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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76224-3 - The New Moon: Water, Exploration, and Future Habitation Arlin Crotts Index More information

Index

Defining or introductory text for a topic indicated by bold page numbers. Text in footnotes indicated by italic page numbers. Appendix A (“Von Braun et al. Space and Lunar Exploration Issues”), Appendix B (“Topics in Transient Phenomena on the Moon”) and the Glossary are not included in this index.

A9, A10 rocket designs: 115 Apollo 6:49 Abernathy, Ralph: 71 Apollo 7: 29, 30, 351 Adams, John Couch: 159 Apollo 8: 23, 29–31, 48, 49, 55, 56, 154, 270 Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The: 156 Apollo 9: 29 , 30, 31 aerobraking: 128 Apollo 10: 29, 30, 32, 48, 270 Agena rocket: 25, 27 Apollo 11:18–24, 26, 30, 33–34, 52–55, Aggregat-4 (A-4): see V-2 69, 71, 75, 78, 92, 119, 175, 177, 254, Agnew, Spiro: 79 264, 289 Airborne Lightweight Optical Tracking System descent from LM: 21–24 (ALOTS): 29, 33 landing at Tranquility Base: 18, 19–20, 26, Aldrin, Buzz (formerly Edwin): 18, 20, 21–22, 28, 44–45, 48, 52–53, 53–54, 104, 321 30, 33, 34, 52–53, 95, 97, 124, 298, “That’s one small step for (a) man, ...”: 18, 324, 346, 364 21–23, 53, 54 aliens: see extraterrestrial life Apollo 12: 22, 33–35, 36, 78, 189, 209, 233, 253, Allen, Joe: 328, 333, 362 270, 321, 357 Almaz program: 51, 144 lightning hits at launch: 33, 75–77, 356 ALSEP: see Apollo Lunar Science Equipment Apollo 13: 35–38, 49, 78, 82, 314 Package Apollo 14: 38–39, 40, 55, 78, 110, 176, 233, 239, amphibole: 231–232 243, 253, 254, 270, 289, 321, 326, 365 Amundsen, Roald: 150, 339, 432 Apollo 15: 23, 29, 38– 40, 41, 42, 44, 78, 175, 176, Anders, William: 29, 31, 154 184, 193, 195, 205, 224, 229, 231, 233, Angara rocket series: 135, 437 238, 239, 253, 254, 258, 261, 270, 274, Angara 5 and 7 rockets: 97 279, 283, 289, 295, 300 angular size: 1–2, 158 subsatellite: 39, 43, 295 anorthosite: 174–176, 177, 197, 198, 201, 202, Apollo 16: 29, 36, 40–41, 44, 78, 101, 174, 176, 205, 207 198, 205, 212, 233, 243, 253, 254, 258, Ansari X-Prize: 147 263, 270, 295, 322, 333 apatite: 239, 245, 247, 259 subsatellite: 43, 295 Apollo program: 18–24, 26, 28–48, 97 Apollo 17: 29, 41–42, 45, 46, 47, 78, 82, 101, 109, Apollo 1 (Apollo/Saturn 204): 28, 49, 176, 189, 193, 200, 201, 207, 238, 254, 69–70,82 256, 258, 264, 270, 271, 294, 298, 314, Apollo 4:49 323, 327, 333, 362 Apollo 5: 31, 145 Apollo 18–20 (cancelled): 38, 75, 77

495

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76224-3 - The New Moon: Water, Exploration, and Future Habitation Arlin Crotts Index More information

Index

Apollo program (cont.) Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment astronaut science training: 35, 36, 261–262, (SIDE): 34, 40, 233– 234, 254, 273 292, 293, 315, 328 Surface Electric Properties (SEP): 109 atmospheric reentry: 37, 38 Scientific Instrument Module (SIM): 43, 194 budget: 62, 69–70, 77 Service Module (SM): 36, 37 Command Module (CM): 28, 37 Apollo Applications Program (AAP): 78–79 Command/Service Module (CSM): 29, 31, Apollo 13, film: 57,72 32, 43 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP, “Apollo 18”): data archive: 108 57, 119, 155, 356 Guidance Computer (AGC): 20–21, 104–105 Archytas of Tarentum: 59 H missions: 33 Ares rocket family: see Constellation hoax conspiracy theories: 108–111 Ariane 5: 97 J missions: 29, 38, 41, 42, 76, 200, 318, 327 Aristarchus of Samos: 10–11, 16 lunar landing sites, selection: 27, 37–40, 176, Aristarchus Plateau: 182, 183, 184, 185, 206, 219, 193–194, 263 275, 284–285, 296, 389 Descartes highlands: 40, 176 armalcolite: 177, 205, 217 Fra Mauro: 37–38 Armstrong Limit (after Harry George Hadley Rille: 39 Armstrong): 114 Taurus-Littrow: 41, 47, 109, 184, 193–194, Armstrong, Neil: 18–24, 30, 33, 49, 52–53, 200, 207 54, 298 Tranquilitatis: 193 on Apollo 11:18–24, 30, 33, 49, 52–53, 54, 104, Lunar Module (LM): 19–24, 29–30, 31, 301, 305, 321 32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 47–48, 54, as fighter and test pilot and on Gemini 8: 19–20 62, 104 asteroid Lunar Science Equipment Package (ALSEP): asteroid mission proposal and Obama 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 109, 120 administration: vii, 95, 97, 100–101, ALSEP shutdown date: 261 123 Central Station (and Lunar Dust Asteroid Return Mission (ARM) proposal: Detector): 40 101, 102 Charged Particle Lunar Environment asteroids Experiment (CPLEE): 40, 254, 295 1620 Geographos: 130 Cold Cathode Ion Gauge/Gauge 4179 Toutatis: 132 Experiment (CCIG/CCGE): 40, 25143 Itokawa: 43 270, 273 atmosphere: 272 Heat Flow Experiment (HFE): 39, 41, commercial mining operations proposals: 258, 305 149 Lunar Atmospheric Composition Deep Space Industries: 375 Experiment (LACE): 253, 254, 256, Planetary Resources, Inc.: 375 270, 273, 295 human habitability: 402, 403, 426 Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (LEAM): 294 Plymouth Rock mission proposal: 100, 101, Lunar Portable Magnetometer: 34, 40 123 Lunar Ranging Retroreflectors (LRRR): 33, relative interest of NASA vs. other space 34, 39, 40, 289 agencies: 141 Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE): 33, 34, Yarkovsky and YORP effects: 196 39, 40, 296 astronaut science training: 35, 36, 261–262, Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator 292, 293 (RTG): 40, 311 Atlas rocket series: 24, 27, 63, 64, 87, 96 Solar Wind Spectrometer (SWS): 295 Atlas-V: 95, 97

496

Index

Atomic Energy Commission, U.S.: 63 catena: see crater chain Augustine, Norman: 83, 94 caverns, lunar: see skylights Committee on Future of U.S. Space Program Centaur rocket: 27, 132, 370 (1990): 83, 94 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), U.S.: 25, Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans 48, 65 (2009): 94, 95, 96, 122 Cernan, Eugene: 29, 32, 41, 45, 46, 47, 231, 261, 263, 270, 271, 298, 300, 301, 302, 303, Baikonur Cosmodrome: 57, 65, 117, 136 323–326, 327, 333, 362 Baldwin, Ralph: 361 closing words upon departing lunar surface: basalt: see lunar basalt 46, 47 Bay of Pigs invasion: 65, 66 Chaffee, Roger: 28 Bean, Alan: 33, 35, 36, 208, 310, 351 Chandrayaan-1 mission: 132, 235, 237–238, 244, Belbruno, Ed: 152, 164–165, 172 255 Bell Labs; ATT Bellcom: 146, 262 Chawla, Kalpana: 154 Bierce, Ambrose: 331 Chelomei, Vladimir: 48, 49, 50 Big Whack: see Giant Impact Chinese espionage against U.S.: 127 Boeing Corporation: 27, 96, 100, 127, 141 Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP): 145 Bolden, Charles: 94, 95, 96, 97, 123 Chang’e program bomber airplanes Chang’e1: 131–132, 156 B-29: 19 Chang’ e2: 132, 152 B-47: 63 Chang’e3: 134, 145, 147 B-52: 63 Yutu rover: 145 Bondarenko, Valentin: 57 ground-penetrating radar; 145 Bonestell, Chesley: 61, 62, 66 Chang’e 4: 144 Borman, Frank: 29, 31, 53 Chang’e 5: 144 Bradbury, Ray: 115 lunar sample return mission proposals: 144 Brazilian Space Agency (Agência Espacial future lunar plans: 145 Brasiliera, AEB): 134, 143 military involvement: 144 breccia: 174, 176, 197, 198, 202 Chinese National Space Agency (CNSA): 134, Brezhnev, Leonid: 50 139–140 British Interplanetary Society: 62 absence from ISECG: 141 Bull, Gerald: 396 commercial component: 140, 154 Bumper rocket: 60, 114 cooperation with RKA: 139–140 Buran space shuttle: 51 future as a leader in lunar exploration: Burroughs, Edgar Rice: 60 150–151 Bush, George H.W.: 82, 83, 104 isolation from NASA: 140, 143–144, 154 Bush, George W.: 84, 86, 96–97, 122 military component: 140, 154 Bush, Vannevar: 60, 115 need for Long March 5 rocket: 145 Bykovsky, Valeri: 56 taikonauts: 140, 154 By Rocket into Planetary Space, book: 59 Clarke, Arthur C.: 62, 115, 116, 156, 224, 322, 329, 394, 422, 424, 431 Cameron, Alistair: 165, 172 Clementine, Deep Space Program Science Cameron, Winifred Sawtell: 275, 295–296 Experiment (DPSE): 130–131, 181, Canadian Space Agency: 134, 143 222, 234, 255, 270, 294 canali: 60 Clinton, William: 84, 104, 127 Cassini, Giovanni: 17 Cold War: 50, 51, 60, 63, 65, 83, 127 Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn: 134, 143, Collier’s magazine: 61, 62, 63, 106, 116 237, 245 Collins, Michael: 33, 53, 69, 108, 118, 119

497

Index

Comet crater count and age dating: 194–196, Shoemaker-Levi 9: 191 207–208, 288–289 Tempel 1: 237 crater/impactor size relation: 196 Wild 2: 43 cratering process: 26, 184–190, 200, 206, 207 Command Module (CM): see Apollo CM craters, named Command/Service Module (CSM): see Apollo ‘Alo’i (Earth): 18 CSM Alphonsus: 184, 229 commercialization of space: 116, 124, 146–149, Apollo: 212 368–370, 372–376, 378–385, 386–387, Aristarchus: 26, 180, 182, 185, 189, 206, 264, 388–390 275, 278, 279, 296 MirCorp program for Mir: 375 age: 188, 206, 296 Moon: see lunar commercial development Arzachel: 250 Compton-Belkovich Thorium Anomaly: 219, Bessel: 189 225, 288 bowl crater, anonymous: 189 Congressional Budget Office, U.S.: 85 Byrgius A: 206 Conquest of Space, The, film: 63 Cabeus: 242 Conquest of Space, The, books: 61, 116 Camelot: 298 Conquest of the Moon, book: 61 Chavenet: 188 Conrad, Charles “Pete”: 22, 33, 35, 36, 351 Cone: 38, 311, 321, 322, 326–327 Constellation space vehicle architecture: 87–90 Copernicus: 27, 182, 189, 192, 206, 213, 278 Altair/Lunar Surface Access Module age: 188, 192 (LSAM): 88, 89 Craters of Moon, anonymous crater Ares I rocket: 87–88, 89, 95, 97 (Earth): 186 Ares I-X:89 Eratosthenes: 189, 192 Solid Rocket Booster (SRB): 88 Euler: 189 Ares V rocket: 87–88, 89, 95, 97 Fauth: 227–228 Obama campaign 2007 cancellation Flamsteed: 27, 180 proposal: 89 Franz: 194 budget: 88, 89, 94, 435 Giordano Bruno: 54, 206, 254 cancellation: 96, 123 Grimaldi: 264, 278, 279 Earth orbit rendezvous: 122 Hertzsprung: 212, 218 Launch Escape System: 88, 90 Hörbiger (defunct): 227 Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)/ Ina feature: 282, 296 Orion/Crew Exploration Vehicle Jackson: 206 (CEV): 89, 90, 97 Kepler: 206, 213, 278, 279 Obama Administration support and Korolev: 212, 218 cancellation: 89–90, 94–97, 433, 455 Kreiger: 187 technical development and challenges: 87–89 Lansberg: 213 Cook expedition of 1769: 17 Le Monnier: 319, 329 Cooper, Gordon: 125 Lichtenberg: 180 cosmic radiation: 190, 236, 243, 289, 297, 341 Lovelace: 210 Cosmic Voyage: Fantasy novella, film: 114 Margaret Mead (Venus): 163 cosmism: 156 McKellar: 206 crater Messier, Messier A: 191 central peak: 190 Ohm: 206 crater chain: 214 Plato: 278 catena Davy: 191 Posidonius: 187, 230 secondary impact chain: 192 Prinz: 185

498

Index

Proclus: 206 Digital Acquisition Camera (DAC): 20, 22, 24 Ptolemaeus: 229 DIRECT rocket design family: 90 Pytheas: 182 Disney, Walt: 61, 62–63, 106, 211 Schiller: 191 Dragon ISS resupply spacecraft: 141, 146, 375 Schrödinger: 189 Drake, Frank: 417 Shackleton: 238 Drake Equation: 417, 428, 429 Sharanov: 212, 218 Duke, Charles: 36, 40, 44, 333 Shiva crater candidate (Earth): 172 Dunthorne, Richard: 159 Shorty: 41 dust: see regolith Spörer: 187 Sulpicius Gallus: 184 Earth: 2–9, 11, 13, 15–17 Tsiolkovskiy: 212 age: 158, 409–410 Tycho: 27, 41–42, 190, 213 as seen from Moon: 110, 354–355 Verdefort (Earth): 163 atmospheric density: 272 Wargentin: 187, 251 comparison to Mars and Venus: 8–9, 13, 16 craters as TLP sites: 276–278 composition: 176 correspondence to radon-222 outgassing crust: 8–9, 16 , 167, 174–175, 185 sites: 279 oldest: 193, 207 impact melt: 197 distance to Sun: 11, 17 micrometeoritic: 189, 193, 195 early atmosphere: 8, 16 morphological size progression: 189 electric atmospheric phenomena: 262 rays, and dating of features: 188–190, 192, 206 enhanced nickel-iron from Giant Impact: Criswell, David: 270, 272, 294, 381, 389 167, 169 Cronkite, Walter: 56 evolution of early life: 408–409, 428 Cuban/Caribbean Missile Crisis: 65 largest impact basin (Verdefort crater): 162 CubeSat program: 147 magnetic field inconstancy: 168–169 Cunningham, Walter: 29 South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA): 168–169, 173 material on Moon: 204, 209, 357–359 D558–2 Skyrocket plane: 19 meteorites: 262, 293 Darwin, Charles: 159–160 month and Earth day lengthening due to Darwin, George Howard: 159–160, 171 tides: 4–7, 15, 158–160, 171, 172 Davis, Donald: 165, 172 North Pole exploration: 51, 57 Dawn mission: 397 Pacific Ocean births Moon, in theory: 160 day lengthening (on Earth) due to tides: see plate tectonics’ origin: 167–168, 171 Earth plutons: 174, 175, 205 de Bergerac, Cyrano: 58, 113 quartz: 177–178 de Morgan, Augustus: 14 South Pole exploration: 339–340, 349, Deep Impact mission: 237, 245 432 Deep Space 1 mission: 128, 397 tides from Moon: 2–7, 15–16 (Defense) Advanced Research Projects Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR): 122 Agency – (D)ARPA: 65, 66 economic development in 21st century and ARPANET (.arpa): 65 space leadership Defense Reorganization Act (1958): 65 China: 437–442, 456–458 Delta rocket series: 87, 96, 370 Japan: 447–448, 459 Delta-IV Heavy: 89, 95, 97 United States: 437–439, 441, 442–445, 458 Deng Xiaoping: 150–151 world: 445–447, 448, 451–452. 458–459 Descartes, René: 159, 171 economic spin-offs and benefits: 50, 104, Dick Tracy cartoon’s Moon Valley theme: 63 435–436, 456

499

Index

educational development Falcon rocket series 21st century education and space program(s): Falcon 1: 96 455, 438–439, 441–442, 444–445, Falcon 9: 96, 141, 148 457–458 Falcon Heavy: 96, 97, 122, 375 space mission real-time education: Fallaci, Oriana: 22 450–451, 459–460 Fauth, Philip: 227, 251 National Defense Education Act (1958): 65, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S.: 66, 438 56, 104 Ehricke, Krafft A.: 1, 13 feldspar: see anorthosite Eisele, Donn: 29 Fermi, Enrico: 410 Eisenhower, Dwight: 64, 65, 66, 117 Fermi Paradox: 410–421 El-Baz, Farouk: 54, 262–263, 293 Firdausí: 58, 113 Enceladus: 406–407, 412, 430 fire fountain and fire fountain glass: 40, 41, Energia rocket: 51 238, 245, 256, 257, 259, 261–262, Ericsson, Leif: viii, 146 263, 287 Europa: 17, 402, 403–404, 405, 407, 410, First Lunar Outpost (FLO): 83 412, 430 First Men in the Moon, The, novel: 59, 332 European Space Agency (ESA): 130, 134 First on the Moon, film: 57 cooperation with Fischer, Bobby: 50 CNSA: 135 Fisher, Osmond: 160, 171 NASA: 135 Flexible Path (FP): 95, 101, 102, 124 RKA: 135 Fobos-Grunt mission: 135, 139, 149, 153 individual member nation space agencies: 134 Forestall, James: 60 launch site: 135 free return trajectory: 37 postponed lunar missions: 135 From the Earth to the Moon, film: 72 europium anomaly: 179–180 frontier as a concept in different societies: 151 Evans, Ronald: 41, 264, 325–326 “Eve of Destruction,” song: 72 Gagarin, Yuri: 19, 23, 44, 51, 57, 63, 66, 117 Exomars 2016 mission proposal: 143 Galileo Galilei: 11–12, 159, 303 exploration, in general: 407–408 Galileo mission: 237 Explorer program Galimov, Erik: 141–142 Explorer 1: 64, 106 Garver, Lori: 94 Explorer 35: 254 Gateway Exploration Architecture: 101, 102 Explorer 49: 254 Gemini program: 28, 97, 298, 327 Exploring Expedition, U.S.: 156 Gemini 4: 300 extrasolar planets (exoplanets): 63, 410, 416, Gemini 8: 19, 356 421–422, 428, 430 Gemini 9: 311 extraterrestrial life: 63, 366, 402, 404–405, Gemini 10:69 406–407, 408, 419–421, 429 Gemini 12: 300 lunar: 357–359 Gemini-2/Manned Orbiting Laboratory: superaliens and hypernoesiology: 419–421, 75, 119 429–430 Genesis mission: 43 extravehicular activity (EVA): 31, 33–35, 39, 41, Genesis Rock: 175–176, 261–262 55, 56, 142, 145, 198, 298–312 geocentric model of Solar System: 12 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle: F18 Super Hornet aircraft: 82 138–139 F9F-2 fighter plane: 19 planned ISRO Orbital Vehicle: 138 Fairchild Semiconductor: 105 Gestapo: 61, 106

500

Index

Giant Impact: 7–8, 160, 161, 162–170, 288 H missions: see Apollo H missions angular momentum of Earth-Moon and HII-B rocket: 97 planets: 163 Haber, Heinz: 61 transfer from Earth-Moon to Sun-Earth: habitation of Moon by humans: see lunar bases 170, 173 and habitats chemical composition: 164, 165 Haise, Fred: 35, 37, 55 giant impacts on inner planets: 162 Hale, Edward: 58 impact modeling: 166–167, 172, 173 Halley, Edmond: 159 non-standard impacts: 170, 172, 173 Hansen, Peter Andreas: 211–212, implications for Earth: 168–169 223–224, 360 isotopic composition: 164, 169 Hartmann, William: 165, 171, 172 chromium: 164 Hartsfield, Henry: 174 oxygen: 164, 173 Hauri, Erik: 238, 239, 256, 257 magnesium: 164, 172, 173 Hayabusa mission: 43, 128, 397 silicon: 169, 173 Hayden Planetarium: 61 titanium: 169 helium-3: 142, 201 tungsten: 169, 173 Helmholtz, Hermann von: 159 zinc: 173 Henry the Navigator, Prince: 150 mixing in gas/liquid accretion disk: Hero of Alexandria: 59 169, 173 Herrmann, Rudolph Albert: 56 pre-Impact Earth satellite hypothesis: 169 highlands: see lunar highlands proposed Impact debris sample mission: 170 Himmler, Heinrich: 107, 227 Theia: 163, 171 Hiten/Hagoromo mission: 128, 152 accretion at L4/L5: 164–165 Hitler, Adolf: 114 Giffords, Gabrielle: 96 Holdren, John: 92, 93, 94, 97, 143, 156 Gilbert, Grove Karl: 160 Hörbiger, Hans: 227 Gingrich, Newt: 100, 407 Hornsby, Thomas: 17 Glenn, John: 66, 68 Hubble Space Telescope: 85, 134, 143, 291 Goddard, Robert H.: 58, 59, 60, 106, 107, 112, Humphrey, Hubert: 104 113, 114 Huxley, Thomas Henry: 262, 293, 430 Godwin, Francis: 58 hydrogen bomb Gold, Thomas: 54, 251, 252, 272, 294 AN602 Tsar Bomba: 118 Goodrich, J.T.: 156 Castle Bravo: 118 Google Lunar X Prize (GLXP): 147–148, 375, explosion on Moon, proposal: 55 383, 459 first atomic and H-bomb by country: 126 Gorbachev, Mikhail: 51 W70 and W88 warheads: 127 Gordon, Bart: 96 Gordon, Richard: 33 I Aim at the Stars, film: 63, 120 Gott, J. Richard, III: 164–165, 172 Icaro-Menippus, story: 58 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Icelandic Sagas: viii, 432, 454 (GRACE) mission: 133, 152–153 igneous Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) magma: see lunar magma mission: 133, 153, 220, 288, 289, 459 processes: 8, 16, 167, 174–184, 185, 186, 187, Green, Charles: 17 217–219, 225, 228, 238, 239–240, 242, Griffin, Michael D.: 87, 94, 121 245, 251–252, 257, 259 Grissom, Virgil “Gus”: 28, 125, 365 rocks and minerals: see individual entries Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula: 331, 332, 361 ilmenite: 178, 197, 200–201, 208, 217, 218 Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.: 29 Incas: 1, 14

501

Index

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO): Io: 17 134–139 Iran: 143, 149, 156 budget: 138 Irwin, Jim: 39, 41, 42, 43, 301, 351 cooperation with NASA: 138 dehydration & heart problems: 42, 312, 327, cooperation with RKA: 137–138 351 public opinion on Indian space program: isostasy: 186, 216 138–139 Israeli space program: 155 inspiration of youth: 3, 50, 432, 435, 438, Isvestia newspaper: 51 439–440, 441–454 Integrated circuit development accelerated for J missions: see Apollo J missions AGC: 105, 435 James Webb Space Telescope: 101, 102, 289 Intelsat: 96 Japan intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): 50, 52, Edo period poem: 250 60, 63–64, 65, 112, 115, 118 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency International Geophysical Year (IGY): 64, (JAXA): 128, 134 140–141, 339 launch sites: 128, 152 International Lunar Decade proposal: 149 jet airliners: 116 International Lunar Network proposal: 288 Jet Propulsion Laboratory: 25, 27, 60, 126 international scientific cooperation Johnson, Lyndon B.: 65, 67, 69, 104 historically: 140–141 Joint Strike Fighter: 87 International Space Exploration Jupiter, planet: 191, 196, 404, 460 Coordination Group (ISECG): 141, Jupiter’s Galilean moons: 11–12, 17, 172, 155 402–404, 426, 427 International Space Station: 11, 56, 62, 78, 84, Jupiter rocket: 64, 67, 106 95, 96, 103, 121, 124, 129, 141, 137, 154, 333 KC 135 “Vomit Comet”: 54 Canadarm2: 142 Kaguya/SELENE mission: 109, 130, 200, 248, 274, Commercial Orbital Transportation 279, 282, 295 Services: 146 Kant, Immanuel: 159 Dragon capsule of SpaceX: 141, 148, Kaplan, Joseph: 61 373, 375 Kármán Line: 114, 147 Liberty capsule of ATK/Lockheed Keldysh, Mstislav: 44, 55, 155 Martin: 146, 375 Kennan, George F.: 103 commercial experiments: 149 Kennedy, John F.: 28, 49, 66–69, 81, 97 Cupola module: 142, 352, 452 Moon speech to Congress: 67, 97, 118 Expeditions Moon speech at Rice University: 68, 97 4: 352 speech to U.N. General Assembly: 118 35: 352 Kepler, Johannes: 17, 58, 113, 159 36: 352 Kepler Space Telescope mission: 430 HTV and H-II Transfer Vehicle: 128 Khrushchev, Nikita: 49, 50, 63, 64, 115, 116, 117, Kibo module: 128 155 member nations: 140, 154 Klushantsev, Pavel: 63 International Traffic on Arms Regulation Kodak Corporation: 27 (ITAR): 127, 145, 152 Komitet gosudarstvenno˘ı bezopasnosti (KGB, Internet: 65, 66 Committee of State Security, Interplanetary Kitecraft Accelerated by Radiation U.S.S.R): 30, 48, 56 Of the Sun (IKAROS): 128, 396 Apollo sabotage letters sent to KSC: 56, 111 interstellar travel: 63, 116 Komorov, Vladimir: 28, 50

502

Index

Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI): Luna 15: 33, 254 132, 140, 141, 155 Luna 16: 37, 42, 43 Korean War: 60, 62 Luna 17: 37, 319 Korolev, Sergey: 28, 48, 49, 50, 60, 63, 107 Luna 20: 42, 43, 176 KREEP: 34–35, 176, 170, 219 Luna 21:42, 254, 319 urKREEP: 179 Luna 23: 254 Kuiper, Gerard: 26 Luna 24: 43, 82, 131, 200, 234, 236, 248, 254, Kursk submarine: 370 261 Luna 25 (cancelled): 43 lacus: 214 Luna 25 (planned): 44 Somniorum: 230–231 Luna missions of 1980s (cancelled): 44 Lagrangian points: 95, 101, 102–103, 219, Lunokhod program: see rovers and hoppers 328–329, 387, 396, 398 trajectory for Luna 16, 20 & 24 sample returns: Lang, Fritz: 59, 114 43 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Marquis de: 159 Luna-Resurs: 44, 131, 137–138, 143 Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) lunar proposal: 143 activity: 298–330 Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): 193, 194, 196, carrying: 301 207, 208, 221, 288–289, 409 cooperating: 323, 329–330 Latham, Gary V.: 55 exercising: 350 Laux, Dorianne: 158, 170–171 falling: 324 Lehrer, Tom: 126, 152 fastening: 322–323 Leonov, Aleksei: 56–57 jumping: 301 Lewis and Clark expedition: 150, 151, 156 sleeping: 323, 350–351 Ley, Willy: 59, 61, 63, 116 throwing: 302, 303 Life magazine: 66, 70, 118 walking: 298–300, 302 Lincoln, Abraham: 117 age dating: 15, 38, 41, 191–192, 193, 252 Lindbergh, Charles: 146 atmospheric composition: 38, 134, 252, 273, Locke, Richard Adams and The Sun lunar hoax: 294, 295 331, 332, 361 argon: 231, 242, 273–274, 295 Lockheed Corporation: 27 detectors: 38, 270, 272 Lockheed Martin Space Corporation: 96, 100 atmospheric density: 269–270, 272, 294, 295 Long March rocket series: 127, 156 solid bounded exosphere: 272–273 Long March 3B/Intelsat 708 disaster: 127, 145, basalt: 34, 197, 202 152, 156 vesicular basalt: 231–232, 262 Longitude Prize: 146 carbon: 133 Look magazine: 66 dust: see regolith Lovell, Jim: 29, 31, 35, 37 eclipse: 10–11, 12 Lucian of Samosata: 58, 113, 311 gamma-ray spectrometry: 206, 390 Luna program: 23, 24–25, 26, 28, 33, 37, 55 geological timeline: 192 Luna 1:23 GRAIL results potential: 170, 216 Luna 2:23,55 gravitational field irregularity: 28, 34 Luna 3: 23, 24–25, 26, 211, 220 heat flow: 39 Luna 4–8:26 experiment: 39 Luna 9–10: 23, 26 highlands: 40, 176, 188 Luna 11–12: 26, 254 Central Highlands (Near Side): 220 Luna 13:26 impact basins: 171, 175, 192, 208 Luna 14: 26, 254 ionized atmospheric detector: 35

503

Index

lunar (cont.) Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environmental iron: 41, 181 Explorer (LADEE): 133–134, 248, 271 laser ranging: 33, 34, 38, 39, 289 Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST): 134, magma: 178–184 153, 314 europium anomaly: 179, 180 lunar bases and habitats: 63 high-aluminum: 179 Bigelow Aerospace inflatable habitats: 149, mafic versus felsic: 178 343, 344–345, 363–364, 375 magnesium-suite: 178–179 Conquest of the Moon, base: 61 titanium concentration: 178, 179–180 Constellation concepts: 339, 342, 343 magnetic field: 35, 222 consumables: 346–348 detection: 35 First Lunar Outpost (FLO): 83 mantle overturn: 178, 205–206, 217–218 human population size and bifurcation: 350, meteorites: 55, 172, 202, 262, 341 355, 360, 384–386, 391 North/South Pole: 221, 235, 236, 237, 238, lava tubes: 348–349, 353, 357, 364 240–242, 244, 248, 249, 255, 256, 379 long-term human society: 350–355, 357, 365 permanently shadowed/illuminated Lunar Resource Utilization (LUNOX): 83, region: 221, 240, 241–243, 256, 257 112, 121, 343 optical and infrared spectrometry: 201–202 missile base: 55, 117, 118, 119, 149 Christiansen infrared feature: 201 regolith Mg#: 202 cement and concrete use: 202, 208, 209, 345, OMAT: see regolith (optical maturity and 363, 364 aging) shielding: 317–318, 339–345, 363 phases: 1, 2, 12, 14–15, 354 transport: 343–344, 363 potassium-40: 179 Soviet Moon base design: 44, 344, 363 power: see power production, lunar lunar commercial development: 124, 368–370, radar: 13, 132, 145, 200, 208, 234–235, 248, 372–376, 378–385, 386–387, 254–255, 286, 297 388–390 circular polarization ratio (CPR): 235, 255 Bigelow Aerospace habitats: 149 samples: 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 48, 55, 175, business scenarios: 372–375 176, 190, 198, 202 Catalyst program: 148 contamination: 232, 253 cislunar transportation costs: 368–369 core samples: 199–200 cislunar tug: 372–374, 387–388 seismography: 33, 34, 35, 38, 220, 226, 267, commodity prices: 368–369 279–280, 288, 296, 341 GLXP competitors: 147–148 solar wind at Moon: 35, 190, 222, 272, 294, 341 Golden Spike corporation: 149, 375 temperature range: 307–308, 311, 340 helium-3 production: 142, 201, 368, 378, thermal emission: 200 380–381, 389 thorium: 177, 179 Moon Agreement of 1979: 357, 383–384, 391 tides: 2–7, 217 Outer Space Treaty (OST): 144, 357, 360, transient phenomena: see transient lunar 365–366, 367, 372, 382–383, phenomena (TLPs) 390–391 uranium: 177, 179 oxygen production: 201, 343, 344, 347, 349, volcanic eruptions: 178–184, 192, 206, 218, 379, 389, 423 225 RKA lunar space tourism offer: 146 turbulent flow: 251–252 Shackleton Energy Corporation: 148–149, 375 water: see water, hydration and volatiles, Spudis-Lavoie proposal: 375, 388 lunar thorium reactor fuel: 382, 389, 390, 423 X-ray spectrometry: 37 Tsiolkovski 1895 gold mine concept: 387

504

Index

water Man and the Moon, film: 62, 211 as propellant: 369, 370, 387, 398 Man in Space, film: 62 related lunar propellants: 369–370, Man in the Moon, pareidolic image: 1, 14 371–372, 387 Man in the Moone, The, novel: 58 Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite “Man Will Conquer Space Soon”, magazine (LCROSS): 131, 132–133, 240–241, articles: 61–63, 78, 115 242, 256–257, 286, 372 Manhattan Project: 60 Lunar Electric Rover (LER): 92 Mare: 25–27, 32, 34, 182–184, 192, 195, 214 lunar in-situ resource utilization (ISRU): 83 Cognitum: 26 Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Crisium: 43, 212, 213, 217, 218, 278 Touchdown (Catalyst): 148 Fecunditatis: 37, 43, 220 cement and concrete: 202, 208, 209, 345, 363, Frigoris: 220 364 Humorum: 184, 217 Shackleton Energy Company: 148–149 Imbrium: 37, 145, 162, 176, 182, 186, 192, 193, Lunar Jim:3 194, 204, 206, 212, 213, 217, 283, 319 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), Lunar Ingenii: 212 Landing Training Vehicle, “Flying Marginus: 25, 212 Bedstead”:19 Moscoviense: 25, 212 Lunar Module (LM): see Apollo Lunar Module Nectaris: 192, 217 lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR): 69, 103, 122 Nubium: 212, 213 Lunar Orbiter program: 23, 26–28, 131 Orientale: 189, 196, 207, 212, 217, 225, 245, 264 Lunar Orbiter 1–2: 23, 254 Serenitatis: 41–42, 193, 194, 208, 212, 217, 319 Lunar Orbiter 3: 23, 28 Smythii: 25, 212, 218 Lunar Orbiter 4: 23, 27, 28, 252, 332 Tranquilitatis: 26, 27, 32, 204, 212, 224 Lunar Orbiter 5: 23, 27, 28, 252, 283 Vaporum: 184 Lunar Prospector: 131, 181, 236, 274, 279, 295 Mariner program: 23 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): 11, 85, 132, Mariner 2: 25, 68 142, 256 Mariner 4: 115 Diviner: 287 Marooned, film, and influence on ASTP: 119, 155 Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA): 132, Mars: 60, 110 289 atmosphere: 62, 115, 272 LRO Camera (LROC): 11, 109, 194, 197, 223, diameter: 162 231, 254, 282, 320, 430 humans on Mars: 61, 62, 149, 353, 364, 365, Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP): 256, 404–407 273, 295 impact basins: 162 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV): see rovers and Martian life: 60, 115, 408–409, 428 hoppers Martian moons as exploration bases: Lunar Sourcebook (LSB): 54 404–405, 406, 427 Lunniy-1 (L1 or 7K-L1): 49 robotic missions Lunniy Korabl (LK): 45, 47, 49, 304 AAP robotic lander proposal: 78–79 Lunniy Korabl-1 (LK-1): 49 ESA 2018 lander proposal: 143, 156 Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl (LOK, Moon Orbital Viking program: 79 Ship, or Soyuz 7K-LOK): 49 rotation: 171 Lunokhod program: see rovers and hoppers temperature range: 308 Mars and Beyond, film: 62 M31 galaxy in Andromeda: 2 Mars Express/Beagle 2 mission: 134, 149, 156 magma ocean: 40, 174–179, 205, 207, 288 Mars Project, The (Das Marsprojekt), book: 61, Makarov, Oleg: 56 106, 116

505

Index

Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) rover Apennine: 39, 41 mission: 143 Carpatus: 182 Mattingly, Thomas “Ken”: 40, 174, 263, 264, 293 Harbinger: 185 McCubbin, Francis: 239, 256, 257 “Leibnitz Mountains”, unofficial: 221, 226 McDivitt, James: 29 Secchi: 32 Medaris, Bruce: 106 Taurus: 41 media coverage: 45, 48 mons: 214 American media coverage: 48, 52–53, 56, 61, East Massif: 45 63, 64, 115, 119 Marius Hills: 182, 219 American cinema: 57, 60, 62–63, 115, 119 Mauna Loa (Earth): 182 British media coverage: 56 Mons Bradley: 186 cinema about Moon and space: 51, 57, 59, 60, Mons Hadley: 186 62–63, 72–74 Mons Rümker: 219 music about Moon and space: 71, 72–74, 120, Mount Everest (Earth): 186 352 “Mount Marilyn” (Secchi Theta): 32 Russian media coverage: 45, 48, 51, 64, 65, 66 Olympus Mons (Mars): 182 Russian cinema: 51, 57, 59, 63, 114 Sculptured Hills: 47, 207 Western media coverage: 22, 48, 119 Moon Méliès, George: 59, 114, 332 angular momentum of Earth-Moon system: Melnick, Bruce: 352 163, 171, 172 Mercury, planet angular size: 1, 10, 223–224 angular momentum: 163 Askaryan radiation: 289 atmosphere: 272 axial tilt, and lack of seasons: 163, 221, 235 Caloris basin: 162, 219 born from Pacific Ocean in theory: 160 human habitability: 401, 403, 426 chemical composition: 164, 165 ice at poles: 235, 255, 256 contraction in radius: 133 MESSENGER mission: 255 core: 164, 220, 226 Mercury program: 28 crust: 174, 186, 207, 212 Mercury 6 and 9: 356 dark side: 211, 223 Mercury-Redstone 3:38 differentiation: 177, 206, 218–219 Mercury-Redstone 4: 356 escape velocity: 95 Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, A, Far Side: 24–25, 54–55, 188, 200, book: 59 211–212, 219 Middlehurst, Barbara M.: 275, 295 formation scenarios: 158–162 Mikulski, Barbara: 105 co-formation planetesimal accretion: 160, Milky Way Galaxy: 2 161, 165 Minuteman missile: 104–105 double planet: 160, 161, 163 Mir space station: 51, 351, 352, 356, 365 fission: 159–160, 161, 163, 165 STS missions to Mir: 84, 112, 121 Giant Impact (see separate entry) Miró, Joan: 3 plutonium breeder-induced fission: 160, missile gap: 64, 105 172 Mitchell, Edgar: 38, 39, 311, 321, 327, 365 single capture: 160, 161 Modularized Equipment Stowage System gravitational field (physical geodesy): (MESA): 21, 23, 24, 35, 321, 322 215–217 Modularized Equipment Transporter mascon: 217, 225 (MET): 39 gravity: 298, 301 Montes: 214 reduced friction: 299, 300–302, 338 Agricola: 183 impact parameter: 224

506

Index

isotopic composition: 164, 169 National Aeronautics and Space deuterium: 232 Administration (NASA) – see also oxygen: 164, 173, 232 individual missions and projects titanium: 169, 172 Ames Research Center: 170 Kozai mechanism: 172 budget: 62, 69–70, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 95, libration: 223 103, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124–125, Man in the Moon: 1, 212, 224 134, 452–453, 460 mass: 17, 172 China ban: 143–144 metastable atmosphere: 349 Exploration Systems Mission Directorate: 87 month and Earth day lengthening due to founding: 65, 459 tides: see Earth National Aeronautics and Space Act Moon as a name: 151–152 (1958): 146 Near Side: 34, 38, 54–55, 211, 219–220 encourage commercial space: 146 Near/Far Side asymmetry: 212, 213, future as a leader in lunar exploration: 150, 214–220, 224 151, 437–439 Far Side giant collision: 219, 225 Glenn Research Center: 373, 389 mantle overturn: 217–218, 225 Headquarters: 81 Procellarum Impact Feature/Near Side international astronaut flights: 155 megabasin: 219–220, 225 Johnson Space Center (formerly Manned offset in center of mass: 26, 212, 224 Spacecraft Center): 69, 373 orientation of orbit and rotation: 163, 172, Lunar Receiving Laboratory: 198 223, 224 Mission Operations Control Room: reflecting Earthshine: 291, 297 312–313, 327 selenography Kennedy Space Center (KSC, formerly nomenclature: 213–214, 327 Launch Operations Center): 29, 49, selenographic coordinates: 55, 311 56, 68, 77, 84, 97, 99–100 tilt of coordinate systems: 163 Launch Complex 34: 29 shape disequilibrium: 222–223 Launch Complex 39: 29, 77, 122 shrinkage: 222, 223, 288 Orbiter Processing Center: 82 solidification: 177 Vehicle (formerly Vertical Assembly unexplored continent, the Moon as an: Building (VAB)): 29, 68 9, 392 Langley Space Center: 27 hazards experienced: 351, 356 Marshall Space Flight Center: 64, 81, 87, 373 potential unknown conditions: 359–360, NACA: 116 392 National Space Science Data Center: 264 Moon Agreement of 1979: 357, 383–384, 391 public relations: 122 Moon over Star, The, book: 92 relations with Congress: 65, 67, 70–71, Moore, Patrick: 54, 295 78–79, 80, 83, 85, 88, 95, 96, 97, 99, Musk, Elon: 107, 375 103–104, 120, 123, 143, 344, 363, 434, 451–452, 460 N1 rocket: 45, 47–49, 81 technology Challenges: 147, 156, 307, 329, L3 upper complex: 49 343–344, 363 Napoleon: 159 Wallops Flight Facility: 133 National Academy of Sciences (U.S.): 64, 83, workers: 100, 111, 123 104, 434 National Air and Space Council (NASC): 104 National Research Council (NRC): National Air and Space Museum: 264 104, 122 National Geographic magazine: 66 2007 lunar exploration science goals: 153 National Reconnaissance Office: 79, 120

507

Index

National Space Council: 83, 104, 434–435 Paper Soldier, film: 57 Nelson, Bill: 96, 105, 125 Paris Match magazine: 79, 106 Newcomb, Simon: 212, 224, 311, 360–361 Parker, Robert: 298, 302, 324, 326, 333–334 Newton, Isaac: 12, 159 Partial Test Ban Treaty (Limited Test Ban Nixon, Richard: 50, 52–53, 66, 71, 74–75, 77–78, Treaty, 1963): 55 81, 104 Pasteur, Louis: 261, 262, 292, 293 address on New Federalism: 71 Patrick, Nicholas: 142 Pegasus air-launched rocket: 396 Obama, Barack phases of the Moon: 1, 12, 354 interest in science and space: 91–93 human sleep and reproduction: 2, 14–15 Occidental College/Columbia University Phillips, Samuel C.: 107 student: 91–92 Pickering, William H.: 294, 331, 361 science iconography: 92 Pioneer 1 mission: 54 Obama administration space policy plagioclase: see anorthosite announcement of new policy: 97, 122 planet formation via accretion: 172 campaign proposal of 2007 to cancel Ares V: planetary protection: 359–360, 366, 427 89, 121 Planetary Society space program proposals: 87, future options: 102–103 121, 123–124 mission to asteroid: vii, 95, 97, 100–101, 123 attempted space missions: 149 promise and failure to reestablish NSC: 104 Pluto: 172, 272, 286, 430 space and science policy decision process: Polaris missile: 64 93–94 Politburo (U.S.S.R.): 44, 65 support and cancellation of VSE: 89–90, Polyakov, Valari: 353 94–97, 122, 433 Polyus (Skif-DM): 51, 57 Oberth, Hermann: 59, 114, 424 power production, lunar: 311, 322 Oceanus Procellarum: 27, 182, 185, 200, 204, fuel cells: 311 214, 218, 219, 220 heat engines: 311 Oersted, Hans Christian: 261, 293 nuclear power: 344 Of a Fire on the Moon, book: 72, 108, 119 fission reactor: 376–377 Office of Science and Technology Policy radioisotope thermal generators: 40, 141, (OSTP), U.S.: 95, 97 311, 398 OKB (design bureau) solar photovoltaic electrical power: 344, OKB-1: 48, 49, 63 381–382, 384, 388, 389, 423 RKK Energiya: 141 Powers, Francis Gary: 65 OKB-52: 48 Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT): 179–181, 219 OKB-586 (now Yuzhnoye Design Bureau): 141 Progress-M ISS/Mir resupply spacecraft: 121,356 O’Keefe, John: 229, 252 Project A119: 55 O’Keefe, Sean: 84, 85, 86, 87 Project Diana lunar radar experiment: 13 olivine: 2, 40, 176, 177, 198, 201, 205, 206 Project Horizon: 117, 118, 119 O’Neill, Gerard K.: 381, 396, 402, 426 Proton rocket series: 48, 49, 135 Orbital Sciences Antares/Cygnus spacecraft: Proton-M: 97 96, 375 public advocacy for space program(s): 105, Orteig Prize: 146 107–108, 125, 449–451 Outer Space Treaty (OST): 144, 357, 360, public opinion of space program(s): 61, 63, 365–366 , 367, 372, 382–383, 390–391 65–66, 70, 105, 112, 116, 117–118, 119, 121, 124–125, 449–450, 460 Paine, Thomas O.: 71, 79 opinion polls: 61, 105, 112, 115–116, 117–118, Pal, George: 63 119, 121, 124–125, 460

508

Index

pyroclasts: 182, 184, 200 particle size distribution and particle dark mantle deposits: 184, 200, 201, 208 packing: 198–200, 208 pyroxene: 40, 176, 177, 197, 205 radiation damage tracks: 202 clinopyroxene: 198, 201 reflectivity: 310–311 orthopyroxene: 198, 201 shielding uses: 317–318, 339–345, 363 pyroxferroite: 177, 205 surface rim: 190 Pytheas of Massalia: 150 thickness: 200 Reiner Gamma: 214, 221–222 quartz and silicon dioxide: 177–178 Return to the Moon: vii, viii, 83 Quayle, Dan: 83 American public awareness: 85 Constellation requirements: 88 R-7 rocket: 26, 63, 64 Obama Administration support and Radio Moscow: 64 cancellation: 89–90, 94–97, 433 Ramon, Ilan: 155 program themes: 85–86 RAND (Research ANd Development) rhythmites: 5–6, 15 Corporation: 63 Rich, Adrienne Cecile: 14–15, 227, 250 Ranger program: 23, 24–26 Richer, Jean: 17 Ranger 1–3:25 Rig Veda, hymnal: 158, 170 Ranger 4: 23, 25 Right Stuff, The Ranger 5–6:25 book: 70, 125 Ranger 7: 25, 228, 251 film: 57,72 Ranger 8:25–26 rimae: 39, 185, 214 Ranger 9: 25, 228, 229 formation: 229–230 Reagan, Ronald: 83 Rima/Rimae Redstone rocket: 63, 67 Bode: 184 regolith: 189–190, 208 Gruithuisen (unofficial): 204 agglutinate: 197 Hadley: 39, 41, 183, 184, 229–230 angle of repose: 321, 345–346 Posidonius: 230 bearing capacity: 54 Schröter’s Valley (Vallis Schröteri): 181, composition: 176 206, 275, 285–286 concrete aggregate use: 202 skylight in lava tubes: 203, 204, 247–248, density: 208 286, 287, 296–297, 348–349 depth: 199–200 Road to the Stars, film: 63 dust: 20, 22–23, 26, 28, 44, 308 Robinson, Stephen K.: 142 abatement: 202, 304, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, robotics 333–338, 362–363 economic development: 436–437, 456 elevated dust: 270–272, 294 lunar exploration history 55 electrical charging: 322 Roche, Edouard; Roche limit: 8, 160, 167 heiligenschein, opposition effect/anomalous rocketry development: 59–60,67 backscatter: 264, 308, 310–311, 317, air launch, rockoons: 395–396, 425 319, 320, 329 altitude records: 59–60 impact gardening: 203, 209 cannon launch: 396 impact glass: 197, 198 engines megaregolith: 200 F1: 49, 67, 68 odor: 333, 362–363 J-2: 49, 68 optical maturity and aging (OMAT): 190, 201, J2– S/J2–X: 87, 88 206–207, 221, 281–283 “N-1” (NK-15): 48–49 oxygen production: 83, 200–201 “Redstone”:67

509

Index

rocketry development (cont.) ISRO: 137–138 RS-68B: 87 NASA: 141–143 Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME, GLONASS: 135 RS-25): 87 launch sites: 124, 134 mass driver launch: 396 mission failures: 135, 153 propulsion methods planned and canceled programs (incl. lunar): gunpowder rockets: 59, 114 136–137, 143, 153, 156 ion propulsion: 397 space tourism program: 146 light sails: 396 tracking network: 135 liquid propellants: 59 Russian Revolution, 50th anniversary of: 66 liquid hydrogen + oxygen (LH2 + Ryan, Cornelius: 116 LOX): 87 nuclear propulsion: 67, 79, 397, 425 Saal, Alberto: 238, 239, 256, 257 VASIMR: 397 Sagan, Carl: 55, 107, 119, 427, 432, 455 solid rocket boosters (SRBs): 87, 88 Sagdeev, Roald: 44 tether acceleration: 399 Salyut program: 45, 51, 56 “warp” drive concept: 397, 425 Salyut 1: 56, 351, 365 rocket equation and velocity changes: 397, Salyut 5–6: 351 425, 427 Salyut 7: 138 Soviet purge of rocket developers: 59 Sänger/Sänger-Bredt Silbervogel rocket Soviet vs. U.S. draft of Aggregat rocketeers: proposal: 115 59–60, 106, 120 satellite development: 60, 64, 67 Romney, Mitt: 100, 123 communications satellites: 68 Roosa, Stuart: 38 Saturn rocket series: 28, 81, 103 rovers and hoppers: 309 Saturn I rocket: 49, 67, 68, 117, 118 ATHLETE: 309, 316, 343 Saturn IB rocket: 29, 30, 49 cryogenic rover: 309, 376, 379, 387 Saturn II rocket design: 117 hoppers: 249, 370–371, 387 Saturn V rocket: 28, 29, 30, 33, 48, 49, 62, 67, Lunar Electric Rover (LER): 92 69, 75, 88, 118, 122 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV): 38, 41, 44, 263, Schmitt, Harrison “Jack”: 36, 41, 45, 261, 262, 303, 318–319, 320–321, 334 263, 264, 298, 300, 301, 302, 310, 311, Lunokhod program: 23, 197, 313, 323–325, 326, 328, 333, 362 319–321 Schröter’s Valley (Vallis Schröteri): 181, 206, Lunokhod 1: 23, 37, 40, 289 275, 285–286 Lunokhod 2: 40, 42, 261, 270, 289, 294, 309, Schweickart, Russell “Rusty”:29 329 Scott, David: 19, 29, 39, 41, 42, 261–262, Lunokhod 3 (cancelled): 44 300–301, 302, 303, 351 Mars Exploration Rovers: 309, 313, 317, 320, Scott, Robert Falcon: 150, 339, 432, 455 329 Sea Launch (also Boeing/RKK Energiya – Mars Pathfinder Sojourner: 309 OKB-1): 141 proposed: 209, 309 Search for Extra-Terrestrial Artifacts (SETA): Yutu rover: 145 see space archeology Rukavishnikov, Nikolai: 56 Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI): Russell, Henry Norris: 172 416–417, 422–423, 431 Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA): 103, 134, Seneca, Lucius Annæus (the Younger): 392, 424 141–143 Service Module (SM): see Apollo Service cooperation with Module ESA: 135, 143 Shakespeare, William: 14–15

510

Index

Sharma, Rakesh: 138 Soyuz rocket family: 135, 136 Shearer, Charles: 218–219, 225 space archeology Shenzhou program: 127, 139–140, 144–145 existing lunar sites: 158, 206, 391, 431 Shenzhou 7 mission and spacewalk: 145 Apollo 17 artifacts: 109 Tiangong 1 space lab: 144 Search for Extra-Terrestrial Artifacts (SETA): Shepard, Alan: 38, 39, 66, 78, 311, 321, 327 204–205, 210, 422–423, 430–431 Shoemaker, Eugene: 26, 206, 361 space elevator concept: 394–395, 398–399, 423, Silkworm missile: 127 425–426 Sino-Soviet schism: 65, 127 space exploration, reasons for: 67, 68, 392–394, Sinus: 27, 214 424 Aestum: 184 Space Exploration Initiative (SEI): 82, 121 Medii: 27 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Skylab program: 78, 103, 120, 145, 342 (SpaceX): 96, 107, 146, 375 see Skylab 4: 351 Falcon rocket series; Dragon ISS skylights: see rimae, skylights resupply spacecraft Small Missions for Advanced Research in Space Launch System: 91, 97, 99 Technology (SMART-1): 130, 134, 397 “Space Oddity,” song: 72 SmallSat program: 147 Space Race: 50, 51, 52, 65 Solander, Daniel: 17 current Moon race: 134, 154 solar eclipse: 10–11 Moon Race of 1959–1976: 48, 51, 56, 66–70, Somnium, novel: 58 105 South Korean robotic lunar space program: 132 U.S.-U.S.S.R. space competition of 1980s: 51 South Pole-Aitken basin (SPA): 162–163, 200, space shuttle concepts and alternatives: 79, 208, 213, 218, 219, 221, 226, 245, 288 80, 120 impactor: 162–163, 219 X37–B mini-shuttle program: 81 size: 162 Space Shuttle/Space Transportation System Soviet Academy of Science: 64 (STS): 51, 82, 84, 88, 97, 103 Soviet Air Force: 66 Atlantis:99–100 Soviet Life magazine: 56 Challenger Soviet space program, general: 103 STS-51B: 154 Soviet human lunar program: 26, 28, 30, 31, STS-51–L disaster: 82, 87, 355 33, 42, 43, 46–52, 55, 56 “Rogers Commission”:82 Soviet Union: 18, 19, 24, 26, 28, 44, 45, 48, 51 “Ride Report”: 82, 83, 121 fall of: 44, 51 Columbia Politburo: 50 STS-1: 356 Soyuz program: 28, 45, 49, 50, 56,64 STS-9: 356 Soyuz 1: 28, 50 STS-41: 352 Soyuz 5: 356 STS-107 disaster: 84, 87, 154 Soyuz 11: 56, 351 Columbia Accident Investigation Soyuz 18A: 356 Board: 85 Soyuz 21: 351 commercial payloads: 149 Soyuz 23: 356 Discovery Soyuz 26: 351 STS-37: 356 Soyuz 33: 356 STS-51: 356 Soyuz T-10: 138 STS-114: 142 Soyuz T-10A: 356 Endeavor Soyuz T-11: 138 STS-49: 352 Soyuz TMA-5: 136 STS-97: 154

511

Index

Space Shuttle/Space (cont.) Taylor, James: 211 STS-130: 142, 352 Tekhnika Molodezhi (Youth’s Technology): 3, 66 military payloads: 81, 120 telerobotics: 262, 292, 313–320, 328–329; see space shuttle-derived vehicle hardware: 78, 87, also: rovers and hoppers, 88, 95, 99, 112 Lunokhod program space station concepts: 83 telescope, optical: 11–12, 289–290, 297, 361 armored inflatable modules: 103, 363–364 low-frequency radio telescope: 290–291, 297 Freedom: 83, 103 Telstar 1 communications satellite: 146 ‘Man Will Conquer Space Soon’ proposal: 61, Temptation of Saint Anthony, The, play: 250 62, 103 Tennyson, Alfred: 368, 386 Manned Orbiting Laboratory: 75 terraforming: 400, 408, 426, 427 space suit: 304–308, 309–310, 362 terrane: 55 “backpack” (PLSS) water use: 254, 312 Thales Alenia Space: 127 range and consumables limitations: 312, 364 Thales of Meletius: 420, 429 Space Task Group: 79 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin): 159 Spassky, Boris: 50 Thor missile: 64 spinel: 198, 201 Thule: 250 spiral development: 87 tides Sprites, Blue Jets and ELVES: 262, 429 Bay of Fundy: 4 Sputnik program: 23, 25, 44, 51, 64 lengthening of month and Earth day: 4–7, 15 Sputnik 1: 25, 51, 64, 211 from Moon on Earth: 2–7, 15–16 impact on American public: 65–66, 117, 435 and stability of rotational axis: 7 Sputnik 2:66 Titan, moon of Saturn: 63, 272, 400, 426 Stafford, Thomas P.: 29, 32 Titan missile: 64 Star Trek: 63, 89, 91, 107, 123, 409, 417–418, 429 Titan II: 64 Steidle, Craig: 87 titanium: 41 Strategic Defense Initiative/”Star Wars”: 51, 83, tranquillityite: 177, 205 121, 130, 155 transfer trajectories/orbits: 128, 152 stratigraphy: 183, 186–190, 247–248, 260 energy requirements: 387 submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM): weak stability boundary transfer trajectory: 112, 119, 125 128, 152 Sun: 1, 10, 243, 257, 258, 270 transient lunar phenomena (TLPs): 262, 264, solar activity hazard to astronauts: 101, 123, 275–281, 293–294 310, 341–342, 427 associated with Aristarchus Plateau: Superconducting Super Collider (SSC): 84 284–285, 296 supersonic flight: 60, 115 correspondence of TLPs to other lunar supersonic transport (SST): 81 events: 279–280, 296 Surveyor program: 23, 26–27, 28, 313 real-time imaging monitoring: 283–284, 296 Surveyor 1: 23, 27, 270 TLPs observed by Apollo astronauts: Surveyor 2: 23, 27 264–269, 292 Surveyor 3: 23, 27, 34, 35, 36, 209, 321 Trip to the Moon, A, film: 60 bacterial contamination of camera: 35, Triton, moon of Neptune: 272 357, 366 Truman, Harry: 60 Surveyor 4: 23, 27 Tsien Hsue-shen (Qian Xuesen): 126, 152 Surveyor 5: 26, 27, 270 fictional Europan mission: 156 Surveyor 6: 23, 27, 270 Tsiolkovski, Konstantin: 59, 114, 156, 386, 392, Surveyor 7: 23, 27, 176, 270 396, 397, 407, 424, 427 Swigert, Leonard “Jack”: 35, 37 turmoil in U.S. in 1968–1969: 70–71

512

Index

Tyson, Neil deGrasse: 107 Obama Administration support and Tyuratam prison camp: 57, 117 cancellation: 89–90, 94–97, 434, 455 VLS-1 rocket: 143 U2 aircraft: 65 volcanoes, volcanic: see lunar volcanic unidentified flying object (UFO): 60, 410, eruptions, lunar magma 418–419, 429 Von Braun, Wernher: 18, 28, 59, 63, 64, 78, United Space Alliance: 96 79–81, 103, 105, 106–107, 111, 116, Urey, Harold C.: 174, 228–231, 251, 252, 255 120, 126, 152, 298 U.S. Air Force: 23, 27, 60, 79 Von Neumann, John: 63, 415 89th Airlift Wing: 120–121 Bracewell-von Neumann probe concept: Vandenberg Air Force Base (California): 81 415–416, 429 U.S. Army: 23, 106 Voskhod: 45, 49 Fort Bliss, TX/NM: 112 Vostok program: 19, 45, 49, 64, 370 Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville: 64, 106 Vostok 1: 19, 45, 356 U.S. Geological Survey: 26, 187 Voyager program (“Grand Tour”): 121, 125, U.S.–Soviet space cooperation: 57, 69, 118, 203, 313 119, 155 WAC Corporal rocket: 60, 114 V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe-2): 59–60, 61, 106, 112, Wang, Taylor Gun-Jin: 154 114–115, 120 War of the Worlds, The, radio program: 60, V-3 (Vergeltungswaffe-3): 396 419 Van Allen, James: 105, 125, 328 Ward, William: 165, 172 Van Allen radiation belts: 310 water, hydration and volatiles, lunar Vanguard program alpha particle detection of radon release: 248, Vanguard 1:64 274–275, 295, 296 Vanguard TV3: 64 alphas from daughter product polonium- Venus: 25, 110, 272 210: 279, 295, 296 AAP Venus human flyby proposal: 78 correspondence of radon release sites and angular momentum: 163, 172 TLPs: 279 human habitability: 401–402, 403, 426 Apollo sample composition: 233, 252, 256 largest crater (Margaret Mead): 163 aqueous alteration of landforms, suspected: Soviet/Russian Venus program 228–229, 251–252 1970s proposals: 44 atmospheric transport of volatiles: 245 proposed Venus 2016 program: 137 chlorine isotopes’ role in evaluating internal Venera program: 55 H: 240, 246, 256 Venera 5: 55 cometary/meteoritic origin: 233, 239, 240, Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR): 59, 106 241, 242, 243, 245, 247, 248, 254, 257, Verne, Jules: 58, 59, 114, 151, 396 258, 260 Vietnam War (with America): 52, 70, 74 commercialization: see lunar commercial Viking program: 79 development Vilas, Faith: 237 compatibility with Giant Impact model: Virgin Galactic/Scaled Composites suborbital 246–247, 259 flights: 127, 146, 147, 376, 453 cryptovolatiles: 203 Vision for Space Exploration (VSE): 84, 102, depletion: 232–233 112, 121 economic exploitation: 248–249, 260, 423 Constellation: see Constellation space vehicle H detection by epithermal neutrons: 236, 241, architecture 248, 257

Exploration Systems Architecture System: 94 H2O in anorthosite: 256

513

Index

water, hydration and volatiles, lunar (cont.) rust in lunar samples: 243, 253, 254, 258

H2O in atmosphere sublimation in vacuum at lunar surface: Apollo 17 LACE: 252, 273 227, 251 Moon Impact Probe (Chandrayaan-1): 132, variety of origins: 203, 241–242, 245, 256, 238, 256 257, 258 Suprathermal Ion Detector (SIDE) result: volatiles in permanently shadowed regions 233–234, 254 (PSRs): 241–243, 244, 245, 248, 255,

H2O in basalts: 253, 256 257, 286, 376

H2O ice detected by radar Webb, James: 78, 118, 119 Chandrayaan-1: 132, 255 Wells, H.G.: 58, 59, 113 – H2O interactions with regolith: 242 244, Welty, Eudora: 1, 14 258, 287 Wen Ho Lee: 127 isotopic composition: 232, 247, 252–253, 259 Whipple, Fred: 61 LCROSS impact: 240–241 White, Edward: 28, 300 excavated volatiles: 133, 241, 242, 256–257, White Sands: 60, 61 372, 376 “Whitey on the Moon,” song: 71 magma ocean cumulates and hydration: Wilford, John Noble: 56 242, 257 Wilhelms, Donald: 263 moonquakes Wingo, Dennis: 386 construction hazard: 341, 363 Woman in the Moon (Frau im Mond), film: 114 relation to lunar water content: 220–221, Worden, Al: 39, 40, 43 246 World War II: 59, 60 relation to TLPs and outgassing: 279–280, Wu-ching Tsung-yao, The, (military 281 compendium) book: 114 OH in lunar minerals seen with SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry): X-15 rocket airplane: 146, 396 237–240 OH in regolith depths seen in IR (Luna 24): Ye-6 lunar lander: 26 234, 236 Yeager, Chuck: 60, 115 OH on surface seen in IR Yinguo-1 mission: 139 ground-based spectroscopy: 236–237, 255 Young, John W.: 29, 32, 36, 40, 44, 198, Moon Mineralogy Mapper – M3 303, 333 (Chandrayaan-1): 132, 237–238, 248, 255–256, 257, 258–259, 287 Zenit-3SL rocket: 141; see OKB-586 outgassing from lunar surface: 225, 252, Zheng He: viii, 150, 454 274–275, 280–282, 295 zircon uranium-lead age estimation: 15, 191, outstanding scientific issues: 247–249 193, 207 oxygen fugacity: 242, 246, 257, 259 Zond program: 23, 31, 48 possible interstellar component: Zond 5: 23, 48 203, 241, 242, 247–248, 256, Zond 6–7:48 257, 259 Zubrin, Bob: 124, 407–408, 409, 427, 428

514