Robert Eisenman New Testament Code
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4Q521 and What It Might Mean for Q 3–7
Chapter 20 4Q521 and What It Might Mean for Q 3–7 Gaye Strathearn am personally grateful for S. Kent Brown. He was a commit- I tee member for my master’s thesis, in which I examined 4Q521. Since that time he has been a wonderful colleague who has always encouraged me in my academic pursuits. The relationship between the Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian- ity has fueled the imagination of both scholar and layperson since their discovery in 1947. Were the early Christians aware of the com- munity at Qumran and their texts? Did these groups interact in any way? Was the Qumran community the source for nascent Chris- tianity, as some popular and scholarly sources have intimated,¹ or was it simply a parallel community? One Qumran fragment that 1. For an example from the popular press, see Richard N. Ostling, “Is Jesus in the Dead Sea Scrolls?” Time Magazine, 21 September 1992, 56–57. See also the claim that the scrolls are “the earliest Christian records” in the popular novel by Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 245. For examples from the academic arena, see André Dupont-Sommer, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Preliminary Survey (New York: Mac- millan, 1952), 98–100; Robert Eisenman, James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher (Leiden: Brill, 1986), 1–20; Barbara E. Thiering, The Gospels and Qumran: A New Hypothesis (Syd- ney: Theological Explorations, 1981), 3–11; Carsten P. Thiede, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 152–81; José O’Callaghan, “Papiros neotestamentarios en la cueva 7 de Qumrān?,” Biblica 53/1 (1972): 91–100. -
The Concept of Atonement in the Qumran Literature and the New Covenant
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate Faculty Publications and Presentations School 2010 The onceptC of Atonement in the Qumran Literature and the New Covenant Jintae Kim Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, History of Religions of Western Origin Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Kim, Jintae, "The oncC ept of Atonement in the Qumran Literature and the New Covenant" (2010). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 374. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs/374 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate School at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. [JGRChJ 7 (2010) 98-111] THE CONCEPT OF ATONEMENT IN THE QUMRAN LITERatURE AND THE NEW COVENANT Jintae Kim Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, Lynchburg, VA Since their first discovery in 1947, the Qumran Scrolls have drawn tremendous scholarly attention. One of the centers of the early discussion was whether one could find clues to the origin of Christianity in the Qumran literature.1 Among the areas of discussion were the possible connections between the Qumran literature and the New Testament con- cept of atonement.2 No overall consensus has yet been reached among scholars concerning this issue. -
The Dead Sea Scrolls
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Maxwell Institute Publications 2000 The eD ad Sea Scrolls: Questions and Responses for Latter-day Saints Donald W. Parry Stephen D. Ricks Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi Part of the Religious Education Commons Recommended Citation Parry, Donald W. and Ricks, Stephen D., "The eD ad Sea Scrolls: Questions and Responses for Latter-day Saints" (2000). Maxwell Institute Publications. 25. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi/25 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maxwell Institute Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Preface What is the Copper Scroll? Do the Dead Sea Scrolls contain lost books of the Bible? Did John the Baptist study with the people of Qumran? What is the Temple Scroll? What about DNA research and the scrolls? We have responded to scores of such questions on many occasions—while teaching graduate seminars and Hebrew courses at Brigham Young University, presenting papers at professional symposia, and speaking to various lay audiences. These settings are always positive experiences for us, particularly because they reveal that the general membership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a deep interest in the scrolls and other writings from the ancient world. The nonbiblical Dead Sea Scrolls are of great import because they shed much light on the cultural, religious, and political position of some of the Jews who lived shortly before and during the time of Jesus Christ. -
The Anti-Samaritan Attitude As Reflected in Rabbinic Midrashim
religions Article The Anti‑Samaritan Attitude as Reflected in Rabbinic Midrashim Andreas Lehnardt Faculty of Protestant Theology, Johannes Gutenberg‑University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; lehnardt@uni‑mainz.de Abstract: Samaritans, as a group within the ranges of ancient ‘Judaisms’, are often mentioned in Talmud and Midrash. As comparable social–religious entities, they are regarded ambivalently by the rabbis. First, they were viewed as Jews, but from the end of the Tannaitic times, and especially after the Bar Kokhba revolt, they were perceived as non‑Jews, not reliable about different fields of Halakhic concern. Rabbinic writings reflect on this change in attitude and describe a long ongoing conflict and a growing anti‑Samaritan attitude. This article analyzes several dialogues betweenrab‑ bis and Samaritans transmitted in the Midrash on the book of Genesis, Bereshit Rabbah. In four larger sections, the famous Rabbi Me’ir is depicted as the counterpart of certain Samaritans. The analyses of these discussions try to show how rabbinic texts avoid any direct exegetical dispute over particular verses of the Torah, but point to other hermeneutical levels of discourse and the rejection of Samari‑ tan claims. These texts thus reflect a remarkable understanding of some Samaritan convictions, and they demonstrate how rabbis denounced Samaritanism and refuted their counterparts. The Rabbi Me’ir dialogues thus are an impressive literary witness to the final stages of the parting of ways of these diverging religious streams. Keywords: Samaritans; ancient Judaism; rabbinic literature; Talmud; Midrash Citation: Lehnardt, Andreas. 2021. The Anti‑Samaritan Attitude as 1 Reflected in Rabbinic Midrashim. The attitudes towards the Samaritans (or Kutim ) documented in rabbinical literature 2 Religions 12: 584. -
![Qumran Hebrew (With a Trial Cut [1Qs])*](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/9626/qumran-hebrew-with-a-trial-cut-1qs-1289626.webp)
Qumran Hebrew (With a Trial Cut [1Qs])*
QUMRAN HEBREW (WITH A TRIAL CUT [1QS])* Gary A. Rendsburg Rutgers University One would think that after sixty years of studying the scrolls, scholars would have reached a consensus concerning the nature of the language of these texts. But such is not the case—the picture is no different for Qumran Hebrew (QH) than it is for identifying the sect of the Qum- ran community, for understanding the origins of the scroll depository in the caves, or for the classification of the archaeological remains at Qumran. At first glance, this is a bit difficult to comprehend, since in theory, at least, linguistic research should be the most objective form of scholarly inquiry, and the facts should speak for themselves—in contrast to, let’s say, the interpretation of texts, where subjectivity may be considered necessary at all times. But as we shall see, even though the data themselves are derived from purely empirical observation, the interpretation of the linguistic picture that emerges from the study of Qumran Hebrew has no less a range of options than the other subjects canvassed during this symposium. Before entering into such discussion, however, let us begin with the presentation of some basic facts. Of the 930 assorted documents from Qumran, 790, or about 85% of them are written in Hebrew (120 or about 13% are written in Aramaic, and 20 or about 2% are written in Greek). Of these 930, about 230 are biblical manuscripts, which * It was my pleasure to present this paper on three occasions during calendar year 2008: first and most importantly at the symposium entitled “The Dead Sea Scrolls at 60: The Scholarly Contributions of NYU Faculty and Alumni” (March 6), next at the “Semitic Philology Workshop” of Harvard University (November 20), and finally at the panel on “New Directions in Dead Sea Scrolls Scholarship” at the annual meeting of the Association of Jewish Studies held in Washington, D.C. -
Qumran Yaḥad and Rabbinic Ḥăbûrâ
Dead Sea Discoveries 16 (2009) 433–453 brill.nl/dsd Qumran Yaḥad and Rabbinic Ḥăbûrâ: A Comparison Reconsidered1 Steven D. Fraade Department of Religious Studies, Yale University, P.O. Box 208287 451 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8287 [email protected] Abstract Since soon after the initial discoveries and publications of the Dead Sea Scrolls, scholars have compared the yahaḍ of the scrolls with the hạ bûrâ̆ of early rabbinic literature and sought to establish a historical relationship and developmental pro- gression between the two types of communal organization. Th e present article reviews select but representative examples from such scholarship, seeking to reveal their underlying presumptions and broader implications, while questioning whether the available evidence allows for the sorts of sociological comparisons and historical reconstructions that they adduce. Keywords Essenes, hạ bûrâ̆ , historiography, history of scholarship, Pharisees, rabbinic literature, yahaḍ 1. Introduction In the fi rst scholarly announcement of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, William F. Albright, having seen only four scrolls, presciently wrote early in 1948: 1 Th is article began as a paper at the Society of Biblical Literature, 2007 Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, November 18, 2007. I wish to acknowledge the gener- ous and sage assistance of the following colleagues in preparing this article for publication: John Collins, Yair Furstenberg, Yonder Gillihan, and Charlotte Hempel. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2009 DOI: 10.1163/156851709X474012 434 S. D. Fraade / Dead Sea Discoveries 16 (2009) 433–453 It is easy to surmise that the new discovery will revolutionize intertes- tamental studies, and that it will soon antiquate all present handbooks on the background of the New Testament and on the textual criticism and interpretation of the Old Testament.2 Th e absence of any mention of early rabbinic literature as a fi eld that might be aff ected by the new-found scrolls was not a mere oversight. -
The Eschatology of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Eruditio Ardescens The Journal of Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Volume 2 Issue 2 Article 1 February 2016 The Eschatology of the Dead Sea Scrolls J. Randall Price Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/jlbts Part of the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Price, J. Randall (2016) "The Eschatology of the Dead Sea Scrolls," Eruditio Ardescens: Vol. 2 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/jlbts/vol2/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Eruditio Ardescens by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Eschatology of the Dead Sea Scrolls J. Randall Price, Ph.D. Center for Judaic Studies Liberty University [email protected] Recent unrest in the Middle East regularly stimulates discussion on the eschatological interpretation of events within the biblical context. In light of this interest it is relevant to consider the oldest eschatological interpretation of biblical texts that had their origin in the Middle East – the Dead Sea Scrolls. This collection of some 1,000 and more documents that were recovered from caves along the northwestern shores of the Dead Sea in Israel, has become for scholars of both the Old and New Testaments a window into Jewish interpretation in the Late Second Temple period, a time known for intense messianic expectation. The sectarian documents (non-biblical texts authored by the Qumran Sect or collected by the Jewish Community) among these documents are eschatological in nature and afford the earliest and most complete perspective into the thinking of at least one Jewish group at the time of Jesus’ birth and the formation of the early church. -
Sex and Ritual in the Dead Sea Scrolls by Ita Sheres and Anne Kohn Blau
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies December 1996 Review of The Truth About the Virgin: Sex and Ritual in the Dead Sea Scrolls by Ita Sheres and Anne Kohn Blau Sidnie White Crawford University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Crawford, Sidnie White, "Review of The Truth About the Virgin: Sex and Ritual in the Dead Sea Scrolls by Ita Sheres and Anne Kohn Blau" (1996). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 60. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/60 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Bible Review XII (December 1996), pp. 12–14. Copyright © 1996 Society for Biblical Archeology. Used by permission. The Truth About the Virgin: It is in the later chapters that Sheres Sex and Ritual in the Dead Sea and Blau embark on their dangerous journey into the realm of speculation. Scrolls Their main thesis, contained in chapters 4 through 7, is that the male covenanters Ita Sheres and Anne Kohn Blau at Qumran practiced an elaborate ritual (New York: Continuum, 1995) 236 pp., $27.50 of castration, which left them incapable REVIEWED BY of participating in sexual acts, any and SIDNIE WHITE CRAWFORD all of which the sect considered pollut- ing. -
Texts, Scribes, Caves, and Scholars
University of Birmingham Texts, Scribes and Scholars: Reflections on a Busy Decade in Dead Sea Scrolls Research Hempel, Charlotte DOI: 10.1177/0014524608101841 Citation for published version (Harvard): Hempel, C 2009, 'Texts, Scribes and Scholars: Reflections on a Busy Decade in Dead Sea Scrolls Research', The Expository Times, vol. 120, no. 6, pp. 272-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014524608101841 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
A Reassessment of Qumran's Calendars
104 Fourth Enoch Seminar concerns of the entire DSS movement. Based on the correlation between Jubilees’ cultic descriptions with the scrolls, Jubilees was viewed as an authoritative source, which influenced and later reinforced the ideology of the entire DSS movement. Jamal-Dominique Hopkins, Interdenominational Theological Center A Reassessment of Qumran’s Calendars Diverse Contents Among Key Documents Today, a growing number of scholars have come to the conclusion that at least three or four divergent groups, who disagreed on a number of halakhic issues, are represented among the scrolls from Qumran: the Ya ad, the Temple Scroll group, the 4QMMT group, and the Enoch/Enastr group. Experts in religious law, including Lawrence Schiffman and Joseph Baumgarten, noted irreconcilable differences between the Temple Scroll and the other Dead Sea Scrolls. 274 Those who have specialized in liturgy have found diversity. Hymns among the Qumran corpus differ in terminology. Even those who worked on the Song of the Sabbath Sacrifice, once considered key for establishing the unity of the manuscripts found in Caves 4, 11 and Masada, now are convinced that it is not a fit for Qumran’s Ya ad. 275 Although there has been considerable evidence that some form of revelation was available to Ya ad members with respect to the reading and interpretation of scripture (e.g., the Pesher ), it is not clear that the group had a monopoly on this form of inspired interpretation. There is a wider challenge that the various prophetic and apocalyptic works, if any, were actually produced by the group’s members. 276 As a norm, pseudepigraphy was not a method utilized by the Ya ad/Qumran Community for establishing the authority of its 274 The lack of congruity between Qumran and the Temple Scroll has been ascertained by major scholars for many years (cf. -
METHODS of INVESTIGATION .OF the DEAD SEA SCROLLS and the KHIRBET QUMRAN SITE: a CONFERENCE REPORT by Michael O
THE oi.uchicago.edu ORIENTAL I NEWS & NOTES NO . 137 SPRING 1993 ©THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO METHODS OF INVESTIGATION .OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS AND THE KHIRBET QUMRAN SITE: A CONFERENCE REPORT By Michael O. Wise, Assistant Professor, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations The New York Academy of Sciences tions), and Michael Wise (Department case. Three papers, delivered by AI and the Oriental Institute co-sponsored a of Near Eastern Languages and Civiliza Wolters, P. Kyle McCarter and Peter conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls, tions), the actual organizers of the Muchowski, focused on the Copper "Methods of Investigation of the Dead conference. William Sumner, Director of Scroll, a Qumran "treasure map" Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran the Oriental Institute, delivered the inscribed on metal. Describing places in Site: Present Realities and Future opening remarks in which he empha the Judaean Wilderness where various Prospects," held at the Murray Sargent sized the significance of a conference on treasures as well as scrolls were buried, Auditorium of the New York Blood the Dead Sea Scrolls that was sponsored it is a text of great importance for an Center from December 14 through 17. by organizations of a scientific nature. understanding of the nature of the scroll Numerous participants, including thirty cache, but its study has been unfortu This was the first major international speakers from a dozen nations, met for nately neglected. meeting devoted to the Dead Sea Scrolls <our days of papers and discussions. The since full scholarly access to all related James Charlesworth brought new University of Chicago was represented materials became the rule late in 1991. -
Dead Sea Scrolls (3 Books) Eileen M
Consensus Volume 20 Article 13 Issue 1 A Ministry Miscellany 5-1-1994 Dead Sea Scrolls (3 books) Eileen M. Schuller Follow this and additional works at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus Recommended Citation Schuller, Eileen M. (1994) "Dead Sea Scrolls (3 books)," Consensus: Vol. 20 : Iss. 1 , Article 13. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus/vol20/iss1/13 This Book Reviews is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Consensus by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. — Book Reviews 121 Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls Hershel Shanks, editor New York: Random House, 1992 Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls James H. Charlesworth, editor Anchor Reference Bible Library Series New York: Doubleday, 1992 Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolls Joseph A. Fitzmyer New York: Paulist Press, 1992 Now some forty-five years after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, there is still considerable interest in these ancient texts. In the last four or five years, there has been a rash of articles in the popular media T.V., radio, church periodicals. New York Times, National Enquirer—often focusing on the most sensational ideas or theories. At the other end of the spectrum, there is an ongoing stream of very technical writing, in scholarly journals such as Revue de Qumran and in collections of papers from major international Qumran conferences. But what has been lacking are works of substance, geared to the general reader, which can treat the issues with the depth and subtlety which they deserve.