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Digging Deeper on Frac Presents , Issues in Northeast Iowa

Aaron Kline David Osterberg

January 2014

The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52245 (319) 338-0773 www.IowaPolicyProject.org

Authors and Acknowledgments

Aaron Kline is a graduate student intern from the University of Iowa School of Urban and Regional Planning. His focus is use and environmental planning. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Iowa, and subsequently worked at the university in research on agricultural safety and health.

David Osterberg is a Professor in the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health in the University of Iowa College of Public Health. A former state legislator who chaired the Iowa House and Environmental Protection Committee and Agriculture Committee during his six terms, he also has served as a consultant to the Iowa Department of Natural . He holds masters degrees in management and agricultural economics from the University of Wisconsin- Madison. In 2001, Osterberg co-founded the Iowa Policy Project and served as executive director through June 2013. He remains on the staff as a researcher on energy and environmental issues.

We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Fred and Charlotte Hubbell Foundation, which made the preparation of this report possible. While these funders support the research that went into this report, they may not necessarily agree with policy recommendations that are included. Policy recommendations are solely the perspective of the authors and the Iowa Policy Project.

The Iowa Policy Project

Formed in 2001, the Iowa Policy Project is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization. Its principal office is at 20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, IA 52245.

The Iowa Policy Project promotes public policy that fosters economic opportunity while safeguarding the health and well-being of Iowa’s people and the environment. By providing a foundation of fact- based, objective research and engaging the public in an informed discussion of policy alternatives, the Iowa Policy Project advances accountable, effective and fair government.

All reports produced by the Iowa Policy Project are made available to the public, free of charge, via the organization’s website at http://www.iowapolicyproject.org.

The Iowa Policy Project is a 501(c)3 organization. Contributions to support our work may be tax- deductible. We may be reached at the address above, by phone at (319) 338-0773, by email at [email protected], or through other contacts available at our website.

The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market St. • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 • (319) 338-0773 www.iowapolicyproject.org

January 2014

POLICY BRIEF Digging Deeper on Frac Sand Mining Industry Presents Water, Tourism Issues in NE Iowa!

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Introduction! !

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Q&'($)'*+$-)$"-."61$3&-M#+$F1$0"#$"1+&'/6-($%&'(0/&-*.$J-;#;$%&'(7-*.K$-*+/)0&1$+/#$04$3&43#&0-#)$ '(D/-&#+$0"&4/."$*'0/&'6$.#464.-($3&4(#))#);$!"#$)'*+$-)$2#66$&4/*+#+=$2#66$)4&0#+=$'*+$(4*)-)0)$4%$Figure 1. Easily Mined Frac Sand Deposits Prevalent in Northeast Iowa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ining Operations !JC##$Q-./&#$8K;$

Source: Courtesy of Iowa Geological & Water Survey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ommunity Concern Figure 2. Cutting Into Hills Exposes Frac Sand Deposits

V1+&'/6-($%&'(7-*.$"')$'$64*.$ (4,,#&(-'6$"-)04&1$-*$0"#$W;C;$ 2-0"$-0)$F#.-**-*.$-*$S:X:;$ V42#B#&=$0"#$'+B#*0$4%$ "4&-M4*0'6$+&-66-*.=$2"-("$ '6642)$4-6$4&$*'0/&'6$.')$2#66)$ 04$#G3'*+$"4&-M4*0'661$-*$0"#$ F#+&4(7$&#'("-*.$3&#B-4/)61$ /*4F0'-*'F6#$&#)#&B#)=$"')$ 6#+$04$0"#$#G3'*)-4*$4%$ %&'(7-*.$%4&$4-6$'*+$*'0/&'6$ .')$4B#&$0"#$3')0$)#B#&'6$ 1#'&);$!"-)$#G3'*)-4*$-*$0"#$ %&'(7-*.$-*+/)0&1=$'6642#+$F1$ "4&-M4*0'6$+&-66-*.=$"')$6#+$04$ '*$-*(&#')#+$+#,'*+$%4&$%&'($ )'*+$04$/)#$-*$0"#$*#2$ "4&-M4*0'6$2#66);$Q4&$ #G',36#=$0"#$W*-0#+$C0'0#)$ Y#464.-('6$C/&B#1$"&0#+$ 0"'0$-*$89SS=$>)'6#)$4%$%&'($ )'*+$-*(&#')#+$F1$Z8$3#&(#*0$8 %&4,$89S9$04$89SS ;$!"-)$ )/++#*$-*(&#')#$-*$+#,'*+$ %4&$%&'($)'*+$('/."0$,'*1$ (4,,/*-0-#)$4%%E./'&+$2"#*$ -0$(',#$04$-))/-*.$3#&,-0)$%4&$ -*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$%'(-6-0-#);$

!"#$%-&)0$43#&'0-4*)$2#&#$ The light area in the exposed hillside of the Pattison Mine in Clayton County shows a 0&#'0#+$6-7#$0"#$)'*+$'*+$ deposit of the sand sought for hydraulic fracking operations. David Osterberg photo .&'B#6$43#&'0-4*)$ (4,,/*-0-#)$0"4/."0$0"#1$ /*+#&)044+;$L4,,/*-01$ .&4/3)$D/-(761$%4&,#+$04$'+B4('0#$%4&$'++-0-4*'6$&#./6'0-4*$4%$-*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$%'(-6-0-#)$'%0#&$ #G3#&-#*(-*.$%-&)0"'*+$0"#$#%%#(0)$4%$%'(-6-0-#)$-*$0"#-&$(4,,/*-0-#);$Q4&$#G',36#=$&#)-+#*0)$2#&#$ (4*(#&*#+$'F4/0$0"#$#%%#(0)$4%$F642-*.$)'*+$4&-.-*'0-*.$%&4,$)04(73-6#)$'*+$0"#$340#*0-'6$&-)7$%4&$ )-6-(4)-)$J-;#;$'$%4&,$4%$6/*.$+-)#')#$('/)#+$F1$-*"'6-*.$(&1)0'66-*#$)-6-('$)'*+K;$Q/&0"#&=$(4*(#&*)$ &#.'&+-*.$2'0#&$D/'6-01$2#&#$&'-)#+$'%0#&$+-)("'&.#)$4%$)'*+$-*04$64('6$2'0#&2'1)$4((/&&#+$%&4,$ 344&61$36'**#+$4&$(4*)0&/(0#+$)-0#);$H4B#&=$0"#)#$(4*(#&*)$6#+$04$'$*#2$4*#E1#'&$,4&'04&-/,$ 4*$'6642-*.$'++-0-4*'6$-*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$%'(-6-0-#)$-*$4*#$4%$0"#$+#*)#)0$)'*+$,-*-*.$'&#')$-*$ 5-)(4*)-*$A$!&#,3#'6#'/$L4/*01;$I*%4&,#+$F1$'(0-B-0-#)$-*$5-)(4*)-*=$(-0-M#*$.&4/3)$%4&,#+$-*$ H-**#)40'$'*+$I42'$')$%&'($)'*+$,-*-*.$(4,3'*-#)$F#.'*$'3361-*.$%4&$3#&,-0)$04$43#&'0#;$C-,-6'&$ 04$5-)(4*)-*=$(-0-M#*)$-*$O4&0"#')0$I42'$'&#$(4*(#&*#+$'F4/0$0"#$340#*0-'6$#*B-&4*,#*0'6$-,3'(0)$ 4%$-*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$%'(-6-0-#)$64('0#+$-*$0"#-&$'&#';$O4&0"#')0$I42'$-)$7*42*$%4&$-0)$ #*B-&4*,#*0'6$'00&-F/0#)EE$0&4/0$)0&#',)=$F6/%%)=$'*+$4/0+44&$&#(&#'0-4*$'&#');$!"#)#$ ! $! ! !#*B-&4*,#*0'6$'00&-F/0#)=$#)3#(-'661$0"#$.#464.1$'*+$"1+&4.#464.1$4%$0"#$&#.-4*=$&#D/-&#$ Geology(4*)-+#&'0-4*$2"#*$+&'%0-*.$4&+-*'*(#)$'6642-*.$-*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$%'( and Hydrogeology of Northeast Iowa -6-0-#)$-*$0"#$&#.-4*;$$ !

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!"#$W33#&$I42'$@-B#&$'*+$-0)$0&-F/0'&-#)$)3'*$aX9=:99$'(&#)$,4)b 061$-*$I42'$'*+$(4*0'-*$S`8$ (46+2'0#&$)0&#',$,-6#)$'*+$Sa$3/F6-($0&4/0$%-)"-*.$)0&#',); $!"-)$2'0#&)"#+$(4B#&)$6'&.#$34&0-4*)$ 4%$5-**#)"-#7$L4/*01$'*+$0"#$*4&0"#&*$34&0-4*$4%$<66','7##$L4/*01;$!"#$2'0#&)"#+$3&4B-+#)$ #(4*4,-($'*+$#(464.-('6$&#)4/&(#)$0"&4/."$>2'0#&)$4%$#G(#30-4*'c 6$&#(&#'0-4*'6$'*+$#(464.-('6$ )-.*-%-('*(#?$')$+#)-.*'0#+$F1$0"#$L4+#$4%$I42'; $I[O@$+#)(&-F#)$0"#)#$#G(#30-4*'6$2'0#&)$')$ : 2'&&'*0-*.$)3#(-'6$3&40#(0-4*$+/#$04$0"#-&$d'F4B#$'B#&'.#$("'&'(0#&-)0-()d$'*+$/*'60#&#+$*'0/&#; $$ Q/&0"#&,4&#=$0"#)#$#G(#30-4*'6$2'0#&)=$,'*1$(46+$#*4/."$04$)/334&0$0&4/0=$'&#$B-0'6$04$)/334&0-*.$ 0"#$64('6$04/&-),$-*+/)0&1=$2-0"$'*.6-*.$'*+$F4'0-*.$F#-*.$6'&.! #$(4*0&-F/04&);$Q/&0"#&=$0"#$6')0$ Yellow River Watershed &#,'-*-*.$*'0-B#$0&4/0$343/6'0-4*$-*$I42'$&#)-+#)$2-0"-*$0"#$2'! 0#&)"#+;$$

!"#$]#6642$@-B#&$'*+$-0)$0&-F/0'&-#)$)3'*$S`X=`99$'(&#)$(466#(0S9 -*.$2'0#&$%&4,$<66','7##=$L6'104*$ '*+$5-**#)"-#7$(4/*0-#); $!"#$2'0#&)"#+$(4*0'-*SS )$'6,4)0$88$,-6#)$4%$0&4/0$)0&#',)$2"-6#$ 4%%#&-*.$#G(#66#*0$F4'0-*.$4334&0/*-0-#)$')$2#66; S8$I*$'++-0-4*=$0"#$I[O@$"')$-+#*0-%-#+$8=:`Z$ )-*7"46#)$'*+$8bb$)3&-*.)$2-0"-*$0"#$2'0#&)"#+; $!"#$B')0$*/,F#&$4%$)-*7"46#)$'*+$)3&-*.)$ !-*+-('0#)$'$6'&.#$340#*0-'6$%4&$)/&%'(#$2'0#&$3466/0-4*$04$#*0#&$.&4/*+2'0#&$&#)4/&(#)$-*$0"-)$ Trout&#.-4*$-*$3'&0-(/6'&;$ $ !

<*$#'&61$I[O@$+4(/,#*0$)0'0#)=$>*'0/&'6$&4+/(0-4*$4%$0&4/0$4((/&)$-*$'$%#2$I42'$2'0#&);$C-G$ 0&4/0$%-)"#&-#)=$"42#B#&=$4%%#&$#G(#66#*0$'*.6-*.$4334&0SZ /*-0-#)$%4&$('0("-*.$2-6+=$*'0/&'661E )/)0'-*-*.$F&42*$4&$F&447$0&4/0$343/6'0-4*);?! $<$899b$"&0$F1$0"#$)',#$'.#*(1$"&0)$0"'0$ &! ! SX >e!f4+'1=$Z8$)0&#',)$F4')0$*'0/&'661$&4+/(-*.$0&4/0$343/6'0-4*);? $Q-./&#$X$%&4,$0"#$I42'$ g*B-&4*,#*0'6$L4/*(-6$)"42)$0"#)#$0&4/0$)0&#',)$3&-,'&-61$6-#$-*$%4/&$O4&0"#')0$I42'$(4/*0-#)$ -*(6/+-*.$0"#$024$4%$,4)0$-*0#&#)0$04$0"-)$3'3#&;$C0'0#$'*+$%#+#&'6$-*0#&B#*0-4*)$0"'0$24&7#+$2-0"$ 64('6$6'*+42*#&)$#*'F6#+$0"-)$-*(&#')#$-*$0"#$*/,F#&$4%$)0&#',)$('3'F6#$4%$)/334&0-*.$0&4/0;$ !"#)#$3'&0*#&)"-3)$'*+$64('6$-*-0-'0-B#)$)/("$')$,4B-*.$('006#$'2'1$%&4,$)0&#',)=$#&4)-4*$(4*0&46$ *#'&$)0&#',)=$'*+$-,3&4B#+$,'*/&#$,'*'.#,#*0$3&'(0-(#)$6#+$04$0"#$(6#'*/3$4%$,/++1$'*+$ Figure 4. Outstanding Iowa (OIW) in Northeast Iowa 3466/0#+$2'0#&)$#*'F6-*.$0&4/0$#..)$04$)/&B-B#$'*+$343/6'0-4*)$04$&4+/($ #;$$

Source: Courtesy of Iowa Environmental Council; data source: Iowa Department of Natural Resources $

$ _#'&$L&##7$5'0#&)"#+=$(4B#&-*.$34&0-4*)$4%$<66','7##$'*+$5-**#)"-#7$(4/*0-#)$'*+$)4,#$4%$ )4/0"#')0#&*$H-**#)40'=$-66/)0&'0#)$0"#$)/((#))%/6$(443#&'0-4*$F#02##*$%#+#&'6=$)0'0#=$'*+$(4/*01$ .4B#&*,#*0)$-*$(4*N/*(0-4*$2-0"$64('6$6'*+42*#&)$'*+$B46/*0##&$.&4/3);$!'F6#$S=$%&4,$'$"&0$ F1$0"#$5-**#)"-#7$L4/*01$C/3#&B-)4&)=$+#,4*)0&'0#)$0"#$)-.*-%-('*0$',4/*0$4%$#%%4&0$')$2#66$')$S` +466'&)$-*B#)0#+$-*$0"#$&#)04&'0-4*$'*+$3&40#(0-4*$4%$2'0#&$&#)4/&(#)$-*$*4&0"#')0#&*$I42'; $ H4B#&=$-0$'6)4$+#,4*)0&'0#)$0"'0$'66$6#B#6)$4%$.4B#&*,#*0$'*+$0"#$(443#&'0-4*$4%$64('6$ -*+-B-+/'6)$'&#$#))#*0-'6$-*$&#(&#'0-*.$'$)0&#',$#*B-&4*,#*0$0"'0$('*$)/334&0$)#6%E)/)0'-*-*.$0&4/0$ 343/6'0-4*);$Q4&$#G',36#=$-*$899X=$I[O@$(4,36#0#+$"'F-0'0$-,3&4B#,#*0)$04$8b$)-0#)$4*$_#'&$Sa L&##7=$2"-6#$-*$89SZ=$I[O@$#G3#*+#+$4B#&$hX`=999$4*$)04(7-*.$0&4/0$-*$_#'&$L&##7; $I*$0#&,)$4%$ '3&-B'0#$#G3#*+-! ! 0/&#)=$0"#$I42'$[&-%06#))$L"'30#&$4%$!&4/0$W*6-,-0#+$"&0)$0"'0$)-*(#$899S=$0"#$ ! Sb L"'30#&$"')$(4*0&-F/0#+$4B#&$hSZ=999$-*$6'F4&$04$-,3&4B-*.$_#'&$L&##7; $!"#)#$#%%4&0)$"'B#$6#+$ 04$_#'&$L&##7$'(D/-&-*.$0"#$'F-6-01$04$)/334&0$*'0/&'661$&4+/(-*.$0&4/0$)-*(#$89S9$6#'+-*.$04$-0)$Sc >4/0)0'*+-*.$I42'$5'0#&?$+#)-.*'0-4*$'*+$(4*0&-F/0-*.$h8=bbc=ccTable 1. Federal, State, County and Private Funding for Bear Creek Watersheda$04$0"#$&#.-4*'6$#(4*4,1;$ Improvement since 1998 $ $ ! Funding Examples Federal! Environmental Quality Incentives $1, 860,600 Program/ Improvement Program State! $655,603 Watershed Protection Fund County $60,000 General Fund Landowners $233,599 Cost share practices Total $2,809,802 Source: Winneshiek County Board of Supervisors, 2013

!

!

Iowa promotes its trout-fishing opportunities and the importance of recreation with images like these on the Iowa Department of Natural Resources website.

! Frac Sand Mining’s Impact on Water Resources ! Water Quantity !

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!"#$2'0#&$&#)4/&(#)$-*$O4&0"#')0$I42'$36'1$'$B-0'6$&46#$-*$0"#$64('6$#(4*4,1$+&'2-*.$04/&-)0)$%4&$ &#(&#'0-4*'6$'(0-B-0-#)$)/("$')$'*.6-*.$'*+$F4'0-*.;$!"#$2'0#&$D/'6-01$'*+$D/'*0-01$(4*(#&*)$ 3&#B-4/)61$4/06-*#+$(4/6+$"'BZ: #$'$+-&#(0$#%%#(0$4*$0"#$04/&-)0$#(4*4,1$4%$0"#$&#.-4*;$!"#$W;C;$!&'B#6$ <))4(-'0-4* $(4*+/(0#+$'*$#(4*4,-($-,3'(0$4%$0&'B#6$-*$I42';$I0)$%-*+-*.)$-*! $!'F6#$8$)"42$0"'0$ <66','7##$'*+$5-**#)"-#7$(4/*0-#)$.#*#&'0#+$'33&4G-,'0#61$hac$,-66-4*$-*$+4,#)0-($0&'B#6$! #G3#*+-0/&#)$6#'+-*.$04$4B#&$`99$0&'B#6E'0#+$N4F)$-*$89S8; !"-)$#(4*4,-($'(0-B-01$+#3#*+)$4*$64('6$2'0#&2'1);$C3#(-%-('661=$-*$89S9=$0"#$W33#&$I42'$@-B#&$ .#*#&'0#+$'33&4G-,'0#61$hS9;Z$,-66-4*$'*+$S8c$N4F)$2"-6#$0"#$]#6642$@-B#&$.#*#&'0#+$h8;8$,-66-4*$X9 '*+$8b$N4F)$04$0"#$64('6$#(4*4,1; $I*$'++-0-4*=$0"#$_#'&$L&##7$%-)"#&1$,#*0-4*#+$'F4B#$')$'*$ #G',36#$4%$*'0-4*'6=$)0'0#=$'*+$64('6$(443#&'0-4*$0"'0$(4B#&)$F40"$(4/*0-#)=$'64*#$.#*#&'0#)$*#'&61$ hZ$,-66-4*$+466'&)$'$1#'&$%&4,$#G3#*+-0/&#)$,'+#$F1$'*.6#&)$2"4$(4,#$04$0"#$&#.-4*$04$#*N41$0"#$ (6#'*$2'0#&$(4*+-0-4*);$<$+#.&'+'0-4*$4%$#-0"#&$2'0#&$D/'6-01$4&$D/'*0-01$%&4,$-*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$ %'(-6-0-#)$24/6+$&#B#&)#$0"#$.'-*)$,'+#$4B#&$0"#$3')0$)#B#&'6$+#('+#)$'*+$,-."0$'+B#&)#61$ !-*%6/#*(#$0"#$6-B#6-"44+$4%$64('6$&#)-+#*0)$2"4$+#3#*+$4*$04/&-),$'))4(-'0#+$2-0"$64('6$2'0#&2'1)$ Table 2. Domestic Travel Brings Tourism Spending, Jobs to Allamakee, Winneshiek Counties (2012) '*+$*'0/&'6$',#*-0-#);$$ ! State Tax Local Tax Expenditures Payroll Receipts Receipts ($ Millions) ($ Millions) Employment ($ Millions) ($ Millions) Allamakee County $ 39.00 $ 3.63 190 $ 1.82 $ 0.91 Winneshiek County $ 29.07 $ 4.95 330 $ 1.62 $ 0.28

Source: U.S. Travel Association, 2013 ! ""! ! Frac Sand Mining and the Regional Economy !

<)$*40#+$#'&6-#&=$04/&-),$'*+$4/0+44&$&#(&#'0-4*$'&#$-,34&0'*0$(4,34*#*0)$4%$0"#$64('6$#(4*4,1$ 2-0"$hac$,-66-4*$-*$#G3#*+-0/&#)$6#'+-*.$04$4B#&$`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k$,/("$#D/-3,#*0$-)$3/&("')#+$%&4,$4/0)-+#$0"#$ &#.-4*;$H4B#&=$0"#$"&0$)0'0#)$0"'0$0"#$,-*-*.$>('*$+-)(4/&'.#$4&$+-)36'(#$40"#&$#(4*4,-($XX '(0-B-0-#)?$6#'+-*.$04$340#*0-'6$#(4*4,-($64))#)$-*$0"#$&#.-4*; $!24$#(4*4,-)0)$%&4,$0"#$ W*-B#&)-01$4%$5-)(4*)-*EH'+-)4*$"&0#+$4*$0"#$#(4*4,-($#%%#(0)$4%$0"#$%&'($)'*+$-*+/)0&1$4*$ (4,,/*-0-#)$-*$T#3-*$L4/*01$5-)(4*)-*=$7*42*$%4&$-0)$/*-D/#$*'0/&'6$',#*-0-#);$!"#1$ (4*(6/+#+A>Q4&$0"#)#$3'&0-(/6'&$(4,,/*-0-#)=$0"#$(4)0$4%$64('6$%&'($)'*+$X` '(0-B-01$,'1$#G(##+$0"#$ F#*#%-0)$-*$F40"$0"#$)"4&0$'*+$64*.$&/*;? $$!"/)=$2"#*$'*'61M-*.$0"#$#(4*4,-($-,3'(0)$4%$ 3&434)#+$%&'($)'*+$,-*#)=$-0$-)$-,34&0'*0$04$(4*)-+#&$0"#$4334&0/*-01$(4)0$4%$40"#&$6'*+$/)#)$J-;#;$ $04/&-),$'*+$.#*#&'6$D/'6-01$4%$6-%#$%&4,$*'0/&'6$',#*-0-#)$'*+$&#(&#'0-4*'6$'(0-B-0-#)K;$$

O'0/&'6$',#*-0-#)$"'B#$)"'3#+$'*+$("'&'(0#&-M#+$0"-)$&#.-4*$4%$O4&0"#')0$I42'$2-0"$Xa 6-*7)$04$0"#$ B-0'6-01$4%$0"#$64('6$#(4*4,1;$H(Y&'*'"'* $)0'0#)$0"'0$343/6'0-4*$("'*.#$-*$&/&'6$(4/*0-#)$'*+$ .&420"$4%$&/&'6$&#(&#'0-4*$'&#$0-#+$04$0"#$3&#)#*(#$4%$*'0/&'6$',#*-0-#)$)/("$0"'0$(4/*0-#)$2-0"$ "-."$',#*-0-#)$)(4&#)$)'2=$>0"&##$0-,#)$')$,'*1$*#2$N4F)$-*$S::a$')$-*$S:a:?$(4,3'&#+$04$ (4/*0-#)$2-0"$642$',#*-01$)(4&#);$Q&'($)'*+$,-*-*.$"')$0"#$340#*0-'6$04$'60#&$4&$&#,4B#$0"#$64('6$ ',#*-01$&#)4/&(#)=$2"-("$,'1$/60-,'0#61$'%%#(0$0"#$B-0'6-01$4%$0"#$&#.-4*;$!'F6#$Z$+#3-(0)$0"#$ */,F#&$4%$(-01=$(4/*01=$)0'0#=$'*+$*'0-4*'6$3'&7)$%4/*+$-*$<66','7##$'*+$5-**#)"-#7$(4/*0-#)=$ Table 3. Parks Important to Allamakee, Winneshiek Counties (Parks by County) -*+-('0-*.$0"#$-,34&0'*(#$4%$43#*$)3'(#)$'*+$*'0/&'6$',#*-0-#)$ $ 04$0"#)#$(4,,/*-0-#);$$ ! National City Parks! County Parks! State Parks! Monuments! Allamakee County! 5! 16! 2! 1! Winneshiek County! 15! 6! 2! 0! Source: Northeast Iowa Tourism Association, n.d.

"#! ! ! Regulations in Wisconsin and Minnesota !

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!"#$gl_$#')#+$0"#$+&'%0$)0'*+'&+)$-*$C#30#,F#&$89SZ;$g*B-&4*,#*0'6-)0)$(&-0-(-M#+$0"#$a9 ./-+#6-*#)$')$6#))$&#)0&-(0-B#$0"'*$2"'0$64('6$.4B#&*,#*0)$2#&#$(/&&#*061$#*'(0-*.; $Q46642-*.$ 0"-)=$0"#$gl_$+-))#,-*'0#+$'$+&'%0$"&0$(4*0'-*-*.$0446)$%4&$aS 64('6$.4B#&*,#*0)$04$/)#$2"-6#$ a8 &#./6'0-*.$0"#$%&'($)'*+$-*+/)0&1; $<))-)0-*.$0"#$'*0-E)'*+$,4B#,#*0$-*$H-**#)40'=$V#,3"-66 $ "&0)$0"'0=$>Y4B;$H'&7$['104*$"')$)/..#)0#+$0"#$%&'.-6#=$-*0#&(4**#(0#+$.&4/*+2'0#&$)1)0#,)$-*$ )4/0"#')0#&*$H-**#)40'$)"4/6+$F#$4%%E6-,-0)$04$%&'($)'*+$,-*#);?$Y4B#&*4&$['104*$&#(4.*-M#)$0"#$ (4*(#&*$'))4(-'0#+$2-0"$%&'($)'*+$,-*-*.$-*$7'&)0$.#464.1$+/#$04$0"#$-*0#&'(0-4*$4%$)/&%'(#$2'0#&$ '*+$.&4/*+2'0#&$! -*$0"#)#$&#.-4*);$!"-)$-)$-*$)0'&7$(4*0&')0$04$5-)(4*)-*R)$#G#(/0-B#$F&'*("$%/661$ Local Regulation )/334&0-*.$%&'($)'*+$%'(-6-01$.&420"$2-0"-*$0"#$)0'0#;$! $

^4('6$.4B#&*,#*0)$-*$H-**#)40'$"'B#$6#'&*#+$%&4,$0"#$#G3#&-#*(#$-*$5-)(4*)-*$'*+$"'B#$0'7#*$ 3&4'(0-B#$,#')/&#)$04$,-0-.'0#$0"#$&-)7)$%&4,$%&'($)'*+$,-*-*.;$!"-)$,-0-.'0-4*$"')$0'7#*$0"#$%4&,$ 4%$,4&'04&-'$4&$-*(&#')#+$)(&/0-*1$4%$-*+/)0&-'6$%&'($)'*+$%'(-6-01$)-0-*.;$Q4&$#G',36#=$Y44+"/#$ L4/*01=$2"-6#$/*+#&$'$,-*-*.$,4&'04&-/,=$3'))#+$024$4&+-*'*(#)$-*$U/*#$89SZ$0"'0$6-,-0$0"#$)-M#$ 4%$,-*#)$04$X9$'(&#)$'0$'*1$.-B#*$0-,#=$6-,-0#+$0"#$"4/&)$4%$43#&'0-4*=$&#D/-&#+$'-&$,4*-04&-*.=$'*+$aZ &#D/-&#+$'$S=999E%440$)#0F'(7$%&4,$+2#66-*.)$4&$&#)-+#*0-'6$)/F+-B-)-4*); $I*$'++-0-4*=$5-*4*'$ L4/*01$'33&4B#+$-0)$%-&)0$,-*#$-*$U/*#$89SZ=$&#D/-&-*.$X9$(4*+-0-4*)$F#$,#0$(4B#&-*.$(4*(#&*)$aX 0"'0$-*(6/+#+$+/)0$,-0-.'0-4*=$*4-)#=$#&4)-4*$'*+$2'0#&$D/'6-01; $^4('6$.4B#&*,#*0)$-*$H-**#)40'$ "'B#$F##*$)0/+1-*.$0"#$%&'($)'*+$-))/#$-*$5-)(4*)-*$'*+$'+430-*! .$3&'(0-(#)$04$,-0-.'0#$0"#$24&)0$ ! 4%$0"#$(4*(#&*);$! $ ! ! "%! ! ! Comparison of Wisconsin and Minnesota State Environmental Regulations !

H-**#)40'$T/F6-($@'+-4$#G',-*#+$)#B#&'6$+-%%#&#*(#)$-*$0#&,)$4%$%&'($)'*+$,-*-*.R)$ #*B-&4*,#*0'6$&#./6'0-4*$%4&$F40"$5-)(4*)-*$'*+$H-**#)40'=$3&-4a` &$04$89SZ$6#.-)6'0-B#$("'*.#)$-*$ H-**#)40'; $!'F6#$X$"-."6-."0)$0"#$7#1$34-*0)$%&4,$0"#$'&0-(6#;$<)$0"#$0'F6#$-*+-('0#)=$5-)(4*)-*$ #*B-&4*,#*0'6$&#./6'0-4*)$'&#$6#))$)0&-*.#*0$0"'*$H-**#)40'R)=$! 2-0"$*4$#*B-&4*,#*0'6$&#B-#2)$ Table 4. More Stringent Frac Sand Regulations in Minnesota than Wisconsin '*+$.&#'0#&$2'0#&$3/,3-*.$&'0#)$2-0"4/0$3#&,-0) ;$ ! Minnesota! Wisconsin! Environmental Review! Mandatory environmental review for Environmental review only mines of a certain size (> 40 acres)! necessary if involving government land! Water Appropriation! Permit for pumping more than Permit for pumping more than 10,000 gallons/day! 100,800 gallons/day! Reclamation! No state requirement for reclamation Requires reclamation plan ahead of plan! time and financial assurances! State Resources! Two different agencies must approve One state frac sand contact person permit! for permits! Inspections! No designated frac sand inspector! No designated frac sand inspector! Source: Dunbar, 2013 !

<*40"#&$(4,3'&-)4*$4%$0"#$)0&#*.0"$4%$3&40#(0-4*$4%$(4,,/*-0-#)$-*$0"#$024$)0'0#)$(4,#)$%&4,$'$ 89S8$#G("'*.#$4%$6#00#&)$%&4,$4%%-(-'6)$-*$5-)(4*)-*$'*+$'$*#2$"&0$F1$#*B-&4*,#*0'6$4%%-(-'6)$-*$ H-**#)40';$!"#$5-)(4*)-*$<))4(-'0-4*$4%$^4('6$V#'60"$[#3'&0,#*0)$'*+$_4'&+)$')7#+$5[O@$'*+$ 0"#$5-)(4*)-*$[#3'&0,#*0$4%$V#'60"$C#&B-(#)$J5[VCK$04$>g)0'F6-)"$'$0')7$%4&(#$,'+#$/3$4%$3/F6-($ "#'60"$'*+$-*+/)0&1$#G3#&0)$04$+#0#&,-*#$0"#$"#'60"$"'M'&+)$'))4(-'0#+$2-0"$0"#$%&'($)'*+$ -*+/)0&1$-*$5-)(4*)-*$'*+=$-%$*#(#))'&1=$-+#*0-%1$'$)#0$4%$,#')aa /&#)$0"'0$('*$F#$-*(4&34&'0#+$-*04$ $'+,-*-)0&'0-B#$(4+#$04$,-0-.'0#$0"4)#$"#'60"$"'M'&+);d $$ !"#$024$'.#*(-#)$'*)2#&#+$0"-)$6#00#&$-*$N/)0$'$,4*0"$04$)'1=$>5[O@$"')$(4*)-+#&#+$14/&$&#D/#)0$ %4&$+#B#643,#*0$4%$*#2$)0'*+'&+);$5[O@$F#6-#B#)$0"'0$#G-)0-*.$&#./6'04&1$0446)$3&4B-+#$%4&$ )/((#))%/6$,'*'.#,#*0$4%$0"#$-))/#;?$Q46642-*.$0"-)=$0"#$6#00#&$#G36'-*#+ab $0"#$#G-)0-*.$&#./6'04&1$ $%&',#24&7$'*+$4%%#&#+$04$+-)(/))$0"#$-))/#)$&'-)#+$-*$,4&#$+#0'-6; $ !"#$&#)34*)#$04$64('6$(4*(#&*)$-*$H-**#)40'$2')$D/-0#$+-%%#&#*0;$I*$[#(#,F#&$89SZ=$0"#$gl_$ +-))#,-*'0#+$'$+&'%0$"&0$(4*0'-*-*.$0446)$%4&$64('6$.4B#&*,#*0)$04$/)#$2"ac -6#$&#./6'0-*.$0"#$%&'($ )'*+$-*+/)0&1; $<,4*.$0"#$&#(4,,#*+'0-4*$-*$0"#$Sa`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olicy Considerations for Iowa !

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# $ Silica$ Sand Technical Assistance Team !

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! "*! ! References

Aiken J. (2012). Exploring environmental impacts related to frac sand mining and processing – Minnesota focus. Barr Company. Accessed from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A% 2F%2Fwww.barr.com%2Fdownload%2F244&ei=UnxVUpGGLcTmqAG5uIBY&usg=AFQjCNF6BZKQ68A MfFD_tg-aPjbYz2U8gQ&bvm=bv.53760139,d.aWM&cad=rja

Baier E. (2013). Limited frac sand mining approved in Goodhue County. Kenyon Leader. June 26, 2013. Accessed from http://www.southernminn.com/the_kenyon_leader/news/article_8a001231-86d4-52b5- 953e-60be6b439bfb.html

Bakke Norman. (2012). Wisconsin Supreme Court issues important decision affecting frac sand mining. Municipal Law Alert, Special Edition, February 9, 2012. Bakke Norman Law Firm. Accessed from http://www.bakkenorman.com/resources/blog/municipal-law-alert/wisconsin-supreme-court-issues- important-decision-affecting-frac-sand-mining/

Bergquist L. (2013). Sand mines in Wisconsin unearth environmental problems. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Accessed from http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/sand-mines-in-wisconsin-unearth-environmental- problems-b9966691z1-218315291.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State preemption of local smoke-free laws in government work sites, private work sites, and restaurants – United States, 2005-2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Accessed from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5904a4.htm#tab

Ciyou B. (n.d.). Iowa gun laws. Gun Laws by State. Accessed from http://www.gunlawsbystate.com/#!/states/iowa-gun-laws/state-constitution/

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Environmental Quality Board [EQB], 2013a 2 Dolley, 2013 3 Iowa Department of Natural Resources [IDNR], n.d.a 4 Personal communication, December 18, 2013 5 EQB, 2013b 6 Prior, Boekhoff, Howes, Libra and VanDorpe, 2003 7 Northeast Iowa RC&D [NIRC&D], n.d.a 8 NIRC&D , n.d.b ! #$! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9 IDNR, 2003 10 NIRC&D, n.d.c 11 Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, n.d. 12 IDNR, 2005 13 IDNR, n.d.b 14 IDNR, 2007 15 Winneshiek County Board of Supervisors, 2013 16 Winneshiek County Board of Supervisors, 2013 17 Iowa Driftless Chapter of Trout Unlimited, n.d. 18 Winneshiek County Board of Supervisors, 2013 19 Leake and Haney, 2010 20 Raymond, n.d. 21 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR], 2012a 22 EQB, 2013a 23 Green, Pavlish, Merritt and Leete, 2005 24 Green, Pavlish, Merritt and Leete, 2005 25 EQB, 2013a 26 WDNR, 2012a 27 Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2013 28 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 29 Parsen and Gotkowitz, 2013 30 Aiken, 2012 31 WDNR, 2012a 32 IDNR, 2005 33 Vanegeren, 2013 34 IDNR, 2012 35 Kennedy, 2013a 36 EPA, 2012 37 EQB, 2013a 38 EQB, 2013a 39 The U.S. Travel Association, 2013 40 Otto, Tylka and Erickson, n.d. 41 Northeast Iowa Tourism Association, n.d. 42 Power and Power, 2013 43 Power and Power, 2013 44 Power and Power, 2013 45 Parker and Phaneuf, 2013 46 McGranahan, 1999 47 White and Palmer, 2013 48 Bergquist, 2013 49 Redden, 2013 50 Redden, 2013 51 Wisconsin League of Conservation Voters, 2013 52 Marley and Bergquist, 2013 53 Marley and Bergquist, 2013 54 Bakke Norman, 2012 55 Kennedy, 2013b 56 EQB, 2012 57 Krill, 2013 58 Land Stewardship Project, 2013 59 EQB, n.d. 60 Hemphill, 2013a 61 EQB, 2013b 62 Hemphill, 2013a 63 Baier, 2013 64 Hemphill, 2013b 65 Dunbar, 2013

#%! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 66 Wisconsin Association of Local Health Departments and Boards, 2012 67 WDNR, 2012b 68 EQB, 2013b 69 National Rifle Association [NRA], 2007 70 NRA, 2006 71 Ciyou, n.d. 72 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010 73 Supreme Court of Iowa, 2004 74 Stormont, 2004 75 Lynch, 2013 76 Galluzzo & Osterberg, 2008 77 Marley and Bergquist, 2013 78 Stadelman, 2013 79 EQB, 2013b 80 EQB, 2013b !

! #&! !