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Raise Questions on Both During Your Tutorial Meetings STUDY GUIDE MA History (Revised Scheme) AFGHANISTAN: A SYNOPTIC HISTORY (1747–2006) Code: 5688 Units: 1–9 Department of History Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad (All Rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Printing ................................................. 2014 Quantity ........................................................ 1000 Price .............................................................. Composed by ................................................ M. Hameed Zahid Printing Coordinator ..................................... PPU Operational Committee Printer............................................................ AIOU-Printing Press, H-8, Islamabad. Publisher ....................................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. ii PREFACE The curriculum for an academic person at AIOU is designed on modern lines through the use of latest information, theories and techniques. An extensive consultative process is also a part of the activity. Development of the study material to help students scattered throughout the country is taken as a challenge. AIOU takes pride in undertaking this major task for an effective learning of the students. The scheme of study for M.A. History has been revised to update the courses and their contents and make them relevant to the emerging social, economic, political and global trends, needs of the society and advances in this particular discipline. The courses included in the program will not only be one of the sources of latest information but also help learners gain insight into historical process for international understanding in the wake of globalization. Focusing on ancient civilizations, middle ages and modern world the graduates of history would be sensitized, educated and trained in using appropriate approaches in looking into the events. These graduates will be expected to have a world view and serve the humanity without any social, regional or intellectual biases. It is hoped that this program will facilitate the process of learning and develop skills to understand, write and analyze history for their personal as well as professional endeavors. Historiography is a relatively new area of study introduced at graduate and post graduate levels. It will enable students to understand the new paradigms and shifting debates on the history of human beings from local to global levels. Since the subject is relatively new in Pakistan, students look to the teacher support and guidance through they would have access to web sources as well. A good course book is essential as a core for the study of the subject. The present book is an attempt to present the latest material. It gives an update account of historical events. I appreciate the efforts of the Chairperson, Department History, in general and Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dr. Abdul Hafeez, in particular, for production of such a fine book for students. I congratulate them on successful launch of the book. (Prof. Dr. Ali Asghar Chishti) Vice Chancellor iii COURSE TEAM Chairperson: Dr. Samina Awan Writer: Ms. Sadia Aziz Lecturer, Department of History Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. Reviewer: Dr. Razia Sultana Course Team: Dr. Samina Awan Dr. Kishwar Sultana Mr. Abdul Basit Mujahid Dr. Kausar Parveen Ms. Sadia Aziz Ms. Fozia Umar Course Coordinator: Ms. Sadia Aziz Editor: Miss. Humera Ejaz Typesetter: M. Hameed Zahid Title Designer: Anwar ul Haq iv CONTENTS Page # AIOU System: Structure of the Course ............................................................ vi Guideline to Study Material .............................................................................. vii Introduction of the Course ................................................................................ xi Objectives of the Course ................................................................................... xii Course Outlines ................................................................................................. xiii Unit 1: The Land and the People.................................................................... 1 Unit 2: The Sadozai Durrani Empire (1747–1826): The Emergence of the Afghan Kingdom ............................................................................... 13 Unit 3: The Muhammadzai Dynasty and ‘The Great Game’ (1826–1919) ... 23 Unit 4: The Period of the Independent Afghan Monarchy (1919–1973) ....... 45 Unit 5: Sardar Daud’s Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) ....................... 61 Unit 6: Soviet Intervention and Afghan Resistance (1979–1996) ................. 77 Unit 7: Post Soviet Afghanistan (1989–1996) ............................................... 89 Unit 8: Talibanization of Afghanistan (1996–2001) ...................................... 99 Unit 9: Post Taliban Afghanistan (2002–2006) ............................................. 109 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 118 v AIOU SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF THE COURSE Afghanistan: A Synoptic History (1747–2006) is a three credit hours course consisting of nine units. For example, unit 1 relates to the Land and the People of Afghanistan, so you are required to study topic, sub-topics and other related themes in the recommended books. The Department of History has recommended book for this course by; Ewan, Martin. Afghanistan: A New History. London: Curzon Press, 2001. A unit is a study of 12–16 hours or course work for two weeks. Since the course work of one unit will include studying suggested reading materials and recommended books, hence length of the units is unequal. It is upon you to arrange a time table for your study to complete the work within the allocated time. For this course, ‘Fortnightly Tutorials’ are arranged in University’s Regional Study Centres. They provide opportunities to the students of mutual discussion/ interaction with one another and also to the tutor concerned. These tutorials are not formal lectures given in formal universities, rather these are meant for group and individual discussion. So, before going to attend a tutorial prepare yourself to discuss course contents with your class fellows and the tutor. The course work is split up to into 9 units. We expect you to complete it within scheduled study period. You are required to study the prescribed reading material within the schedule period. After completing the study of first 4 units, the assignment no. 1 is due. Second assignment is due after the completion of course work of next five units. You will also find a list of the suggested readings for your assignment and final examinations. vi GUIDELINES TO STUDY MATERIAL Before attending a tutorial meeting, it is imperative to prepare yourself in the following manner to get a maximum benefit of it. You are required to follow the following steps: Step 1 Go through the: 1. Methods 2. Recommended Books 3. Suggested Readings Step 2 Read the whole unit and make notes of those points which you could not fully understand or wish to discuss with your course tutor. Step 3 Go through the self-assessment questions at the end of each unit. If you find any difficulty in comprehension or locating relevant material, discuss it with your tutor. Step 4 Study the compulsory books at least for three hours in a week included in your study package sent to you by the Department of History, AIOU. Try to read it with the help of specific study guide for the course. You can raise questions on both during your tutorial meetings. Step 5 First go through assignments, which are mandatory to solve/complete for this course. Highlight all the points you consider it difficult to tackle, and then discuss in detail with your tutor. This exercise will keep you regular and ensure good results in the form of higher grades. Assessment For each course a student will be assessed as follow: 2 Assignments (continuous assessment during semester). vii Final Examination (three-hours written examination will take place at the end of each semester) Mandatory participation in the workshop Group discussion in the tutorial meetings Presentation The condition to qualify each component is given below; 1. A minimum of 40% marks in each assignment. 2. A minimum of 40% of the final written examination. 3. An aggregate of 40% of both the components i.e., assignments and final examination are required to pass the course. 4. A student has to pass in both components i.e. assignments and final exams in a particular course. The grade will be determined as following: D 40% – 49% C 50% – 59% B 60% – 69% A 70% – 79% A+ 80% & above Assignments Assignments are written exercises that are required to complete at home or place of work after having studied 9 units/study guide with the help of compulsory and suggested reading material within the scheduled study period. (See the assignments scheduled). For this course you will receive 02 assignments in the mailing package. You are advised to complete your assignments within the required time and send it to your assigned tutor. This is a compulsory course work and its successful completion will make you eligible to take final examination at the end of the semester. You are provided tutorial support at approved study centres. You will send your assignment to your appointed tutor, whose name is notified to you for assessment and necessary guidance through concerned Regional office of AIOU. You can also locate your tutor through AIOU viii website. Your tutor will return your
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