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Changes in Icelandic Groundfish Community Structure Based on Life- History Strategies

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Changes in Icelandic Groundfish Community Structure Based on Life- History Strategies Changes in Icelandic groundfish community structure based on life- history strategies Ólafur Ármann Sigurðsson Auðlindadeild Viðskipta- og raunvísindasvið Háskólinn á Akureyri 2021 < Changes in Icelandic groundfish community structure based on life- history strategies Ólafur Ármann Sigurðsson 90 eininga lokaverkefni sem er hluti af Magister Scientiae-prófi í Auðlindafræði Leiðbeinandi Steingrímur Jónsson Meðleiðbeinandi Jón Sólmundsson Auðlindadeild Viðskipta- og raunvísindasvið Háskólinn á Akureyri Akureyri, maí 2021 Titill: Changes in Icelandic groundfish community structure based on life-history strategies Stuttur titill: Icelandic groundfish and life-history strategies 90 eininga meistaraprófsverkefni sem er hluti af Magister Scientiae- prófi í viðskiptafræðum/raunvísindum Höfundarréttur © 2021 Ólafur Ármann Sigurðsson Öll réttindi áskilin Auðlindadeild Viðskipta- og raunvísindasvið Háskólinn á Akureyri Sólborg, Norðurslóð 2 600 Akureyri Sími: 460 8000 Skráningarupplýsingar: Ólafur Ármann Sigurðsson, 2021, meistaraprófsverkefni, Auðlindadeild, viðskipta- og raunvísindasvið, Háskólinn á Akureyri, 81 bls. Akureyri, maí, 2021 Ágrip Margvíslegar breytingar hafa átt sér stað á útbreiðslu og stofnstærð botnfiskategunda á landgrunninu og út á landgrunnshlíðina við Ísland á síðustu tveim áratugum, sem hafa einkennst af tiltölulega háum sjávarhita. Meginmarkmið rannsóknarinnar er að kanna breytingar á botnfiskasamfélögum við Ísland á síðustu áratugum með flokkun tegunda í hópa sem byggja á lífsferilseinkennum þeirra. Gögn úr árlegum stofnmælingaleiðöngrum Hafrannsóknastofnunar frá tímabilinu 1987-2020 voru notuð til að skipa íslenskum botnfiskategundum í þrjá megin lífssöguhópa: periodic, opportunistic og equilibrium. Í heildina litið bregðast hóparnir misjafnt við breytingum í umhverfinu, en periodic hópurinn er algengastur við Ísland og hefur haldist nokkuð stöðugur yfir árin. Skilyrði síðustu áratuga virðast hafa verið hagstæð fyrir opportunistic hópinn, en einstaklingum innan hans hefur fjölgað nokkuð þétt yfir tímabilið. Á sama tíma hefur einstaklingum innan equilibrium hópsins fækkað þegar á heildina er litið, þó svo að flestar tegundir innan hópsins séu á uppleið. Breytingar eru þannig ekki einsleitar milli tegunda og breytt skilyrði virðast vera hagstæð fyrir sumar tegundir en óhagstæð fyrir aðrar innan sama hóps. i Abstract Various changes have come about in the distribution and abundance of many groundfish species in the waters around Iceland in the past two decades, which have been characterized by relatively high temperatures. The main objective of the thesis is to examine changes in groundfish assemblage structure based on life-history strategies. Using annual bottom trawl survey data from 1987- 2020, Icelandic groundfish species were categorized into three main groups based on previously defined life-history strategies: periodic, opportunistic, and equilibrium. Overall, the groups respond differently to environmental changes, but the periodic group is the most abundant in Icelandic waters and has remained quite stable over the study period. Conditions of the last two decades seem to have been favorable for the opportunistic group, which has steadily increased in abundance over the period. At the same time, it seems that these conditions have been unfavorable for the equilibrium group, which has decreased in overall abundance, even though most of the species within the group display an upwards abundance trend. Species within each group therefore respond differently to the environmental changes, which seem to have favoured some species over others. ii Foreword and acknowledgements This 90 ECTS thesis is part of a master‘s degree study in Natural Resource Sciences at the University of Akureyri and was supported by the University of Akureyri Research Fund. I would like to thank my supervisor Steingrímur Jónsson and my co-supervisor Jón Sólmundsson for their invaluable guidance throughout the process. In addition, special thanks to Pamela J. Woods at the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute for advice regarding statistical analysis and Klara Jakobsdóttir and Hreiðar Þór Valtýsson for useful discussions. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute for providing me with extensive survey and hydrographic data. iii Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 2 ACADEMIC OVERVIEW AND LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................... 3 2.1 THE SEAS AROUND ICELAND AND THEIR TOPOGRAPHY ................................................ 3 Atlantic inflow..................................................................................................... 6 Inflow from the Arctic Ocean .............................................................................. 7 Currents and hydrographic properties around Iceland ....................................... 8 Long-term changes ........................................................................................... 18 2.2 FISH SPECIES IN ICELANDIC WATERS ...................................................................... 20 Groundfish ........................................................................................................ 20 Groundfish in Icelandic waters ......................................................................... 21 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................ 25 3.1 SPRING GROUNDFISH SURVEY (SMB) ................................................................... 25 3.2 SURVEY DATA ................................................................................................... 26 Station data ...................................................................................................... 26 Species data ...................................................................................................... 27 Abundance and diversity .................................................................................. 28 3.3 LIFE-HISTORY STRATEGIES ................................................................................... 29 Ternary graphs ................................................................................................. 30 LHS-group abundance ...................................................................................... 31 4 RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 32 4.1 BOTTOM TEMPERATURE ..................................................................................... 32 4.2 SPECIES RICHNESS ............................................................................................. 36 4.3 LIFE-HISTORY STRATEGIES ................................................................................... 38 Ternary graphs ................................................................................................. 42 LHS-group abundance ...................................................................................... 44 Species abundance within LHS-groups ............................................................. 48 Equilibrium species ........................................................................................... 48 Periodic species ................................................................................................. 49 Opportunistic species ........................................................................................ 50 Mixed species.................................................................................................... 51 5 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 53 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................................................. 57 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 59 iv Table of Figures Figure 1. Bottom topography of the waters around Iceland ........................... 4 Figure 2. Nordic seas and their connections to the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean .................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Surface ocean currents around Iceland. ........................................... 9 Figure 4. Hydrographic stations (dots) around Iceland .................................. 11 Figure 5. Hydrographic conditions (temperature, °C) in Icelandic waters at 50 m depth in 2016. ........................................................................................... 12 Figure 6. Hydrographic conditions (salinity, ppt) in Icelandic waters at 50 m depth in 2016 ................................................................................................ 13 Figure 7. Potential temperature for Faxaflói hydrographic station in February and August in 2016 ........................................................................................ 15 Figure 8. Potential temperature in Siglunes hydrographic stations in 2016 .. 16 Figure 9. Near-bottom temperatures at hydrographic stations Faxaflói (FX3, FX8) and Siglunes (SI1, SI7) ........................................................................... 17 Figure 10. Annual, quarterly mean of Atlantic water transport to the northern shelf area ....................................................................................................... 18 Figure 11. Index for Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
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