DOCSLIB.ORG

Antifungal and Insecticidal Properties of the Phytoconstituentsof Drimys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antifungal and Insecticidal Properties of the Phytoconstituentsof Drimys s Chemis ct try u d & o r R P e s l e a r a Muñoz et al., Nat Prod Chem Res 2015, 3:4 r u t c h a N Natural Products Chemistry & Research DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000182 ISSN: 2329-6836 Research Article Open Access Antifungal and Insecticidal properties of the Phytoconstituents of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) growing in Chiloe Island (Chile) Muñoz O1*, Gutierrez M2, Gonzalez R3, Hammann S4 and Vetter W4 1Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile 2Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Instituto de Quimica de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile 3Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas, Universidad de Chile 4University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr, 28, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Abstract Seven drimane-type sesquiterpenes: polygodial, drimenol, drimendiol, drimenin, isodrimininol, isodrimenin and proximadiol (cryptomeridiol); three lignans: sesamin, cubebin and its epimer eudesmin, and one sterol: (β-sitosterol) were isolated from Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) from Chiloe Island, Chile. Eudesmin and its phytosterols were isolated from the plant for the first time, and sesamin was found to be the major product in the plant’s bark by a significant margin. Furthermore, qualitative and quantitative differences were detected between some products. Structures were established using 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectra, HRESIMS and comparison with published data. Some isolated compounds were tested against the phytopathogenic fungi Botritys cinerea, Dothiorella sp., Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium cladosporoides; additionally, a study was carried out to determine the contact toxic action of leaf and stem bark extracts upon phloematic insect pests from the Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) mealy bug complex. Keywords: Drimys winteri; Lignans; Sterols; Sesquiterpenoids; sesquiterpenes reported from the bark and leaves collected in Brazil Antifungal activity; Insecticidal properties [13] were not considered because D. winteri is not present in Brazil [3]. The main characteristics and properties of this tree have been Introduction attributed to the presence of certain sesquiterpenoids. The reactivity Drimys winteri J. R and G. Forster var. chilensis (DC.) A. Gray is a of the unsaturated dialdehyde functionality towards biological tree native to Central and Southern Chile, which grows in continental nucleophiles is considered responsible for the antifeedant activity of Chile from Coquimbo to Aysén, including Chiloé Island. It is abundant those compounds (polygodial and epipolygodial) [14,15]. The chemical in wet swampy localities from sea level to an altitude of 1700 m [1]. In composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the continental Chile, Winteraceous plants are represented by two species stem bark and leaves of continental Chile (Santiago) D. winteri was also of Drimys: D. winteri J. R. Forster and G. Forster and D. andina Reiche studied using GC and GC/MS for which results have been published [2]. D. winteri is a tree whereas D. andina is a shrub [3]. Marticorena [16]. The essential oils from the stem bark and leaves of D. winteri from and Quezada also distinguish the chilensis (DC.) A. Gray variety of D. Chiloé Island and continental Chile (Santiago) were studied revealing winteri [4]. Drimys winteri is a sacred plant to the Mapuche indigenous certain differences in their chemical composition. Sesquiterpene people, who uses its aerial parts for the treatment of dermatitis, hydrocarbons constituted the main chemical groups in the stem bark stomach pain, toothache, tumors, and other illnesses [5]. Extracts oils (in which α-santalene, trans -β- bergamotene curcumenes are the of the stem bark have long been used to treat human and bovine major components), whereas monoterpenes (in which (α) - pinene, diseases [6]. In the past, the stem bark of D. winteri was exported to β-pinene, and linalool are the main components) constituted the Europe as an antiscorbutic medicine [1,5]. The tree is also used for main chemical groups in the leaves of Island plants. Sesquiterpenes commercial purposes, in wood production, crafts, manufacturing and (germacrene) and phenylpropanoids are most abundant in the leaves the pulp industry due to the high quality of its fibers. Its architectural of continental plants [16]. The aim of the present study was to compare characteristics and natural resistance to insects and microorganisms the chemical profile of insular D. winteri from Chiloé Island (growing are advantageous for playgrounds in parks and gardens in a wide range and flourishing in climate conditions of high humidity, abundant of weather conditions. The wood of this species is highly valued and water and very scarce volcanic soil) that differ greatly from those where used to manufacture furniture and musical instruments as well as to the continental population is found. We also separately investigated protect crops [7]. Furthermore, extracts of aerial parts of D. winteri have the components present in the bark and leaves and evaluated their industrial applications in products such as cosmetics, phytonutrients and pest repellent agents [7-9]. Previous reports on the chemical composition of continental D. winteri revealed the presence of tannins, *Corresponding author: Orlando Muñoz, Professor, Universidad de Chile, Chemistry Las Palmeras 3425 Ñuñoa Santiago, Santiago 7800003, Chile, Tel: 56-2-92343886; flavonoids and essential oils containing sesquiterpene lactones [5]. The Fax: 56-2-22713888; E-mail: [email protected] drimane-type sesquiterpenoids possess a wide variety of biological May 28, 2015; July 07, 2015; July 15, 2015 activities, including antimicrobial, pungency, antibacterial, antifungal, Received Accepted Published antifeedant, cytotoxic, molluscicidal, piscicidal, growth regulation and Citation: Muñoz O, Gutierrez M, Gonzalez R, Hammann S, Vetter W (2015) Antifungal phytotoxic properties [9]. The pungency of several drimanes and their and Insecticidal properties of the Phytoconstituents of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) growing in Chiloe Island (Chile). Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 182. doi:10.4172/2329- irritant properties on the skin (allergies) has also attracted attention [6- 6836.1000182 10]. To the best of our knowledge, as of the present, fourteen drimane- type sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from continental D. winteri Copyright: © 2015 Muñoz O, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted and probably also from D. andina [5,6], as well as one aromadendrane use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and derivative [11] and one drimane-type sesquiterpene trimer [12]. The source are credited. Nat Prod Chem Res Volume 3 • Issue 4 • 1000182 ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal Citation: Muñoz O, Gutierrez M, Gonzalez R, Hammann S, Vetter W (2015) Antifungal and Insecticidal properties of the Phytoconstituents of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) growing in Chiloe Island (Chile). Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 182. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000182 Page 2 of 6 insecticidal and antifungal properties for potential industrial use. The (b) and another compound identified as sesamin c (0.95 g) (b). investigation also showed an unusual concentration of the sesamin 2. Powdered leaves (350 g) were Soxhlet-extracted using the same lignan in bark from Chiloe canelo populations in comparison with procedure as described for stem bark and produced 25.9 g of yellow continental populations, which would partially explain its extensive residue. Part of this (17.5 g) was mixed with basic aluminum oxide use by the local population as a treatment for certain conditions [17]; 90 (Merck) and subjected to chromatographic separation using an and the absence of bacteria and insect attacks on the species [18]. Until n-hexane-ethyl acetate solvent mixture. Elution with n-hexane-ethyl now, neither the existence of the lignan eudesmin nor its phytosterol acetate (9:1) yielded 0.65 g of a yellow residue consisting of a mixture content had been reported. This study also evaluates its possible use as of four compounds. Further separation using the Chromatotron (film a dietary supplement. thickness 2 mm) and elution with n-hexane-ethyl acetate (8:2) produced Materials and Methods three main compounds which were further purified by CC (silica gel 230-400 mesh, 600 g) and fractionated by n-hexane-ethyl acetate (9:1 to General 8:2) gradient elution yielding cubebin (0.12 g), its epimer (epi-cubebin (0.061 g) and eudesmin (0.041 g); Sesamin was also isolated. Column chromatography (CC) was carried out using silica gel 60G (Merck 7734, Germany). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) took Polygodial (Figure 1) (Scheme a): [α] D and spectroscopic place on silica gel GF254 (Merck 5554) with i) hexane-ethyl acetate data (NMR, MS) were identical to data previously reported on this 8:2 and ii) hexane-acetone 8:2. Spots were detected by UV light or compound [6]. with a Liebermann-Burchard reagent and heated to 110ºC for 1 min. Drimenol (Figure 2) (Scheme a): The MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR Prep. TLC was performed on 2-mm thick silica gel F plates (Merck 254 data on this compound correlated well with that reported elsewhere 7731) and Chromatotron (Harrison-research 7924 T) 1 or 2 mm thick [12,19,20]. discs, using silica gel 60 PF 254 (Merck 7749). Flash chromatography took place on silica gel 60 H (Merck 7739) with a hexane-ethyl acetate Drimendiol (Figure 3) (Scheme a): The1 HNMR and 13CNMR gradient of 0-100% EtOAc. Mps are uncorrected. Optical rotations spectral data on this compound correlated well with that reported were measured with a Perkin Elmer 241 MC polarimeter. 1HNMR elsewhere [6]. spectra at 500MHz were recorded in CDCl3 on a Bruker-DRX 500 MHz 1 13 1H Larmor frequency equipped with a 5-mm probe. 1H, 13C and 2D Drimenin: The MS, HNMR and CNMR spectral data on this (COSY, HMQC, HMBC) experiments were performed using standard compound correlated well with reported data [20,21]. Bruker pulse sequences. Capillary NMR spectra were recorded on a Isodrimeninol: Already identified in D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
    The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu­ rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius­ Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem­ blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytophthora Ramorum Sudden Oak Death Pathogen
    NAME OF SPECIES: Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death pathogen Synonyms: Common Name: Sudden Oak Death pathogen A. CURRENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION I. In Wisconsin? 1. YES NO X 2. Abundance: 3. Geographic Range: 4. Habitat Invaded: 5. Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: 6. Proportion of potential range occupied: II. Invasive in Similar Climate YES NO X Zones United States: In 14 coastal California Counties and in Curry County, Oregon. In nursery in Washington. Canada: Nursery in British Columbia. Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Poland, Spain, France, Belgium, and Sweden. III. Invasive in Similar Habitat YES X NO Types IV. Habitat Affected 1. Habitat affected: this disease thrives in cool, wet climates including areas in coastal California within the fog belt or in low- lying forested areas along stream beds and other bodies of water. Oaks associated with understory species that are susceptible to foliar infections are at higher risk of becoming infected. 2. Host plants: Forty-five hosts are regulated for this disease. These hosts have been found naturally infected by P. ramorum and have had Koch’s postulates completed, reviewed and accepted. Approximately fifty-nine species are associated with Phytophthora ramorum. These species are found naturally infected; P. ramorum has been cultured or detected with PCR but Koch’s postulates have not been completed or documented and reviewed. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) is considered an associated host. See end of document for complete list of plant hosts. National Risk Model and Map shows susceptible forest types in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Tasmannia Lanceolata
    ASPECTS OF LEAF AND EXTRACT PRODUCTION from Tasmannia lanceolata by Chris Read, B. Agr.Sc. Tas. Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania, Hobart December 1995 ' s~, ... ~~ \ ·'(11 a_C\14 \t\J. \I ' This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any University, and to the best of my knowledge, contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously written or published by any other person except where due reference is given in the text. University of Tasmania HOBART March 1996 This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 University of Tasmania HOBART March 1996 Abstract This thesis examines several aspects of the preparation, extraction and analysis of solvent soluble compounds from leaf material of Tasmannia lanceolata and reports a preliminary survey of extracts of some members of the natural population of the species in Tasmania. A major constituent of these extracts, polygodial, was shown to be stored within specialised idioblastic structures scattered throughout the mesophyll, and characterised by distinctive size and shape, and a thickened wall. The contents of these cells were sampled directly, analysed and compared with the composition of extracts derived from ground, dry whole leaf. This result was supported by spectroscopic analysis of undisturbed oil cells in whole leaf tissue. In a two year field trial, the progressive accumulation of a number of leaf extract constituents (linalool, cubebene, caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, cadina-1,4 - diene, aristolone and polygodial) during the growth flush was followed by a slow decline during the subsequent dormant season.
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • And According to Bailey & (1943)
    BLUMEA 24 (1978) 521—525 The Winteraceae pf the Old World. III. Notes on the ovary of Takhtajania W. Vink Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands INTRODUCTION Very recently Baranova & Leroy (Leroy, 1978) published a new genus Takhta- jania to accomodate the aberrant Bubbia perrieri Capuron. The outstanding characters of this genus are the anomocytic stomatal apparatus (Baranova, 1972; Bongers, 1973) and the unilocular bicarpellate ovary (Leroy, 1977, 1978). work the Winteraceae, also studied the of Bub- During my on I single specimen bia perrieri in existence. The late Capuron told me that he had tried to collect additional specimens but that he had not succeeded in doing so; according to him the type locality was completely deforested. In view of the scarcity of the material it was considered relevant to publish some additional notes without delay. MATERIAL AND METHODS I studied three ovaries of the type specimen (Perrier de la Bdthie 10158). One was cut longitudinally, slightly outside the plane of symmetry; another was cut and its half These drawn transversally upper again longitudinally. parts were (figs. 2 and 3) and then cleared according to Bailey & Nast (1943) (figs 5 and third boiled and then sectioned 6). The ovary was serially (fig. 4). OBSERVATIONS One of the ovaries was taken from a flowerbud of which the closed petals were 57 mm high. The diagram of this flowerbud is drawn in fig. 1. The 2 slightly ruptured calyx showed three putative original apices ± alternating with the three bracteoles at the base of the pedicel. The petals are all free. The ovary is its and the flattened, has a longitudinal groove on narrow sides, highest sta- mens are inserted adjoining its broadest sides.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny: Evaluating Information Content of Mitochondrial Genes
    55 (4) • November 2006: 837–856 Qiu & al. • Basal angiosperm phylogeny Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes Yin-Long Qiu1, Libo Li, Tory A. Hendry, Ruiqi Li, David W. Taylor, Michael J. Issa, Alexander J. Ronen, Mona L. Vekaria & Adam M. White 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, U.S.A. [email protected] (author for correspondence). Three mitochondrial (atp1, matR, nad5), four chloroplast (atpB, matK, rbcL, rpoC2), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 162 seed plants, representing all major lineages of gymnosperms and angiosperms, were analyzed together in a supermatrix or in various partitions using likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show that Amborella + Nymphaeales together constitute the first diverging lineage of angiosperms, and that the topology of Amborella alone being sister to all other angiosperms likely represents a local long branch attrac- tion artifact. The monophyly of magnoliids, as well as sister relationships between Magnoliales and Laurales, and between Canellales and Piperales, are all strongly supported. The sister relationship to eudicots of Ceratophyllum is not strongly supported by this study; instead a placement of the genus with Chloranthaceae receives moderate support in the mitochondrial gene analyses. Relationships among magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots remain unresolved. Direct comparisons of analytic results from several data partitions with or without RNA editing sites show that in multigene analyses, RNA editing has no effect on well supported rela- tionships, but minor effect on weakly supported ones. Finally, comparisons of results from separate analyses of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes demonstrate that mitochondrial genes, with overall slower rates of sub- stitution than chloroplast genes, are informative phylogenetic markers, and are particularly suitable for resolv- ing deep relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Winteraceae</I>
    Blumea 59, 2014: 155–162 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651914X686022 The Winteraceae of the Old World. VII. Zygogynum in the Solomon Islands (incl. Bougainville) W. Vink1 Key words Abstract A review of the character distribution in the Zygogynum representatives from the Solomon Islands (and Bougainville) shows a rather wide variability in ranges of numbers and sizes, often with distinct differences between Solomon Islands islands or altitudinal ranges. However, the morphology is rather uniform. The four species recognised by A.C. Smith Winteraceae had to be synonymised, but a new taxon deserved recognition. The name Bubbia is explained. Zygogynum Published on 19 December 2014 INTRODUCTION CHARACTERS AND THEIR VARIABILITY The first Zygogynum species described from the Solomon Is- Leaves lands is Bubbia haplopus B.L.Burtt (1936). In his monumental Except for size, the leaves are very uniform with the blade works on the Papuasian plants, Smith (1942) transferred this chartaceous, the midrib impressed above and prominent below. species from Bubbia to the other Van Tieghem genus, Belliolum, On the lower side of the blade the grey to white alveolar mate- and described three more species from this area. The materials rial covers only the stomata or unites these into small strings available to Smith were, however, very incomplete, and several or clusters; the stomata are also present over the secondary characters could not be established; next to leaf size, minor nerves, or less dense to lacking over the thickest parts of the differences had to be used to define these taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Drimys Winteri JR Et G. Forster Var Chilensis (DC) A
    BOLETIN LATINOAMERICANO Y DEL CARIBE DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES Y AROMÁTICAS © / ISSN 0717 7917 / www.blacpma.ms-editions.cl Revisión / Review Phytochemistry and biological properties of Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. [Fitoquímica y propiedades biológicas de Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A.] Orlando Muñoz1, Jorge Tapia-Merino2, Wolf Nevermann, & Aurelio San-Martín3 1Departamento de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile 2Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, Santiago, Chile 3Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile Abstract: Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. is a tree native to central and southern Chile. Also it found in part of Argentina. It is abundant in wet swampy localities from sea level to an altitude of 1700 m. This tree is sacred for the Mapuche culture; it is used in folk medicine in such as Reviewed by: inflammatory and painful processes. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated that this plant contains Arnaldo Bandoni Universidad de Buenos Aires mainly sesquiterpenes of the drimane type, flavonoids, essential oils, phytosterols and some lignans. Argentina These drimanes have attracted interest because of their antifeedant, plant growth regulation, cytotoxic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The objective of this review is to establish clearly the Ali Parlar phytochemistry and biological activity of Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. Articles Adiyaman University based on other varieties are not considered. Turkey Keywords: Drimys winteri; Sesquiterpenes; Essential oils; Lignans; Flavonoids; Biological properties.
    [Show full text]
  • 9. a 10 Year Trial with South American Trees and Shrubs with Special
    9. A 10 year trial with SouthAmerican trees and shrubswith specialregard to the Ir,lothofaglzsspp. I0 6ra royndir vid suduramerikonskumtroum og runnum vid serligumatliti at Nothofagw-slogum SarenOdum Abstract The potential of the ligneous flora of cool temperate South America in arboriculture in the Faroe Isles is elucidated through experimental planting of a broad variety of speciescollected on expeditions to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego 1975 andl9T9.Particular good results have been obtained with the southernmost origins of Nothofagus antarctica, N. betuloides, and N. pumilio, of which a total of 6.500 plants were directly transplanted from Tierra del Fuego to the Faroe Isles in 1979. Soren Odum, Royal Vet.& Agric. IJniv., Arboretum, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. Introduction As a student of botany at the University of CopenhagenI got the opportunity to get a job for the summer 1960as a member of the team mapping the flora of the Faroe Isles (Kjeld Hansen 1966). State geologist of the Faroe Isles and the Danish Geological Survey, J6annesRasmussen, provided working facilities for the team at the museum, and also my co-student,J6hannes J6hansen participated in the field. This stay and work founded my still growing interest in the Faroese nature and culture, and the initial connections between the Arboretum in Horsholm and Tbrshavn developed from this early contact with J6annesRasmussen and J6hannes J6hansen. On our way back to Copenhagen in 1960 onboard "Tjaldur", we called on Lerwick, Shetland, where I saw Hebe and Olearia in some gardens. This made it obvious to me, that if the Faroe Isles for historical reasonshad been more or less British rather than Nordic, the gardensof T6rshavn would, no doubt, have been speckledwith genera from the southern Hemisphere and with other speciesand cultivars nowadays common in Scottish nurseries and gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • Land of Fire Ebook
    LAND OF FIRE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Chris Ryan | 448 pages | 23 Sep 2003 | Cornerstone | 9780099432388 | English | London, United Kingdom Land of Fire PDF Book Archived from the original on 9 July Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. He is fury. Retrieved 30 June List 3 : A Little before, And Comming soon!! Filled with diverse clans and warring states, this country is in constant turmoil. Waters adjacent to Tierra del Fuego are very rich in cetacean diversity. Natalie Matt Lewis Tourism is gaining in importance and becoming increasingly important as it attracts numerous upmarket visitors. The Land of Fire is the first area available for questing in Castle Age. Cable News Network. The Great Marine Mammals". This may not be available to new players of the Facebook version of the game, since the Land of Fire quests have changed. It was particularly famous among ninja temples. He wants to meet you. Today, most visitors who arrive at the no-frills Yanar Dag visitors' center come for the spectacle rather than religious fulfillment. Download as PDF Printable version. As their distance closes, there is a bright flash! Technical Specs. The Orc King curses you as he and his remaining army retreat into the storm. New York Times. Megalithic Portal. Ahead, tall flames dance restlessly across a meter stretch of hillside, making a hot day even hotter. The northeast is made up of steppe and cool semi-desert. However before you can give chase, you are accosted by a party of bandits. The experience is most impressive at night, or in winter.
    [Show full text]
  • M23 Tree History Workbook Pub 2018
    Publication WSFNR-21-40C May 2021 TREE HISTORY WORKBOOK Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care / University Hill Fellow University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources 3rd 2nd tree development 1st 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 time (millions of years before present) This workbook is an educational product designed for helping people interested in trees to appreciate and understand how modern trees developed across long time periods. This product is a synthesis and integration of research and educational concepts regarding tree evolution and species inception. This educational workbook was designed for awareness building and foundation training of professional tree health care providers. At the time it was finished, this workbook contained educational materials and models concerning tree development thought by the author to provide the best means for considering the most basic understandings of time impacts on tree species creation, extinction, and tree biological and mechanical fundamentals. The University of Georgia, the Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, and the author are not responsible for any errors, omissions, misinterpretations, or misapplications stemming from this educational product. The author assumed all users would have some basic tree biological, structural, and ecological background. This product was not designed, nor is suited, as a literature or research review. Please use the selected literature section at the back of this workbook to find scientific sources. This publication is copyrighted by the author. This educational product is only for noncommercial, nonprofit use and may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part, by any means, in any format, or in any media including electronic forms, without explicit written permission of the author.
    [Show full text]