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The Possibilities of the Journalism As Peacebuilding in the Periphery : the Colombian Case

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The Possibilities of the Journalism as Peacebuilding in the Periphery: The Colombian Case Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer.nat) An der Universität Konstanz Mathematisch – Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Psychologie Vorgelegt von Jairo Enrique Ordóñez Garzón Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23. Juli 2009 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kempf, Universität Konstanz 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Sean McCrea, Universität Konstanz 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Georg Lind, Universität Konstanz Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes. gÉ Åç ctÜxÇàá Tv~ÇÉãÄxwzxÅxÇàá I would like to acknowledge the people who contributed to my dissertation. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Prof. Wilhelm Kempf for supervising my dissertation and prov iding an outstanding model of how to perform excellent research. Thank you for the great opportunity to work in your research team and for your invaluable advice and help during all stages of my dissertation. It was a stunning experience. The realization of this research would have been impossible with out the scholarship and help of Colfuturo and the DAAD (Deut scher Akedemischer Austausch Dienst), thanks for believing on my ideas and giving me the resources to fulfil my dream. I am also very grateful to profe ssors Sean McCrea and Georg Lind for his involvement as part of my dissertation com mittee. In the same way, I appreciate the continous advice, feedback and constructive cr itic of the Peace Research Group at Universität Konstanz. Finally I want to thank to my family and friends for their support and understanding. Table of Contents ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................9 ZUSSAMMENFASSUNG.......................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 THE COLOMBIAN CONFLICT ........................................................... 21 1.1 Generalities about the Colombian Conflict................................................................................. 31 1.2 The Intervention of U.S.A. ............................................................................................................ 35 1.3 The Conflict Today ........................................................................................................................ 43 1.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 2 THE JOURNALISM AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR PEACEBUILDING ....................... 63 2.1 Genres of Journalism.................................................................................................................... 65 2.1.1 News ............................................................................................................................................ 65 2.1.2 The Feature ................................................................................................................................. 66 2.1.3 The Reportage ............................................................................................................................ 67 2.1.4 The Comments............................................................................................................................ 68 2.1.4.1 Comment .......................................................................................................................... 68 2.1.4.2 The editorial ...................................................................................................................... 68 2.1.4.3 Opinion Articles................................................................................................................. 69 2.1.4.4 Gloss................................................................................................................................. 70 2.1.4.5 Cartoons ........................................................................................................................... 70 2.2 Theories of Journalism................................................................................................................. 71 2.2.1 Normative Individualism............................................................................................................ 72 2.2.2 Materialistic Media Theory ........................................................................................................ 77 2.2.2.1 Marxist theories of Media Studies .................................................................................... 79 2.2.3 Analytic Empiricism ................................................................................................................... 80 2.2.3.1 Analytic Philosophy........................................................................................................... 81 2.2.3.2 Language Games and the Popular Scientific Journalism................................................. 84 2.2.3.3 Richard Rorty: Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature......................................................... 85 2.2.4 Legitimate Empiricism ............................................................................................................... 87 2.2.4.1 Further Explorations ......................................................................................................... 89 2.2.5 Critical Action Theory ................................................................................................................ 90 2.2.5.1 Social Inquiry as Practical Knowledge.............................................................................. 94 2.2.6 Systemic Functional Theory ..................................................................................................... 96 2.2.7 Integrated Social Theories ........................................................................................................ 99 2.2.8 Cultural Studies........................................................................................................................ 100 2.2.9 Journalism as Occupation ...................................................................................................... 104 2.3 Journalism of Attachment and Peace Journalism................................................................... 107 2.3.1 Journalism of Attachment ....................................................................................................... 107 2.3.2 Peace Journalism..................................................................................................................... 111 2.3.3 Interactions between the two approaches............................................................................. 114 - 5 - 2.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 115 CHAPTER 3 THE COLOMBIAN MEDIA .............................................................. 118 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 118 3.2 The State’s Rural Counterinsurgency Propaganda ................................................................. 120 3.2.1 Hearts and Minds...................................................................................................................... 120 3.3 Self-censorship............................................................................................................................ 124 3.4 International Press in Colombia ................................................................................................ 127 3.5 Colombian Journalists in international Press.......................................................................... 130 3.6 Evolution of the Colombian Newspapers ................................................................................. 135 3.7 Colombian Outlets....................................................................................................................... 135 3.7.1 Invernac..................................................................................................................................... 136 3.7.1.1 Valórem S.A.................................................................................................................... 137 3.7.1.1.1 Canal Caracol ..................................................................................................... 138 3.7.1.1.2. Internationalization of Caracol Channel............................................................. 140 3.7.1.2 Comunican S.A............................................................................................................... 141 3.7.1.2.1 Cromos................................................................................................................ 142 3.7.1.2.2 El Espectador...................................................................................................... 147 3.7.1.2.2.1 Fighting for the Press Freedom ....................................................................... 151 3.7.1.2.2.2 Drug Trafficking................................................................................................ 152 3.7.1.2.2.3 The pressure of the Paramilitaries and the Government................................. 154
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