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CHAPrER THREE

JESUS AND THE MESSIANIC TEXTS FROM : A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE RECENTLY PUBLISHED MATERIALS

With the publication of the remainder of the Scrolls in 1991 scholars are now at last in a position to begin work, so far as it touches on Qumran and related matters, that is truly comprehensive. Robert Eisenman, who had already played a key role in publishing the photographs of these materials, l has published, along with co-author Michael Wise, a selection of fifty documents from Cave 4. 2 Several of these documents had not been published previously; many had not been discussed. The Biblical Society has also begun to publish the texts of the documents from Cave 4. Thus far Ben Zion Wacholder and , Jr., have produced three fascicles of a series of volumes that will present all of the unpublished Hebrew and Aramaic texts of Cave 4. 3 Their reconstructions have set before the academic

R. H. Eisenman and J. M. Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the (2 vols., Washington: Biblical Archaeological Society, 1991). Coinciding with the publication of this facsimile edition was the announcement of (San Marino, ) that scholars would be permitted to examine its colleection of photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2 R. H. Eisenman and M. O. Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered: The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years (Shaftesbury: Element, 1992). Not all will agree with some of the reconstructions and translations proposed by the authors of this volume. For criticisms of several aspects of this work, see A. S. van der Woude's review in lSI 24 (1993) 298-99, and the review article by D. J. Harrington and J. Strugnell, "Qumran Cave 4 Texts: A New Publication," IBL 112 (1993) 491-99. Harrington and Strugnell comment that this book "must be used with great caution" (p. 499). 3 B. Z. Wacholder and M. G. Abegg, Jr., A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls: The Hebrew and Aramaic Texts from Cave Four (Washington: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1991-94). The Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project should also be mentioned. Under the director• ship of J. H. Charlesworth, a team of some twenty-five scholars is working toward the production of new critical editions and translations of the Qumran sectarian documents. So far this team has produced a valuable tool in the form of J. H. 84 AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

community the badly needed raw data with which a fresh assessment of the Dead Sea Scrolls and their significance for early Judaism and can get under way. Detailed analyses of these documents are needed and will no doubt be forthcoming in the years to come. For now it will be useful to consider in a preliminary fashion what impact, if any, these newly published texts might have for life of Jesus research. The essay will begin with a summary of the messianic and related texts that have been available for some time. Scholarly interpretation of these texts will be briefly reviewed. The second part of the essay will then present the newly published texts that appear to have relevance for investigating Qumran's messianology. The third part of the essay will look at a few of the newly published texts that although not messianic they may have relevance for Jesus research. Older Bibliography: M. Burrows, "The Messiahs of Aaron and the (DSD IX, 11)," ATR 34 (1952) 202-206; K. G. Kuhn, "Die beiden Messias Aarons und Israels," NTS 1 (1954-55) 168-79; tr. and repro "The Two Messiahs of Aaron and ," in K. Stendahl (ed.), The Scrolls and the New Testament (New York: Harper & Row, 1957) 54-64; idem, "Die beiden Messias in den Qumrantexten und die Messiasvorstellung in der rabbinischen Literatur," ZA W 70 (1958) 200-208; K. Schubert, "Zwei Messiasse aus dem Regelbuch von Chirbet Qumran," ludaica 11 (1955) 216-35; idem, "Der alttestamentliche Hintergrund der Vorstellung von den beiden Messiassen im Schriftum von Chirbet Qumran," ludaica 12 (1956) 24-28; idem, "Die Messiaslehre in den Texten von Chirbet Qumran," BZ 1 (1957) 177-97; L. H. Silberman, "The Two 'Messiahs' of the Manual of Discipline," VT5 (1955) 77-82; W. H. Brownlee, "Messianic Motifs of Qumran and the New Testament," NTS 3 (1956-57) 12-30, 195-210; E. L. Ehrlich, "Ein Beitrag zur Messiaslehre der Qumransekte," ZA W 68 (1956) 234-43; W. S. LaSor; "The Messiahs of Aaron and Israel," VT 6 (1956) 425-29; idem, "The Messianic Idea in Qumran," in M. Ben-Horin et al. (eds.), Studies and Essays in Honor of Abraham A. Neuman (: Brill, 1962) 343-64; M. Black, "Messianic Doctrine in the Qumran Scrolls," in K. Aland and F. L. Cross (eds.), Studia Patristica 1 (TV 63; 2 vols., : Akademie, 1957) 1.441-59; R. E. Brown, "The Messianism of Qumran," CBQ 19 (1957) 53-82; idem, "J. Starcky's Theory of Qumran Messianic Development," CBQ 28 (1966) 51-57; idem, "The and the Messiah(s)," in M. Black (ed.), The Scrolls and Christianity (SPCK Theological Collections 11; London: SPCK, 1969) 37-44, 109-12; R. Gordis, "The 'Begotten' Messiah in the Qumran Scrolls," VT7 (1957)

Charlesworth (ed.), Graphic Concordance to the Dead Sea Scrolls (Tiibingen: Mohr [Siebeckl; Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1991). A second concordance is planned, following the publication of the critical editions, which will present the data in their conventional analytical format (see the end of n. 137 below).