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Cognitive Dissonance by Leon Festinger
472 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Cognitive Dissonance by Leon Festinger SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OCTOBER 1962 VOL. 207, NO. 4 PP. 92-102 PUBLISHED BY W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY 660 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94104 Copyright.; 1962 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. No part of this offprint may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or otherwise copied for public or private use without written permission of the publisher. The Author its Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. LEON FESTINGER is professor of psychology at Stanford University. Fes- Bibliography tinger took his B.S. in psychology at the College of the City of New York in 1939. COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF FORCED He received M.A. and Ph.D. degrees COMPLIANCE. Leon Festinger and from the State University of Iowa, where James M. Carlsmith in The Journal of he specialized in the field of child be- Abnormal and Social Psychology, havior, in 1940 and 1942 respectively. Vol. 58, No. 2, pages 203-210; He remained at Iowa as a research asso- March, 1959. ciate until 1943 - and for the next two PREPARATORY ACTION AND BELIEF IN years served as senior statistician on the THE PROBABLE OCCURRENCE OF Committee on Selection and Training FUTURE EVENTS. Ruby B. Yaryan and of Aircraft Pilots at the University of Leon Festinger in The Journal of Ab- Rochester. From 1945 to 1948 he taught normal and Social Psychology, Vol. at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 63, No. -
The Psychologist Volume 39, Nos
Fall_2004 Volume_39 Numbers_1-4 The Psychologist A publication of the Society for General Psychology Division ONE of the American Psychological Association TABLE OF CONTENTS APA Committee on Animal Research and Experimentation (Nancy Dess)………………….……..18 1. DIVISIONAL NEWS International Adventures in Psychology (Frances M. Culbertson)………………………………..20 Editorial (Harold Takooshian, Richard Velayo)……………....2 Celebrating 75 years of excellence Division Officers and chairs…………………………………….3 (Takooshian, Salovey, Denmark) ………………….….21 Minutes: August 2003 China, August 2004 (Nancy F. Russo) ……………………..22 (Michael Wertheimer)……………………………………..3 Membership Application …………………………….............23 Minutes: August 2004 (Michael Wertheimer)………………...6 APA Council report: February 2004 (Michael Wertheimer) …………………………………….8 Editorial APA Council report: August 2004 The adage tells us (Michael Wertheimer)……………………………………10 “No one is irreplaceable.” True? Historian’s Report 2004 (Donald Dewsbury)………………..12 Not always. After Fellows Committee Report many years as the (Harold Takooshian) …………………………………….12 Editor of The General Psychologist, Alan Boneau in 2003 made good on his 2. ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR MEMBERS years-long warning that the Society must find a new TGP Editor. Since Alan’s last issue in Fall 2003, the Call for Award Nomination for 2005 Society has been without its Newsletter to (Nancy F. Russo)………………………………………...12 communicate news to its thousands of members. One-by-one, two colleagues kindly volunteered to edit Call for Fellow Nominations for 2005 TGP, but then each had to withdraw before producing (Harold Takooshian)……………………………………..13 an issue. In view of the two-fold importance of the activities of our Society, and the need for its Call for Programs 2005 (Richard Meegan)………………….14 Newsletter, we two asked the Society’s Executive 2005 APA apportionment ballots (Sarah Jordan) ………….14 Committee if we could edit this Fall 2004 special issue of TGP, to publish the year’s accumulated news and New APA division on Human-Animal Studies announcements. -
Theory and Experiment in Social Communication
THEORY AND EXPERIMENT IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION BY LEON FESTINGER KURT BACK STANLEY SCHACHTER HAROLD H. KELLEY JOHN THIBAUT 4867 THEORY AND EXPERIMENT IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION BY LEON FESTINGER KURT BACK STANLEY SCHACHTER HAROLD H. KELLEY JOHN THIBAUT RESEARCH CENTER FOR DYNAMICS INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN REPORT OF STUDIES UNDER OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH CONTRACT OCTOBER, 1950 I.lllioptmiill In U.S.A. EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC. ANN All BO PI. MICHIGAN 1 9 J 1 FOREWORD For the past three years the Research Center for Group Dynamics has been conducting a program of research in the area of social com• munication under contract N6onr-23212 NR 170 698 with the Office of Naval Research. During these years two field studies and a number of laboratory experiments have been done. This compilation presents the reports of the laboratory studies together with a theoretical integration of the work which has been done to date. These studies have centered mainly on two sets of problems, namely, communication stemming from pres• sures toward uniformity in groups and communication in hierarchical structures. The reports of the experiments in this compilation are grouped along these lines. While all of the studies were done at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, some of the authors have since gone elsewhere. Kurt Back is now on the staff of the United States Bureau of the Census. Stanley Schachter is a member of the Department of Psychology of the Uni• versity of Minnesota. John Thibaut is in the Psychology Department of Boston University. Leon Festinger, under whose general supervision this program is being carried out, and Harold H. -
Clearing Conceptual Space for Cognitivist Motivational Internalism
Philos Stud DOI 10.1007/s11098-008-9331-0 Clearing conceptual space for cognitivist motivational internalism Danielle Bromwich Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract Cognitivist motivational internalism is the thesis that, if one believes that ’It is right to /’, then one will be motivated to /. This thesis—which captures the practical nature of morality—is in tension with a Humean constraint on belief: belief cannot motivate action without the assistance of a conceptually independent desire. When defending cognitivist motivational internalism it is tempting to either argue that the Humean constraint only applies to non-moral beliefs or that moral beliefs only motivate ceteris paribus. But succumbing to the first temptation places one under a burden to justify what is motivationally exceptional about moral beliefs and succumbing to the second temptation saddles one with a thesis that fails to do justice to the practicality intuition that cognitivist motivational internalism is sup- pose to capture. In this paper, I offer a way of defending cognitivist motivational internalism, which does not require accepting that there is anything motivationally unusual about moral beliefs. I argue that no belief satisfies the Humean constraint: all beliefs are capable of motivating without the assistance of a conceptually independent desire. Keywords Cognitivist motivational internalism Á Humean theory of motivation Á Belief Á Desire Á Moral motivation 1 Introduction Cognitivist motivational internalism is the thesis that, if one believes that ‘It is right to /’, then one will be motivated to /. This thesis—which captures the practical nature of morality—is in tension with a Humean constraint on belief. -
Stanley Schachter 1922–1997
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANLEY SCHACHTER 1922–1997 A Biographical Memoir by RICHARD E. NISBETT Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 78 PUBLISHED 2000 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Courtesy of Columbia University. STANLEY SCHACHTER April 15, 1922–June 7, 1997 BY RICHARD E. NISBETT TANLEY SCHACHTER was one of the very few social psycholo- Sgists ever elected to the National Academy of Sciences (in 1983). His contributions ranged across the study of com- munication and social influence, group processes, sources of the affiliation motive, intellectual and temperamental correlates of birth order, nature of emotional experience, people’s ability to correctly attribute the causes of their behavior to external versus internal factors, causes of obesity and eating behavior disorders, the addictive nature of nicotine, psychological reactions to events that affect stock market prices, and the proper interpretation of “filled” (“uh,” “er”) pauses in speech. Few, if any, social psychologists ever made contributions over a wider range of topics. Remark- ably, the diverse content of the contributions was tied to- gether by a small number of powerful theoretical concepts. Stanley Schachter was born on April 15, 1922, to Nathan and Anna Schachter in Flushing, then a semi-rural part of Queens, New York. Knowing that he wanted to go away to school, but knowing nothing of the rarefied and preppy atmosphere he was about to enter, he chose Yale, where he initially majored in art history. He stayed on for a master’s degree in Yale’s psychology department, which he found 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS far more to his liking than the undergraduate school. -
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Leon Festinger (1957) Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Leon Festinger (1957) Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger, Henry W. Riecken, & Stanley Schachter, When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group that Predicted the End of the World (University of Minnesota Press; 1956). Mrs. Marion Keech, had mysteriously been given messages in her house in the form of "automatic writing" from alien beings on the planet"Clarion," who revealed that the world would end in a great flood before dawn on December 21 1954. Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford University Press; 1957). Festinger Influenced by Kurt Lewin- (University of Iowa) Social psychology, Group Dynamics, experiential learning Dissonance Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies Dissonance is a drive state with arousal properties. Elkin and Leippe (1986) study People are motivated to reduce dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Theory Leon Festinger (1957) the feeling people have when they find "themselves doing things that don't fit with what they know, or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold.” consistency theories S-O-R psychology Magnitude of dissonance The degree of importance, or significant of the issue to the individual the dissonance ratio, or dissonant cognitions relative to the amount of consonant cognitions. the rationale(s) that a person can summon to justify the inconsistency. Minimal justification $1/$20 experiment, Festinger and Carlsmith (1957) assigned experiment participants a boring, repetitive task sorting spools into lots of twelve and giving square pegs a quarter turn to the right for one hour. The researcher explained that they needed another person to continue doing this task and asked the participants to recruit a woman in the waiting room by telling her how enjoyable the task was. -
History of Psychology
The Psych 101 Series James C. Kaufman, PhD, Series Editor Department of Educational Psychology University of Connecticut David C. Devonis, PhD, received his doctorate in the history of psychology from the University of New Hampshire’s erstwhile pro- gram in that subject in 1989 with a thesis on the history of conscious pleasure in modern American psychology. Since then he has taught vir- tually every course in the psychology curriculum in his academic odys- sey from the University of Redlands in Redlands, California, and the now-closed Teikyo Marycrest University (formerly Marycrest College in Davenport, Iowa) to—for the past 17 years—Graceland University in Lamoni, Iowa, alma mater of Bruce Jenner and, more famously for the history of psychology, of Noble H. Kelly (1901–1997), eminent con- tributor to psychology’s infrastructure through his many years of ser- vice to the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology. Dr. Devonis has been a member of Cheiron: The International Society for the History of Behavioral and Social Sciences since 1990, a con- tributor to many of its activities, and its treasurer for the past 10 years. Currently he is on the editorial board of the American Psychological Association journal History of Psychology and is, with Wade Pickren, coeditor and compiler of the online bibliography History of Psychology in the Oxford Bibliographies Online series. History of Psychology 101 David C. Devonis, PhD Copyright © 2014 Springer Publishing Company, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, or authorization through payment of the appropriate fees to the Copyright Clearance Cen- ter, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, [email protected] or on the Web at www.copyright.com. -
King's Research Portal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by King's Research Portal King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1177/1094428117698745 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Roulet, T. J., Gill, M., Stenger, S., & Gill, D. (2017). Reconsidering the Value of Covert Research: The Role of Ambiguous Consent in Participant Observation. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS, 20(3), 487-517. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117698745 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
The Misogyny of Psychology: a Tribute to Women Often Overlooked
Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU Honors Projects Honors College Spring 5-8-2020 The Misogyny of Psychology: A Tribute to Women Often Overlooked Gabrielle Miller [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/honorsprojects Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Psychology Commons Repository Citation Miller, Gabrielle, "The Misogyny of Psychology: A Tribute to Women Often Overlooked" (2020). Honors Projects. 519. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/honorsprojects/519 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Table of Contents Preface 3 Mary Whiton Calkins 4 Melanie Klein 5 Karen Horney 6 Leta Stetter Hollingworth 7 Inez Prosser 8 Anna Freud 9 Mary Ainsworth 10 Bernice Neugarten 11 Mamie Phipps Clark 12 Janet Taylor Spence 13 Florence Denmark 14 Bonnie Strickland 15 Afterword 16 References 18 2 | P a g e Preface The basis for this project stemmed from my passion for spreading positive energy. Additionally, my altruistic values provide me with a strong sense of duty to do the right thing at the same time that I believe it is my responsibility to help others, especially because I have been afforded the luxury of a college education although many others do not share this privilege. Under those circumstances, I wanted to speak on the issue of inequal representation of diverse identities, with special attention to the branches of science which historically refused to give due credit to individuals other than straight, white men. -
Volume 55-3, October
The INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST VOLUME 55 ISSUE 3 October 2015 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 74th ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2015-2016 PRESIDENT ELECT JULY 22-25, 2016 REPORT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: Dr. Janet Sigal, USA YOKOHAMA, JAPAN Tokyo, Japan. October 2015 [email protected] Conference Theme Past President: Dr. Tara Pir, USA [email protected] PSYCHOLOGY FOR WORLD EQUALITY, Dear Colleagues, President Elect: Dr. Machiko Fukuhara, ACCESS AND WELL-BEING JAPAN [email protected] On August 3, 2015 in Toronto, I Treasurer: Dr. Robert D. Clark, USA Machiko Fukuhara, had the great honor of experiencing [email protected] 'high five’ with Dr. Janet Sigal, ICP, Secretary: Dr. Cecilia Cheng, CHINA PhD, ICP President- Inc. President 2015-16. Then I real- [email protected] Elect DIRECTORS AT LARGE ized that two major responsibilities, Term expires 2016 Chair and Coordinator of President-Elect, ICP, Inc. as well as Dr. Diana Boer, GERMANY Coordinator (chair), of the Local Dr. Yoshiko Kato, JAPAN the 74th Annual Confer- Arrangement Committee for the 74th Term expires 2017 ence and Jubilee Birthday Polly Dy, Esq., PHILIPPINES Year of the International ICP, Inc. Conference, Yokohama, Dr. Richard Velayo, USA are in front of me. Psychologists (ICP, Inc.) Term expires 2018 I understand that my tasks in Dr. Anna Laura Comunian, ITALY Dr. Sandra E. S. Neil, AUSTRALIA Don’t miss this excellent opportunity to share relation to the conference and in Non-Voting Board Representatives ideas and engage in face-to-face discussion with capacity of President-Elect and UN NGO Chair colleagues! The International Council of Psychol- Chair of the Local Arrangement Dr. -
FIRST ANNUAL PSYCHOLOGY DAY at the UNITED NATIONS
FIRST ANNUAL PSYCHOLOGY DAY at the UNITED NATIONS Wednesday, 0ctober 10, 2007 2:00 am – 5:00 am Thursday, October 11, 2007 10:00 am – 11:30 am 1st Annual Psychology Day at the United Nations page 1 Program Outline FIRST ANNUAL PSYCHOLOGY DAY AT THE UNITED NATIONS PROGRAM WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 10, 2007 DAG HAMMARSKJOLD AUDITORIUM UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK 2:00pm – 3:00pm Opening remarks and introductions by Florence Denmark, Ph.D. (Main Representative of the American Psychological Association and the International Council of Psychologists; Chair of Planning Committee) Greetings from Norman Anderson, Ph.D. (APA CEO) FIRST PANEL: Role of Psychology and Psychologists at the United Nations: Representatives from several Psychology Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) Moderator: Florence L. Denmark, Ph.D. Speakers: American Psychological Association Deanna Chitayat, Ph.D. Association for Woman in Psychology Maram Hallak, Ph.D. International Association for Applied Psychology Judy Kuriansky, Ph.D. International Council of Psychologists Richard Velayo, Ph.D. International Union of Psychological Science Michel Sabourin, Ph.D. International Psychoanalytic Association Isaac Tylim, Ph.D. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Elizabeth Carll, Ph.D. Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Susan Opatow, Ph.D. World Federation for Mental Health Ricki Kantrowitz, Ph.D. 3:00pm – 4:00pm SECOND PANEL: Peace and Conflict Resolution Moderator: Peter Walker, Ph.D. (UN/NGO Representative, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues) Speakers: • Ms. Rachel N. Mayanja (Assistant Secretary General; Special Advisor on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women) • Me. Hélène Gosselin (UNESCO Representative to the United Nations, Director, UNESCO New York Office) • Corann Okorodudu, Ed.D. -
IAAP Bulletin the International Association of Applied Psychology
Issue 29: 2 July, 2017 The IAAP Bulletin The International Association of Applied Psychology Hanoi, Vietnam, Site of the First Southeast Asia Regional Conference of Psychology (RCP2017) held from November 28 to December 1, 2017. Editor: Valerie Hearn, USA Email for submissions: vchearn@comcast net AAPNL_C1-C4.inddPNL_C1-C4.indd 1 221/06/171/06/17 112:092:09 PPMM Table of Contents Editorial .................................................................................................................................. 1 The President’s Corner........................................................................................................... 3 My “Outstanding Contributions to the Advancement of Psychology Internationally” ........8 IAAP in the 1970s and 1980s: Leaders in our Association from across the world ...........33 Division News ...................................................................................................................... 38 Call for Nominations for the 2018 Distinguished Professional Contributions Award .......73 2018 Election of Fellows of the International Association of Applied Psychology ...........76 News from India .................................................................................................................. 78 First SE Asia Regional Conference of Psychogy (RCP2017) ............................................79 Report from the IAAP United Nations (UN) Representatives ...........................................80 Commentary: Time Statues ................................................................................................