DOCSLIB.ORG

Media Revolution in Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Media Revolution in Europe Media revolution in Europe: ahead of the curve The “rags to riches” story of Karol Jakubowicz’s involvement in the work of the Council of Europe took him from the role of an awestruck newcomer from Poland in 1990 to that of the Chairman of the Steering Committee on the Media and New Communication Services (2005-06). Along the way, he was elected, delegated by the Steering Committee, and invited by the Council of Europe Secretariat to serve in a number of other capacities. In all of them, he contributed a wide variety of papers, reports and studies to assist the steering committee and other bodies in collecting information and formulating ideas in the general field of freedom of expression, creation of free and democratic media systems (including the issue of public service media), regulation of transfrontier television, the adjustment of Council of Europe human rights standards to the conditions of the information society, and the development of broadcasting legislation in Council of Europe member states. The present collection of these papers and reports is published in the conviction that they retain their value and relevance. It provides the additional benefit of offering a glimpse of the work preceding the formulation of Committee of Ministers recommendations and declarations, as well as resolutions of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Dr Karol Jakubowicz worked as a journalist and executive in the Polish press, radio and television for many years. He has been Vice-President, Television, Polish Radio and Television; Chairman, Supervisory Board, Polish Television; Head of Strategic Planning and Development at Polish Television; Director, Strategy and Analysis Department, the National Broadcasting Council of Poland, the broadcasting regulatory authority. He has also taught at universities in Poland and abroad. He has been active in the Council of Europe, in part as former Chairman of the Committee of Experts on Media Concentrations and Pluralism (1995-96), Vice-Chairman and Chairman of the Standing Committee on Transfrontier Television (1995-2002), and as Chairman of the Steering Committee on the Media and New Communication Services (2005-06). www.coe.int Karol Jakubowicz The Council of Europe has 47 member states, covering virtually the entire continent of Europe. It seeks to develop common democratic and legal principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts Council of Europe Publishing on the protection of individuals. Ever since it was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the Second World War, the Council of Europe has symbolised Media revolution in Europe: reconciliation. ahead of the curve ISBN 978-92-871-6939-6 http://book.coe.int €49/US$98 Council of Europe Publishing Media revolution in Europe: ahead of the curve Karol Jakubowicz Council of Europe Publishing The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). Cover design: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe Layout: Jouve, Paris Council of Europe Publishing F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-6939-6 © Council of Europe, August 2011 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents Forewords .................................................................................................................................... 5 Maud de Boer-Buquicchio Professor Dr Delia Mucica, Chair of the CDMC Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 9 Part I. Speeches .....................................................................................................................13 1. A new notion of media ..................................................................................................15 2. We need an EU with a heart, a social conscience and courage .....................21 3. Council of Europe media standards relating to press freedom in the digital era ...............................................................................................................25 Part II. Public service media look to the future ......................................................31 1. Public service broadcasting vis-à-vis the digital and online challenge .......33 2. Public service broadcasting in Europe .....................................................................45 3. Recommendation Rec(2007)3 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the remit of public service media in the information society ......85 4. The role and future of public service media with regard to e-democracy ....95 Part III. Human rights in the information society .............................................. 115 1. Human rights and regulation of the media and new communication services in the information society ........................................................................ 117 2. Human rights and the information society: a preliminary overview ........ 135 3. Declaration CM(2005)56 of the Committee of Ministers on human rights and the rule of law in the information society................. 165 4. A new notion of media? Media and media-like content and activities on new communication services ................................................ 177 5. Draft recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media ..................................................... 247 6. The regulation of new communication technologies and services and the extent to which it promotes pluralism ................................................. 263 3 7. Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)16 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures to promote the public service value of the Internet ................................................................................................................ 277 8. Comments on the draft report on access of national minorities to the media: new challenges .................................................................................. 287 Part IV. Creating and protecting democratic media systems ....................... 307 1. Post-communist central and eastern Europe: promoting the emergence of open and pluralist media systems .............. 309 2. Media concentrations and foreign media presence in central and eastern Europe .................................................................................. 315 3. Legislative guarantees of a plurality of information sources − implementation of constitutional provisions regarding mass media in a pluralistic society ................................................................................................. 373 4. Media and democracy ................................................................................................ 387 5. Media economics .......................................................................................................... 417 6. Persons belonging to national minorities and the media ............................. 455 Part V. Revision of the European Convention on Transfrontier Television ............................................................................ 483 Modernising the European Convention on Transfrontier Television .................. 485 Part VI. Legal expertise: keeping media free and democratic ..................... 523 1. Analysis and review of the “Gasparri Law” ........................................................... 525 2. Analysis and review of the “Frattini Law” ............................................................. 563 3. Analysis and review of draft law on public television and radio broadcasting in the Moscow region .................................................. 573 4. Full list of expertises and reports regarding media legislation written for the Council of Europe by Karol Jakubowicz .................................. 603 4 Foreword 1 Maud de Boer-Buquicchio, Deputy Secretary General of the Council of Europe Words matter. We sometimes need someone like Karol Jakubowicz to remind us of this and the fact that words, especially those that come at turning points in history, have a tendency to stick. Therefore, we must set our minds free to move beyond the limits that words can impose on our thinking. When the revision of the European Convention on Transfrontier Television was discussed, he wrote, in a paper on the scope of the new convention: “If the scope of the Convention is to be extended beyond television, then its title will obvi- ously have to be changed”. And indeed, the draft second protocol amending the convention suggests a new title: “Convention on Transfrontier Audiovisual Media Services”. Karol Jakubowicz promoted the change of the time-honoured expression “public service broadcasting” to “public service media” in a Committee of Ministers recommendation, so that the debate on this subject could move into the 21st century and escape from the linguistic and policy traps that the former term entailed. His proposal to change the name of the “Steering Committee on the Mass Media” to the “Steering Committee on the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seventy-Ninth Annual Pulaski Day Parade Sunday, October 2, 2016 Fifth Avenue, New York City
    Preliminary LONG version As of 10/1/16 SEVENTY-NINTH ANNUAL PULASKI DAY PARADE SUNDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2016 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY MARCH 4, OCTOBER 11, 1745 1779 2016 PULASKI PARADE GRAND MARSHAL HON. DR. DONNA KOCH-KAPTURSKI Specializes in Family Medicine and Internal Medicine in Garfield, NJ. HONORARY MARSHALS ANNA MARIA ANDERS DAUGHTER OF GENERAL WLADYSLAW ANDERS POLISH SENATOR AND PROCURATOR OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS FOR INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE STANISLAW KARCZEWSKI MARSHAL OF THE SENATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND BILL SHIBILSKI RADIO HOST, BROADCASTER AND PAST MC OF THE PULASKI DAY PARADE PRESIDENT RICHARD ZAWISNY GENERAL PULASKI MEMORIAL PARADE COMMITTEE, INC. Page 1 of 57 Preliminary LONG version As of 10/1/16 ASSEMBLY STREETS 39A 6TH 5TH AVE. AVE. M A 38 FLOATS 21-30 38C FLOATS 11-20 38B 38A FLOATS 1 - 10 D I S O N 37 37C 37B 37A A V E 36 36C 36B 36A 6TH 5TH AVE. AVE. Page 2 of 57 Preliminary LONG version As of 10/1/16 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE THE 79TH ANNUAL PULASKI DAY PARADE COMMEMORATING THE SACRIFICE OF OUR HERO, GENERAL CASIMIR PULASKI, FATHER OF THE AMERICAN CAVALRY, IN THE WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE BEGINS ON FIFTH AVENUE AT 12:30 PM ON SUNDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2016. THIS YEAR WE ARE CELEBRATING “POLISH- AMERICAN YOUTH, IN HONOR OF WORLD YOUTH DAY, KRAKOW, POLAND” IN 2016. THE ‘GREATEST MANIFESTATION OF POLISH PRIDE IN AMERICA’ THE PULASKI PARADE, WILL BE LED BY THE HONORABLE DR. DONNA KOCH- KAPTURSKI, A PROMINENT PHYSICIAN FROM THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Control: a Case for Privatization in Transitional Economies
    Journal of Media Economics ISSN: 0899-7764 (Print) 1532-7736 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hmec20 Media Control: A Case for Privatization in Transitional Economies Fran Galetić, Marina Dabić & Timothy Kiessling To cite this article: Fran Galetić, Marina Dabić & Timothy Kiessling (2016) Media Control: A Case for Privatization in Transitional Economies, Journal of Media Economics, 29:3, 111-124, DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2016.1206907 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/08997764.2016.1206907 Published online: 25 Aug 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 255 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hmec20 JOURNAL OF MEDIA ECONOMICS 2016, VOL. 29, NO. 3, 111–124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997764.2016.1206907 Media Control: A Case for Privatization in Transitional Economies Fran Galetića, Marina Dabić a, and Timothy Kiesslingb aFaculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; bFaculty of Business Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT The television market can be one of the most dynamic industries if country-specific regulations allow for private competitors to enter the market. The entry of competition changes the market from monopolistic to oligopolistic, which has positive performance implications for the industry. Our research analyzes the development of the Croatian TV market from the monopolistic stage to the current oligopolistic stage. Econometric models in this article aim to estimate the current trend of market concentration and its future potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Watching Socialist Television Serials in the 70S and 80S in the Former Czechoslovakia: a Study in the History of Meaning-Making1
    Watching socialist television serials in the 70s and 80s 299 Watching socialist television serials in the 70s and 80s in the former Czechoslovakia: A study in the history of meaning-making1 Irena Reifová Abstract The aim of this chapter is to map out and analyze how the viewers of the communist-governed Czechoslovak television understood the propagandist television serials during so-called “normalization”, the last two decades of the communist party rule after the Prague Spring. It strives to show peculiarities of the research on television viewers’ capabilities to remember the meanings and details of hermeneutic agency which took place in the past. The role of reproductive memory in remembering the viewers’ experience buried under the grand socio-political switchover is also illuminated and used to coin the concept of “memory over dislocation”. Keywords: popular culture, television serials, Czechoslovak normalization, life-story research, collective memory, post-socialism Reifová, I. (2016) ‘Watching socialist television serials in the 70s and 80s in the former Czecho- slovakia: a study in the history of meaning-making’, pp. 297-309 in L. Kramp/N. Carpentier/A. Hepp/R. Kilborn/R. Kunelius/H. Nieminen/T. Olsson/P. Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt/I. Tomanić Tri- vundža/S. Tosoni (Eds.) Politics, Civil Society and Participation: Media and Communications in a Transforming Environment. Bremen: edition lumière. 1 This chapter is a shortened version of the article “Watching socialist television serials in the 70s and 80s in the former Czechoslovakia: a study in the history of meaning-making” pub- lished in European Journal of Communication, 30(1). 300 Irena Reifová 1 Introduction This chapter seeks to challenge a tacit assumption that instrumental and in- terpretive autonomy of media use can only be looked for in the democratic environment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy
    bailes_hb.qxd 21/3/06 2:14 pm Page 1 Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom) is A special feature of Europe’s Nordic region the Director of SIPRI. She has served in the is that only one of its states has joined both British Diplomatic Service, most recently as the European Union and NATO. Nordic British Ambassador to Finland. She spent countries also share a certain distrust of several periods on detachment outside the B Recent and forthcoming SIPRI books from Oxford University Press A approaches to security that rely too much service, including two academic sabbaticals, A N on force or that may disrupt the logic and I a two-year period with the British Ministry of D SIPRI Yearbook 2005: L liberties of civil society. Impacting on this Defence, and assignments to the European E Armaments, Disarmament and International Security S environment, the EU’s decision in 1999 to S Union and the Western European Union. U THE NORDIC develop its own military capacities for crisis , She has published extensively in international N Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: H management—taken together with other journals on politico-military affairs, European D The Processes and Mechanisms of Control E integration and Central European affairs as E ongoing shifts in Western security agendas Edited by Wuyi Omitoogun and Eboe Hutchful R L and in USA–Europe relations—has created well as on Chinese foreign policy. Her most O I COUNTRIES AND U complex challenges for Nordic policy recent SIPRI publication is The European Europe and Iran: Perspectives on Non-proliferation L S Security Strategy: An Evolutionary History, Edited by Shannon N.
    [Show full text]
  • Enlargement, Hospitality and Transformative Powers the Cases of Moldova and Ukraine by Jeppe Juul Petersen (Copenhagen)
    ENLARGEMENT, HOSPITALITY AND TRANSFORMATIVE POWERS The Cases of Moldova and Ukraine by Jeppe Juul Petersen (Copenhagen) First publication. The European Union has undergone tremendous changes in recent years with the most comprehensive enlargement in its history. On May 1, 2004 ten new countries acceded to the EU (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta 1 Cf. Dinan, Desmond: Europe and Cyprus) and more countries are eager to join or have even been accepted as candidate recast. a history of European union. countries for entry into the European Union. Recently, Romania and Bulgaria followed the Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan ten newcomers as they finished their accession process and became members of the EU in 2004, p. 267. January 2007. Currently, the EU consists of 27 countries, with a population of roughly 500 2 Leonard, Mark/Grant, Charles: million and the largest economy in the world. Georgia and the EU. Can Europe’s Regardless of the incongruence between the old member states of the EU, the enlarge- neighbourhood policy deliver? Centre ment seemed inevitable since the reunited Europe could not restrict itself to the western for European Reform Policy Brief part of Europe.1 Thus, the enlargement processes of the EU can indeed be viewed as an 2005, p. 1. example of a reunification and integration process of Europe after the end of the Cold War. 3 Wolczuk, Kataryna: Ukraine after The countries that were previously linked to the USSR (e.g. Poland, Czech Republic and the Orange Revolution. Centre for Hungary) or the Warsaw Pact, now enjoy independence and are on the path of democracy European Reform Policy Paper 2005, and market economy, which constitute the membership criteria adopted by the European p.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Diversity of the Most Influential TV
    PROGRAMME DIVERSITY OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TV-CHANNELS IN MACEDONIA, CROATIA AND SLOVENIA Programme Diversity of the Most Influential TV-Channels in Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL TERRESTRIAL TV-CHANNELS ON NATIONAL LEVEL PROGRAMME DIVERSITY OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TV-CHANNELS IN MACEDONIA, CROATIA AND SLOVENIA Authors: Vesna Nikodinoska, Marina Tuneva and Slavco Milenkovski 1. INTRODUCTION The largest commercial terrestrial TV-channels on national level in Macedonia continue to represent a dominant source of information for the audience; hence, they continue to exert the greatest influence on the public opinion. Therefore, on one hand, it imposes expectations that the programme they offer to the viewers should reflect quality and diversity of content, and at the same time, it should set high standards for practitioners working in TV-channels, but on the other hand, they should promote democratic values and professional principles,1 so as to advance the development of the broadcasting industry. The quality of the media content is not an obligation explicitly regulated by law; however, the national commercial TV- channels, as the most viewed and the most influential, are expected to show a sense of social responsibility and work for the public interest, since they themselves are users of public resources. Under free market conditions, the competition with quality content should serve as additional stimulation to the rivalry in the broadcasting area and as “bait” for attracting advertisers. That is
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEXE 3. Tableaux
    ANNEXE 3. Tableaux Tableau 1. Durée d’écoute moyenne par individu (2003) Classement par durée Durée d’écoute moyenne par adulte, Lundi-Dimanche (minutes par jour) Serbie et Monténégro 278 Hongrie 274 Macédoine 259 Croatie 254 Pologne 250 Italie 245 Estonie 239 Royaum-Uni 239 Slovaquie 235 Roumanie 235 Turquie 224 Allemagne 217 République tchèque 214 France 213 Lituanie 210 Lettonie 207 Bulgarie 185 Slovénie 178 Albanie NA Bosnie Herzégovine NA Moyenne (18 pays) 219 Source: Comité International de marketing, IP176 EU MONITORING AND ADVOCACY PROGRAM ( EUMAP) – RAPPORT GÉNÉRAL 139 NETWORK MEDIA PROGRAM ( NMP) Tableau 2. L’équipement des ménages Classé par population Ménages équipés de télévision (MET) (avec au moins un poste de télévision) Nombre de chaînes Population Ménages Part du total des terrestres reçues par 70% (milliers) (milliers) Total ménages de la population (milliers) (%) Allemagne 82,537 38,720 34,370177 91.1 25 Turquie 71,271 16,460 10,789 97.9 15 France 61,684 24,870 23,750 95.0178 7 Royaume-Uni 59,232 25,043 24,482 97.8 5 Italie 55,696 21,645 21,320 98.5 9 Pologne 38,195 13,337 12,982 97.3 6 Roumanie179 21,698 7,392 6,763 91.5 3 République tchèque 10,230 3,738 3,735 97.6 4 Hongrie 10,117 3,863 3,785 98.0 3 Serbie et Monténégro180 8,120 2,700 2,300181 98.0 6 Bulgarie 7,845 2,905 2,754 94.8 2 Slovaquie 5,379 1,645 1,628 99.0 4 Croatie 4,438 1,477 1,448 97.5 4 Bosnie Herzégovine182 3,832 NA NA 97.0 6 Lituanie 3,463 1,357 1,331 98.1 4 Albanie183 3,144 726 500 68.8 1 Lettonie 2,331 803 780 97.2 4 Macédoine 2,023 564 467 83.0 7 Slovénie 1,964 685 673 98.0 5 Estonie 1,356 582 565 97.1 3 Source: Comité international de Marketing IP,184 Rapports nationaux EUMAP; Recherche EUMAP EU MONITORING AND ADVOCACY PROGRAM ( EUMAP) – RAPPORT GÉNÉRAL 140 NETWORK MEDIA PROGRAM ( NMP) Tableau 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Subscription Television Piracy Sandvine Global Internet Phenomena Spotlight GLOBAL INTERNET PHENOMENACASE SPOTLIGHT STUDY
    Subscription Television Piracy Sandvine Global Internet Phenomena Spotlight GLOBAL INTERNET PHENOMENACASE SPOTLIGHT STUDY Introduction By producing or licensing TV, film, sports, and other premium content, network operators aim to create content libraries that increase the appeal of bundled offers (e.g., triple and quad play services), stand out from the competition, and provide exclusive value to their subscribers, all of which contribute to top-line revenue. For some operators, the video strategy is to deliver TV and video-on-demand (VOD) services exclusively via an app. Television content can be pirated in many ways. BitTorrent can be used to share files with peers, the media player app Kodi can be modified with unofficial add-ons, and even websites can host files that subscribers can easily stream in a browser. A new emergent form of subscription television piracy, that aims to replicate the live television experience offered by cable and satellite providers is seeing increased adoption in developed markets. Left unchecked, we expect this live television piracy trend to grow both due to the ease and relatively low cost of accessing unlicensed content and due to the facilities available on the internet for pirates to leverage. The risk to operators is enormous: continued adoption of pirate TV streaming services could lead to increased cordcutting, significantly impacting top-line revenue, overall profitability, and - by extension - undermining an important aspect of the business model of operators. IDENTIFYING SUBSCRIPTION TELEVISION PIRACY To better understand the problem of live television piracy services, Sandvine worked with several North American fixed access operators to research the adoption of subscription television piracy services on their networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital News Report 2018 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 2 2 / 3
    1 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 2 2 / 3 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, David A. L. Levy and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 4 Contents Foreword by David A. L. Levy 5 3.12 Hungary 84 Methodology 6 3.13 Ireland 86 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.14 Italy 88 3.15 Netherlands 90 SECTION 1 3.16 Norway 92 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 8 3.17 Poland 94 3.18 Portugal 96 SECTION 2 3.19 Romania 98 Further Analysis and International Comparison 32 3.20 Slovakia 100 2.1 The Impact of Greater News Literacy 34 3.21 Spain 102 2.2 Misinformation and Disinformation Unpacked 38 3.22 Sweden 104 2.3 Which Brands do we Trust and Why? 42 3.23 Switzerland 106 2.4 Who Uses Alternative and Partisan News Brands? 45 3.24 Turkey 108 2.5 Donations & Crowdfunding: an Emerging Opportunity? 49 Americas 2.6 The Rise of Messaging Apps for News 52 3.25 United States 112 2.7 Podcasts and New Audio Strategies 55 3.26 Argentina 114 3.27 Brazil 116 SECTION 3 3.28 Canada 118 Analysis by Country 58 3.29 Chile 120 Europe 3.30 Mexico 122 3.01 United Kingdom 62 Asia Pacific 3.02 Austria 64 3.31 Australia 126 3.03 Belgium 66 3.32 Hong Kong 128 3.04 Bulgaria 68 3.33 Japan 130 3.05 Croatia 70 3.34 Malaysia 132 3.06 Czech Republic 72 3.35 Singapore 134 3.07 Denmark 74 3.36 South Korea 136 3.08 Finland 76 3.37 Taiwan 138 3.09 France 78 3.10 Germany 80 SECTION 4 3.11 Greece 82 Postscript and Further Reading 140 4 / 5 Foreword Dr David A.
    [Show full text]
  • Drama Directory
    2015 UPDATE CONTENTS Acknowlegements ..................................................... 2 Latvia ......................................................................... 124 Introduction ................................................................. 3 Lithuania ................................................................... 127 Luxembourg ............................................................ 133 Austria .......................................................................... 4 Malta .......................................................................... 135 Belgium ...................................................................... 10 Netherlands ............................................................. 137 Bulgaria ....................................................................... 21 Norway ..................................................................... 147 Cyprus ......................................................................... 26 Poland ........................................................................ 153 Czech Republic ......................................................... 31 Portugal ................................................................... 159 Denmark .................................................................... 36 Romania ................................................................... 165 Estonia ........................................................................ 42 Slovakia .................................................................... 174
    [Show full text]
  • Bouchra Arbaoui [email protected]
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Transformations of television systems: Implications for media content, political parties and political attitudes Arbaoui, B. Publication date 2014 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Arbaoui, B. (2014). Transformations of television systems: Implications for media content, political parties and political attitudes. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:05 Oct 2021 Transformations of television systems Transformations Transformations of This thesis investigates the transformation of West-European television television systems systems since the onset of the liberalisation process through a systematic com- parison of 17 television systems between 1980 and 2008. The transformation Transformations of television systems Implications for media of West-European television systems is analysed through a dualistic approach content political parties by analyzing the changes in media structures along the related, but distinct and political attitudes dimensions of audience fragmentation and dependency on commercial income.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey Country Report – Update November 2017 [3Rd Edition]
    21 November 2017 (COI up to 11th September 2017) Turkey Country Report – Update November 2017 [3rd edition] Explanatory Note Sources and databases consulted List of Acronyms CONTENTS 1. Main Developments since the attempted Coup d’état (July 2016) a. Overview of major legislative and political developments: i. Recent legislative developments incl. new amendments or decrees 1. State of Emergency 2. Emergency decrees a. Decree of 22 July 2016 (KHK/667) b. Decree of 25 July 2016 (KHK/668) c. Decree of 31 July 2016 (KHK/669) d. Decrees of 17 August 2016 (KHK/670 and 671) e. Decrees of 1 September 2016 (KHK/672, 673 and 674) f. Decrees of 29 October 2016 (KHK/675 and 676) g. Decrees of 22 November 2016 (KHK/677 and 678) h. Decrees of 6 January 2017 (KHK/679, 680 and 681) i. Decrees of 23 January 2017 (KHK/682, 683, 684 and 685) j. Decree of 7 February 2017 (KHK/686) k. Decree of 9 February 2017 (KHK/687) l. Decree of 29 March 2017 (KHK/688) m. Decrees of 29 April 2017 (KHK/689 and 690) n. Decree of 22 June 2017 (KHK/691) o. Decree of 14 July 2017 (KHK/692) p. Decrees of 25 August 2017 (KHK/693 and 694) 3. 2016: Observations by the Council of Europe Committee, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission 4. January – September 2017: Observations by the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly, the Council of Europe’s Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe, and the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression 5.
    [Show full text]