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Polish Public Opinion Towards Germany and the Events of the Year 1968 Therein Project No. NN 108 1035 34 In the melting pot of generations – the year 1968 and its infl uence on the Polish-German relations between 1968 and 2007 fi nanced in 2010−2010 with state budgetary means assigned to scientifi c research Translation into English Mariusz Kukliński Proof reading Agnieszka Wosik Cover Karolina Zaborska © Copyright by Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2013 ISBN 978-83-64091-07-0 Publisher Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk 00-625 Warszawa, ul. Polna 18/20 tel. (48) 22 825 21, fax (48) 22 825 21 46 www.isppan.waw.pl Realisation Ośrodek Wydawniczo-Poligrafi czny „SIM” 00-669 Warszawa, ul. Emilii Plater 9/11 tel. (48) 22 629 80 38, fax (48) 22 629 80 36 Contents To the reader (Wanda Jarząbek, Piotr Madajczyk, Joanna Szymoniczek) ................................................................... 7 Wanda Jarząbek The impact of the events of the year 1968 and their effects on Polish-German political relations between 1968 and 2008. Domestic and international aspects .............................................. 11 Introduction ............................................................................ 11 Immediate consequences of the events of 1968 .................... 14 1968 and the room of manoeuvre of the PRP’s diplomacy ..... 15 Grasping the nettle. The PRP’s German policy in 1969 .......... 25 The long-term effects of the events of 1968 .......................... 43 Summary ................................................................................ 57 Piotr Madajczyk The impact of the events of the year 1968 on the forming of the image of Poland and the Poles in public opinion in the Federal Republic of Germany ............................................ 59 Introduction ............................................................................ 59 Reactions to Poland’s participation in the suppression of the Prague Spring .............................................................. 62 Reactions to the events of March ........................................... 65 The issue of anti-Semitism and the emigration of the Jews from Poland ........................................................................... 81 The echoes of the events of 1968 .......................................... 92 Appendix ...................................................................................... 112 Joanna Szymoniczek Polish public opinion towards Germany and the events of the year 1968 therein ............................................................... 129 Introduction ............................................................................ 129 The media in the People’s Republic of Poland ...................... 130 Censorship in the People’s Republic of Poland ..................... 134 West Germany in the Polish press in 1968 ............................ 136 References in the Polish press to the events of 1968 in Germany ............................................................................ 148 “The moral collapse of the West” .......................................... 149 Terrorism in Germany ............................................................ 151 Joschka Fischer, Foreign Minister of the FRG ...................... 155 Other images of Germany and the Germans in the Polish press .................................................................. 157 Bibliography ................................................................................ 163 To the reader This volume presents the outcome of a research project carried out by the Department of German Studies in the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The project took place between 2008 and 2011 and was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The project, called “In the melting pot of generations – the year 1968 and its infl uence on the Polish-German relations between 1968 and 2007”, concerned a very interesting issue, namely the infl uence of events of 68 on the Polish-German relations. Although there have been many elaborations of this issue, they always looked at it from the same perspective. What was analysed were the internal cultural, social and political changes in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and lately, their global context. In Polish research the focus is mostly on the events of March 1968 and the problem of inner politics, with the key issue being the crisis of an authoritarian country. Moreover, the Polish studies lack not only reference to global events, but also to events happening in other countries of the Eastern bloc. The subject of our project was the German reception of the events which occurred in Poland in 1968: mass protests in favour of system democratisation, anti-Semitism, Polish participation in the 8 To the reader military intervention of Warsaw Pact (full name: the Warsaw Treaty Organisation of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance) countries in Czechoslovakia. The project also focused on the reception of events happening in the FRG by the Polish public opinion and their infl uence on Polish-German relations in the global context. This, however, does not mean that the project focused on problems which have been disregarded until now. Although the issue of the infl uence of ’68 generation’ both in Poland and the FRG on the Polish-German relations appears in the study, a further analysis is required as it does not constitute the main focus. The changes in culture, with a specifi c focus on political culture, and their infl uence on Polish-German relations should also be further analysed. During the project two volumes of Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki (The Polish-German Yearbookl) were published. They contained elaborations on the ongoing study. The fi rst volume (number 18) was published in 2010 and contained materials from a conference “1968 – A breakthrough in the East and West” which was co-organised with the German Historical Institute in Warsaw. The second volume (number 20), published in 2012, constituted a summary of the project. Both volumes contained not only elaborations, but also source materials of the concerned problems. The source materials include documents, published by Wanda Jarząbek, which concern FRG’s reaction to the March events, the military intervention in Czechoslovakia, and the evaluation of their infl uence on the situation in the Eastern bloc and the Polish-German relations. The source materials also include Polish diplomatic information about reactions in the FRG concerning the intervention in Czechoslovakia, published by Piotr Madajczyk, and also a sample of texts and caricatures found in Polish newspapers, published by Joanna Szymoniczek. To the reader 9 Furthermore, in 2012, Madajczyk published a book entitled Cień roku ’68 (Shadow of the Year 1968) which constitutes a wider elaboration on reactions in the FRG to the events in Poland. It brings together two different perspectives, historical and archival. The former constitutes German evaluation of the events in Poland, which is based on press articles and reports of the FRG’s Business Representation in Warsaw. The latter analyses press articles which appeared in subsequent years in Die Welt, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Der Spigel and Die Zeit. We do hope that our materials are of great interest and will play an important role in the discussion of the signifi cance of the year 1968. Wanda Jarząbek, Piotr Madajczyk, Joanna Szymoniczek Wanda Jarząbek The impact of the events of 1968 and their effects on Polish-German political relations between 1968 and 2008. Domestic and international aspects Introduction The year 1968 is often regarded in scholarly literature as a year of events which, on the one hand, were themselves the result of transformations taking place in the societies of the time, while, on the other hand, they contributed to their further transformations. Some researchers regard them as one of the ‘revolutions’, a date of symbolic signifi cance for the world’s history1. Though the changes in Eastern and Western Europe were not identical, this does not mean that they had no features in common2. In 1968, the crisis of communist authority 1 Wolfgang Kraushaar, 1968 als Mythos, Chiffre und Zäsur, Hamburg 2000; Charles Tilly, European Revolutions, 1492– 1992, Oxford 1993. 2 1968. The World Transformed, Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert and Detlef Junker (eds.), Washington 1998, i.a. articles by Stuart Halwig, “The Revolt against Establishment: Students versus the Press in West Germany and Italy”; Gerd-Rainer Horn, “The Changing 12 Wanda Jarząbek in Eastern Europe once again came to the surface. In West European states, in turn, criticism of their political and social systems, not infrequently of far-reaching genesis and with strongly rooted structures, came about. Another facet of the year 1968 is related to changes in mores, a rejection of traditional systems of morality and values. Interest in issues related to the protection of the environment began to rise, movements and, in time, green parties emerged, which introduced issues that had previously been absent from traditional politics. In the case of some Western countries, new forms of terrorism emerged as one of the effects of the events of 1968, of a fascination with the revolutionary slogans of the Chinese and South American versions of Marxism and of the popularity of Mao Zedong and Che Guevara, respectively. It should be remembered, however, that in the case of the organisation known as Kommune I, which was formed in 1967, appeals for using violence occured. In the
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