Planetary Science
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Flower Constellation Optimization and Implementation
FLOWER CONSTELLATION OPTIMIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION A Dissertation by CHRISTIAN BRUCCOLERI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2007 Major Subject: Aerospace Engineering FLOWER CONSTELLATION OPTIMIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION A Dissertation by CHRISTIAN BRUCCOLERI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Daniele Mortari Committee Members, John L. Junkins Thomas C. Pollock J. Maurice Rojas Head of Department, Helen Reed December 2007 Major Subject: Aerospace Engineering iii ABSTRACT Flower Constellation Optimization and Implementation. (December 2007) Christian Bruccoleri, M.S., Universit´a di Roma - La Sapienza Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Daniele Mortari Satellite constellations provide the infrastructure to implement some of the most im- portant global services of our times both in civilian and military applications, ranging from telecommunications to global positioning, and to observation systems. Flower Constellations constitute a set of satellite constellations characterized by periodic dynamics. They have been introduced while trying to augment the existing design methodologies for satellite constellations. The dynamics of a Flower Constellation identify a set of implicit rotating reference frames on which the satellites follow the same closed-loop relative trajectory. In particular, when one of these rotating refer- ence frames is “Planet Centered, Planet Fixed”, then all the orbits become compatible (or resonant) with the planet; consequently, the projection of the relative path on the planet results in a repeating ground track. The satellite constellations design methodology currently most utilized is the Walker Delta Pattern or, more generally, Walker Constellations. -
Warren and Taylor-2014-In Tog-The Moon-'Author's Personal Copy'.Pdf
This article was originally published in Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non- commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Warren P.H., and Taylor G.J. (2014) The Moon. In: Holland H.D. and Turekian K.K. (eds.) Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition, vol. 2, pp. 213-250. Oxford: Elsevier. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy 2.9 The Moon PH Warren, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA GJ Taylor, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA ã 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This article is a revision of the previous edition article by P. H. Warren, volume 1, pp. 559–599, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd. 2.9.1 Introduction: The Lunar Context 213 2.9.2 The Lunar Geochemical Database 214 2.9.2.1 Artificially Acquired Samples 214 2.9.2.2 Lunar Meteorites 214 2.9.2.3 Remote-Sensing Data 215 2.9.3 Mare Volcanism -
Chapter 9: the Origin and Evolution of the Moon and Planets
Chapter 9 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE MOON AND PLANETS 9.1 In the Beginning The age of the universe, as it is perceived at present, is perhaps as old as 20 aeons so that the formation of the solar system at about 4.5 aeons is a comparatively youthful event in this stupendous extent of time [I]. Thevisible portion of the universe consists principally of about 10" galaxies, which show local marked irregularities in distribution (e.g., Virgo cluster). The expansion rate (Hubble Constant) has values currently estimated to lie between 50 and 75 km/sec/MPC [2]. The reciprocal of the constant gives ages ranging between 13 and 20 aeons but there is uncertainty due to the local perturbing effects of the Virgo cluster of galaxies on our measurement of the Hubble parameter [I]. The age of the solar system (4.56 aeons), the ages of old star clusters (>10" years) and the production rates of elements all suggest ages for the galaxy and the observable universe well in excess of 10" years (10 aeons). The origin of the presently observable universe is usually ascribed, in current cosmologies, to a "big bang," and the 3OK background radiation is often accepted as proof of the correctness of the hypothesis. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies. The observed ratio of hydrogen to helium which should be about 0.25 in a "big-bang" scenario may be too high. The distribution of galaxies shows much clumping, which would indicate an initial chaotic state [3], and there are variations in the spectrum of the 3OK radiation which are not predicted by the theory. -
Science in the Urantia Papers
Science ¾ Scientific Validation of the UB z By Denver Pearson z By Phil Calabrese ¾ Seraphic Velocities ¾ Astronomy The Scientific Integrity of the Urantia Book by Denver Pearson As scientifically minded readers first peruse the Urantia Book, it soon occurs to them that many of its statements on the natural sciences conflict with currently held data and theories. In the minds of many this gives rise to doubts about the truthfulness of those statements. Wisdom would lead us to realize that nothing short of perfection is perfect, and anything touched by human hands has fingerprints. This should be our guiding thoughts as we contemplate the accuracy of the scientific content of the Urantia Papers. Several years ago, at the first scientific symposium, it was implied by one of the speakers that the revelation contains errors. This implication is alarming. More recently, at the second symposium held in Oklahoma, an interesting publication named "The Science Content of The Urantia Book" was made available (this document is obtainable from the Brotherhood of Man Library). In this publication is an article entitled "Time Bombs" in which the author suggests that the revelators planted certain inaccurate scientific statements in the book in order to prevent it from becoming a fetish. He states "...the revelators incorporated safeguards in the papers that would form The Urantia Book to diminish the tendency to regard it as an object of worship. What safeguards did they use? Suppose they decided to make sure that mortals reading it understood that some cosmological statements in the book would be found to be inaccurate". -
Planets of the Solar System
Chapter Planets of the 27 Solar System Chapter OutlineOutline 1 ● Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Hypothesis Formation of the Planets Formation of Solid Earth Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere Formation of Earth’s Oceans 2 ● Models of the Solar System Early Models Kepler’s Laws Newton’s Explanation of Kepler’s Laws 3 ● The Inner Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars 4 ● The Outer Planets Gas Giants Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Objects Beyond Neptune Why It Matters Exoplanets UnderstandingU d t di theth formationf ti and the characteristics of our solar system and its planets can help scientists plan missions to study planets and solar systems around other stars in the universe. 746 Chapter 27 hhq10sena_psscho.inddq10sena_psscho.indd 774646 PDF 88/15/08/15/08 88:43:46:43:46 AAMM Inquiry Lab Planetary Distances 20 min Turn to Appendix E and find the table entitled Question to Get You Started “Solar System Data.” Use the data from the How would the distance of a planet from the sun “semimajor axis” row of planetary distances to affect the time it takes for the planet to complete devise an appropriate scale to model the distances one orbit? between planets. Then find an indoor or outdoor space that will accommodate the farthest distance. Mark some index cards with the name of each planet, use a measuring tape to measure the distances according to your scale, and place each index card at its correct location. 747 hhq10sena_psscho.inddq10sena_psscho.indd 774747 22/26/09/26/09 111:42:301:42:30 AAMM These reading tools will help you learn the material in this chapter. -
A 4565 Myr Old Andesite from an Extinct Chondritic Protoplanet
A 4565 Myr old andesite from an extinct chondritic protoplanet. Jean-Alix Barrata*, Marc Chaussidonb, Akira Yamaguchic, Pierre Beckd, Johan Villeneuvee, David J. Byrnee, Michael W. Broadleye, Bernard Martye a Univ Brest, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UMR 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, F- 29280 Plouzané, France ;b Université de Paris, Institut de pHysique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris;c National Institute of Polar ResearcH, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan ;dUniversite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Saint-Martin d’Heres, France;e Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France. *Corresponding autHor Jean-Alix Barrat Email: [email protected] Abstract The age of iron meteorites implies that accretion of protoplanets began during the first millions of years of the solar system. Due to the Heat generated by 26Al decay, many early protoplanets were fully differentiated, with an igneous crust produced during the cooling of a magma ocean, and the segregation at depth of a metallic core. The formation and nature of the primordial crust generated during the early stages of melting is poorly understood, due in part to the scarcity of available samples. The newly discovered meteorite Erg CHecH 002 (EC 002) originates from one sucH primitive igneous crust, and has an andesite bulk composition. It derives from the partial melting of a non-carbonaceous chondritic reservoir, witH no depletion in alkalis relative to the sun’s photosphere, and at a high melting rate of around 25%. Moreover, EC 002 is to date, the oldest known piece of an igneous crust witH a 26Al-26Mg crystallization age of 4565.0 Myr. -
Origin of Water Ice in the Solar System 309
Lunine: Origin of Water Ice in the Solar System 309 Origin of Water Ice in the Solar System Jonathan I. Lunine Lunar and Planetary Laboratory The origin and early distribution of water ice and more volatile compounds in the outer solar system is considered. The origin of water ice during planetary formation is at least twofold: It condenses beyond a certain distance from the proto-Sun — no more than 5 AU but perhaps as close as 2 AU — and it falls in from the surrounding molecular cloud. Because some of the infalling water ice is not sublimated in the ambient disk, complete mixing between these two sources was not achieved, and at least two populations of icy planetesimals may have been present in the protoplanetary disk. Added to this is a third reservoir of water ice planetesimals representing material chemically processed and then condensed in satellite-forming disks around giant planets. Water of hydration in silicates inward of the condensation front might be a sepa- rate source, if the hydration occurred directly from the nebular disk and not later in the parent bodies. The differences among these reservoirs of icy planetesimals ought to be reflected in diverse composition and abundance of trapped or condensed species more volatile than the water ice matrix, although radial mixing may have erased most of the differences. Possible sources of water for Earth are diverse, and include Mars-sized hydrated bodies in the asteroid belt, smaller “asteroidal” bodies, water adsorbed into dry silicate grains in the nebula, and comets. These different sources may be distinguished by their deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio, and by pre- dictions on the relative amounts of water (and isotopic compositional differences) between Earth and Mars. -
Abstracts of Extreme Solar Systems 4 (Reykjavik, Iceland)
Abstracts of Extreme Solar Systems 4 (Reykjavik, Iceland) American Astronomical Society August, 2019 100 — New Discoveries scope (JWST), as well as other large ground-based and space-based telescopes coming online in the next 100.01 — Review of TESS’s First Year Survey and two decades. Future Plans The status of the TESS mission as it completes its first year of survey operations in July 2019 will bere- George Ricker1 viewed. The opportunities enabled by TESS’s unique 1 Kavli Institute, MIT (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States) lunar-resonant orbit for an extended mission lasting more than a decade will also be presented. Successfully launched in April 2018, NASA’s Tran- siting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is well on its way to discovering thousands of exoplanets in orbit 100.02 — The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Sur- around the brightest stars in the sky. During its ini- vey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics tial two-year survey mission, TESS will monitor more from 10-100 AU than 200,000 bright stars in the solar neighborhood at Eric Nielsen1; Robert De Rosa1; Bruce Macintosh1; a two minute cadence for drops in brightness caused Jason Wang2; Jean-Baptiste Ruffio1; Eugene Chiang3; by planetary transits. This first-ever spaceborne all- Mark Marley4; Didier Saumon5; Dmitry Savransky6; sky transit survey is identifying planets ranging in Daniel Fabrycky7; Quinn Konopacky8; Jennifer size from Earth-sized to gas giants, orbiting a wide Patience9; Vanessa Bailey10 variety of host stars, from cool M dwarfs to hot O/B 1 KIPAC, Stanford University (Stanford, California, United States) giants. 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology TESS stars are typically 30–100 times brighter than (Pasadena, California, United States) those surveyed by the Kepler satellite; thus, TESS 3 Astronomy, California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, Califor- planets are proving far easier to characterize with nia, United States) follow-up observations than those from prior mis- 4 Astronomy, U.C. -
The Nain Anorthosite Project, Labrador: Field
THE NAIN ANORTHOSITE PROJECT, LABRADOR: FIELD REPORT 1971 S. A. MORSE I EDITOR R. V. PITS I ULAK CONTRIBUTION NO. 9 GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS L THE NAIN ANORTHOSITE PROJECT, LABRADOR: FIElD REPORT 1971 S. A. Morse, Editor Final Report under NSF Grants GA-21386 and GA-27134 to Franklin and Marshall College: "Evolution of Anorthosite and Related Crustal Rocks in Coastal Labrador", and "Facility for Crustal Studies in Coastal Labrador." S. A. Morse, Principal Investigator (now at U.Mass/Amherst) Dirk de Waard, Syracuse Associate Investigators E. P. Wheeler 2nd, Cornell Other contributors: Research Assistants: J. H. Berg, U. Mass/Amherst C. D. Brauer, Vassar G. A. Plananaky, Harvard F. Finley, Syracuse C. C. Rubins, Syracuse T. H. Folkomer, Franklin & Marshall B.G.J. Upton, Edinburgh D. Russell, Syracuse Charles Woodward, Syracuse J. A. Speer, Virginia Polytechnic Contribution No. 9 Amherst, Massachusetts Geology Department December, 1971 Uni~ersity of Massachusetts L I - CONTENTS INTRODUCTION •••••••••.•••••.•••••••••• ......................... 1 GEOLOGIC~ REPORT. • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 General Statement ••••••• 9 Collateral Studies •• 12 Eastern Con tact Zone . .....................................•.... 15 Country rocks of the anorthosite massif and anorthosite contacts in the Ford Harbour Region (de Waard) ••••••••••••••••••••• 15 Intrusive contact relations in the outer is lands (Wlleele r) .................................... -
Jjmonl 1502.Pmd
alactic Observer GJohn J. McCarthy Observatory Volume 8, No. 2 February 2015 Fireball From Space A Romulan plasma torpedo? . Not exactly. See inside, page 19 The John J. McCarthy Observatory Galactic Observer New Milford High School Editorial Committee 388 Danbury Road Managing Editor New Milford, CT 06776 Bill Cloutier Phone/Voice: (860) 210-4117 Production & Design Phone/Fax: (860) 354-1595 www.mccarthyobservatory.org Allan Ostergren Website Development JJMO Staff Marc Polansky It is through their efforts that the McCarthy Observatory Technical Support has established itself as a significant educational and Bob Lambert recreational resource within the western Connecticut Dr. Parker Moreland community. Steve Barone Jim Johnstone Colin Campbell Carly KleinStern Dennis Cartolano Bob Lambert Mike Chiarella Roger Moore Route Jeff Chodak Parker Moreland, PhD Bill Cloutier Allan Ostergren Cecilia Dietrich Marc Polansky Dirk Feather Joe Privitera Randy Fender Monty Robson Randy Finden Don Ross John Gebauer Gene Schilling Elaine Green Katie Shusdock Tina Hartzell Jon Wallace Tom Heydenburg Paul Woodell Amy Ziffer In This Issue OUT THE WINDOW ON YOUR LEFT ................................... 4 FEBRUARY NIGHTS ....................................................... 14 MARE TRANQUILLITATIS .................................................. 5 JUPITER AND ITS MOONS ................................................ 16 JUPITER AT OPPOSITION ................................................... 6 TRANSIT OF THE JUPITER'S RED SPOT ............................. -
The Tessmann Planetarium Guide to Exoplanets
The Tessmann Planetarium Guide to Exoplanets REVISED SPRING 2020 That is the big question we all have: Are we alone in the universe? Exoplanets confirm the suspicion that planets are not rare. -Neil deGrasse Tyson What is an Exoplanet? WHAT IS AN EXOPLANET? Before 1990, we had not yet discovered any planets outside of our solar system. We did not have the methods to discover these types of planets. But in the three decades since then, we have discovered at least 4158 confirmed planets outside of our system – and the count seems to be increasing almost every day. We call these worlds exoplanets. These worlds have been discovered with the help of new and powerful telescopes, on Earth and in space, including the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The Kepler Spacecraft (artist’s conception, below) and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) were specifically designed to hunt for new planets. Kepler discovered 2662 planets during its search. TESS has discovered 46 planets so far and has found over 1800 planet candidates. In Some Factoids: particular, TESS is looking for smaller, rocky exoplanets of nearby, bright stars. An earth-sized planet, TOI 700d, was discovered by TESS in January 2020. This planet is in its star’s Goldilocks or habitable zone. The planet is about 100 light years away, in the constellation of Dorado. According to NASA, we have discovered 4158 exoplanets in 3081 planetary systems. 696 systems have more than one planet. NASA recognizes another 5220 unconfirmed candidates for exoplanets. In 2020, a student at the University of British Columbia, named Michelle Kunimoto, discovered 17 new exoplanets, one of which is in the habitable zone of a star. -
Dwarf Planets Are Planets, Too: Planetary Pedagogy After New Horizons: K
Pluto System After New Horizons 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2133) 7016.pdf DWARF PLANETS ARE PLANETS, TOO: PLANETARY PEDAGOGY AFTER NEW HORIZONS: K. D. Runyon1, P. T. Metzger2, S. A. Stern3 J. Bell4, 1Johns Hopkins APL, Laurel, MD, USA ([email protected]). 2University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. 3Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. Introduction: The last two decades have seen a The change was heralded by the realization that differ- shift in how scientists and the public understand the or- ent formation processes resulted in asteroids being geo- ganization of the Solar System. The discovery of KBOs physically distinct from larger planets. This is at odds of comparable size to Pluto, beginning with Eris (erro- with the supposedly historically-precedented IAU neously thought at the time to be larger than Pluto) [1,2, planet criterion that a planet must have cleared its orbit 3], have revolutionized our understanding of the size [6], or, informally, be otherwise gravitationally domi- distribution of round worlds. With more than 120 dwarf nant [5]. planets discovered since the early-2000s [4], a paradigm Ignoring the IAU: (Il)legitimacy of Voting: The shift is needed regarding how students are taught the or- peer reviewed literature is replete with examples (at ganization of the Solar System: it is no longer sufficient least 129) of professional planetary scientists implicitly to teach students the names of nine (eight) planets’ use the GPD—not the IAU definition—when referring named after pagan gods and assume that any meaningful to round worlds.