Arta Antică, Medievală Si Modernă

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Arta Antică, Medievală Si Modernă Arta antică, medievală si, modernă Tudor STAVILĂ Statuetele de Tanagra şi operele sculptorului basarabean Moissey Kogan Rezumat Statuetele de Tanagra şi operele sculptorului basarabean Moissey Kogan Moissey Kogan s-a născut la 24 mai 1879 la Orhei şi a decedat la 3 martie 1943 în lagărul de concentrare de la Auschwitz. În 1903 se înscrie la Academia Bavareză de Arte (München) în atelierul sculptorului Wilhelm von Rümann, participând la expoziţii cu opere executate în bronz şi ceramică, lucrările fiind expuse în muzeele şi galeriile din München, Bremen, Essen şi Hale. În 1910 pleacă la Paris unde cu susţinerea lui A. Rodin şi A. Maillol participă la saloanele pariziene. Reliefu- rile sale au decorat Uzina de Expoziţii proiectată de Walter Gropius pentru Köln. În 1913 sculptorul se căsătoreşte cu Nini Bikel având doi copii, numiţi după varianta basarabeană – fiica Leano (1916) şi fiul Jean (1920). Opere de M. Kogan se păstrează în diverse muzee şi galerii din lume – Hagen, Köln, Paris, Amsterdam, San Francisco, München etc. Sculpturile sale poartă amprentele stilului neoclasicist cu variaţii ale formelor arhaice şi antice, reprezentând o originală abordare în arta europeană din secolul al XX-lea. Cuvinte-cheie: Moissey Kogan, sculptură, tabăra pictorilor din Baia Mare, stil neoclasic, ceramică, teracotă, motive antice. Summary Tanagra figurines and works of the Bessarabian sculptor Moissey Kogan Moissey Kogan was born at 24 of May 1879 in Orhei (Bessarabia) and died at 3 of March 1943 in the Aus- chwitz con Moissey Kogan was born on May 24, 1879 in Orhei (Bessarabia) and died on March 3, 1943 in Aus- chwitz concentration camp. In 1903, he entered the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts (Munich), worked in the studio of the sculptor Wilhelm von Rümann and participated in exhibitions with works of art made of bronze and ceramics. His works were exhibited in the museums and galleries in Munich, Bremen, Essen and Hale. In 1910 he moved to France, where being supported by A. Rodin and A. Maillol participates in Paris exhibitions. His reliefs adorned the «Factory Exhibition», designed by Walter Gropius for Collogne (1914). At present, M. Kogan’s works are found in museums and galleries around the world – in Hagen, Cologne, Paris, Amsterdam, San Francisco, Munich etc. His sculptures bear the features of the neoclassical style with dif- ferent variations of ancient and archaic forms. They render an original and unexpected approach in the European art of the XX century. Keywords: Moissey Kogan, sculpture, artist’s camp in Baia Mare, neoclassical style, ceramics, terracotta, ancient motifs. Pe durata mai multor secole aspectele studie- (Civilizaţia Egeeană), care, mai apoi au fost stu- rii arheologiei şi ale istoriei artelor constituiau un diate de istoricii de artă Daniel Schroeder şi Silvia corpus comun, deoarece suportul de bază al cer- Horowitz, exemple care pot fi continuate. cetărilor au fost operele de artă. Abordate divers În acelaşi timp artefactele arheologice trans- în ambele domenii, ele aveau un numitor comun formau şi modificau tendinţele principale ale isto- – descoperirile arheologilor şi artefactele, care riei artelor universale, devenind suportul nume- ilustrau evoluţia civilizaţiilor în diferite timpuri. roaselor stiluri şi tendinţe, cum a fost, de exemplu, În istoria artei universale sunt bine cunoscute cu clasicismul european, apărut datorită descope- importanţa realizărilor lui Heinrich Schliemann ririlor oraşelor antice Pompei şi Herculanum. (Civilizaţia Miceniană) şi ale lui Arthur Evans 42 ARTA 2019 E-ISSN 2537 – 6136 Arta antică, medievală ,si modernă Fig. 1. Arno Brecker. Portretul lui M. Kogan, 1927–1928. Fig. 2. Nud, 1910. Muzeul European din Castelul Bodenstein, Köln. Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg. În egală măsură aceste influenţe s-au reflectat tul orelor, mai apoi numele lui figurând la expo- indirect în operele de artă şi creaţia pictorilor de ziţiile din muzeele şi galeriile din München, Bre- la începutul secolului XX, un experiment în acest men, Essen şi Halle cu opere realizate în bronză sens fiind demonstrat de Moissey Kogan, sculptor şi teracotă. francez cu origini basarabene. Existenţa şi calea sa În 1910 Kogan se afla, deja, în Franţa, unde, de creaţie a fost similară cu soarta multor pictori cu sprijinul lui Auguste Rodin şi Aristide Mailoll, basarabeni de la începutul secolului al XX-lea, dar participă la expoziţiile parisiene [2, p. 250], iar comparativ cu alţii, la sfârşitul vieţii a avut parte în 1914 patru reliefuri monumentale decorează de un destin tragic. Uzina Universală de Expoziţii proiectată de Wal- Moissey Kogan s-a născut la 24 mai 1879 la ter Gropius pentru oraşul Köln [9, p. 114]. Cu un Ohei şi a decedat la 3 martie 1943 în lagărul de an înainte, în 1913, se căsătoreşte cu Nini Bikel, concentrare din Auschwitz [4, p. 171]. În 1897 îl având doi copii – Leano, numită într-o varian- găsim la Odesa, pregătit să studieze chimia, pe tă basarabeană (1916) şi Jean, care s-a născut în care, peste un an o abandonează şi îl întâlnim 1920 [9, p. 223-227]. printre participanţii Şcolii de vară a lui Simon Moissey Kogan vizitează Basarabia de două Hollosy de la Baia Mare, pe care o continuă şi în ori – în ajunul Primului Război Mondial (1914) şi 1899 [1, p. 6]. în 1933. La Chişinău, la ultima sa revenire, parti- Datorită susţinerii conducătorului cursuri- cipă la salonul Societăţii de Belle Arte din Basara- lor şi al fratelui mai mare Şneer Cogan, care deja bia. Din amintirile Olgăi Plămădeală cunoaştem absolvise Academia Regală de Arte Frumoase din că sculptorul francez s-a împrietenit cu Alexan- Bavaria, Moissey pleacă spre München în 1903. dru Plămădeală şi a realizat un portret în cărbune, Numele său se întâlneşte printre studenţii sculp- expus la vernisajul societăţii care a avut loc în ace- torului Wilhelm fon Rumann, fiind admis la lec- laşi an şi se păstrează astăzi în colecţia Muzeului ţii de la 13 mai cu numărul 02613. În catalogul Naţional de Artă a Moldovei [12, p. 80]. aniversar al Academiei „200 Jahre Kunstakademie Operele lui Moissey Kogan executate, în ega- München” [11, p. 250], Moissey Kogan este po- lă măsură, în teracotă şi bronză, linogravură sau menit ca participant la Şcoala lui Simon Hollosy, xilogravură, reflectă multitudinea căutărilor plas- care, de altfel, absolvise această instituţie între anii tice ale sculptorului, dar suportul de bază şi inte- 1878–1882. resul nostru se referă la legătura lucrărilor sale cu Studiile sale la Academie nu au durat însă ceramica meşterilor de Tanagra, influenţa cărora prea mult, plecând doar după 3 luni de la începu- este evidentă în sculptura formelor mici. E-ISSN 2537 – 6136 ARTA 2019 43 Arta antică, medievală si, modernă Fig. 3. Trei graţii, 1910. Fig. 4. Nud aşezat, anii 1920. Hauswedell and Holte Auction. Gervraard Work of Museum, Amsterdam. De la bun început specificăm că majoritatea Hauswedell and Holte Action în luna decembrie a modelelor în acest gen de sculptură se atribuie anului 2009. unei teme concrete – nudului figurei adolescenti- Tehnologia aplicată este permanent perfec- ne. Aceste statuete au conturul armonios al liniei, ţionată, conferindu-i creaţiei sculptorului note care scoate în evidenţă plasticitatea formelor. Da- de originalitate şi o anumită recunoaştere în do- torită graţiei şi fineţei tratării, lucrările se percep ca meniu. Cele trei nuduri ale reliefului, încadrate o renaştere a tradiţiilor statuietelor de teracotă din într-o compoziţie dreptunghiulară sunt lipsite Tanagra. În acest sens, poate fi amintită o abordare de spaţiu, amplasate compact şi simetric faţă de similară în creaţia sculptorului german Adolf von axa principală. Şi dacă din punct de vedere tehnic Hildebrand şi principiile sale estetice, orientate sunt folosite tradiţiile ceramicii tanagriene, atunci spre moştenirea artei antice greceşti [10, p. 115]. din punct de vedere tematic şi al reflectării ei, sunt Statuetele de Tanagra au atras atenţia lui Mo- prezente influenţele cunoscute ale lui Sandro Bot- issey Kogan nu doar datorită formelor lor estetice, ticeli sau ale neoclasicistului Dominique Ingres. dar şi unei tehnologii specifice în crearea sculp- În aceste prime opere ale sculptorului încă turii. El a fost printre primii sculptori ai secolului mai predomină o anumită neregularitate a formei al XX-lea, care a utilizat teracota în sculptură şi inclusă într-un spaţiu compoziţional limitat, dar tehnologia antică, demult dispărută. anume în aceste lucrări se crează maniera stilisti- Procesul modelării statuetelor din lut cores- că individuală a sculptorului, pe care ulterior o va pund procesului turnării sculpturii din bronz, în dezvolta şi perfecţiona. care modelul se acoperă cu ghips, se usucă şi ob- Astfel, această calitate permite să distingem ţine forma inversată a imaginii. Mulajul, desfăcut lucrările lui Moissey Kogan în ambianţa sculpturii simetric în două părţi se foloseşte pentru obţine- europene din prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea. rea formei finite a sculpturii. În cazul lui Moissey În plus la cele relatate, sculptorul nu rămâne indife- Kogan, sculptorul prelucrează „negativul”, înlătu- rent la realizările portretistice ale lui Amedeo Mo- rând surplusurile, obţinând integritatea formelor. digliani şi ale lui Constantin Brâncuşi. Pe el îl atrage Această tehnică, amorfă la începuturi, este arta anticilor, spiritul căreia se păstrează în diverse prezentă în una dintre rarele statuete miniaturale fragmente de figuri fără mâini, ca în renumita Ve- din anul 1910 – Nud-ul aflat în Museum fur Kunst nus de Milo sau Nike
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