Os Programas De Entretenimento Em Fluxo Na Televisão Generalista Em Portugal: O Modelo De Organização E a Sua Valorização Estética Numa Convergência De Media

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Os Programas De Entretenimento Em Fluxo Na Televisão Generalista Em Portugal: O Modelo De Organização E a Sua Valorização Estética Numa Convergência De Media Os programas de entretenimento em fluxo na televisão generalista em Portugal: o modelo de organização e a sua valorização estética numa convergência de media Adriano José Barbosa Baía Nazareth Tese de Doutoramento apresentada à Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto em Media Digitais Orientador: José Manuel Pereira Azevedo PhD, Professor Associado, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Porto, Janeiro 2016 II RESUMO “Os programas de entretenimento em fluxo na televisão generalista em Portugal: o modelo de organização e a sua valorização estética numa convergência de media” Adriano Baía Nazareth PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Produção televisiva, linguagem televisiva, broadcast, estéticas televisivas, tecnologia cultural, Talk-show day-time, programas produzidos em fluxo, expansão do discurso audiovisual Os estudos televisivos não se têm centrado sobre programas produzidos em fluxo. Estes programas estão na génese da televisão, cujo eixo temporal do texto televisivo é produzido de modo contínuo, contemporâneo ou não, e são produtores de fenómenos estéticos considerados exclusivos do meio televisivo. Num momento em que se assiste a uma expansão do discurso audiovisual motivada pela inovação da tecnologia do vídeo digital, a produção televisiva, detentora de uma característica cumulativa de linguagens e estéticas de diversas origens e que se encontra num permanente estado de mudança, tem nos programas produzidos em fluxo um potencial no desenvolvimento do texto televisivo e de estéticas comunicativas inovadoras capazes de produzirem experiências únicas na audiência. Por esse motivo, o objetivo da presente dissertação foi observar e analisar os processos de produção dos programas de entretenimento produzidos em fluxo, com enfoque no estudo empírico do género televisivo Talk-show day-time. O enquadramento teórico desta dissertação foi a estética decorrente dos aspetos tecnológicos, culturais e sociais que se situam no campo de Estudos de Produção - não deixando de abordar as problemáticas enquadradas nos Estudos de Oferta e de Audiências - preconizando numa melhor compreensão sobre modelos e práticas de produção televisiva e versando sobre duas grandes áreas de análise desenvolvidas no estudo empírico que são: 1) A influência tecnológica na produção televisiva de programas produzidos em fluxo; 2) o valor semântico das estéticas comunicativas produzidas pelo conteúdo televisivo e da incorporação de sistemas expressivos de outras plataformas de comunicação. III O desenho do estudo empírico arrogou uma abordagem multidisciplinar, recorrendo a métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, de forma a procurar obter uma diversidade de perspetivas complementares sobre o objeto de investigação com a seguinte estratégia: 1) levantamento histórico do programa “Praça da Alegria”, Talk-show day-time que durante mais de 18 anos foi produzido pela estação televisiva de serviço público portuguesa; 2) após o levantamento histórico estabeleceu-se a seleção de uma amostra dividida em 9 estratos compostos por 42 programas completos, totalizando 116 horas de produção; 3) partindo da amostra, realizaram-se três estudos com objetivo de identificar a modelação das formas, temas e conteúdos produzidos no fluxo do programa, bem como os processos de comunicação e sistemas expressivos utilizados na produção de estéticas comunicativas e quais os meios técnicos e humanos usados. IV ABSTRACT “The entertainment programs in flow on the generalist television in Portugal: organization models and aesthetic values in face of a media convergence period” Adriano Baía Nazareth KEYWORDS: Television production, television language, broadcast, television aesthetic, cultural technology, Daytime Talk-show, programs produced in flow, media convergence. Few television studies have been centered on programs produced in flow. We can consider that partially unexpected because those programs exist since the origin of the television and are at the core of the aesthetic and image grammar exclusive of the television medium. Driven by the innovation of the technology of the digital video, we are witnessing an expansion of the audiovisual discourse. Television production holds a cumulative knowledge of diverse origins mixing aesthetics languages in a permanent state of change and evolution. The programs produced in flow seem to have the potential to provide unique experiences to audiences, through the development of the televised text and innovative aesthetics. Therefore, this dissertation has the objective to observe and to analyze the production process of entertainment programs produced in flow, with particular emphasis on the empirical study of the television genre Daytime Talk-Show. The thesis framework centered around the models and practices of television production with a particular focus on the aesthetics arising from the technological, cultural and social aspects identified in the Production Studies field. The empirical study main goals were: 1) The technological influence in the television production of programs produced in flow; 2) the semantic value of communicative aesthetic produced by television content and the incorporation of expressive systems of other media languages. The drawing of the empirical study adopted a multidisciplinary approach, using quantitative and qualitative methods, in order to seek a variety of complementary perspectives on the object of inquiry with the following strategy: 1) historical analysis of the "Praça da Alegria", a Talk-show daytime program, which for more than 18 years has V been produced for the Portuguese public service’s television station; 2) the historical study allowed us to identify several periods based in different cenographical settings. A sample of each of those periods was developed, resulting into nine strata composed of 42 complete programs, reckoning 116 hours of production; 3) three studies were developed in order to identify forms, subjects and contents produced in the program flow, as well as the communication processes and expressive systems used in the production. Finally a third study focused on the perspective of the production directors towards the evolution of the genre day talk show. VI AGRADECIMENTOS A escrita da presente dissertação foi um trabalho difícil. Por esse motivo gostaria de expressar a minha gratidão a todos aqueles que contribuíram para a concretização deste estudo. As minhas primeiras palavras de agradecimento vão para o Professor Doutor José Manuel Pereira Azevedo por ter aceitado o encargo de orientador deste estudo. O seu tempo despendido na leitura de centenas de paginas – muitas delas de leitura pouco comoda – resultou sempre numa orientação sustentada pela sabedoria e rigor metodológico, sempre acompanhada por palavras de apoio e de estimulo. Quero ainda reforçar a minha admiração pelo Professor Doutor José Manuel Pereira Azevedo, por nunca ter criado obstáculos na realização deste estudo. Os meus agradecimentos à Radio Televisão de Portugal na cedência de elementos para esta investigação e a todos os seus profissionais, meus colegas, que contribuíram com uma incansável disponibilidade no fornecimento desses elementos, em especial à Susana Faria, Júlio Barata, Rui Filipe Oliveira, Isabel Freire e José Sousa. Um especial agradecimento aos produtores e realizadores de programas da Radio Televisão de Portugal que se disponibilizaram para o preenchimento do inquérito. Deixo ainda especiais agradecimentos ao Ricardo Tomé, Ana Isabel Lourenço, Luís Loureiro, Maria São José, Mário Augusto e Carlos Alberto Henriques pela generosidade na contribuição de informação útil para este estudo. Bem como ao Professor Artur Pimenta Alves pelo seu apoio no decorrer da investigação e ao Professor Joseph Straubhaar pelas suas dicas uteis. Não posso deixar de agradecer à Cátia Santana pelo precioso auxílio na correção da metodologia/forma da dissertação e revisão do seu texto. Finalmente quero agradecer há minha família em especial o meu pai que sempre me apoiou nos momentos de algum desânimo e me auxiliou com o seu conhecimento quando por mim era pedido. VII VIII Índice INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................... 1 1. Tema geral e objetivos da investigação .......................................................................... 1 2. Enquadramento teórico e metodologia ......................................................................... 3 CAPÍTULO I – A PRODUÇÃO TELEVISIVA ................................................................................... 7 1. A oferta da produção televisiva na televisão generalista .................................................... 8 1.1. A expansão da televisão ............................................................................................ 8 1.2. O modelo generalista ............................................................................................... 10 2. Produção televisiva – produtora de formas para olhares televisivos ............................ 15 2.1. A tecnologia na produção de estéticas televisivas ................................................... 16 2.2. A televisão. Uma indústria cultural dependente ...................................................... 27 2.3. Produção televisiva. Uma indústria de práticas globalizadas (estéticas ao serviço da audiência?) ..................................................................................................................... 32 2.4. Estética televisiva. Uma linguagem expressivamente cinematográfica
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