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An Analysis of the Czechoslovak Media Following the Act of Jan Palach’S Self-Immolation

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An Analysis of the Czechoslovak Media Following the Act of Jan Palach’S Self-Immolation Master of Arts Thesis Euroculture Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany May 2014 An Analysis of the Czechoslovak Media Following the Act of Jan Palach’s Self-immolation Submitted by: Mariana Olšarová Student number home university: F12056 Student number host university: 11332047 [email protected] Supervised by: PhDr. Petr Blažek, Ph.D. Prof. Dr. Petra Terhoeven Göttingen, 28. 5. 2014 Signature 1 MA Programme Euroculture Declaration I, Mariana Olšarová hereby declare that this thesis, entitled “An Analysis of the Czechoslovak Media Following the Act of Jan Palach’s Self-immolation”, submitted as partial requirement for the MA Programme Euroculture, is my own original work and expressed in my own words. Any use made within this text of works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables, etc.) are properly acknowledged in the text as well as in the bibliography. I hereby also acknowledge that I was informed about the regulations pertaining to the assessment of the MA thesis Euroculture and about the general completion rules for the Master of Arts Programme Euroculture. Signed ………………………………….. Date 28. 5 2014 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................. 3 Preface .............................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 8 1.1 General Introduction ............................................................................................... 8 1.2 The Importance of the Topic Today ....................................................................... 9 1.3 Research Question ................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Structure of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 11 2. Background ................................................................................. 12 2.1 Political situation in Czechoslovakia .................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Prague Spring and August 1968 ................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Reaction to the invasion and normalization ............................................................... 13 2.1.3 Jan Palach from 1989 ................................................................................................. 17 3. Theoretical framework and methodology ..................................... 19 3.1 Literature Overview .............................................................................................. 19 3.2 Material for Analysis ............................................................................................ 20 3.3 Role of Media – Especially Press ......................................................................... 21 3.4 The Effect of Media .............................................................................................. 24 3.5 The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media ....................................................... 26 3.6 Framing ................................................................................................................. 27 3.7 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ...................................................................... 28 4. Analysis ....................................................................................... 30 4.1 Written Media in January 1969............................................................................. 30 4.1.1 Práce (The Work) ....................................................................................................... 30 4.1.1.1 Results from the Analysis of the Newspaper Práce ........................................................... 36 4.1.2 Rudé Právo (The Red Right) ...................................................................................... 37 4.1.2.1 Results from the Analysis of the Newspaper Rudé Právo ................................................. 45 4.1.3 Mladá Fronta (The Youth Front) ................................................................................ 48 4.1.3.1 Results from the Analysis of the Newspaper Mladá Fronta .............................................. 53 4.1.4 Lidová Demokracie (People’s Democracy) ............................................................... 55 4.1.4.1 Results from the Analysis of the Newspaper Lidová Demokracie .................................... 60 4.1.5 Svobodné Slovo (The Free Word).............................................................................. 62 4.1.5.1 Results from the Analysis of the Newspaper Svobodné Slovo .......................................... 66 4.2 Czechoslovak Television in January 1969 ............................................................ 68 3 4.1.5.1 Results from the Analysis of the Czechoslovak Television............................................... 74 5. Findings ....................................................................................... 76 6. Conclusion ................................................................................... 79 7. Bibliography ................................................................................ 81 4 Preface I would like to thank the coordinators, contributors and other people who work on a multimedia project Jan Palach. Through this project, I was able to discover more about Jan Palach and I started to be more and more interested in this subject. After going through the whole project, I still wanted to know more and I started to read articles and discussions online. Despite the fact that there were more and more information about Jan Palach (except for the multimedia project, also a book, exhibition and numerous television and radio shows devoted to Palach, documentaries or a movie), I found many opinions which were either untrue or at least highly controversial. This caught my interest. How it is possible that historians have such a clear idea about Palach and other self-immolations and the public is sometimes so divided? And this is not only people in a pub or some anonymous in an internet discussion but also politicians or important people from the Czech cultural life.1The discussion about Palach is not only theoretical but it intervenes also with practical life of people. Several people decided for self-immolation in the past decades and claimed allegiance to Jan Palach.2 As people get more information through media than through reading books written by historians, I have decided to analyse the media and see where the rub is. I could work under two great supervisors - PhDr. Petr Blažek, Ph.D. and Prof. Dr. Petra Terhoeven, to both I would like to thank for guiding me, directing me into the right direction and giving me valuable advice. I would also like to thank the peer group from 1 One of the examples is Miroslav Grebeníček, a politician who represents the Communist Party in the parliament and said that Palach did not fight against the communist regime: “Palachova oběť nesouvisela s bojem proti komunismu, řekl Grebeníček (Palach’s Sucrifice Was Not Connected to the Fight against Communist, Said Grebenicek),” Lidovky.cz, August 2, 2013, http://www.lidovky.cz/ grebenicek-kscm- zpochybnil-tvrzeni-ze-palachova-obet-smeroval-p73-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A130208_ 102132_ln_domov_mct; Another statement is from Josef Mašín, who is known for his armed resistance against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. He called Palach to be “labile young person in a state of mental depression”: “Mašín: Palach byl labilní, upálil se zbytečně (Masin: Palach Was Labile, His Self-Immolation Was Unnecessary,” Lidovky.cz, January 21, 2012, http://www.lidovky.cz/masin-palach-byl-labilni-upalil-se- zbytecne-fk2-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A120121_122938_ln_domov_mc. 2 In 2003, a student self-immolated himself in protest of the current situation in the society as he wrote in his statement Torch 2003. He also wrote that he is a follower of Jan Palach: “Studenta dohnalo k sebevraždě ‘zlo celého světa’ (Student Was Driven to Suicide "the Evil of the Whole World),” Hn.ihned.cz, July 3, 2003, http://hn.ihned.cz/c1-12435190-studenta-dohnalo-k-sebevrazde-zlo-celeho- sveta; Another practical remembrance of Palach is a self-immolation from last year, which however was not inteded as a suicide but as a reminder of Palach: “Na václavském náměstí se zapálil muž, kvůli vzpomínce na Jana Palacha (A Man Inflamed Himself on the Wenceslaw Square for the Sake of the Memory of Jan Palach),” Lidovky.cz, January 20, 2013, http://www.lidovky.cz/na-vaclavskem-namesti- se-pokusil-upalit-muz-fz4-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A130120_143118_ln_domov_hm. 5 Euroculture who took the time each month to read through my text and helped me significantly with my work. My first idea was to analyse the media from January 1969 until today as this would show the whole picture. Unfortunately the master thesis has a limited place and therefore together with my supervisors, we have decided to focus only on January 1969. Information that we today have about Palach are in many cases distorted and many times also untrue. Even people which were close to Palach, who worked on Palach’s bibliography are mistaken and are spreading it further. Internet is of course a broad source of information as well as disinformation. Some articles are from the first sight suspicious. Other however seem
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