EU WILDLIFE TRADE 2019 Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2019 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

EU Wildlife Trade 2019: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Prepared for: The European Commission, Directorate-General Environment, Directorate F - Global Sustainable Development, Unit F3 - Multilateral Environmental Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium Published: May 2021. Executive Summary 1 Copyright: European Commission 2021. 1. Introduction 3 Citation: UNEP-WCMC. 2021. EU Wildlife Trade 2019: Analysis of 2. Overview Of CITES Trade 4 the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2019. EU Member States 4 Contributing Authors: Jessica Vitale, Aly Pavitt, Aude Caromel, Case study: trade in giant clams 12 Nynke Blömer, Katie Hunter, Holly Mynott, Sarah Rouse, Ellie Candidate Countries 13 Webber, Katia Sanchez-Ortiz, Claire McLardy, and Kelly Malsch. 3. Species Showing Noteworthy Trends 14

The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring 4. Value Of EU Trade 23 Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is a global Centre of excellence on Value Of Animal Trade 23 biodiversity. The Centre operates as a collaboration between the UN Environment Programme and the UK-registered charity WCMC. Value Of Plant Trade 27 Together we are confronting the global crisis facing nature. Annex A: Supplementary Information 30 This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement Annex B: Valuation Methodology 32 to the source is made. Reuse of any figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from the UN Environment Programme. Applications for permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be sent to the Director, UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UN Environment Programme, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Environment Programme or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UN Environment Programme.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report provides a detailed analysis of the trade Candidate countries primarily reported imports of live data submitted by EU Member States and candidate captive-bred sturgeon (Acipenser spp.), reptile skins countries in their CITES annual reports for 2019. (mostly from wild-sourced reticulated python, Python reticulatus), artificially propagated Indian rosewood The European Union (EU) continued to be an (Dalbergia sissoo) products and captive-bred important market for international wildlife trade, with medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) extract. Exports approximately 99 200 import transactions reported reported by candidate countries predominantly in 2019; however, while still notable, this represented comprised artificially propagated live snowdrops a 10% decrease in transactions compared to 2018. exported by Turkey to the Netherlands. EU-reported import transactions accounted for 36% of globally reported import transactions in 2019 Trade levels for EU and candidate countries’ imports based on 126 Parties that submitted CITES annual were assessed against criteria based on the reports by the time of writing. Over three-quarters methodology used in the CITES Review of Significant (78%) of the 4315 taxa imported by the EU in 2019 Trade selection process. Taxa were selected as were plants and virtually all import transactions were exhibiting ‘noteworthy trends’ in imports on the basis for commercial purposes. Live ornamental plants of high volume, high volume (for a globally threatened were the commodity imported in the highest species), sharp increase (global), sharp increase quantities, predominantly consisting of snowdrops (country level) or trade in endangered species. (Galanthus spp.), cacti, cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.), In 2019, 169 taxa imported into the EU and 10 taxa ponytail palms (Beaucarnea spp.) and orchids, all of imported by candidate countries showed noteworthy which were predominantly artificially propagated. trends in wild-sourced or ranched specimens. Reptile skins and small leather products, as well as The large majority of the EU-imported taxa showing live corals, were the animal commodities imported at noteworthy trends were corals, followed by plants, relatively high levels. reptiles and mammals; those for candidate countries included reptiles, mammals and birds. The EU reported ~366 800 export and re-export transactions in 2019 (representing a 3% increase In 2019, the overall value of EU imports was estimated compared to 2018). Approximately two-thirds of to be worth EUR 990 million for CITES-listed animals these transactions were captive-produced or and EUR 258 million for plants, and the value of EU artificially propagated, and over half of the 2194 (re)exports was estimated to be worth EUR 1747 different taxa involved were plants. Prominent million and EUR 393 million for animals and plants, exports by volume included live artificially respectively. The value of animal imports was propagated plants exported by the Netherlands, primarily comprised of American alligator mainly cacti (especially Schlumbergera truncata), (Alligator mississippiensis) small leather products moth orchid hybrids (Phalaenopsis hybrid) and and skins, and reptile small leather products also snowdrops (Galanthus spp.). Similar to previous accounted for the largest proportion of the value of years, high levels of live eggs, meat, bodies, and animal (re)exports. Live snowdrops (Galanthus spp.), caviar from captive-bred sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) sago palms (Cycas revoluta), African cherry (Prunus were also directly exported. The main wild-sourced africana) bark, African teak (Pericopsis elata) sawn direct export was live maxima clams (Tridacna wood, and candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) wax maxima) exported by France (overseas territories) accounted for 51% of the total estimated import value. to the United States of America. For plant (re)exports, live orchids and cacti accounted for 56% and 36% of the total value, respectively. 2 EU Wildlife Trade 2019 Phalaenopsis Phalaenopsis hybrid Introduction 3

1. INTRODUCTION

Species listed in the Appendices to the Convention species listed in the EU Annexes but not included in on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild the CITES Appendices) and an analysis of the Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Annexes of the EU estimated financial value of EU imports and exports. Wildlife Trade Regulations1, which enforce CITES in the EU, are subject to international trade regulation. This analysis is based on trade data reported by the 2 Based on the most recent year of available trade 28 EU Member States and three candidate countries data, the aim of this analysis is to inform future trade (North Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey) that had management in the EU in order to ensure that submitted their annual reports for 2019 by international trade in wildlife is sustainable. 17/03/2021. Further details of the data included, including details of the basis of compilation of annual A broad overview of international trade in 2019 by reports, can be found in Annex A. As an EU Member States and candidate countries (Figure 1.1) accompaniment to this report, an interactive online is provided within this report, as well as a summary dashboard allowing users to filter the trade data and of taxa showing noteworthy trends in imports of wild- further explore the trends highlighted in this analysis sourced and ranched specimens (including those can be accessed here.

Figure 1.1: EU Member States in 2019 (28, in green2) and candidate countries (five, in blue). Overseas territories outside the European region are not shown3.

1 During 2019, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/160 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2117; Commission Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 as amended by (EU) No 2019/220; and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2019/1587. 2 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereafter referred to as the United Kingdom) is included as an EU Member State in this analysis, which covers CITES trade prior to its exit from the European Union on 31 January 2020. 3 Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 4 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

2. OVERVIEW OF CITES TRADE

This chapter provides an overview of international trade this chapter, direct and indirect trade are considered in CITES-listed species imported and exported by EU collectively unless stated otherwise. Member States and candidate countries. Throughout

EU Member States

Imports antisyphilitica Euphorbia Globally, the EU is an important market for international trade in CITES-listed species, with approximately 99 200 import transactions reported by EU Member States in annual reports to CITES in 2019. When considered in the global context, EU- reported import transactions accounted for 36% of import transactions reported globally in 2019 (based on 126 Parties that submitted annual reports by the time of writing). Compared to 2018, EU-reported import transactions decreased by nearly 10%4. Similar to previous years, 92% of transactions were reported for commercial purposes. Plants dominated in terms of the variety of taxa represented, with 78% of the 4315 taxa recorded in trade being plant species.

The EU imported over 37.5 million items which could be equated to whole organisms5 in 2019 (Figure 2.1), and included: • Over 35 million live plants, including nearly 22 million live snowdrops imported exclusively by the Netherlands for commercial purposes; primarily Imports reported by weight totalled more than imported from Turkey and approximately three- 8 million kg (Figure 2.2) and mainly comprised: quarters of which were artificially propagated. • More than 6.5 million kg of artificially propagated Other live plant imports included cacti from Indian rosewood products (Dalbergia sissoo), Ethiopia and cyclamen from Turkey, all of which which were almost entirely directly imported by were predominantly artificially propagated. Germany from India for commercial purposes. • Approximately 1 million reptile skins, which were • Wild-sourced African cherry bark (Prunus predominantly wild-sourced (74%). France and africana), totalling over 330 300 kg and imported Italy imported the majority (both 36%), followed by mainly by France from Cameroon and Uganda for Germany (17%). The top reptile species in trade commercial purposes. were American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis, 42%), mainly imported directly from the United • Approximately 310 000 kg of wild-sourced States of America (hereafter referred to as the candelilla wax (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) imported United States), and Asian water monitor (Varanus predominantly from Mexico by France and salvator, 16%) imported primarily from Indonesia. Germany for commercial purposes.

4 France reported approximately 10 000 fewer import transactions in 2019 compared to 2018; this equated to notable decreases in transactions of corals and reptiles. 5 Trade in bodies, fingerlings, live, skeletons, skins, skulls, and trophies reported by number. Overview of CITES trade 5

Cycads (live) 0.75

Ponytail palms (live) 1.38 Euphorbias (live) 0.71

Aloe (live) 1.43

Corals (live) 0.43

Alligator (skins) 0.42

Cacti (live) 5.77 Snowdrops (live) 21.98 Chinese stripe-necked and pond turtles (live) 0.26

Cyclamen (live) 1.52 Tillandsias (live) 0.26

Orchids (live) 1.35 Monitor lizards (skins) 0.19

Figure 2.1: Main taxa imported as number of individuals (bodies, fingerlings, live, skeletons, skins, skulls, trophies) in millions, in 2019. Total = 37.5 million individuals; plotted data represent 97% of this total.

African cherry (bark) 330.35

Candelilla (wax) 309.96

Cape aloe (extract) 170.44

Nile crocodile (meat) 83.91

Queen conch (meat) 75.97 Indian rosewood

(wood products) 6675.58 Sturgeon (caviar) 74.87

Holy wood (oil and extract) 70.76

Himalayan yew (leaves) 36.24

Figure 2.2: Main taxa imported by weight (in tonnes) in 2019. Total = 8053 tonnes. Plotted data represent 97% of this total. 6 EU Wildlife Trade 2019 Rhipsalis baccifera Rhipsalis Key commodities imported in 2019 (Table 2.1) also included large quantities of commodities reported by number that do not equate to one individual: • Approximately 3.9 million artificially propagated plant stems imported by the Netherlands for commercial purposes. Most of these were cacti stems, primarily mistletoe cactus (Rhipsalis baccifera) and fishbone cactus Discocactus( anguliger). The United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania) was the largest exporter of plant stems (63%) followed by Zimbabwe (32%). • Nearly 860 000 reptile small leather products • Over 1.8 million artificially propagated leaves, imported for commercial purposes, of which 78% primarily sago palm leaves (Cycas revoluta) were wild-sourced American alligator (Alligator imported by the Netherlands from Costa Rica mississippiensis) and two-thirds were imported for commercial purposes. by France.

Table 2.1: Commodities imported by the EU in quantities greater than 700 000 units in 2019, listed in decreasing quantity by taxonomic group/term (all sources excluding source ‘I’). Source code 'A' = artificially propagated, and 'W' = wild-sourced. All numbers rounded to the nearest whole number.

Group Term (unit) Quantity Main Trend No. of taxa Main (re)exporter Main taxa (%) source 2018-2019 involved (%) Plants live 35398887 A (83%) +19% 3242 Turkey Green snowdrop (55%) (Galanthus woronowii) (44%) Timber wood products 6685154 A (98%) +28% 9 India Indian rosewood (kg) (>99%) (Dalbergia sissoo) (>99%) Plants stems 3899818 A (>99%) +34% 20 Tanzania Mistletoe cactus (63%) (Rhipsalis baccifera) (35%) Plants leaves 1836709 A (100%) -11% 2 Costa Rica Sago palm (>99%) (Cycas revoluta) (>99%) Reptiles skins 1003438 W (74%) -17% 25 United States American alligator of America (Alligator mississippiensis) (37%) (42%) Reptiles small leather 857971 W (94%) -21% 28 Switzerland American alligator products (50%) (Alligator mississippiensis) (78%) Plants cultures 823545 A (>99%) -35% 124 Taiwan, Province Moth orchid hybrid of China (Phalaenopsis hybrid) (75%) (69%) Timber wood products 701284 A (66%) -49% 24 India Indian rosewood (52%) (Dalbergia latifolia) (48%) Overview of CITES trade 7

Looking at geographic patterns of trade, the EU between 2018 and 2019. Notable changes in direct imported different commodities from the six CITES imports from Central and South America and the geographic regions (Figure 2.3). As in 2018, Asia was Caribbean compared to 2018 included a 60% the main exporting region, whereas the relative decrease in queen conch meat (Strombus gigas)6, a contributions from Europe (non-EU) and Africa sharp increase in live aloes (Aloe spp.), and a lack of increased slightly compared to 2018, and that of reported imports of guanaco meat (Lama guanicoe). North America and Central and South America This relative decrease in guanaco meat imports may decreased. The amount of live plants imported by the have been due to a pilot export in 2018 of wild-sourced EU increased by 19% globally (Table 2.1), with direct meat from Argentina to Belgium, which was not imports of live plants from Africa more than doubling repeated in 20197,8.

Africa Asia Oceania Europe (non-EU) North America Central and South America and the Caribbean

African cherry Cacti Cyclamen Orchids Sago palm

American alligator Candelilla Indian rosewood Ponytail palm Snowdrops

Aloes Corals Map turtles

Figure 2.3: Main taxa directly imported by the EU from each of the six CITES regions. Taxa are ordered by trade volume within each region and icons are shaded by source: black: >65% captive-bred/born (including sources ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’) / artificially propagated; blue: >55% wild. Arrow width denotes relative trade volumes9.

6 A national ban on exports of queen conch (Strombus gigas) from Jamaica came into force in March 2019 and was lifted on 1 April, 2021 (Government of Jamaica 2019, 2020, 2021). 7 Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca (Argentina). 2019. Guanaco: Informe de Indicadores de Guanaco al 2019. 8 UNEP-WCMC. 2019. Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. Accessed via Species+. 9 Data source: CITES Trade Database (https://trade.cites.org/). Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 8 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

Exports Approximately 529 000 kg of commodities were In 2019, EU Member States reported approximately exported by weight (Figure 2.5), with notable exports 366 800 export transactions, of which approximately including: half were re-exports. Compared to 2018, this • Over 110 000 kg of captive-bred sturgeon meat corresponds to an increase of 3%. A total of 2194 and nearly 74 000 kg of captive-bred sturgeon different taxa were (re-)exported by the EU, with plants caviar exported for commercial purposes. accounting for just over half of the taxa in trade. Two-thirds of the meat was exported by Italy to Exports by the EU in 2019 included more than Georgia, and the caviar was mainly exported to 26.5 million items that could be equated to one Japan and the United States by several EU individual10 (Figure 2.4). Artificially propagated live Member States. plants comprised 96% of these exports, almost all of • Over 61 500 kg of pre-Convention shortfin mako which were exported by the Netherlands, and included: shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) bodies (79%), fins (16%), • Approximately 11.1 million live artificially and meat (5%), exported for commercial purposes propagated cacti, for which the United States was by Spain to mainly the Republic of Korea (79%). the main importer (6.2 million). Just over half of The species was listed in CITES Appendix II on this trade was represented by one species, the 26 November 2019. false Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera truncata). • Approximately 60 000 kg of rosewood wood • More than 10.3 million live artificially propagated products (72% artificially propagated Indian orchids exported mainly to Turkey (3.2 million), rosewood, Dalbergia sissoo), nearly all of which Norway (~2.1 million) and Ukraine (1.4 million). were re-exported by Germany for commercial Moth orchid hybrids (Phalaenopsis hybrid) purposes. Seventy-three percent originated from comprised 93% of this trade. India, and were predominantly exported to • Over 2.5 million live artificially propagated Switzerland, China, and the United States. snowdrops (Galanthus spp.) exported for commercial purposes, of which nearly half were exported to the United States (~1.2 million). Schlumbergera truncata Schlumbergera

10 Trade in bodies, fingerlings, live, skeletons, skins, skulls, and trophies. Overview of CITES trade 9

Venus flytrap (live) 0.65

Aloes (live) 0.44

Euphorbias (live) 0.22

Cacti (live) 11.14 Orchids (live) 10.33 Leeches (live) 0.22

Monitor lizards (skins) 0.15

Snowdrops (live) 2.54

Figure 2.4: Main taxa exported as number of individuals (bodies, fingerlings, live, skeletons, skins, skulls, trophies) in millions, in 2019. Total = 26.54 million individuals; plotted data represent 97% of this total.

Shortfin mako shark (bodies) 48.63 Holy wood (oil and extract) 34.77 Candelilla (wax) 54.91

Cape aloe (extract) 31.87

African cherry (bark) 11.29

Sturgeon (caviar) 80.00 Sturgeon (meat) 113.87

Shortfin mako shark (fins) 10.09

Himalayan yew (leaves) 10.00

Rosewood Sturgeon (wood products) 64.44 (bodies) 38.55

Figure 2.5: Main taxa exported by weight (in tonnes) in 2019. Total = 529 tonnes. Plotted data represent 94% of this total. 10 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

Key commodities exported in 2019 (Table 2.2) also • Approximately 1.9 million reptile small leather included notable quantities of parts and derivatives products, primarily re-exported by France and Italy that do not equate to one individual: for commercial purposes, with two-thirds imported by Switzerland. American alligator Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) comprised 72% of this trade and was almost entirely wild-sourced. • 1.3 million live captive-bred sturgeon eggs, mississippiensis consisting mainly of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) eggs exported by Poland to Armenia (70%) for commercial purposes. • Approximately 0.92 million reptile skin pieces, 96% of which comprised wild-sourced American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) predominantly re-exported by France to Mauritius, Hong Kong SAR, and Tunisia for commercial purposes.

Table 2.2: Commodities (re)exported by the EU in quantities greater than 100 000 units in 2019, listed in decreasing quantity by taxonomic group/term (all sources excluding source ‘I’). Source code 'A' = artificially propagated, 'C' = captive-bred, 'F' = captive born, 'O' = pre-Convention, 'W' = wild-sourced. All numbers rounded to the nearest whole number.

Group Term (unit) Quantity Main Trend No. of Main importer Main taxa (%) source 2018- taxa (%) 2019 involved Plants live 25682891 A (99%) +30% 6751 United States Moth orchid hybrid (31%) (Phalaenopsis hybrid) (38%) Reptiles small leather 1932058 W (89%) -25% 3946 Switzerland American alligator products (64%) (Alligator mississippiensis) (72%) Fish live eggs 1278000 C (100%) +2% 6 Armenia Siberian sturgeon (70%) (Acipenser baerii) (70%) Reptiles skin pieces 919343 W (99%) -18% 273 Mauritius American alligator (29%) (Alligator mississippiensis) (96%) Plants medicine 431286 A (99%) -12% 18 United States Goldenseal (47%) (Hydrastis canadensis) (96%) Reptiles skins 372919 W (74%) +36% 560 Mexico Asian water monitor (44%) (Varanus salvator) (30%) Reptiles derivatives 278688 F (95%) +45% 122 China Russell's viper (30%) (Daboia russelii) (100%) Invertebrates live 241329 C (73%) -2% 42 United States Medicinal leech (58%) (Hirudo medicinalis) (62%) Timber wood product 202285 O (48%) -13% 1254 China Indian rosewood (26%) (Dalbergia latifolia) (58%) Mammals specimens 144956 C (77%) +5% 162 United States Long-tailed macaque (55%) (Macaca fascicularis) (91%) Fish meat (kg) 116698 C (98%) -27% 47 Georgia Sturgeon (67%) (Acipenser spp.) (95%) Overview of CITES trade 11

Africa Asia Oceania Europe (non-EU) North America Central and South America and the Caribbean

Cacti Orchids Ponytail palm Sturgeon Snowdrops Venus flytraps

Figure 2.6: Main taxa directly exported by the EU from each of the six CITES regions. Taxa are ordered by trade volume within each region. All trade was >95% captive-bred/born (including sources ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’) / artificially propagated. Arrow width denotes relative trade volumes11.

Direct exports by the EU in 2019 to each of the six There were no wild-sourced direct exports of Critically CITES geographic regions primarily comprised Endangered species (according to the IUCN Red List plants (Figure 2.6). Notably, live cacti exports by the of Threatened Species) reported in 2019, whereas EU increased nearly two-fold compared to 2018; exports of Endangered species comprised low levels exports of ponytail palm to Central and South of trade in green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Saker America also increased. falcon (Falco cherrug) for scientific purposes.

Similar to previous years, direct wild-sourced exports As reported in previous years, exports of Annex A from the EU primarily consisted of live maxima clams species primarily consisted of artificially propagated (Tridacna maxima), with over 14 200 live clams live orchids and captive-bred live Hermann's tortoise exported by France12 for commercial purposes in (Testudo hermanni); 2019 exports also included live 2019, primarily to the United States. Compared to captive-bred falcons. 2018, exports of live maxima clams decreased by nearly 32%. Trade in giant clams is further examined in the case study on the following page.

11 Data source: CITES Trade Database (https://trade.cites.org/). Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 12 Tridacna maxima is native to several French overseas territories. 12 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

Case study: trade in giant clams

High volumes of live giant clams are both imported to, and exported from the EU each year, with the main wild-sourced direct export from the EU in 2019 being maxima clam (Tridacna maxima). Giant clams (family Tridacnidae) are large coral reef invertebrates that are distributed throughout the shallow waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They act as an important substrate, habitat, and food source for other reef organisms13. Many giant clam species are at risk of overexploitation due to the global demand for meat, shells and live animals, and local extinctions have been reported from a number of range States14. All giant clams are listed in CITES Appendix II and Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations and of the 11 species within the family, four are globally threatened15. Based on sustainability concerns relating to trade in wild-sourced giant clams, the Solomon Islands is subject to CITES trade suspensions as a result of the CITES Review of Significant Trade process; nine other range States are subject to EU import suspensions under Article 4.6(b) of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations16, some of which have been in place for over 20 years.

In 2019, direct exports of giant clams by the EU consisted predominantly of live wild-sourced maxima clam (Tridacna maxima) with over 14 200 exported by France17 for commercial purposes, largely to the United States. Whilst direct exports decreased by 32% compared to 2018, T. maxima has been the top wild-sourced species exported directly by the EU for nine years. Maxima clams from French Polynesia (exported by France) are maricultured18, and are produced via a strictly regulated process involving the collection of post-larval stages and rearing clams on floating rafts19.

Direct imports of giant clams into the EU in 2019 primarily comprised live clams imported for commercial purposes from a range of countries/territories, including the Federated States of Micronesia, Egypt and French Polynesia. The Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom were the key importers, with overall EU imports exceeding 18 000 clams. Approximately

81% of giant clam imports in 2019 were captive- Tridacna maxima produced, with imports of fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) increasing by 7% compared to 2018 whilst imports of other species declined.

Wild-sourced direct imports were reported for two giant clam species in 2019, T. maxima and T. squamosa, and totalled nearly 3500 live clams. Ninety-six percent of these were maxima clam (T. maxima), imported predominantly from French Polynesia by Germany. The maxima clam has been highlighted in each EU Wildlife Trade Analysis over the past decade (see Chapter 3), mostly due to a high volume of trade relative to other taxa in its order. Long-standing SRG positive opinions have been in place for wild maxima clam from French Polynesia and Australia since 199720 and 2012, respectively, in addition to long-standing EU import suspensions under Article 4.6(b) for wild specimens from nine countries.

13 Othman, A.S.B., Goh, G.H.S., Todd, P.A. 2010. The distribution and status of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) - A short review. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58 (1): 103-111 14 Ibid., 104 15 IUCN 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. 16 Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Mozambique, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Viet Nam. 17 Tridacna maxima is native to several French overseas territories. 18 Maricultured specimens are reported in trade as wild-sourced (W) as the requirements for other source codes are not considered to be met. 19 UNEP-WCMC. 2020. Review of species selected on the basis of an overview of long-standing positive opinions. Part II. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. Report accessed via Species+. 20 Positive opinion last confirmed by the SRG on 03/03/2020. Overview of CITES trade 13

Candidate countries

Python reticulatus Python Exports Candidate countries reported 960 export transactions in 2019, approximately half of these were re-exports. The majority of export transactions were reported by Turkey, with the remainder reported by Serbia (20%) and North Macedonia (8%).

Exports in whole organisms (or equivalent terms21) were dominated by over 22.8 million live plants exported by Turkey to the Netherlands, the majority of which were snowdrops (Galanthus woronowii and G. elwesii). Approximately 71% of live plant exports were artificially propagated and the remainder were wild-sourced. Exports of parts and derivatives that did not equate to a whole organism included ~11 000 units of medicinal leech extract (Hirudo medicinalis) originating in the Russian Federation and re-exported Imports by Serbia, as well as over 4700 reptile small leather Candidate countries reported 4318 import products re-exported by Turkey, primarily wild- transactions, the majority of which involved reptiles sourced reticulated python (Python reticulatus) (85%). Approximately 90% of import transactions originating from Indonesia. Trade reported by weight were reported by Turkey, with the remainder reported included over 25 200 kg of wild-sourced European by Serbia (10%) and North Macedonia (<1%). eel (Anguilla anguilla, mostly live) exported by Turkey to primarily the Democratic People’s Republic of Imports of commodities equivalent to whole Korea (~74%) and Republic of Korea (26%). organisms21 predominantly comprised nearly 64 000

captive-bred live sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) Galanthus woronowii imported by Serbia from Romania and over 52 000 reptile skins, 40% of which were wild-sourced reticulated python (Python reticulatus) skins imported by Turkey from Indonesia. Imports reported by weight included ~2200 kg of primarily artificially propagated Indian rosewood products (Dalbergia sissoo) and 650 kg of captive-bred sturgeon bodies, both imported by Serbia. Other notable imports included ~136 000 units of captive- bred medicinal leech extract (Hirudo medicinalis) imported by Serbia from the Russian Federation.

21 Trade in bodies, fingerlings, live, skeletons, skins, skulls, and trophies reported by number. 14 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

3. SPECIES SHOWING NOTEWORTHY TRENDS Mantella nigricans Mantella

This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa Data included imported by the EU Member States in 2019 that For the selection of taxa, only EU- or candidate showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or country-reported direct imports from wild, ranched ranched trade. Taxa were selected according to one and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported or more of the following criteria based on 2019 trade without a source specified, were considered. Terms levels: high volume of trade, high volume of trade in a that cannot easily be related to numbers of individuals globally threatened species, sharp increase in trade (e.g. feathers, hair, and specimens) were not included at the global level, sharp increase in trade from a within the selection process, with the exception of particular exporting country, or trade in an certain terms23 that were considered to be traded in endangered species. The process of selection sufficiently high quantities to merit further scrutiny. according to these criteria is summarised below. Conversion factors were applied to all trade data (see Annex A) to make them comparable and more easily Methods equated to numbers of individuals. The selection process followed the methodology that has been used for the Review of Significant Trade selection process since CITES CoP1722.

22 See AC 29 Doc. 13.3 A2 (Rev 1) (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/ac/29/E-AC29-13-03-A2-R1.pdf) and PC 23 Doc. 15.3 Annex 2 (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/23/E-PC23-15-03-A2.pdf) 23 Bark, caviar, extract, meat, musk, powder, raw corals, roots, timber and wax. Species showing noteworthy trends 15

Species selection methodology Taxa selected The dataset was filtered using a set of criteria to A total of 169 taxa showed noteworthy trends in extract the taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade. EU imports in 2019 based on the methods detailed The selection of taxa highlighted in this detailed above (Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1). Of these, corals had analysis was derived using the following framework: the highest number of taxa showing noteworthy trends (72), followed by plants (26), reptiles (23), Trade levels were selected as noteworthy according mammals (23), fish (seven), invertebrates (seven), to five criteria: timber (six), birds (three) and amphibians (two) i) Endangered Species: Species categorised as (Figure 3.1). Fifty-six percent of the taxa selected Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN) were also selected in the 2018 Analysis, but the according to The IUCN Red List of Threatened remaining 44% were newly selected. The majority of Species24 (any species-country combinations with taxa selected (77%) were included in Annex B of the trade met the criteria); EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, while only 4% (eight) ii) Sharp Increase (Global): Taxa showing a sharp were listed in Annex A. increase in global trade in 2019, in comparison to A total of 10 taxa showed noteworthy trends in the average over the preceding five-year period candidate country imports in 2019 based on the (2014-2018); methods detailed above (Table 3.2). Of these, reptiles iii) Sharp Increase (Country): Taxa showing a sharp had the highest number of taxa showing noteworthy increase in trade in 2019 at the country level (for trends (three), followed by mammals (two), birds countries of export) in comparison to the average (two), corals (two), and one species of timber. over the preceding five-year period (2014-2018); iv) High Volume: Taxa traded at levels considered to be high compared to other taxa in their order in 2019; v) High Volume (Globally Threatened): Globally threatened25, Near-Threatened (NT) and Data Deficient (DD) taxa traded at relatively high volumes for their order in 2019. Salvator merianae Salvator

24 IUCN 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 8 January 2021. 25 To be considered “globally threatened”, a species must be categorised as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List. 16 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

A BBCC D D 80 70 60 50 40 30 No.of taxa 20 10 0

Figure 3.1: Number of taxa within each group showing noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2019; colours indicate the four EU Annexes (A, B, C, D). ‘Invertebrates’ does not include coral taxa as these are considered separately. Fungia spp. Fungia Species showing noteworthy trends 17

Table 3.1: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2019 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened, ‘GT’), sharp increase in trade (global), sharp increase in trade (country), or trade in endangered species. Six species that were recently listed in the CITES Appendices in 2017 or 2019 met the selection criteria and are designated by ‘†’ and ‘*’, respectively.

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria ANNEX A: MAMMALS I Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Endangered species II Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Greenland) I Mongolian wild horse (Equus przewalskii) Endangered species; Sharp increase (global) I Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Endangered species I Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Endangered species I/II African elephant (Loxodonta africana) High volume (GT) ANNEX A: BIRDS I Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) Endangered species; High volume (GT) I Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) Endangered species; High volume (GT) ANNEX B: MAMMALS II Tur (Capra caucasica)† Endangered species26 II Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) High volume II White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) High volume (GT) II Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) High volume II Bobcat (Lynx rufus) High volume II Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Endangered species II Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) High volume II Large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) High volume (GT); Sharp increase (global) II Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) High volume (GT) II Collared mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus) Endangered species II Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) High volume II Red colobus (Piliocolobus badius) Endangered species I/II African elephant (Loxodonta africana) High volume (GT) ANNEX B: REPTILES II American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) High volume II Bekolosy leaf chameleon (Brookesia bekolosy) Endangered species II Desperate leaf chameleon (Brookesia desperata) Endangered species II Minute leaf chameleon (Brookesia minima) Endangered species II Perinet leaf chameleon (Brookesia therezieni) Sharp increase (global) II Seipp's day gecko (Phelsuma seippi) Endangered species II Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae) High volume II Argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens) High volume

26 CITES Standard Nomenclature considers Capra caucasica to comprise two subspecies, Capra caucasica caucasica and C. c. cylindriformis, while the IUCN considers these to be separate species and have assessed them as such. C. c. caucasica (C. caucasica) is assessed as Endangered by the IUCN while C. c. cylindriformis (C. cylindriformis) is assessed as Near Threatened. 18 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria II Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) High volume II Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) High volume II Rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria) Sharp increase (global) II Müller's sand boa (Gongylophis muelleri) Sharp increase (global) II Reticulated python (Python reticulatus) High volume; Sharp increase (Malaysia) II Boulenger's cape tortoise (Homopus boulengeri) Endangered species ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS II Spotless smooth warty newt (Paramesotriton labiatus)* High volume; Sharp increase (global) II Guibé's mantella (Mantella nigricans) High volume ANNEX B: FISH II Arapaima (Arapaima gigas) High volume (GT) II Giant humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) Endangered species; High volume (GT) II Dwarf seahorse (Hippocampus zosterae) High volume ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORALS) II Southern medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) High volume II Borneo birdwing (Troides andromache) Sharp increase (global) II Queen conch (Strombus gigas) High volume II Maxima clam (Tridacna maxima) High volume (GT) II Fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) High volume (GT) II Cape York birdwing (Ornithoptera priamus) High volume ANNEX B: CORALS II Cupressopathes spp. High volume II Scleractinia spp. Sharp increase (Cuba) II Acropora horrida Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Acropora millepora Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Acropora spp. Sharp increase (Malaysia) II Leptoseris spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Leaf coral (Pavona cactus) Sharp increase (global) II Pavona maldivensis Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Pavona spp. Sharp increase (Australia) II Huinay cup coral (Caryophyllia huinayensis) Sharp increase (global) II Elegant coral (Catalaphyllia jardinei) High volume (GT) II Anchor coral (Euphyllia ancora) High volume (GT) II Frogspawn coral (Euphyllia divisa) High volume (GT) II Torch coral (Euphyllia glabrescens) High volume (GT) II Branching anchor coral (Euphyllia paraancora) High volume (GT) II Euphyllia paradivisa Sharp increase (global) II Physogyra spp. Sharp increase (global) Species showing noteworthy trends 19

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria II Balanophyllia spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Dendrophyllia spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Whisker coral (Duncanopsammia axifuga) High volume (GT) II Eguchipsammia fistula Sharp increase (global) II Button coral (Heteropsammia cochlea) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Orange turret coral (Tubastraea faulkneri) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Tubastraea spp. Sharp increase (Australia) II Pagoda coral (Turbinaria mesenterina) Sharp increase (global) II Barabattoia amicorum Sharp increase (global) II Caulastraea echinulata Sharp increase (global) II Candy cane coral (Caulastraea furcata) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Caulastraea spp. Sharp increase (Australia) II Cyphastrea ocellina Sharp increase (global) II Cyphastrea spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Echinopora spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Favia spp. Sharp increase (Malaysia) II Lesser star coral (Goniastrea australensis) Sharp increase (global) II Goniastrea palauensis Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Crust coral (Leptastrea purpurea) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Leptastrea spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Oulophyllia crispa Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Cycloseris spp. Sharp increase (global) II Fungia cyclolites Sharp increase (global) II Fungia scutaria Sharp increase (global) II Fungia spp. Sharp increase (Malaysia) II Fungia tenuis Sharp increase (Australia) II Lithophyllon spp. Sharp increase (global) II Hydnophora exesa Sharp increase (Australia) II Hydnophora rigida Sharp increase (Australia) II Acanthastrea bowerbanki Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Starry cup coral (Acanthastrea echinata) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Acanthastrea hillae Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Acanthastrea lordhowensis High volume (GT) II Symphyllia spp. Sharp increase (Malaysia) II Echinophyllia echinata Sharp increase (global) II Pectinia spp. Sharp increase (Australia) II Pocillopora spp. Sharp increase (Australia; Malaysia) II Needle coral (Seriatopora hystrix) Sharp increase (Australia) 20 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria II Seriatopora spp. Sharp increase (Australia) II Stylophora spp. Sharp increase (Malaysia) II Alveopora allingi Sharp increase (global) II Alveopora spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Goniopora columna Sharp increase (global) II Goniopora somaliensis Sharp increase (global) II Goniopora spp. Sharp increase (Australia; Malaysia; Tonga) II Goniopora stutchburyi Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Goniopora tenuidens Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Porites spp. Sharp increase (Australia) II Psammocora spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) II Lesser starlet coral (Siderastrea radians) Sharp increase (global) II Crater coral (Trachyphyllia geoffroyi) High volume (GT) II Organ pipe coral (Tubipora musica) High volume (GT) II Distichopora spp. High volume II Stylaster spp. High volume ANNEX B: PLANTS II Copao (Eulychnia acida) High volume II Australian tree fern (Cyathea australis) High volume II Silver tree fern (Cyathea dealbata) High volume; Sharp increase (global) II Macrozamia moorei High volume (GT) II Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) High volume II Green snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii) High volume (GT) II Angraecum bicallosum Endangered species II Angraecum humbertii Endangered species II Bulbophyllum auriflorum Endangered species II Bulbophyllum jaapii Endangered species II Cynorkis aurantiaca Endangered species II Dendrophylax spp. Sharp increase (global) II Orchidaceae spp. High volume; Sharp increase (global) II Eastern sowbread cyclamen (Cyclamen coum) High volume; Sharp increase (Georgia) II Sowbread cyclamen (Cyclamen hederifolium) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Turkey) ANNEX B: TIMBER

† II African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon) High volume (GT); Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Tanzania) II Dalbergia retusa Endangered species II African teak (Pericopsis elata) Endangered species II Gonystylus spp. High volume II African cherry (Prunus africana) High volume (GT) II Holy wood (Bulnesia sarmientoi) Endangered species; High volume (GT) Species showing noteworthy trends 21

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria ANNEX C: MAMMALS III Asiatic ibex (Capra sibirica) Sharp increase (global) III Hog deer (Axis porcinus) Endangered species III Guatemalan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Sharp increase (global) mayensis) ANNEX C: REPTILES III Bockadam (Cerberus rynchops) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Indonesia) III Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) High volume III Black-knobbed map turtle (Graptemys nigrinoda) Sharp increase (global) Endangered species; High volume (GT); Sharp increase Big-headed pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii) III (global); Sharp increase (China) III Chinese stripe-necked turtle (Mauremys sinensis) Endangered species; High volume (GT) III Spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera) Sharp increase (global) ANNEX C: FISH III Xingu River ray (Potamotrygon leopoldi)† Sharp increase (global) III Ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro)† High volume (GT); Sharp increase (global)

† III Zebra pleco (Hypancistrus zebra) High volume; Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Indonesia) ANNEX C: CORALS III Corallium elatius High volume; Sharp increase (Japan) ANNEX D: MAMMALS III Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) High volume - Goodfellow's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) Endangered species; High volume (GT) ANNEX D: BIRDS - Meller's Duck (Anas melleri) Endangered species; High volume (GT) ANNEX D: REPTILES - Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) High volume (GT) - Banded swamp snake (Homalopsis buccata) High volume - Shaw's sea snake (Lapemis curtus) Sharp increase (global) ANNEX D: FISH - Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) Endangered species; High volume (GT) ANNEX D: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORALS) - Midas ear abalone (Haliotis midae) High volume ANNEX D: PLANTS - Arisaema galeatum Sharp increase (global) - Arnica (Arisaema nepenthoides) High volume; Sharp increase (global) - Japanese cobra lily (Arisaema sikokianum) Sharp increase (global) - Mountain tobacco (Arnica montana) High volume - Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) High volume - Great yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) High volume 22 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria - Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) High volume - Common club moss (Lycopodium clavatum) High volume - Devil's claw (Harpagophytum zeyheri) High volume; Sharp increase (global) - Flower-of-stone (Selaginella lepidophylla) High volume - Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) High volume

Table 3.2: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of candidate country-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2019 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened, ‘GT’), sharp increase in trade (global), sharp increase in trade (country), or trade in endangered species.

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria ANNEX A: BIRDS II Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) High volume ANNEX B: MAMMALS II South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus) High volume; Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Argentina) II Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Canada) ANNEX B: BIRDS II Senegal Parrot (Poicephalus senegalus) High volume ANNEX B: REPTILES II New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) High volume; Sharp increase (global) II South Indonesian spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Indonesia) II Reticulated python (Python reticulatus) High volume; Sharp increase (Indonesia) ANNEX B: CORALS II Acropora spp. Sharp increase (global) II Anchor coral (Euphyllia ancora) High volume (GT) ANNEX B: TIMBER II African teak (Pericopsis elata) Endangered species; High volume (GT) Value of EU trade 23

4. VALUE OF EU TRADE

This chapter provides an estimate of the financial around the world. Further details on the value of the trade in CITES-listed species imported methodology can be found in Annex B. In 2019, the into and exported from the EU in 2019. Financial overall value of EU imports was estimated to be values for animal products were obtained from worth EUR 990 million for animals and EUR 258 million species-specific values included in the United States for plants, and the value of EU (re)exports was annual report to CITES, while data for plants were estimated to be worth EUR 1747 million and EUR collected from retail and wholesale websites from 393 million for animals and plants, respectively.

Value of animal trade

Imports Of the top imported commodities, captive-produced The value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal long-tailed macaques had the highest value per unit species reported in 2019 was estimated to be worth (EUR 2651 per unit) whilst wild-sourced reptile skins EUR 990 million27. Reptile small leather products, reptile had the lowest (mean value of EUR 129 per unit28). skins, sturgeon caviar, and live long-tailed macaques together accounted for 91% of the total reported value of Falco hybrid EU imports in 2019 (Figures 4.1 and 4.2). • Small leather products and skins derived from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) accounted for the majority of the value of all CITES animal imports in 2019 (73% or EUR 720.6 million). American alligator accounted for 92% (EUR 609.2 million) of the value of reptile small leather products, and 60% (EUR 111.4 million) of the value of reptile skins. • Captive-produced sturgeon caviar reported by weight (kg) accounted for 4% (EUR 40 million) of the total value of EU animal imports in 2019, and captive-produced live long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) accounted for 2% (EUR 17.3 million) of the total value.

27 Financial values were estimated for trade in 88% of all CITES-listed animal taxon, term and unit combinations imported into the EU during 2019 (1075 of a total 1228 taxon, term and unit combinations; this total excludes caviar extract and a single shipment of Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) specimens – see Annex B for further details). 28 Range of EUR 8-EUR 577 per unit based on 18 unit values. 24 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

2 3 Switzerland5 1 1 United States of America 2 1 Tunisia China

4 2

1 Singapore

Mauritius Australia

1. Reptile small leather products 2. Reptile skins 3. Sturgeon caviar (kg) 4. Live long-tailed macaques (EUR 578.8 million) (EUR 141.3 million) (EUR 35.6 million) (EUR 10.9 million)

Figure 4.1: Main trade routes of key animal commodities imported directly and indirectly into the EU in 2019 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure, which accounts for 77% of total value. Arrow width denotes relative value of trade29. Acipenser ruthenus x Huso huso x Huso ruthenus Acipenser

29 Data source: CITES Trade Database (https://trade.cites.org/). Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Value of EU trade 25

Captive-produced pre-Convention Ranched Wild Quantity 700 1.2

600 1

500 0.8

400 0.6 300

0.4 Quantity in millions

Value in millions of EUR of millions in Value 200

0.2 100

0 0 Reptile small Reptile skins Sturgeon caviar Live long-tailed leather products (kg) macaques

Figure 4.2: Animal products imported into the EU in 2019 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect imports (91% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of exports in EUR, coloured by source: captive- produced (sources ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’), pre-Convention (source ‘O’), ranched (source ‘R’) and wild (sources ‘W’, ‘U’ and no source specified). Black dots indicate the quantity of product imported.

Exports In 2019, the value of reported EU (re)exports of • Captive-produced sturgeon caviar reported by CITES-listed animals was estimated to be worth weight (kg) accounted for 3% (EUR 50.3 million) approximately EUR 1747 million30. Reptile small of the total value of animal (re)exports in 2019. leather products accounted for the largest proportion • Captive-produced live falcons (Falconidae spp.) of the value of animal (re)exports in 2019 (85%). accounted for 2% (EUR 35.5 million) of the overall (Re)exports of reptile skins, sturgeon caviar, and live value of EU (re)exports in 2019. Falcon (Falco spp.) falcons amounted to a further 8% of the total value of hybrids accounted for the greatest value of the live animal exports (Figures 4.3 and 4.4). falcon trade (47%). • Small leather products and skins derived from a single species, the American alligator (Alligator Of the top (re)exported products, captive-produced mississippiensis), accounted for the majority of live falcons had the highest mean value per unit 31 the overall value of (re)exports from the EU (74% (EUR 2718 per unit ), whilst wild-sourced reptile skins 32 or EUR 1286 million). American alligator accounted had the lowest value per unit (EUR 120 per unit ). for 85% (EUR 1265.6 million) of the value of reptile small leather products, and 46% (EUR 20.5 million) of the value of reptile skins.

30 Financial values were estimated for 84% of all CITES-listed animal taxon, term and unit combinations (re)exported from the EU during 2019 (1196 of a total 1417 taxon, term and unit combinations excluding caviar extract). 31 Range of EUR 767-EUR 4744 per unit based on four unit values. 32 Range of EUR 6-EUR 577 per unit based on 21 unit values. 26 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

1 2 2 4 Switzerland5 1 1 United States of America Japan 3

4 United Arab Hong Kong, Mexico Emirates SAR

1. Reptile small leather products 2. Sturgeon caviar (kg) 3. Live falcons 4. Reptile skins (EUR 1200.2 million) (EUR 28.9 million) (EUR 25.4 million) (EUR 19.9 million)

Figure 4.3: Main trade routes of key animal commodities (re)exported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2019 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure, which accounts for 73% of total value. Arrow width denotes relative value of trade33.

Captive-produced pre-Convention Ranched Wild Quantity 1500 2

1250 1.5 1000

750 1

500 Quantity in millions Value in millions of EUR of millions in Value 0.5 250

0 0 Reptile small Sturgeon caviar Reptile skins Live falcons leather products (kg)

Figure 4.4: Animal products (re)exported from the EU in 2019 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect exports (93% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of exports in EUR, coloured by source: captive- produced (sources ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’), pre-Convention (source ‘O’), ranched (source ‘R’) and wild (sources ‘W’ and ‘U’). Black dots indicate the quantity of product (re)exported.

33 Data source: CITES Trade Database (https://trade.cites.org/). Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Value of EU trade 27

Value of plant trade

Imports revoluta Cycas The value of EU imports of CITES-listed plant species reported in 2019 was estimated to be worth approximately EUR 258 million34. Live snowdrops and sago palms, African cherry bark, African teak sawn wood, and candelilla wax together accounted for 51% of the total trade value (Figures 4.5 and 4.6): • Live snowdrops (wild-sourced and artificially propagated Galanthus spp.) accounted for 20% (EUR 51.1 million) of the total value of plant imports. Imports of Galanthus woronowii accounted for 70% (EUR 35.9 million) of the value of live snowdrop imports in 2019, and G. elwesii • Live artificially propagated sago palms Cycas( comprised the remaining 30% (EUR 15.2 million). revoluta) accounted for 7% (EUR 18.7 million) of the value of plant imports. • Wild-sourced African cherry (Prunus africana) bark reported by weight (kg) and wild-sourced • Wild-sourced candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) African teak (Pericopsis elata) sawn wood wax reported by weight (kg) accounted for 6% reported by volume (m3) together accounted for (EUR 15.4 million) of the value of EU plant imports. approximately 18% of the total value of plant imports (around 9% each, EUR 24.4 million and Of these top imported commodities by value in 2019, EUR 22.2 million respectively). African teak sawn wood had the highest value per unit (EUR 3477.5 per m³); live snowdrops had the lowest value per unit (EUR 2.3).

1 5 Georgia 1 4 Turkey 3 2 2 Mexico Honduras

Cameroon Uganda

1. Live snowdrops 2. African cherry bark (kg) 3. African teak sawn wood (m3) 4. Live sago palm 5. Candelilla wax (kg) (EUR 51.1 million) (EUR 24.3 million) (EUR 18.3 million) (EUR 14.2 million) (EUR 13.8 million)

Figure 4.5: Main trade routes of key plant commodities imported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2019 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure, which accounts for 47% of total value. Arrow width denotes relative value of trade35.

34 Financial values were estimated for trade in 91% of all CITES-listed plant taxon, term and unit combinations imported by the EU during 2019 (3270 of a total 3579 taxon, term and unit combinations). 35 Data source: CITES Trade Database (https://trade.cites.org/). Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 28 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

Artificially propagated Wild Quantity 55 25 50

45 20 40 35 15 30 25 10 20 Quantityinmillions

Value inmillions of EUR Value 15 10 5 5 0 0 Live snowdrops African cherry African teak Live sago palms Candelilla wax bark (kg) sawn wood (kg) (m3)

Figure 4.6: Plant products imported by the EU in 2019 accounting for the highest proportion of the value of direct and indirect imports (51% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports in EUR, coloured by source: artificially propagated (source ‘A’ only) and wild (source ‘W’ only). Black dots reflect the quantity of product imported.

Exports The value of EU (re)exports of CITES-listed plant • Live artificially propagated Venus flytrap species reported in 2019 was estimated to be worth (Dionaea muscipula) and live wild-sourced/ approximately EUR 393 million36. Trade in several live artificially propagated snowdrops Galanthus( spp.) plant taxa (orchids, cacti, Venus flytraps and accounted for 3% of the total value of plants snowdrops) and Indian rosewood carvings together (re)exports (EUR 6.2 million and EUR 5.6 million, accounted for 96% of the total value of trade in plant respectively). and timber products (Figures 4.7 and 4.8). Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) carvings Similar to 2018, live artificially propagated orchids • • reported by number accounted for 1% (EUR 4 million) and cacti accounted for the majority of plant of the total value of plant (re)exports in 2019. (re)exports in 2019, amounting to 56% (EUR 219 million) and 36% (EUR 142 million) of the total value, Of these top (re)exported plant commodities by respectively. Live artificially propagated moth orchid value, Dalbergia latifolia carvings had the highest hybrids (Phalaenopsis hybrid) accounted for 53% of value per unit (EUR 106.3 per unit), whilst live the total value of plant (re)exports and 95% of the snowdrops had the lowest mean value per unit value of live orchid (re)exports (EUR 207 million). (EUR 2.237). Live artificially propagated false Christmas cacti (Schlumbergera truncata) accounted for 22% of the total value of plant (re)exports and 60% of the value of live cacti (re)exports (EUR 85.6 million).

36 Financial values were estimated for trade in 87% of all CITES-listed plant taxon, term and unit combinations imported by the EU during 2019 (1193 of a total 1367 taxon, term and unit combinations). 37 Range of EUR 1.04-EUR 2.3 per unit based on two unit values. Value of EU trade 29

Norway 2 1 1 Ukraine 3 1 2 4 United States of America Turkey 5

1. Live orchids 2. Live cacti 3. Live Venus flytraps 4. Live snowdrops 5. Indian rosewood carvings (EUR 143.6 million) (EUR 105.6 million) (EUR 4.1 million) (EUR 2.6 million) (EUR 1.6 million)

Figure 4.7: Main trade routes of key plant commodities (re)exported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2019 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure, which accounts for 65% of total value. Arrow width denotes relative value of trade38.

Artificially propagated pre-Convention Wild Quantity 250 12

10 200

8 150

6

100 4 Quantityinmillions Value inmillions of EUR Value 50 2

0 0 Live orchids Live cacti Live venus Live snowdrops Indian flytraps rosewood carvings

Figure 4.8: Plant products (re)exported by the EU in 2019 accounting for the highest proportion of the value of direct and indirect imports (96% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports in EUR, coloured by source: artificially propagated (sources ‘A’ and ‘D’), pre-Convention (source ‘O’) and wild (sources ‘W’ and ‘U’). Black dots reflect the quantity of product (re)exported.

38 Data source: CITES Trade Database (https://trade.cites.org/). Base layers: United Nations Geospatial, 2020. Projection: Robinson. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 30 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

ANNEX A: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Table 1: Data included from EU Member States

Member State Received Basis of reporting Austria 28/05/2020 Actual trade Belgium 04/08/2020 Actual trade Bulgaria 04/09/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Croatia 12/06/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Cyprus 16/06/2020 -- Czech Republic 19/05/2020 Actual trade Denmark 15/06/2020 -- Estonia 15/06/2020 Permits issued Finland 16/06/2020 Actual trade France 24/08/2020 -- Germany 10/06/2020 Actual trade Greece 19/05/2020 -- Hungary 15/06/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Ireland 16/10/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Italy 15/06/2020 Actual trade Latvia 22/07/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Lithuania 15/10/2020 -- Luxembourg 01/10/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Malta 07/07/2020 -- Netherlands 11/06/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Poland 22/07/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Portugal 28/09/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Romania 15/06/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Slovakia 04/06/2020 Permits issued Slovenia 28/09/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Spain 10/06/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Sweden 16/06/2020 -- United Kingdom 12/06/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued Annex 31

Table 2: Data included from candidate countries

Candidate country Received Basis of reporting Albania -- -- Montenegro -- -- North Macedonia 19/01/2021 -- Serbia 11/12/2020 Actual trade Turkey 02/09/2020 Actual trade / Permits issued

Table 3: Conversion factors Table 5: Codes for source of specimens in trade

Converted from Converted to Code Description Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg) A Annex A plants artificially propagated for Millilitres Litres (l) non-commercial purposes and Annexes B Centimetres Metres (m) and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items] (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin] derivatives thereof 3 Timber (including Cubic meters (m ) [calculated C Annex A animals bred in captivity for logs, sawn wood, using the mid-point of the range non-commercial purposes and Annexes B veneer etc) in of specific weights provided in and C animals bred in captivity in kilograms the CITES Identification Manual accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation 39 (Vales et al., 1999 )]. (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof Table 4: Codes for purpose of trade D Annex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants Code Description artificially propagated for commercial B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of E Educational Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof G Botanical garden F Animals born in captivity, but for which the H Hunting trophy criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No L Law enforcement / judicial / forensic 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and M Medical (including biomedical research) derivatives thereof N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild I Confiscated or seized specimens (may be P Personal used with another code) Q Circus or travelling exhibition O Pre-Convention specimens S Scientific R Ranched specimens: specimens of animals T Commercial reared in a controlled environment, taken as eggs or juveniles from the wild, where they Z Zoo would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood U Source unknown (must be justified) W Specimens taken from the wild X Specimens taken in “the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any State”

39 Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. 1999. Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES Secretariat, Switzerland. 32 EU Wildlife Trade 2019

ANNEX B: VALUATION METHODOLOGY

To calculate the value of relevant 2019 trade by the EU, Data collection: Animals we use the methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC Financial values for animal products were obtained for the 2014 EU Analysis report. Financial values for using species-specific values in United States dollars animals have been calculated using the methodology (USD) that are included in the United States annual which was updated for the 2014 Analysis and therefore report to CITES (as transmitted by the United States caution should be used when comparing 2019 values Fish and Wildlife Service). Annual reports from 2011 with years prior to 2014. Caviar extract, used in to 2018 40 were used to compile price data for the cosmetics, is excluded from this valuation. This analysis, and prices were corrected for inflation. commodity is imported in very small quantities, and it is unclear whether the declared prices in the dataset Data collection: Plants from the United States represent the actual price for The United States annual reports do not report prices the extract in its natural form or the luxury commodity for most plant imports, so data for plants were containing the extract, both of which are traded. In collected from retail and wholesale websites from addition to the caviar extract, a single shipment of around the world. Google searches for the names of Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) specimens from the the main plant groups in trade (e.g. orchids, timber) United States of America, weighing 2000 kg, was plus the phrases ‘for sale’, and ‘buy’ were carried out excluded from this analysis. Since no description or to find plants and plant products for sale. In addition, purpose was provided for the shipment by the eBay searches for the main plant groups and genera importing Member State, this was interpreted as a plus relevant terms were carried out. The process scientific specimen (purpose ‘S’), which are excluded was repeated using a more targeted search for the from valuation estimates as they are not considered to names of some of the key genera, species and trade have a commercial market value. Trade for educational, terms that lacked price data after the first, more law enforcement, scientific and reintroduction/ general, search. All prices were converted to USD. introduction into the wild purposes (purpose codes 'E', Price data was primarily available for live ornamental 'L', 'S' and 'N') was excluded from the valuation, as this plants, meaning value of plant and timber trade is trade does not contribute to national economies in the likely to be under reported. Additional searches were same manner as trade for commercial or similar carried out in 2018 for the prices of highly valued purposes. Confiscated or seized products (source 'I') timber species in trade and adjusted for inflation to were also excluded. Values of trade are based on direct supplement the existing price data used in the 2014 and indirect trade. The sources of price data for plants to 2016 analyses. and animals differ and are discussed separately in the chapter, as they are not directly comparable.

40 At the time of writing, the CITES annual report for 2019 had not yet been received from the United States. Annex 33

Analysis Limitations The two datasets (animals and plants) were used to The exclusion of some trade records will reduce the calculate the median value for each combination of overall estimated value of trade, and this exclusion is taxa/term/unit/source for animals and taxa/term/unit likely to be biased towards taxa/term/unit/source for plants (as the source could not be determined for combinations that are infrequently traded. In the majority of plant retail products). These medians addition, the use of proxies at the family or order level were then multiplied by the reported trade volume of may underestimate trade values at the species level. that combination to obtain total values for CITES- Retail and wholesale prices for plants and import listed exports from the region. Only medians for values for animals may also not be comparable, due which at least five prices were found were used in the to the different sources of these data. Overall figures final calculations. In cases where there was an should therefore be interpreted with some caution. insufficient sample size, a suitable proxy was used. For example, where the sample size at the species level was not large enough, a proxy of the next lowest taxonomic level for which there was a large enough sample size was used (up to order) (e.g. the median unit value for all live wild-sourced Hippocampus species was used as a proxy for live wild-sourced Hippocampus spinosissimus). In cases where no suitable proxy could be found, the data were excluded. For timber species, the terms sawn wood, logs, timber and timber pieces were all attributed the same price per unit. Value data from specimens, extracts, medicine, and derivatives were combined to calculate one median unit value across these commodities, as these terms are frequently reported interchangeably in annual reports. 34

Image Credits

Cover photo: Tridacna gigas by Piotr Szczap, Adobe Stock Inside cover photo: Phalaenopsis hybrid by Mira Drozdowski, Adobe Stock Page 4: Euphorbia antisyphilitica by skymoon13, Adobe Stock Page 6: Rhipsalis baccifera by Keitma, Adobe Stock Page 8: Schlumbergera truncata by ClaraNila, Adobe Stock Page 10: Alligator mississippiensis by Rob Tilley/Danita Delimont, Adobe Stock Page 11: Tridacna maxima by Alexey, Adobe Stock Page 13: Python reticulatus by bukhta79, Adobe Stock Page 13: Galanthus woronowii by chumakovaslonik, Adobe Stock Page 14: Mantella nigricans by mgkuijpers, Adobe Stock Page 15: Salvator merianae by ondrejprosicky, Adobe Stock Page 16: Fungia spp. by alonanola, Adobe Stock Page 23: Falco hybrid by alan1951, Adobe Stock Page 24: Acipenser ruthenus x Huso huso by pablofilatelly, Adobe Stock Page 27: Cycas revoluta by Carolina Jaramillo, Adobe Stock