Polskie Fidele Kolanowe Wieku, Tradycyjnej Polskiej Kultury Ludowej, a Także Współczesnej Prakty- Ki Gry Na Instrumentach Kolanowych Europy I Azji

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Polskie Fidele Kolanowe Wieku, Tradycyjnej Polskiej Kultury Ludowej, a Także Współczesnej Prakty- Ki Gry Na Instrumentach Kolanowych Europy I Azji 4 TEKA LUBELSKA 4 Książka przedstawia wyniki wieloletnich badań Ewy Dahlig-Turek oraz eksperymentów twórczych Marii Pomianowskiej, których efektem jest odtworzenie i wprowadzenie do praktyki muzycznej wymarłej linii pol- skich fideli kolanowych. Proces rekonstrukcji suki biłgorajskiej, suki mieleckiej, fideli płockiej oraz hipotetycznej praktyki wykonawczej na tych instrumentach okazał Ewa Dahlig-Turek Maria Pomianowska się wielowymiarową fuzją paradygmatów, obejmującą poszczególne ele- menty odtwarzanego fenomenu kultury: instrument, technikę wykonaw- czą i repertuar. Autorki odwołują się do źródeł historycznych XVI-XIX Polskie fidele kolanowe wieku, tradycyjnej polskiej kultury ludowej, a także współczesnej prakty- ki gry na instrumentach kolanowych Europy i Azji. (Re)Konstrukcja Publikacja dedykowana jest pamięci Andrzeja Kuczkowskiego – lutnika- -pasjonata, bez którego polskie fidele kolanowe nadal byłyby znane tylko z kart książek. TEKA LUBELSKA spis rzeczy 1 Teka Lubelska tom 4 2 spis rzeczy TEKA LUBELSKA 4 Komitet Redakcyjny serii Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) Jerzy Bartmiński (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) Andrzej Betlej (Uniwersytet Jagielloński) Andrzej Buko (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Polska Akademia Nauk) Dariusz Chemperek (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) Mieczysława Demska-Trębacz (Uniwersytet Muzyczny Fryderyka Chopina) Piotr Dymmel (Archiwum Państwowe w Lublinie, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) Łukasz Garbal (Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza w Warszawie) Henryk Gmiterek (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) Krzysztof Gombin (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II) Małgorzata Kitowska-Łysiak (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II) Andrzej Kokowski (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) Piotr Krasny (Uniwersytet Jagielloński) Dorota Kudelska (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II) Marcin Lachowski (Uniwersytet Warszawski) Dariusz Libionka (Polska Akademia Nauk, Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku) Jacek Maj (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) – redaktor naczelny Tomasz Pietrasiewicz (Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN”) Paweł Próchniak (Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie) Ryszard Szczygieł (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) spis rzeczy 3 Ewa Dahlig-Turek Maria Pomianowska Polskie fidele kolanowe (Re)Konstrukcja Warszawa–Lublin–Kraków 2014 4 spis rzeczy spis rzeczy 5 Pamięci Andrzeja Kuczkowskiego – naszego Przyjaciela, lutnika-pasjonata, bez którego polskie chordofony kolanowe nadal byłyby znane tylko z kart książek Autorki 6 spis rzeczy spis rzeczy 7 Spis rzeczy Zamiast wstępu . 11 1. Fidele kolanowe w polskiej tradycji nieprofesjonalnej . 15 1.1. Fidele kolanowe i ramieniowe . 15 1.2. „Skrzypce” Haura . 17 1.3. Fidel płocka . 23 1.4. Suka . 31 1.5. „Skrzypce z okolic Mielca” . 43 1.6. Technika paznokciowa – rzeczywistość czy legenda? . 49 1.7. W poszukiwaniu analogii: gudok i liry bałkańskie . 54 2. Rekonstrukcje historycznych fideli kolanowych . 65 2.1. Rekonstrukcje muzealne . 65 2.2. (Re)Konstrukcje na potrzeby wykonawstwa estradowego . 69 2.3. Fidel płocka . 70 2.4. Suka biłgorajska . 72 2.5. Suki Zbigniewa Butryna . 74 2.6. Nazewnictwo historycznych fideli kolanowych . 75 3. (Re)Konstrukcja praktyki wykonawczej . 81 3.1. Technika gry na instrumentach smyczkowych . 81 3.1.1. Zagadnienia podstawowe . 81 3.1.2. Uwarunkowania historyczne . 82 3.1.2.1. Strój . 82 3.1.2.2. Smyczkowanie . 83 3.1.2.3. Palcowanie . 83 8 spis rzeczy 3.2. W poszukiwaniu inspiracji . 84 3.2.1. Technika przyciskowa . 88 3.2.1.1. Wiolonczela . 88 3.2.1.2. Kamancze . 92 3.2.1.3. Er-hu . 96 3.2.2. Technika paznokciowa . 102 3.2.2.1. Sarangi . 102 3.2.2.2. Gadułka . 110 3.2.2.3. Morin hur . 114 3.3. (Re)Konstrukcja techniki gry: fidel płocka i suka biłgorajska . 120 3.3.1. Postawa . 120 3.3.2. Technika gry: lewa ręka . 122 3.3.3. Technika gry: prawa ręka . 127 3.4. Możliwości muzyczne zrekonstruowanych fideli kolanowych . 131 3.4.1. Gra solowa . 131 3.4.2. Gra akompaniująca . 132 3.4.3. Improwizacja . 134 3.4.4. Repertuar . 135 3.5. Fidele polskie i azjatyckie – podobieństwa i różnice . 136 4. Gra na fidelach kolanowych jako przedmiot nauczania . 139 4.1. Działalność Zbigniewa i Krzysztofa Butrynów . 139 4.2. Działalność dydaktyczna Marii Pomianowskiej . 141 Zakończenie: W poszukiwaniu paradygmatów . 149 Literatura . 157 Spis ilustracji . 161 Indeks nazwisk . 165 Polish knee-fiddles: (re)construction – summary . 169 9 Contents In lieu of an introduction . 11 1. Knee-fiddles in the Polish folk tradition . 15 1.1. Knee- and shoulder fiddles . 15 1.2. Haur’s ‘violin’ . 17 1.3. The łockP fiddle . 23 1.4. The suka . 31 1.5. ‘A violin from the Mielec region’ . 43 1.6. The fingernail technique – myth oreality? r . 49 1.7. In quest of analogies: the gudok and the Balkan bowed lyras . 54 2. The reconstructions of historical knee-fiddles . 65 2.1. Reconstructions for display in museums . 65 2.2. (Re)Constructions for stage performance . 69 2.3. The łockP fiddle . 70 2.4. The suka of Biłgoraj . 72 2.5. Zbigniew Butryn’s sukas . 74 2.6. The terminology of knee-fiddles . 75 3. (Re)Construction of performance practice . 81 3.1. The technique of playing bowed string instruments . 81 3.1.1. Basics . 81 3.1.2. Historical considerations . 82 3.1.2.1. Tuning . 82 3.1.2.2. Bowing . 83 3.1.2.3. Fingering . 83 10 Contents 3.2. In quest of inspirations . 84 3.2.1. The fingertip technique . 88 3.2.1.1. The cello . 88 3.2.1.2. The kamancze . 92 3.2.1.3. The er-hu . 96 3.2.2. The fingernail technique . 102 3.2.2.1. The sarangi . 102 3.2.2.2. The gadułka . 110 3.2.2.3. The morin hur . 114 3.3. (Re)Constructing the performance technique: the Płock fiddle and the suka of Biłgoraj . 120 3.3.1. Body position . 120 3.3.2. Performance technique: the left hand . 122 3.3.3. Performance technique: the right hand . 127 3.4. The music potential of the reconstructed knee-fiddles . 131 3.4.1. Solo performance . 131 3.4.2. Accompaniment . 132 3.4.3. Improvisation . 134 3.4.4. Repertoire . 135 3.5. Polish and Asian fiddles – similarities and differences . 136 4. Knee-fiddle playing in music education . 139 4.1. The teaching activity of Zbigniew and Krzysztof Butryn . 139 4.2. The teaching activity of Maria omianowskaP . 141 Conclusions: In quest of paradigms . 149 Literature . 157 List of illustrations . 161 Index of names . 165 Polish knee-fiddles: (re)construction – summary . 169 Zamiast wstępu 11 Zamiast wstępu Największą zagadką polskiego instrumentarium ludowego jest bez wątpienia suka – od miejsca znalezienia jedynego jej egzemplarza nazywana „biłgorajską” lub „kocudzką” . Od kilkudziesięciu już lat ten niezwykły chordofon smyczkowy fascynuje polskich badaczy, a od pewnego czasu także muzyków. Przyzwyczajeni do „normalnych” instrumentów muzycznych, odkrywamy jej surowe piękno i zastanawiamy się, czym jest, skąd się wzięła, kto i co na niej grał. Po raz pierwszy suka zaistniała w szerszej świadomości w roku 1888, gdy na odbywa- jącej się w Warszawie wielkiej wystawie instrumentów muzycznych, w skromnym dziale „narzędzi ludowych” wystawiono w gablocie „starożytne nader skrzypce”. Gdyby nie fakt, że instrument zafascynował Jana Karłowicza – znanego historyka i językoznawcę, a prywatnie ojca Mieczysława, wybitnego kompozytora – nie zachowałby się zapewne żaden rzeczowy opis instrumentu. Szczęśliwie do dokumentacji tego niezwykłego okazu włączyli się także artyści: malarz-archeolog Tadeusz Dowgird, a także wybitny malarz Wojciech Gerson. Dzięki utrwalonym przez nich wizerunkom wiemy, jak suka wyglądała i jak na niej grano. Od tego właśnie wydarzenia, pokazania suki na wystawie, zaczyna się historia fascy- nacji tym instrumentem. Wówczas, pod koniec XIX wieku, sensacja okazała się co prawda krótkotrwała, jed- nak po upływie kilku dziesięcioleci do rozwikłania zagadki przystąpili muzykolodzy. Ponieważ próby odnalezienia śladów instrumentu w terenie okazały się daremne, pozo- stawała jedynie interpretacja zachowanych źródeł – praca iście detektywistyczna, ze szkłem powiększającym, pozwalającym zobaczyć więcej i dokładniej. Ważne były też badania porównawcze, polegające na szczegółowym studiowaniu instrumentów choćby trochę podobnych, a zachowanych w innych kulturach. Choć ścisłych analogii nigdzie poza Polską nie ma, to jednak każdy strzępek informacji, każdy szczegół konstrukcyjny pozwalały przybliżyć się do rozwiązania tajemnicy. I kiedy wydawało się, że z takim stanem wiedzy już pozostaniemy, w listopadzie 1985 roku doszło do niezwykłego odkrycia: w Płocku odnaleziono XVI-wieczny instrument, który mógł mieć z suką coś wspólnego. Na takiej podstawie, w oparciu o zachowane źródła historyczne i to cenne wykopalisko, można się już było pokusić o podjęcie próby 12 Zamiast wstępu rekonstrukcji instrumentu – rekonstrukcji teoretycznej, pozostającej na papierze. Powstała wówczas praca doktorska (1990), która – jak to z pracami naukowymi bywa – zain- teresowała jedynie wąski krąg odbiorców1. Jej autorka, Ewa Dahlig, miała jednak to szczęście, że w listopadzie 1987 roku na sesji instrumentologicznej, na której referowała swoje badania, spotkała Andrzeja Kuczkowskiego – lutnika, który nie tylko dysponował świetnym rzemiosłem, ale też żywił wielką pasję do rozwiązywania zagadek. Pierwsze, nakreślone jeszcze na konferencji, szkice suki i instrumentu płockiego należało zapewne zachować na pamiątkę, jednak pochłonięci dyskusjami nie przewidywaliśmy jeszcze wówczas, że stoimy u progu drogi, która kiedyś doprowadzi do wskrzeszenia wymarłej linii instrumentów, i że instrumenty te rozebrzmią
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