Flower Constellation Optimization and Implementation
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Chapter 9: the Origin and Evolution of the Moon and Planets
Chapter 9 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE MOON AND PLANETS 9.1 In the Beginning The age of the universe, as it is perceived at present, is perhaps as old as 20 aeons so that the formation of the solar system at about 4.5 aeons is a comparatively youthful event in this stupendous extent of time [I]. Thevisible portion of the universe consists principally of about 10" galaxies, which show local marked irregularities in distribution (e.g., Virgo cluster). The expansion rate (Hubble Constant) has values currently estimated to lie between 50 and 75 km/sec/MPC [2]. The reciprocal of the constant gives ages ranging between 13 and 20 aeons but there is uncertainty due to the local perturbing effects of the Virgo cluster of galaxies on our measurement of the Hubble parameter [I]. The age of the solar system (4.56 aeons), the ages of old star clusters (>10" years) and the production rates of elements all suggest ages for the galaxy and the observable universe well in excess of 10" years (10 aeons). The origin of the presently observable universe is usually ascribed, in current cosmologies, to a "big bang," and the 3OK background radiation is often accepted as proof of the correctness of the hypothesis. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies. The observed ratio of hydrogen to helium which should be about 0.25 in a "big-bang" scenario may be too high. The distribution of galaxies shows much clumping, which would indicate an initial chaotic state [3], and there are variations in the spectrum of the 3OK radiation which are not predicted by the theory. -
Science in the Urantia Papers
Science ¾ Scientific Validation of the UB z By Denver Pearson z By Phil Calabrese ¾ Seraphic Velocities ¾ Astronomy The Scientific Integrity of the Urantia Book by Denver Pearson As scientifically minded readers first peruse the Urantia Book, it soon occurs to them that many of its statements on the natural sciences conflict with currently held data and theories. In the minds of many this gives rise to doubts about the truthfulness of those statements. Wisdom would lead us to realize that nothing short of perfection is perfect, and anything touched by human hands has fingerprints. This should be our guiding thoughts as we contemplate the accuracy of the scientific content of the Urantia Papers. Several years ago, at the first scientific symposium, it was implied by one of the speakers that the revelation contains errors. This implication is alarming. More recently, at the second symposium held in Oklahoma, an interesting publication named "The Science Content of The Urantia Book" was made available (this document is obtainable from the Brotherhood of Man Library). In this publication is an article entitled "Time Bombs" in which the author suggests that the revelators planted certain inaccurate scientific statements in the book in order to prevent it from becoming a fetish. He states "...the revelators incorporated safeguards in the papers that would form The Urantia Book to diminish the tendency to regard it as an object of worship. What safeguards did they use? Suppose they decided to make sure that mortals reading it understood that some cosmological statements in the book would be found to be inaccurate". -
Jjmonl 1502.Pmd
alactic Observer GJohn J. McCarthy Observatory Volume 8, No. 2 February 2015 Fireball From Space A Romulan plasma torpedo? . Not exactly. See inside, page 19 The John J. McCarthy Observatory Galactic Observer New Milford High School Editorial Committee 388 Danbury Road Managing Editor New Milford, CT 06776 Bill Cloutier Phone/Voice: (860) 210-4117 Production & Design Phone/Fax: (860) 354-1595 www.mccarthyobservatory.org Allan Ostergren Website Development JJMO Staff Marc Polansky It is through their efforts that the McCarthy Observatory Technical Support has established itself as a significant educational and Bob Lambert recreational resource within the western Connecticut Dr. Parker Moreland community. Steve Barone Jim Johnstone Colin Campbell Carly KleinStern Dennis Cartolano Bob Lambert Mike Chiarella Roger Moore Route Jeff Chodak Parker Moreland, PhD Bill Cloutier Allan Ostergren Cecilia Dietrich Marc Polansky Dirk Feather Joe Privitera Randy Fender Monty Robson Randy Finden Don Ross John Gebauer Gene Schilling Elaine Green Katie Shusdock Tina Hartzell Jon Wallace Tom Heydenburg Paul Woodell Amy Ziffer In This Issue OUT THE WINDOW ON YOUR LEFT ................................... 4 FEBRUARY NIGHTS ....................................................... 14 MARE TRANQUILLITATIS .................................................. 5 JUPITER AND ITS MOONS ................................................ 16 JUPITER AT OPPOSITION ................................................... 6 TRANSIT OF THE JUPITER'S RED SPOT ............................. -
Dwarf Planets Are Planets, Too: Planetary Pedagogy After New Horizons: K
Pluto System After New Horizons 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2133) 7016.pdf DWARF PLANETS ARE PLANETS, TOO: PLANETARY PEDAGOGY AFTER NEW HORIZONS: K. D. Runyon1, P. T. Metzger2, S. A. Stern3 J. Bell4, 1Johns Hopkins APL, Laurel, MD, USA ([email protected]). 2University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. 3Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. Introduction: The last two decades have seen a The change was heralded by the realization that differ- shift in how scientists and the public understand the or- ent formation processes resulted in asteroids being geo- ganization of the Solar System. The discovery of KBOs physically distinct from larger planets. This is at odds of comparable size to Pluto, beginning with Eris (erro- with the supposedly historically-precedented IAU neously thought at the time to be larger than Pluto) [1,2, planet criterion that a planet must have cleared its orbit 3], have revolutionized our understanding of the size [6], or, informally, be otherwise gravitationally domi- distribution of round worlds. With more than 120 dwarf nant [5]. planets discovered since the early-2000s [4], a paradigm Ignoring the IAU: (Il)legitimacy of Voting: The shift is needed regarding how students are taught the or- peer reviewed literature is replete with examples (at ganization of the Solar System: it is no longer sufficient least 129) of professional planetary scientists implicitly to teach students the names of nine (eight) planets’ use the GPD—not the IAU definition—when referring named after pagan gods and assume that any meaningful to round worlds. -
Planetary Science
Accretion 236, 416, 429 Basalts, Columbia River 269,272 heterogeneous 177, 220, 228,422 Basalts, Fra Mauro 203,217 homogeneous 228-9,422 Basalts, high-Al 300, 317, 330 secondary 420 Basalts, high-Ti 301, 308, 318 Achondrites, basaltic 338, 420 Basalts, highland 202, 228, 232 Agglutinates 128 Basalts, KREEP 214, 229, 251, 253, 326-7, elemental fractionation 130 330, 348 formation 126, 148 Bpsalts, low-K Fra Mauro (LKFM) 202, melts 127 214 Airy hypothesis 183 Basalts, low-Ti 300, 318 Akaganeite 21 7 Basalts, Luna 16 301, 317, 330 Alba Patera 52 Basalts, mare 243 Allende 378 ages 318 Allende inclusions 416, 425, 428 chalcophile 3 13 Altai Scarp 77 depths of melting 331 Aluminum-26 41 3-4,420,428 ferromagnesian elements 31 1 Anorthosites 205, 229, 249 high valency cations 309 Anorthosites, gabbroic 217 large cations 301 Apennine Bench Formation 38,78,93,215, lead 3 13 224, 273-4 nickel 31 1 Apennine Mountains 215, 346 origin 321 Apenninian series 26 oxidation state 292 Aphrodite Terra 55, 354 rock types 282 Apollo landing sites 11 sulfur 3 13 Apollo 14 37, 1 10, 227, 241 thickness 350 Apollo 15 187, 273, 351 trace elements 301 Apollo 16 110, 117, 187, 224, 238,240 volume 325 Apollo 17 109, 130, 167, 187, 267, 272 Basalts, mid-ocean ridge (MORB) 255 Apollo 1 l samples 267, 300 Basalts, VLT 200 Apollo 14 samples 187 Basins (see also Multi-ring basins) Apollo 16 samples 201 morphology 91 Apollo Soil Survey 202 peak ring 91, 92 Apollonian metamorphism 200 secondary 96 Archean 253 Basins, Callisto-Valhalla 76 Archean crustal composition 255 Basins, -
Tessmann Planetarium Guide to the Solar System
TESSMANN PLANETARIUM GUIDE TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM Solar System The Sun and Inner Planets The Sun makes up about 99.8% of the mass in the solar system. This means that almost the entire mass of the solar system is in the Sun. SUN FACTS Diameter: 864,000 miles across (109 times the Earth’s diameter) Surface Temperature: 9980° Fahrenheit (F) Core Temperature: 27,000,000° F Duration of Rotation (Solar day): 27 to 31 days Composition: Made up mostly of hydrogen (70%) and helium (28%) and other (2%) Important spacecrafts: Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), and many others. Also known as: Sol The Sun 2 The Sun is the center of our solar system; all the planets in our The Sun is a Yellow Dwarf Star system orbit around the Sun near the Earth’s orbital plane. 1,200,000 Earths can fit into the Sun. The Sun outshines about 80% of the stars in the Milky Way. However, there are many stars that are much bigger and brighter than our Sun. Our Sun is a mere runt compared to the biggest of these. The Sun is a G type star and takes about 225 million years to make one orbit around the Milky Way. It is known as a yellow dwarf, although its color is actually more white than yellow. It generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core. The Sun is located in the Orion arm of the Milky Way. Sunspots are areas of strong magnetic activity and lower tem- perature on the surface of the Sun. -
The Habitability of Icy Exomoons
University of Groningen Master thesis Astronomy The habitability of icy exomoons Supervisor: Author: Prof. Floris F.S. Van Der Tak Jesper N.K.Y. Tjoa Dr. Michael \Migo" Muller¨ June 27, 2019 Abstract We present surface illumination maps, tidal heating models and melting depth models for several icy Solar System moons and use these to discuss the potential subsurface habitability of exomoons. Small icy moons like Saturn's Enceladus may maintain oceans under their ice shells, heated by en- dogenic processes. Under the right circumstances, these environments might sustain extraterrestrial life. We investigate the influence of multiple orbital and physical characteristics of moons on the subsurface habitability of these bodies and model how the ice melting depth changes. Assuming a conduction only model, we derive an analytic expression for the melting depth dependent on seven- teen physical and orbital parameters of a hypothetical moon. We find that small to mid-sized icy satellites (Enceladus up to Uranus' Titania) locked in an orbital resonance and in relatively close orbits to their host planet are best suited to sustaining a subsurface habitable environment, and may do so largely irrespective of their host's distance from the parent star: endogenic heating is the primary key to habitable success, either by tidal heating or radiogenic processes. We also find that the circumplanetary habitable edge as formulated by Heller and Barnes (2013) might be better described as a manifold criterion, since the melting depth depends on seventeen (more or less) free parameters. We conclude that habitable exomoons, given the right physical characteristics, may be found at any orbit beyond the planetary habitable zone, rendering the habitable zone for moons (in principle) arbitrarily large. -
What Is a Planet? Nadine Barlow's Editorial Published on Division for Planetary Sciences (
What is a Planet? Nadine Barlow's Editorial Published on Division for Planetary Sciences (https://dps.aas.org) What is a Planet? Nadine Barlow's Editorial The following editorial article appeared in Flagstaff's Arizona Daily Sun newspaper on Tuesday, August 29, 2006. The International Astronomical Union has voted to demote Pluto from full planetary status, but as a planetary scientist, I know that reclassifying Pluto as a dwarf planet will not make any difference scientifically—we will still study it. But humans are resistant to change. Most of us grew up learning that our solar system contains nine planets, and we are upset by this change. Because Pluto was discovered at Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff residents definitely have a vested interest in this little world. One benefit arising from this controversy is the enhanced awareness that science is not static. I first realized this in fifth grade when I learned about the discovery of Saturn's moon Janus. Janus was the first new moon discovered in 15 years, the first new moon in the lifetime of that fifth-grader. That was when I realized that science is not just a bunch of facts discovered long ago. Science changes as new information is obtained through technological advances. Planets originally were defined as objects moving relative to the stationary background stars. That definition no longer fits the diversity of objects comprising our solar system. We need a definition based on physics. We need to keep it simple. That is why I liked the definition proposed by the planet definition committee appointed by the IAU: A planet orbits a star and has sufficient mass so its gravity has pulled it into a sphere. -
A Geophysical Definition for 'Planet'
Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 10156, 2007 SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2007-A-10156 © European Geosciences Union 2007 A Geophysical Definition for ’Planet’ M. Sykes Planetary Science Institute ([email protected] / Phone: 1-520-622-6300) The operational components of the Prague definition for planet passed at the IAU General Assembly last August provide no insight into the intrinsic characteristics of the objects they seek to define. This definition is rooted in a dynamical perspective which considers objects as point sources, distinguishable only by their effects on the motions of other objects. An alternative perspective arises from decades of robotic exploration of the solar system revealing increasingly detailed information about geo- physical and atmospheric processes associated with planetary bodies as well as Earth. This has resulted in the inexorable merging of planetary science and terrestrial sci- ence. In fact, a sampling of society memberships suggest that today more planetary scientists belong to professional geophysical societies than astronomical societies. A slight modification of the definition initially proposed by the IAU Planet Definition Working Group is proposed: "A planet is an object orbiting a star that has mass suffi- cient to maintain a gravity-determined (hydrostatic equilibrium) shape." More simply put, planets are ’round’ objects that orbit stars. Spacecraft imagery reveals that it is at this point of ’roundness’ that solar system bodies begin to exhibit geology - reflecting interior processes, not just impact history. Smaller bodies (e.g., asteroids) are irregu- lar ’inactive’ objects. This definition is easily extensible to objects around other stars, unlike the Prague definition. Satellites of planets (e.g., Titan, Triton, the Moon) can also be ’planetary’ (exhibit properties of planets). -
Space Theme Circle Time Ideas
Space Crescent Black Space: Sub-themes Week 1: Black/Crescent EVERYWHERE! Introduction to the Milky Way/Parts of the Solar System(8 Planets, 1 dwarf planet and sun) Week 2: Continue with Planets Sun and Moon Week 3: Comets/asteroids/meteors/stars Week 4: Space travel/Exploration/Astronaut Week 5: Review Cooking Week 1: Cucumber Sandwiches Week 2: Alien Playdough Week 3: Sunshine Shake Week 4: Moon Sand Week 5: Rocket Shaped Snack Cucumber Sandwich Ingredients 1 carton (8 ounces) spreadable cream cheese 2 teaspoons ranch salad dressing mix (dry one) 12 slices mini bread 2 to 3 medium cucumbers, sliced, thinly Let the children take turns mixing the cream cheese and ranch salad dressing mix. The children can also assemble their own sandwiches. They can spread the mixture themselves on their bread with a spoon and can put the cucumbers on themselves. Sunshine Shakes Ingredients and items needed: blender; 6 ounce can of unsweetened frozen orange juice concentrate, 3/4 cup of milk, 3/4 cup of water, 1 teaspoon of vanilla and 6 ice cubes. Children should help you put the items in the blender. You blend it up and yum! Moon Sand Materials Needed: 6 cups play sand (you can purchased colored play sand as well!); 3 cups cornstarch; 1 1/2 cups of cold water. -Have the children help scoop the corn starch and water into the table and mix until smooth. -Add sand gradually. This is very pliable sand and fun! -Be sure to store in an airtight container when not in use. If it dries, ad a few tablespoons of water and mix it in. -
The Transits of Extrasolar Planets with Moons
The Transits of Extrasolar Planets with Moons David Mathew Kipping arXiv:1105.3189v3 [astro-ph.EP] 23 Apr 2012 Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics and Astronomy University College London March 2011 I, David Mathew Kipping, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Abstract The search for extrasolar planets is strongly motivated by the goal of characterizing how frequent habitable worlds and life may be within the Galaxy. Whilst much effort has been spent on searching for Earth-like planets, large moons may also be common, temperate abodes for life as well. The methods to detect extrasolar moons, or “exomoons” are more subtle than their planetary counterparts and in this thesis I aim to provide a method to find such bodies in transiting systems, which offer the greatest potential for detection. Before one can search for the tiny perturbations to the planetary signal, an understanding of the planetary transit must be established. Therefore, in Chapters 3 to 5 I discuss the transit model and provide several new insights. Chapter 4 presents new analytic expressions for the times of transit minima and the transit duration, which will be critical in the later search for exomoons. Chapter 5 discusses two sources of distortion to the transit signal, namely blending (with a focus on the previously unconsidered self-blending scenario) and light curve smearing due to long integration times. I provide methods to compensate for both of these effects, thus permitting for the accurate modelling of the planetary transit light curve. -
Geophysical Classification of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons: a Mass Scale and Composition Codes David G
- 1 - Geophysical Classification of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons: A Mass Scale and Composition Codes David G. Russell Owego Free Academy, Owego, NY USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract A planetary mass scale and system of composition codes are presented for describing the geophysical characteristics of exoplanets and Solar System planets, dwarf planets, and spherical moons. The composition classes characterize the rock, ice, and gas properties of planetary bodies. The planetary mass scale includes five mass classes with upper and lower mass limits derived from recent studies of the exoplanet mass-radius and mass-density relationships, and the physical characteristics of planets, dwarf planets, and spherical moons in the Solar System. The combined mass and composition codes provide a geophysical classification that allows for comparison of the global mass and composition characteristics of exoplanets with the Solar System’s planets, dwarf planets and spherical moons. The system is flexible and can be combined with additional codes characterizing other physical, dynamical, or biological characteristics of planets. Subject Headings: planets and satellites: composition - planets and satellites: fundamental parameters - planets and satellites: general 1. Introduction To date nearly 3000 exoplanets have been confirmed (Han et al. 2014). It is possible to derive reasonable models for the interior structure of most Solar System planets and many exoplanets (Baraffe et al. 2008, 2010, 2014; Fortney et al. 2006, Sotin et al. 2010). Numerous names are used to characterize exoplanets including: Earth, super-Earth, mini-Neptune, Neptune, sub-Neptune, hot Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter, hot Jupiter, Jovian, gas giant, ice giant, rocky, terrestrial, water, and ocean.