, and you can drink it when you are done!
reat ou’ll fin eas to follow instru tions for t ese an so man more awesome at-home experiments in this book. No matter whether you Do It! set up your lab in the kitchen, the bathroom, or the backyard, you are Naked Egg, page 26 Supplies guaranteed to have fun! 1. Tap the rim of the empty mug with your spoon and listen to the pitch (how high or low the sound is). Does it change? Ceramic mug, Instant hot 2. Pour hot water into the mug and tap again. Any change? What’s in this bok? chocolate mix, 3. Stir the water and tap the mug while the water is swirling. Hot water, Many of the experiments can be done by kids all by themselves. That’s right—no adult help Metal spoon Any change now? needed. That means no grownups doing all the fun stuff while you watch. You can do lots of 4. Pour a packet of hot chocolate into the mug. Stir it and tap messy, cool, mind-blowing experiments all by yourself! again. You’ll notice that the pitch gets higher. Stir and tap All the supplies you need are probably already in your home. No fancy gadgets or again. The pitch goes down and then rises again! doohickeys needed. What’s Happening? Science is fun! There is no better boredom buster than a science experiment. You will learn something and astound and amaze your friends and family. Air bubbles are mixed into the liquid as you stir, which slow the speed of sound in the hot chocolate. This lowers the pitch of the sound that travels through the mug when tapped. As the water spins, the bubbles rise and pop. With fewer bubbles in the hot chocolate, the speed of sound and pitch increases. What are you waiting for?
Pick an experiment you are interested in, gather the materials, and get going! Make sure you check t e safet instru tions an fin an a ult to el if nee e Bendable Bones Supplies includes all the stuff you need. Can you tie these bones in a knot? Can you tie them in a bow? Do It! has instructions for building and performing the experiment. What’s Happening? Read the science behind the experiment. Supplies Do It! Put the bones in the jar and cover them with vinegar. Cover the jar with a lid. What If? includes ideas for making the experiment bigger, louder, longer, or just plain 1. better. Clean chicken 2. Leave the jar on the counter for three days. bones, Large jar, White 3. After three days, take the bones out of the jar. Can you bend them in knots? If vinegar not, stick the bones back in the jar, replace the vinegar, and wait another day or two before trying again.
What’s Happening?
Bones contain minerals, mostly calcium and phosphorus, that make them strong and hard. Vinegar is a weak acid that scientists call acetic acid. The vinegar pulls out the minerals in the one ll t at’s left is en fle i le artila e
Proof 1 4 5 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 4 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 5 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 4 TWS Page: 5 Here’s one way to ADULT NEDED prove your superhuman Egg in a Bottle Straw Through strength! You may have sen a ship in a botle, but have you ever put a whole eg in a botle? a Potato Do It! Do It! Supplies 1. The key to successfully getting the egg into the bottle is timing. Supplies 1. Place your thumb over the end of the straw. Light a match and quickly drop it in the bottom of the bottle. 2. Stab the potato, and watch the straw go right Peeled hard-boiled The match should keep burning. If it goes out, drop in another Straw, Potato through. Just watch out that your hand isn’t on egg, Glass bottle lit match. the other side or the potato won’t be the only with an opening or 2. Count to three and put the egg on top of the bottle pointy side thing with a hole! neck smaller than down so that it seals the opening. the egg’s diameter, What’s Happening? Match, Sink 3. Wait. After a few seconds, the egg will start to ooze down into the bottle. A plastic straw is pretty weak. If you try to jam it into the potato without covering the end of the straw, the straw will bend before it even pierces the skin. By trapping the air inside with your thumb, you strengthen the straw so that it can’t bend. As the straw goes through the potato, it just gets stronger because the air insi e is om resse w en t e ot er en fills u wit otato What’s Happening?
The burning match heats the air in the bottle, causing the air to expand. When you place the egg on top of the bottle, the match will go out as the oxygen burns up. The air cools and contracts so that the air pressure inside the bottle is much lower than the air pressure outside the bottle. The air outside of the bottle pushes the egg inside. Drink a Rainbow Rainbows aren’t just for unicorns. Try this colorful density column To get the egg out, reverse the process by making the air pressure inside the bottle greater than the air experiment you can drink! pressure outside so the air pushes the egg back out again. Here are two ways to do this: The Easy Way Do It! Turn the bottle downward at an angle. Shake it around a little until the egg Supplies is in the neck of the bottle and covers it completely with the pointy side 1. Pour a cup of water into the glass and add a few drops of pointed outward. Make sure there aren’t any match bits in the way. Then blue food coloring. Tall glass, A bring the bottle to the sink, and let hot water run over the bottom of the 2. Pour ¼ cup of one juice into the glass. bottle. This will heat the air inside the bottle so that it expands and pushes variety of the egg out. juices, Water, 3. With a syringe or measuring cup, carefully pour in ¼ cup of Blue food another juice so it runs down the inside of the glass. If the coloring, The Fun (Messy) Way new ui e sin s elow t e first ui e it is enser t an t e Measuring Try this method outdoors. Add two effervescent tablets to the bottle and ½ cup, Syringe first f it floats on to it is less ense cup of water. Quickly turn the bottle upside down so that the egg is in the (optional) 4. Continue with the rest of the juices and water until you neck of the bottle with the pointy side pointed downward. As the tablets bubble in the water, they produce carbon dioxide gas, which builds up the have a layered rainbow of juice. air pressure inside the bottle very quickly and shoots the egg out. What’s Happening?
What If? A layering of liquids like this is called a density column. Density is a measure of how much stuff (or mass) is in a What if you use very hot water instead of a match? set volume. In this demonstration, the volume is ¼ cup. The mass depends on the sugar and other stuff that is in t e ui e e ui es wit a i er ensit sin to t e ottom an t e ui es wit lower ensit float on to The layers form when you slowly introduce the juices by pouring them on the inside of the glass, so they don’t mix with each other.
Proof 1 6 7 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 6 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 7 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 6 TWS Page: 7 Can you trick your taste Taste with buds with fo d Better with Butter coloring? Your Eyes The best buter is the kind you make yourself. Supplies Supplies Do It! 1. Pour some juice into the four cups. 4. Let the volunteer taste each of the Measuring cup, Large cup, 3 cups of heavy whipping cream, Clean glass jar with a lid, Stopwatch, Bowl, Food coloring, 2. Add food coloring to three of the cups rin s s w at fla or t e taste an 4 clear cups, Water, Sealable container for storing your butter rate them from most to least sweet. White grape so that one is orange, one is red, one juice, At least is green, and one stays clear. Don’t let Write this down, as well. 6 volunteers your volunteers see! 5. Repeat with each of your volunteers. 3. ow t e first olunteer t e lasses of Did the predictions match what they ui e s t em to re i t ea fla or tasted? Did anyone realize that the and write their answer. ui es all a e t e same fla or Do It!
1 1. Pour 1 2 cups of cream into the large cup, 4. Take the yellow butter blob out of the jar and What’s Happening? and let it sit on the counter until it is room put it in a bowl of clean water. Rinse the butter temperature. While you’re waiting, start making and squish as much of the liquid out as you e asso iate olor wit ertain fla ors it sweet foo re usuall means err oran e olor means butter with the cold cream. can. Pour out the water and rinse the butter at oran e fla or an reen means lime at we see an o erri e w at we t in we taste 2. Pour ½ cup of cream straight from the fridge least two more times. This will keep your butter into the glass jar. Put the lid tightly on the from turning rancid before you can eat it. jar, start your stopwatch, and start shaking 5. Once your butter is well rinsed, put it in the vigorously. You will need to shake the jar for up sealable container and store it in the fridge. Taste with Your Nose to 20 minutes (or more!), so it helps to have a 6. Make six batches of butter—three using Have you smeled a meal so go d you could taste it? friend who will take turns with you. the cold butter and three using the room Your sense of smel is a big part of how fo d tastes. 3. After 5 to 20 minutes, the solid parts of the temperature butter. Clean the jar in between cream will separate from the liquid parts. each batch. Which temperature cream made When you have a solid yellow lump in a jar of butter faster? Is there a difference in the color, Do It! watery buttermilk, stop shaking (and stop the texture, or taste of the butters? Supplies stopwatch). 1. ut ea fla or ell ean in a lasti t ree fla ors 3 different bag and squish them. Make sure you 4. Remove the nose plug but leave the a or have twice as many jellybeans of each blindfold on. Ask your volunteer to What’s Happening? jellybeans, fla or as olunteers smell ea a an i entif t e fla or 3 plastic bags, When you shake cream, the fat bounces around and clumps together, eventually clumping so much that Nose plug, 2. a e our first olunteer wear a nose by smell. the buttery fat separates completely from the liquid in the cream. Warm molecules bounce around faster Blind fold, plug and a blindfold. 5. Let the volunteer smell and taste the At least 6 because they have more energy. The molecules in the room-temperature cream are warmer and already Give them a jellybean to eat. Write jellybeans and ask them to identify the volunteers 3. bouncing faster than the ones in the chilled cream. This means the room-temperature fat molecules will down the answer they tell you next to fla or clump together and form butter faster. t e orre t fla or e eat t is for all 6. Repeat this for each volunteer. What If? What’s Happening? What if you put a marble in the glass jar with the cream? Does it speed up the process? u of t e fla or of foo omes from t e t ousan s of re e tors in our nose en our sense of smell is lo e it is more iffi ult to taste fla ors
Proof 1 8 9 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 8 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 9 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 8 TWS Page: 9 Ice Cream in a Bag ADULT NEDED Do the ice cream dance! Make Meringue This easy desert requires a lot of arm power, so rol Do It! up your sle ves and give those eg whites what for. Supplies 1. Pour the half-and-half, sugar, and vanilla into the smaller freezer bag. Seal the bag so there is little extra 1 gallon freezer bag, 1 Supplies quart freezer bag, 1 cup air inside. half-and-half, 2 tablespoons 2. Fill the larger freezer bag half full of ice. Record the sugar, 1 teaspoon vanilla temperature of the ice in the bag. 12 room temperature eggs, 4 cups of sugar, extract, Ice, ½ cup rock salt, Measuring cup, Stopwatch, Whisk, Glass bowl, Thermometer, Gloves 3. Add the rock salt to the ice. Plastic bowl, Copper bowl, Spoon, Parchment 4. Place the smaller bag with the ice cream mixture in the paper (optional), Baking sheet, Oven larger bag of ice and salt. Seal the large bag. What’s Happening? 5. Put on gloves and shake the bags for 10 to 15 minutes. Plain ice both melts and re-freezes. When 6. When the ice cream is solid, remove it from the you add salt to the bag, more energy is larger bag. Measure and record the temperature of Do It! needed to melt the salty ice. The salty ice the ice left in the larger bag. What happened to the pulls that energy from the warmer bag of ice temperature of the ice as you shook the bag? 1. Preheat your oven to 225°F. cream, making it colder. 2. Crack two of the eggs, and pour just the egg whites into the glass bowl. 3. Start your stopwatch, and begin to briskly whisk the eggs. 2 4. After a minute or so, the eggs will become foamy. Keep whisking while gradually adding 3 cup of sugar. 5. After several more minutes of whisking, the eggs should become stiff and shiny. If you lift the The Gelatin Jiggle whisk out of the eggs, a peak should form that doesn’t fall down. Stop your stopwatch when this happens and record the time. What fruits make a gelatin that jig les instead of a mushy mes? 6. Place a piece of parchment paper on your baking sheet. Scoop the egg whites onto the baking sheet with a spoon, placing them 1 inch apart. Supplies ADULT NEDED 7. Put the baking sheet in the oven and bake for 90 minutes. Remove the meringues before they Do It! turn brown, and let them cool completely before eating. 8. Repeat this two times for each bowl. Which type of bowl took the longest to whip the 4 packages of cherry 1. Cut the fruit into bite-sized pieces. Measure 1 cup of each of the four fruits. meringues? Were there differences in color or consistency? sugar-free gelatin, 4 Prepare 4 bowls of gelatin by following the directions on the box. large bowls, 1 peach, 2. 1 can of peaches, 1 3. Add a different fruit to each bowl and label each of the bowls. can of pineapple, 1 4. Refrigerate the bowls. What’s Happening? pineapple, Knife, Pot, 5. E er 10 minutes tou t e elatin en no elatin sti s to our fin er Measuring cup, Clock the gelatin is set. Write down the time. E w ites are ma e of 0 er ent water an some rotein en ou first ra t e e t e e w ite 6. Which fruit took the longest to set? The fastest? Did any fruits never set? proteins are wrapped around the water. As you beat the egg whites with a whisk, you unwrap the proteins and add a whole lot of air bubbles. The unwrapped proteins realign to form a net that holds the air bubbles in place. As you bake the meringue, the air evaporates, leaving a tasty protein shell. So why does it matter which bowl you use? The tiniest bit of oil or grease can keep the proteins from What’s Happening? reali nin to ma e i fluff lou s il an fats sti to lasti owls an are rett mu im ossi le to remove completely when cleaning. So unless your plastic bowl is brand new, odds are a tiny bit of oil got in Fruits contain enzymes, chemicals that help them grow and ripen. Some fruits contain an enzyme that your meringue. Copper bowls help meringues even more. A tiny bit of copper from the surface of the bowl digests gelatin. If you add a fruit with this enzyme, the gelatin won’t set. However, canning or cooking the gets mixed into the egg whites and stabilizes them, making it easier for them to hold in all those air bubbles. fruit destroys this enzyme. Which fruits contain the gelatin-eating enzyme?
Proof 1 10 11 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 10 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 11 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 10 TWS Page: 11 Al living things have one Yeasty Beasties Fruity DNA thing in comon: DNA! Those tiny holes in a slice of bread are bub les made by the burps of bil ions of tiny fungi cal ed yeast. Harnes their gas to blow up bal ons. Extraction Supplies Do It! 1. Blow up each balloon three times. Label each bottle with a 5 identical empty Supplies bottles, Warm different sweetener. One bottle will not have a sweetener. water, Measuring 2. Pour ½ cup of warm water into each bottle, and then add a Rubbing alcohol (70% or greater), 3 strawberries, Sealable cup, 5 packets packet of yeast to each. plastic bag, 2 clear glasses, Water, Dish soap, Salt, Half a of baker’s yeast, 3. Add a tablespoon of sweetener to each bottle matching its label. banana, iwi, Measuring up, offee filter, Skewer Sugar, Sucralose, 4. Swirl the bottles gently to mix the contents. Put a balloon on the Corn syrup, Honey, top of each bottle. Wait an hour. Which balloon is the biggest? 5 balloons i inflate t e fastest
What’s Happening? Do It!
As the dry yeast is brought back to life by the water and eats the sugar, it releases carbon dioxide gas. The 1. Put the rubbing alcohol in the freezer. 7. our t e fruit mi ture into t e offee filter as fills t e ottle an t en fills t e alloon i of t e su ars in our e eriment was t e est foo for 2. Pull the leaves off the strawberries, and put Squeeze out the liquid into the glass, careful the yeasty beasties? them in the plastic bag. Push all of the air out of not to tear t e filter the bag and seal it tight. 8. When you’ve squeezed out all the liquid you 3. Mash the strawberries until you have a slimy can, carefully pour the rubbing alcohol down mess. the side of the glass. The alcohol layer on top should be as thick as the juice layer. 4. In one of the glasses, pour 1 cup of water, 4 Gluten Goodness teaspoons of soap, and 1 teaspoon of salt. Stir 9. After a few seconds, you will see a white Why are some breads light and flufy, while others the mixture gently so you don’t make bubbles. cloudy layer form between the fruit and the alcohol. This is the DNA! After 10 minutes, it are dense and chewy? The magic ingredient is gluten. 5. Open the bag of strawberries and pour ¹/ cup ³ will rise to the top of the alcohol layer. If you of the soap-salt mixture in with the fruit. Push aren’t that patient, poke the tip of the skewer the air out of the bag and seal it. Gently squish into the middle of that layer. Gently twist the the bag for 30 seconds until blended. Let the Do It! stick so that the DNA wraps around it, and Supplies bag sit for 20 minutes. pull it out of the glass. 1. our 1 u of w ole w eat flour in a owl water. Stop when the water runs clear and 6. ut a offee filter o er t e ot er lass so t at Repeat the process with the kiwi and half a Whole-wheat and add ¾ cup of water. the ball is a sticky web of gluten strands. the center is in the glass and the sides are 10. banana. Which fruit produced the most DNA? our, rea 2. i t e flour an water until ou a e a Now the ball is pure gluten. folded over. our, ll soft, rubbery ball. 5. Measure your gluten ball. Has the size purpose our, 3. Measure the ball, and then let it rest on changed? How does it feel, stretch, look, astr our, and bounce? Water, 4 bowls, the counter for 10 minutes. What’s Happening? Measuring cup, 4. Run cold water over the ball in the sink. 6. e eat t e ro ess wit t e ot er flours o ta e t e N out of t e ell first ou must rea o en t e ells en ou s uis e u t e fruit ou Measuring tape Squeeze it to remove the starch. You will i flour a t e i est an e in broke up the cells. The soap in the extraction solution destroys the rest of the cell walls and the membrane see the white starch dissolving in the size when you removed the starch? of the nucleus, letting out the DNA. The salt in the solution causes the proteins and carbohydrates that ma e u t e rest of t e ell to sin to t e ottom w ile t e N sta s on to Ne t ou filtere out most What’s Happening? of the other plant parts so you are left with DNA dissolved in water. Adding cold rubbing alcohol to the mixture simply increases the amount of DNA you are able to separate from the rest of the cell parts. Because en rea rises t e east in t e ou ma es as e stret luten in t e flour fills wit as li e a different plants (and animals, for that matter) have different amounts of DNA, how much you can extract from alloon ore luten means more an i er alloons in t e rea ma in t e rea more li t an fluff each plant should vary in the same way.
Proof 1 12 13 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 12 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 13 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 12 TWS Page: 13 Get the Iron Out Drink Your Iron It turns out that most cereals contain the same iron found in nails. Se it with your own eyes! When you don’t have enough iron in your body, you fe l tired and get sick more easily. A delicious way to get iron is through fruit juice! Supplies Supplies Do It! Pour a pint of hot water into the pitcher and add three tea bags. Let the 3 types of cereals with different iron contents, 1. Pitcher, 3 tea bags, pitcher sit for an hour. 2 tall glasses, Measuring cup, Plastic spoon, 6 clear glasses, 6 Strong magnet (neodymium magnets work spoons, Measuring 2. Pour ¼ cup of each juice into a different glass. (One glass will have no juice.) best), Clear packing tape, Plastic sandwich spoon, Masking Label each glass. bag, Camera or paper and pencil tape and marker, 3. Add ¼ cup of tea to each glass and stir each with a spoon. Let it sit for 20 minutes. Pineapple juice, White grape 4. Lift each glass and look for dark particles on the bottom. juice, Prune juice, 5. Let the tea mixtures sit for another two hours, and then look for dark iron Do It! Cranberry juice, particles again. Which juice produced the most particles? Does the number Apple juice of particles correspond to the iron content of the juices? 1. Pour 1 cup of one cereal into a tall glass. (the magnet should be inside in the soup) for 2. Fill the cup with water so that it is about an inch about two minutes. What’s Happening? above the cereal. 8. Gently rinse off your stirrer and take a look at 3. Let t e lass sit for at least fi e minutes so t e the magnet. You should see black particles ea is full of emi als alle ol enols w i i e tea its fla or an cereal gets good and soggy. sticking to the magnet. This is the iron from the ro i e ealt enefits ome of t ose ol enols also rea t wit iron in breakfast cereal. foods, like fruit juice, and form solids that sink to the bottom of the glass. 4. Put the strong magnet in the corner of the plastic bag so it is tight around the magnet. 9. Take a photo or make a drawing so that you can compare the amount of iron in the different 5. Tape the magnet onto the end of the handle of cereals. Repeat this for the other two cereals. the spoon so some of it hangs off the end and If you can, repeat more than once for each the bag is sealed. Cut off the rest of the bag. cereal. Which cereal did you remove the most This is your magnetic stirrer. Clearing Up Cola and least iron from? Does this match the iron Sometimes mixing drinks leads to deliciousnes, but pouring milk in your cola leads to something 6. Fill the second glass with clean water. contents on the cereal labels? 7. Stir the cereal soup with the magnetic stirrer surprising and a litle gros. Do It! What’s Happening? Supplies 1. Remove the label from the bottle of cola so that you can Your body needs iron to survive. Red blood cells use iron to carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest Small clear see the experiment easily. of your body. Because some people don’t get enough iron from foods like red meat and green leafy bottle of cola, 2. Open the cola and pour in some milk so that the liquid vegetables, iron is added to foods like cereal. The iron powder used in these foods is the same iron used 2% milk is just an inch from the top. Put the lid back on the to make nails! bottle and watch. The changes may take up to an hour. ust li e wit a nail rin in a ma net near t e ereal attra ts t e iron n fa t if ou float a sin le ie e of cereal in a bowl of water and your magnet is strong enough, you can move the cereal around the bowl by moving the magnet in the air above it. What’s Happening?
After about 15 minutes, you will see dark, foamy clumps near the bottom of the bottle. The phosphoric acid What If? in the cola is reacting with casein protein in the milk, causing it to clump with caramel coloring and other parts of the soda. After an hour, the bottom will be full of the dark, curdled milk. The clear top layer is the at if ou tr t is e eriment on ot er iron fortifie foo s su as a foo ener ars or itamin water, sweetener, and the rest of the proteins and fat from the milk. Let the bottle of cola sit overnight. When supplements? you wake up, it should be completely clear!
Proof 1 14 15 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 14 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 15 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 14 TWS Page: 15 Ripening Fruit Mayo Emulsion When you’re faced with a hard pear, ripen it with science! When a botle of vinaigrete dres ing sits for awhile, the oil and vinegar separate into two layers. Even if you shake the botle as hard as you can, the oil and vinegar wil Do It! always separate — that is, unles you make an emulsion! Supplies 1. With the marker, label the bags: “Pear,” “Pear & Banana,” and “Pear & 2 Bananas.” 2. Place the fruit in the bags, and seal them with tape. Leave the last pear on the 4 unripe pears, Supplies 2 ripe bananas, counter. 3 paper lunch 3. Keep track of the date and time you put the fruit in the bags. Every 12 hours, check Vegetable oil, Water, White vinegar, 2 small bags, Marker, t e ears’ ri eness ressin on t e si e of t e ear firml wit our fin er for Masking tape bowls, Fork, Egg, Mustard powder, Sugar, Flour, two se on s f t e fruit sta s in ente after ou remo e our fin er t en it is ri e Pint-sized glass jar with cover, Measuring cup, If you cannot see where you pressed, put the fruit back and reseal the bag. Check Measuring spoon, Magnifying glass the pear on the counter too. 4. Note when each pear ripens. Did the pears in the bag ripen before the one on the counter? Did the bananas help the pears ripen faster? What’s Happening? Do It! 1. Pour ¼ cup of water and ¼ cup of vegetable oil into the jar, and put the cover on tightly. Have you ever heard the saying “one rotten apple will spoil the bunch”? Long ago, apples were stored in Shake the jar as hard as you can for one minute to mix the oil and water completely. large barrels in cool cellars so they could be eaten year-round. An over-ripe apple in the barrel would give off a 2. chemical called ethylene that caused the apples to ripen too quickly and rot before they were eaten. Here, the 3. Let t e ar sit for fi e minutes an o ser e w at a ens usin t e ma nif in lass to loo ethylene given off by the bananas caused the pears to ripen sooner. The ethylene molecule is too big to escape closely as the two liquids separate. from t e a er a en w i ee s t e fruit from rottin an flow freel in an out of t e a 4. Separate the egg white and yolk into the two small bowls and then use a fork to beat each of them until they are smooth. 5. Open the jar and add the egg yolk to the oil and water. 6. Shake the jar as hard as you can for three minutes so the oil and water are completely mixed. 7. Let t e ar sit for fi e minutes an o ser e w at a ens wit t e ma nif in lass o t e Floating Fruit oil and water separate this time? It’s the citrus Olympics! Which fruit wil float above the rest? 8. Clean out your jar and add another ¼ cup of water and ¼ of vegetable oil, and then add the egg white to the jar, as well. 9. Shake the jar as hard as you can for three minutes until the oil and water are completely Supplies Do It! mixed. Let t e ar sit for fi e minutes an o ser e w at a ens wit t e ma nif in lass o t e 1. Peel the rind off of one orange, one lemon, and one lime. Leave the other 10. oil and water separate this time? 2 oranges, 2 limes, fruits unpeeled. 2 lemons, Large 11. Repeat this process three more times with a tablespoon of mustard powder, a tablespoon of Put all the fruit in the bowl of water and watch what happens. Which fruits bowl of water 2. su ar an a ta les oon of flour i a iti es e t t e oil an water from se aratin float an w i fruits sin o an an out in t e mi le What’s Happening? What’s Happening? Oil and water don’t mix because the water molecules stick to each other more than they stick to the oil. Juicy fruits like oranges and lemons are mostly juice on the inside, which has a density about the same as e oil will float on to e ause it’s less ense t an t e water owe er w en ou a an emulsifier to t e water. But the rinds have pockets of air and act like little life jackets. Limes are different. If you cut the fruit in mi ture t e water an oil will sta mi e u e emulsifier sti s e uall to water an oil so it surroun s tin alf ou’ll see t at t e lime as a lot more ul an a enser fles t an oran es an lemons is ma es t e droplets of each and lets them hang out together. We call this stable mixture of oil and water an emulsion. lime denser and weighs it down in the water, even with the rind on.
Proof 1 16 17 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 16 22/9/17 1:24 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 17 22/9/17 1:24 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 16 TWS Page: 17 Apple Exposure Salty Science ADULT NEDED Can you stop the oxidation proces that makes ap le slices turn brown? ADULT NEDED Com on wisdom says to ad salt to water when you co k because it makes the fo d co k more quickly. Does a pinch of salt realy make a diference? How about a whole Supplies cup of salt?
4 apples, Knife, 6 bowls, Masking tape, Marker, Measuring cup, Water, Lemon juice, Salt, Lemon-lime soda, Honey, Carbonated water, Resealable bag Supplies
Small sauce pan, Stove top, Measuring cup, Measuring spoon, Do It! Water, Table salt, Food thermometer 1. Put one liquid in each of the bowls. One bowl 2. Cut the apples into eight slices. Put four slices in will be empty. Label the bowls. each of the bowls and four more in a resealable 1 cup of carbonated water bag, sealing it tight. 1 cup of lemon-lime soda 3. fter fi e minutes our out t e li ui s an wait 1 cup of water + 1 tablespoon of lemon juice for one hour. Did any of the apple slices turn Do It! 1 1 cup of water + 8 teaspoon of salt brown? How about the slices in the empty bowl? 1. Pour 4 cups of water into the pan and place it on the stove. 1 cup of water + 2 tablespoons of honey Which liquid kept the apples white longest? 2. Turn the burner on high and wait for the water to come to a complete boil. 4. Taste the apples. Do any taste different? 3. Carefully measure the water’s temperature, and then turn off the burner. What’s Happening? 4. Once the water has stopped boiling, add 1 tablespoon of water and 2 tablespoons of salt. 5. Turn the burner on high and wait for the water to come to a boil again. When a cut apple is exposed to oxygen in the air, it reacts with the apple’s enzymes to make it brown. 6. Measure the temperature of the water, and then turn off the burner. This is called oxidation. Weak acids (lemon juice, soda, salt water, and carbonated water) slow the 7. Repeat the process as you continue to add salt to the water, doubling the amount of salt in reaction. Honey and the resealable bag keep the air away from the apple. the water each time, and adding 1 tablespoon of water each time to make up for the water that has evaporated during boiling. 8. The last time you measure the boiling point, the pot will be half water and half salt. What happened to the boiling point as you added salt? How hot do you think the water would boil One Plus One if you doubled the salt again? Did you notice anything about how long it took the salty water Disolve sugar into water and se how things ad up. . . or don’t! to come to a boil?
Supplies Do It! 1. Place tape on the side of the jar from top to bottom. What’s Happening? 2. Pour 1 cup of water into the jar. Label the water line on the tape 1 cup. Clear quart jar, When you heat water, you are giving the molecules energy so they can move around faster. If you add enough Pour in another cup of water. Label the water line 2 cups. Water, Measuring 3. heat, the water molecules can break free of the liquid water to become a gas and the water starts boiling. The cup, 1 cup of sugar, 4. Empty the jar and dry it. bubbles in the boiling water are those fast-moving molecules that broke free from the liquid water. Masking tape, 5. Pour 1 cup of sugar into the jar, and then 1 cup of water. Mix. What is the level? When you add salt, it takes more energy for the molecules to break free. Salt is a crystal called sodium chloride, Marker 6. Add sugar ¼ cup at a time until it reaches the 2-cup level. How much sugar did but when you add it to water, the sodium and chlorine in the salt break apart. The water molecules stick to the you add to make 2 cups of solution? sodium and the chlorine more than they stick to each other, so it takes more energy to break free of the liquid. More energy is more heat and more heat is a higher temperature! Therefore, when you add salt to water, you What’s Happening? have to heat (or energize) the water more before it starts to boil. The sugar dissolves, but the air in the spaces between the sugar grains does not. When you pour the sugar into the water, the air isn’t poured in. Even though you mixed 1 cup of water plus 1 cup of sugar, you still get less than 2 cups of sugar water.
Proof 1 18 19 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 18 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 19 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 18 TWS Page: 19 Use Your Noodle ADULT NEDED Hot Water Freeze Boiling a lot of water before you put nodles in a pot takes a long time. Hot water sometimes frezes faster than cold water, and scientists are not Try some not-so-comon ways of coking nodles to se if you can save completely sure why. Se if you can figure it out! time and energy. ADULT NEDED Supplies
Supplies 4 identical glass cups, Large bowl for heating water, Water, Microwave, Refrigerator, Freezer, Hot mitt, Clock, 3 thermometers, Food scale, Five 1-pound boxes of elbow macaroni, Water, Masking tape, Marker Pot, Slotted spoon, Colander, Stopwatch
Do It! Do It! 1. Measure ½ cup of water into two of the cups. 7. Place a thermometer in each cup, and record 2. Label one cup “Cold,” and place it in the their temperatures. Place the labeled cups Method 3: Put 2 quarts of cold water in the 1. oo ea of t e fi e o es of noo les usin refrigerator. in the freezer. Make sure they are all on the each method below. For each method, time pot and pour in the noodles. Turn on the same level and none of the cups are touching how long you heat the water using the stove stove. Turn off the stove when the noodles are 3. Label the other cup “Room Temperature,” and anything in the freezer. and the total time it takes to cook the noodles. cooked. place it on the counter. Measure the temperature of the water in each 2. For methods 1 to 4: While the noodles cook, Method 4: Put 2 quarts of cold water in the 4. Wait 15 minutes for the temperature of the 8. ontainer e er fi e minutes ee t e free er use a slotted spoon to take the noodles out pot and pour in the noodles. Let the noodles waters to match their location. and taste if fully cooked every minute. The soak in the water until they are cooked. door closed as much as possible. Once the Measure ½ cup of water into the third cup, and noodles are fully cooked when they are soft but 5. Method 5: Put 2 quarts of cold water in the temperature of the water reaches 32°F/0°C, not crunchy and not mushy. mark the top of the water with tape. Label this pot. Turn on the stove. When the water is at stop taking temperatures. Continue to observe cup “Hot.” Pour ½ cup of water in the last cup, Method 1: Put 4 quarts of cold water in the a full boil, add the noodles. Turn off the stove t e water e er fi e minutes to see w i forms and put both of these cups in the microwave. pot. Turn on the stove. When the water is at and cover the pot. Check the noodles every i e r stals first a full boil, add the noodles. Turn off the stove minute after 10 minutes. Only remove the lid Heat the water for one to two minutes or until 9. Which cup of water reached the freezing when the noodles are cooked. riefl to remo e a noo le to taste the water is steaming. tem erature first i a tuall fro e first Method 2: Put 2 quarts of cold water in the Which method cooked the noodles the Remove the water from the microwave. If the 6. f t e ot water i not free e first an ou pot. Turn on the stove. When the water is at quickest? Which used the least energy (the water in the third cup is below the level marked change some of the conditions so that it does? a full boil, add the noodles. Turn off the stove stove was on for the shortest amount of time)? by the tape, pour in some of the extra hot water when the noodles are cooked. Was there any difference in the taste of the from the last cup so that it is back to the ½ cup noodles? level.
What’s Happening? What’s Happening? e first ste in oo in r noo les w i are ma e of star an rotein is to et t em wet e Nobody can really explain what happens here. Some scientists observe that the hot water freezes before starch absorbs the water until it bursts. The starch inside the noodles gradually soaks up water, making the the cold water, and others do not. All agree that sometimes the hot water does freeze fast, but no one is noodle softer. The proteins also begin to cook, keeping the noodles from turning into a total starchy mush. sure of the conditions that allow this to happen or why it happens. Now known as the Mpemba Effect — The noodle is perfectly cooked when the starches are wet and the protein is cooked but not so much that name after a i s ool stu ent in an ania w o was t e first to s ientifi all stu t e effe t ot water it falls apart. Do you really need all that water, and does it need to boil to properly cook the noodles all the freezing more quickly than cold water was observed as far back as Aristotle and has been written about by way through? several scientists since then.
Proof 1 20 21 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 20 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 21 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 20 TWS Page: 21 Elephant Toothpaste Bomb Your Bath This foam explosion creates what loks like tothpaste that’s big enough for an elephant! These bath bombs combine the fun of bubles with so thing bath salts. ADULT NEDED
Supplies Do It! Supplies 1. In the small bowl, mix 2 teaspoons of yeast in 2 tablespoons 20-oz. soda bottle, Funnel, of warm water. Hydrogen peroxide, Dish Mini muffin pan, Large bowl, Small bowl, Masking tape, Funnel ½ cup of hydrogen peroxide into the bottle. Add soap, Yeast, Small bowl, 2. Marker, Water, Vegetable oil, Citric acid, Baking soda, Measuring spoon, Measuring three drops of dish soap and swish the bottle around to mix. Cornstarch, Epsom salt, Dropper, Measuring spoon, cup, Safety glasses and 3. Place the bottle in the basin. Pour the yeast solution into the Spoons for mixing, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Oven clothes, Plastic wash basin bottle, quickly remove the funnel, and get out of the way!
What’s Happening? Do It!
Hydrogen peroxide is water with an extra oxygen atom — H 20 2. It’s not very stable, and slowly decomposes into water and oxygen. The 1. In the large bowl, mix together 2 tablespoons 5. la e a ro of e eta le oil in ea muffin tra yeast speeds up, or catalyzes, the process so that all the oxygen gas is of citric acid, 4 tablespoons of baking soda, 3 well. Spread the oil over each well with your released quickly. The gas gets trapped in the soap, creating LOTS of tablespoons of cornstarch and 1 tablespoon of fin er oon t e mi ture into t e an an us bubbles, resembling toothpaste for an elephant. When the experiment Epsom salt. down to pack the mixture tight. is over, you’re left with water, soap, and a little yeast. 2. In the small bowl, mix together 2 teaspoons of 6. Preheat the oven to 170°F. Place the pan in the water and 2 teaspoons of vegetable oil. oven, and then turn the oven off. Leave the pan The next few steps are tricky, so read ahead to be in the oven with the door closed for one hour. ready! While the bath bombs are drying, clean out the Bubble Snakes big bowl. Why bother with one buble when you can have a giant snake of bubles? 3. Have a clean spoon ready. Add two drops of the oil mixture to the dry mixture. Use the back of 7. Remove the bath bombs from the tray. If they are t e s oon to at own t e fi in mi in in t e crumbly, try again with more liquid. Supplies Do It! damp part with the dry mixture. 8. Fill the large bowl with hot water. Drop the bath 4. Repeat this until all the oil mixture has been bomb in the water and time how long it takes to 6-inch square of the following 1. Cut the bottom off the bottle. Stretch one piece of fabric over added to the dry mixture. It should be damp sto fi in fabrics: Cotton, Jersey, Terry cloth, the large end. Secure it with a rubber band. enough to hold its shape. and Nylon; Empty 16-oz. soda bottle; Scissors; Rubber band; Bowl; 2. Mix 1 cup of water and ¼ cup of liquid soap in the bowl. Liquid dish soap; Outdoor space 3. Put the cloth end of the bottle into the bowl so the fabric soaks up the soap. What’s Happening? 4. Take the bottle out and blow into the small end of the bottle e fi of t e at om omes from t e itri a i an a in so a a in so a is a ase an itri a i What’s Happening? as hard as you can. A snake of bubbles should grow out of the is — surprise! — an acid. When you mix these together, they produce a salt and carbon dioxide gas. This gas fabric. When you blow through your is w at ma es t at fun fi bubble snake maker, you are 5. Repeat the process with the other e lon e it of t e fi e en s on t e amount of a in so a an itri a i in t e at om N ow creating hundreds of tiny bubbles fabrics. Which fabric made the longest easil t e an et to et er f t ere is a lot of ornstar it ta es lon er to issol e an ou et a lon er fi that stick together. The number and snake? Which fabric was easiest to time is also means ou will a e a less im ressi e fi e ause it’s s rea out o er a lon er time size of the bubbles depend on the holes in the fabric. Bigger holes blow through? mean bigger bubbles!
Proof 1 52 53 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 52 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 53 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 52 TWS Page: 53 Light & Color Create your own indor rainbow and other incredible creations Color Explosion using the properties of light. Watch colors dance in milk. Do It! Supplies 1. Fill the plate with milk. Place two drops of each color in the center of the plate. Plate, Whole milk, 2. Break a Pencil Food coloring, 3. Dip the cotton swab in soap. Touch the swab to the Use the power of light and water to break a pencil into two pieces. Cotton swab, center of the colors. Watch the colors explode! Touch Dish soap the swab to the milk in other places on the plate to keep the colors moving.
Do It! What’s Happening? Supplies 1. Hold the pencil straight up and down in the Milk is mostly water. Water molecules have positive and negative ends that stick to each other, creating a center of the glass of water. What do you skin on the surface of the milk. Fats and proteins are mixed in with the water and interact differently with Tall, clear glass of water; Pencil see? Slowly move the pencil all the way to the soap. Soap has a negative end that latches onto the positive end of the water. This prevents the water one side of the glass. What happens to the from sticking to itself, and the skin rushes off the surface of the milk, carrying the colors with it. As the soap pencil in the water? interacts with the fats and proteins, the water and colors swirl around.
What’s Happening? Candy Chromatography Light travels faster in air than in water. Add that to the round shape of the glass, and you have an interesting What dyes are in your candies? result. When the pencil is right in the middle of the glass, the light travels straight from the pencil to your eyes without bending. The light hits the front of the glass straight on as it travels from the pencil through the water into the air to your eyes. You might notice that the pencil looks a little fatter in the water. The curve of the Do It! glass acts as a magnifying glass. Supplies 1. Cut the paper towel into strips 1 inch taller than the jar and 1 inch wide. Label the As you move the pencil to the side of the glass, the light from the pencil no longer goes straight to your eyes, top of each strip with each candy’s color. Draw a line 1 inch from the bottom of but instead comes in at an angle. When the light passes through the water and comes out into the air, the Candy-coated each strip. light speeds up. But not all the light from the pencil speeds up at the same time. Because the light is coming chocolate 2. Pour 1 inch of water into the jar. Add a pinch of salt. out at an an le some of t e li t will ome out into t e air first an t e rest ust after is auses t e li t pieces (such as 3. Place each colored candy on the plate. Put a drop of water next to each, and rays to bend, and the part of the pencil underwater appears closer to the side of the glass than the part of the M&Ms), Paper then place the candy on the drop. Let the candies sit for three minutes, and then pencil above the water. In fact, if you move the pencil all the way to the side of the glass, the part underwater towel, Scissors, disappears completely. The light is bent so much that it doesn’t even get to your eyes. Pencil, Plate, remo e t em la e t e mat in filter stri on t e olore ro a o e t e line Tall jar, Water, Let it soak up the color. Salt, Clear tape 4. Place the strips into the jar with the bottom, not the color, touching the water. Tape them in place. What If? 5. Leave the strips in the jar until the water is 2 inches from the top. Let the strips What if you try other liquids, such as corn syrup or mineral oil? How does dissolving salt or sugar in the water dry. How many colors do you see? change how the light is bent? What’s Happening?
The water moves up the strips using capillary action. The water sticks to the paper towel more than it sticks to itself and moves up the strip. The dyes in the candies move with the water, but some colors move faster t an ot ers so t e se arate on t e filter
Proof 1 54 55 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 54 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 55 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 54 TWS Page: 55 Color-mixing Crookes Radiometer When Wiliam Crokes first built his radiometer in 1873, he thought that the black Mixing colors of light is very dif erent and white flags spun around because light pushes on shiny surfaces. It turns out he Spinner from mixing colors of paint or ink. was wrong. Can you figure out what realy hapens? Do It! Supplies Do It! 1. Cut out two 1-inch square pieces of foil. Paint one Supplies Trace the largest part of the cup onto the cereal box side of each piece black. 1. Clear jar with lid, and cut out the circle. Cut out two circles of the same Aluminum foil, 2. Cut a piece of thread a few inches longer than Cereal box, size from the white paper. Glue the white paper circles Scissors, Ruler, the height of the jar. Tie one end to the center of to each side of the cardboard circle. Use the markers to White paper, Black paint, Glue the toothpick. Use the glue stick to attach the foil Cup, Scissors, divide the circle into six wedges and color them using stick, Thread, pieces to the toothpick so that they hang down Glue, Markers, red, green, and blue. Toothpick, Tape, li e fla s e foil ie es s oul fa e in o osite String 2. Use the scissors to poke two holes about an inch apart Black paper, Bright on either side of the center of the circle. Cut a piece of sun or lamp with directions so each side of the toothpick has a incandescent bulb string about 3 feet long. Thread the string through the la an s in foil fla two holes in the circle and tie the ends together. 3. Tape the other end of the thread to the inside lid 3. Slide the circle to the middle of the string and hold one of the jar. Adjust the length of the thread so that end of the string in each hand. Twirl the circle around t e toot i fla s an a out 1 in from t e so the string gets all twisted around. Then pull outward bottom of the jar and don’t touch the sides. Make on the strings to watch the circle spin. What color do sure t e foil is om letel flat efore uttin t e you see when the red, blue, and green colors mix? On a piece of scrap paper, mix red, blue, and green inks lid on the jar. using the markers. How do these two colors compare? 4. Lay out some black paper in a bright, sunny spot 4. Make color-mixing spinners with just red and green, red outside or near a lamp with an incandescent and blue, or blue and green. What colors do you see bulb. Leave the jar on the black paper in the when they mix on the spinner? bright light. It will take several seconds for the toothpick to stop moving. As the light hits the paper, it will start to slowly turn around.
What’s Happening?
e s innin motion of t e ar oar ir le mi es t e olore li t ou see refle te off t e s inner e primary colors of light are red, blue, and green. When you mix together these colors in light, you get white. What’s Happening? The primary colors of paint or ink are yellow, cyan, and magenta. When you mix together these colors in paint or ink, you get black. Inks and light colors mix differently. Red and green light makes yellow, blue and green a iometer is a mislea in name for t is e eriment e s innin of t e fla s is not ause t e light makes cyan, and red and blue light makes magenta. ri tness of t e li t ut rat er t e eat a sor e t e la fla om are to t e w ite or s in fla e air mole ules insi e t e ar flow etween t e warmer la fla an t e ooler w ite fla ausin t em to s in aroun la in t e ra iometer on la a er t e ra iometer an eat What If? up quicker to help it spin faster. Radiometers purchased at stores have a partial vacuum. That means most ut not all of t e air as een ulle out of t e ar Enou air remains insi e to ee t e fla s What if you color your color-mixing spinner with yellow, cyan, and magenta? What other color combinations spinning but not to slow them down. The radiometer you make will move slower because there is more air can you try? resistance in the jar.
Proof 1 56 57 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 56 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 57 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 56 TWS Page: 57 Disappearing Reappearing Coin First you don’t se it … and then you do! Bowl How do you se things that are clear? Supplies Do It! Supplies Do It! 1. Place a coin in the empty cup. Look down in the cup to see the coin, and then move your head back until it is 1 Paper cup, 1. Fill the large bowl 3 full of oil. Place the smaller bowl in the large bowl. Coin, Water just out of view. Keep your head in place while you pour Large glass bowl, Smaller Add oil until the level of the oil is almost level with the top of the small glass bowl made of bowl. Can you see the large bowl? Can you see the smaller bowl? Pour water into the cup. Can you see the coin now? Pyrex, Vegetable oil oil into the smaller bowl. Can you see the small bowl now? What’s Happening?
en ou iew t e oin in t e u li t refle ts strai t off t e oin to our e e en ou mo e our What’s Happening? ea t e si e of t e u ets in t e wa so t e li t refle te off t e oin oesn’t ma e it to our e e lear o e ts are isi le e ause we an see t e li t oun e off refle t or en t rou refra t owe er w en ou our water into t e u t e li t refle te off t e oin tra els t rou t e water an Light bends because it slows when it moves from the air to the glass, and then speeds up again when it into the air. It then bends upward, as the speed of light is faster in air. This bending allows the light from moves out of the glass into the air. In this experiment, the speed of light in oil is the same as the speed your coin to reach your eye. What was hidden by the cup is now revealed! of light in Pyrex glass. When the empty bowl is sitting in oil, you can see the bowl because the light en s w en it enters t e air insi e t e owl en ou fill t e owl wit oil it isa ears e ause t e light does not bend as it moves from the oil to the Pyrex glass and back to the oil again. Indoor Rainbow The best part of a rainstorm is the rainbow afterward. Now you can make your own Disappearing Coin rainbow indors whenever you want. Make your money disapear by spending it, or use science! Supplies Do It! Supplies 1. Fill the bowl most of the way with water. Put the mirror in the Do It! Bowl, Water, 1. Sit at a table and place the cups a foot from the edge. Place a coin inside Mirror, bowl so that it leans against the side of the bowl at an angle and 2 clear cups, 2 one cup and a coin underneath the other cup. Can you see both coins? Flashlight, is at least halfway under the water. coins, Water, White paper Table, Straw 2. Fill both cups with water. Can you see the coins now? Use the straw to place 2. Hold the paper above the bowl with one hand. Use the other hand to two drops of water on the coin underneath the cup. Can you see the coin? s ine t e flas li t onto t e art of t e mirror t at is un er t e water What do you see on the paper? What’s Happening? What’s Happening? Light bends when it hits a clear object because the speed of light is different inside the clear object than it is in the air. When light hits the empty clear cup, it bends and you can see the coin in and under the cup. When you e w ite li t from a flas li t is ma e u of all t e olors of t e rain ow en t at li t its t e water it fill ot u s wit water t e li t tra els t rou t e water an to our e e e air etween t e u an t e slows own e ause t e flas li t is s inin on t e water at an an le an not strai t on t e li t en s coin causes the light to bend just enough so that you can’t see the coin under the cup when the cups are away when it slows down. The different colors of the light bend different amounts, so they are spread out into a from you. If you look down into the cup, you will see the coin underneath. rain ow of olors e mirror in t e water refle ts t e rain ow u onto t e a er so t at ou an see it
Proof 1 58 59 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 58 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 59 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 58 TWS Page: 59 Measure the Metamerism Speed of Light Matters Have you ever put on a pair of socks that lo ked the same color, only to go out in the Light is incredibly fast. It travels at about 30 milion meters every second! sunshine and discover that one is black and one is blue? When the light changes how How can you measure something so fast? With the light-creating box in your you se the color of your socks, you have metamerism! kitchen—also known as a microwave oven.
Do It! Do It! Supplies 1. Take out the wheels inside your microwave that make your food spin around 1. Cut a hole in the center of the lid of the shoebox that is the while it’s cooking. We want the plate to stay still for this experiment. Supplies same si e as t e to of t e flas li t ut a 1 in s uare Microwave oven, 2. Place the chocolate upside down on the plate so there is a long, smooth hole on a short end of the shoebox. Large chocolate chocolate surface. Put the plate in the microwave and heat it on high for 15 Shoebox, ut a re o e t in t e o urn on t e flas li t an bar, Ruler, 2. seconds. Flashlight, shine it in the hole on top. Look through the small hole on Calculator Scissors, Balloons 3. Remove the plate and look for the melted spots on the chocolate. Use the of different colors, the side. What color is the object? ruler to measure the distance between the close edges of two melted spots Small objects of 3. Cut the bottom off a blue balloon and stretch it over the in centimeters. These two spots are where the light wave went into the different colors flas li t ine t e lue li t in t e ole on to of t e chocolate bar and came back out again, and is equal to half of a wavelength. (plastic brick toys box and look in the small hole in the side. What color is Use your calculator to divide that distance by 100. This is the distance in work well), Tape the object now? Try other combinations of object and light meters. Multiply that number by 2 to get the full wavelength in meters. colors. Does the color of an object depend on the color of 4. Loo on t e oor or a of our mi rowa e to fin t e fre uen of t e light you use? light waves it uses to cook your food. Most microwaves have a frequency of 2450 MHz, which is 2,450,000,000 waves per second! Multiply the full wavelength in meters by 2,450,000,000 waves/second to get the speed of light. You should get something close to 300,000,000 meters/second.
What’s Happening?
en ou loo at an o e t t e olor ou see e en s on t e olor refle te off t e o e t o a re What’s Happening? o e t refle ts re li t ut a sor s all t e ot er olors f ou loo at a re o e t wit a lue li t it will Your microwave oven heats food by using light waves. Light is simply a form of energy, and when a ear la ll t e lue li t is a sor e an t ere is no re li t to refle t to our e e microwave light hits your food, that energy is converted from light into heat. Most microwaves have a plate that spins around to help the light waves heat your food evenly, but when we take it out, the light waves only heat the food where they pass through the food. This allows you to measure the wavelength of the light in your microwave, which can be used to calculate its speed. What If?
at if ou use ifferent w ite li ts to loo at t e o e ts r ri t sunli t fluores ent li ts What If? incandescent lights, and LED lights. Do the colors change? What if you test your black and blue socks? What kind of light makes them both look blue or both look black? What if you use other foods for this experiment? Try a tray full of marshmallows or bread with butter. Does it matter how high up off the bottom of the microwave you place the food? Put a microwave-safe bowl upside down and put your plate of chocolate on top of that. Do you get better results?
Proof 1 60 61 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 60 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 61 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 60 TWS Page: 61 Why is the sky blue Kaleidoscope Sky Colors and sunset orange? Kaleidoscope means “beautiful shape” in Gre k. What beautiful shapes wil you se in yours? Do It! Supplies Do It! Supplies 1. Fill the glass with water and add 2 teaspoons of milk. 1. Cut three pieces of cardboard 1 inch wide and as long as your paper towel Clear, straight drinking glass; Water; Milk; Measuring 2. ine t e flas li t t rou t e lass Loo at t e mil water on t e tube. Wrap each piece with foil, shiny side out and as smooth as possible. spoon; Flashlight; Tabletop Paper towel si e ne t to t e flas li t e water a ears lue Loo at t e water in a dark room tube; Cardboard; 2. Assemble the mirrors into a long triangle tube and tape them together. on t e o osite si e of t e flas li t e water loo s oran e Aluminum foil; Slide the triangle tube into the paper towel tube and tape it down. Make Scissors; Ruler; sure you can still see through both ends. Decorate the tube with markers, Tape; Markers, paint, and stickers, if you like. What’s Happening? paint, stickers (optional) 3. Look into the tube and point the other end at different objects. What do When light shines through the sky, it bounces off tiny particles. Scientists call this scattering. The milky water you see? acts like particles in the atmosphere. The light with the shortest wavelength (blue) is scattered the most. This is the color we see when the sun is high in the sky. When you look at the milky water from the side, you see scattered blue light. At sunset, the sun is low and the sunlight travels through more atmosphere. By the time the sunlight reaches What’s Happening? our e es t e lue is s attere out en ou loo at t e water o osite t e flas li t ou see t e oran e Loo at ourself in t e mirror at o ou see Li t refle ts to reate an ima e urn our light with the blue scattered out. back to the mirror and use a handheld mirror to look behind you into the mirror. What do you see now e mirrors refle t a an fort until t e ima e e omes too small to see is is what happens in the kaleidoscope, but with three mirrors, the pattern gets more interesting. Un-mixing Colors With this experiment, you get to turn back time! Rainbow Paper Do It! Capture a rainbow on paper and hang it on the wal! Supplies 1. Stir some corn syrup and a different color of food coloring together into each small cup.
1 2. Fill the large glass 3 full of corn syrup. Place the small glass inside and push it Do It! Large clear Supplies glass, Small into the corn syrup. Fill the small glass with water. Clip the binder clips on the 1. Pour 1 inch of warm water into the pan. clear glass, Corn large glass to hold the center glass in place. syrup, Water, 3. Place a large drop of each colored syrup into the syrup between the two Clear nail polish, 2. Cut a piece of black paper smaller than the pan. Place the paper into the water. 3 droppers, Black paper, glasses. 3. Pour three drops of clear nail polish onto the water. Lift the paper by its corners 3 small cups, Scissors, Shallow Hold the large glass, and then very slowly turn the small glass. The colored strai t u so t at t e nail olis sta s on t e a er La t e a er flat an let it Food coloring, 3 4. pan, Warm water spoons, 4 large drops will appear to mix with the syrup. Turn the glass until the dry for 10 minutes. Tilt the dry paper as you look at it. Can you see the rainbow? binder clips colors have gone all the way around. Then slowly turn the inside glass in the other direction. Watch the colored drops un-mix! What’s Happening?
The color of light can be described by its wavelength. Visible light with large wavelengths are red, orange, What’s Happening? an ellow s ort wa elen t s are reen lue an in i o e nail olis forms a film on t e a er t at’s When you have a dense and slow-moving liquid, such as corn syrup, and you mix it slowly, so t in t at t e li t refle tin off it an t e li t refle tin off t e ottom of t e film om ine ome olors t en it as w at s ientists all laminar flow ese li ui s on’t a tuall mi nstea man t in in the light combine, and the color appears twice as bright. Other colors combine, the waves cancel out, parallel layers move around the glass. When you turn the glass the other direction, the color and the color does not appear at all. All of this combining creates a rainbow of colors. drops stay in their layers and come back together.
Proof 1 62 63 Proof 1
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 62 22/9/17 1:25 PM LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 63 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 62 TWS Page: 63 Index Acetic acid 5 Fungi 12 Oxidation 18 Acids 18 Gelatin 10 Oxygen 14, 16 Adhesion 41 Gluten 12 Phosphoric acid 15 Aeolipile 43 Glycerin 48 Phosphorus 5, 23 Air pressure 35, 36, 43, 47 Gravity 45 Pitch 5 Apples 16, 18 Hero 43 Plungers 47 Aristotle 21 Hurricanes 46 Polyphenols 15 Autonomic nervous system 51 Hydroelectric plants 38 Primary colors 56 Baking soda 53 Hydrophilic 48 Radiometer 57 Bread 12 Hydrophobic 44 Rainbows 7, 62 Butter 9 Ice cubes 32, 33, 39 Red blood cells 14 Calcium 5, 23 Impulse 25 Refraction 58 Calcium acetate 26 In the Bathroom experiments Regelation 40 Calcium carbonate 26, 28 46-53 Salt 19, 21, 22, 26, 53 Capillary action 41, 55 Inertia 50 Scattering, 63 Carbon dioxide 6, 12, 26, 53 Iron 14, 15 Smell receptors 8 Casein 23 Kaleidoscope 62 Soap 49, 50, 55 Centripetal force 32 Keratin 28 Speed of light 58, 60 Cereal 14 Lactose 23 Starch 20 Chromatography 55 Laminar flow 63 Steam 48 Cohesion 41 Light & Color experiments 54-63 Steam engine 43 Condensation 48 Light waves 60 Sugar 18 Coriolis force 46 Magnets 14 Surface tension 37, 41, 44, 45 Crookes, William 57 Metamerism 61 Surfactants 47, 50 Curds 23 Micelle 47 Taste 8 Density 7, 16, 26, 33, 34, 49 Microwave oven 60 Toast 22 Density column 7 Milk 15, 23, 55 Vacuum, 47 Diffusion 22 Momentum 25 Vinegar 5 DNA 13 Mpemba Effect 21 Volume 7 Dough 12 Newton’s first law of motion 50 Water & Ice experiments 31-45 Eggs 6, 11, 24-30 Newton’s third law of motion Water 12, 19, 20, 21, 39, 40 Emulsifier 17 32, 43 Boiling, 12, 19, 20 Emulsion 17 Noodles 20 Freezing, 21, 40 Enzymes 10, 18 Nose 8 Water hardness 42 Ethylene 16 Nucleus 13 Water wheels, 38 Evaporation 48 Oil and vinegar 17 Wavelength 62, 63 Fat 9, 11 Oil and water 47, 50 Whey 23 Finger wrinkling 51 Oil spill 36 Yeast 12, 52 From the Fridge experiments Osmosis 22 5-30
Proof 1 64
LIB.ScienceV1 Interior.r3_12826.indd 64 22/9/17 1:25 PM Job: 12826 Title: #LIB - Weird & Wonderful Science Experiments Vol 1 (Walter Foster) TWS Page: 64