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1.1 Co Je Sound Art?

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1.1 Co Je Sound Art? OBSAH ÚVOD .......................................................................................................................... - 5 - 1. SOUND ART .......................................................................................................... - 7 - 1.1 Co je sound art? ........................................................................................ - 7 - 1.2 Co dělá sound art sound artem? ............................................................. - 10 - 2. VZNIK A VÝVOJ ................................................................................................ - 12 - 2.1 Futurisumus ............................................................................................ - 12 - 2.2 Musique concrète ................................................................................... - 13 - 2.3 Elektroakustická hudba .......................................................................... - 15 - 2.4 Minimalismus ......................................................................................... - 16 - 2.5 Fluxus ..................................................................................................... - 17 - 3. KLASIFIKACE SOUND ARTU ........................................................................ - 20 - 3.1 Pŧvodce zvuku – jedna z kategorií sound artu ....................................... - 20 - 3.1.1 Příroda ....................................................................................................... - 21 - 3.1.2 Člověk ....................................................................................................... - 23 - 3.1.3 Objekt ........................................................................................................ - 25 - 3.2 Prostředí – kam je dílo zasazeno a kde se odehrává .............................. - 27 - 3.3 Forma prezentovaného díla .................................................................... - 30 - 4. PŘEDSTAVITELÉ .............................................................................................. - 34 - 4.1 Vlivná osobnost mimo sound art ........................................................... - 34 - 4.2 Osobnosti spojené se sound artem ......................................................... - 38 - 4.3 Umělecké skupiny spojené se sound artem............................................ - 53 - 5. SLOVNÍČEK POUŽITÝCH POJMŮ ............................................................... - 55 - ZÁVĚR ...................................................................................................................... - 60 - SEZNAM PRAMENŮ A LITERATURY .............................................................. - 62 - SEZNAM PŘÍLOH .................................................................................................. - 66 - RESUMÉ ................................................................................................................... - 67 - - 5 - ÚVOD Zvukové umění, umění zvuku, umění pracující se zvukem, zvuk jako (nedílná) součást umění. Těmito a mnoha jinými výrazy by se dal přeloţit jednoduchý název oblasti umělecké tvorby zvané sound art. Zvuk je nerozlučnou součástí hudebního umění. Bez zvuku by nebylo hudby. Zvuk mŧţe mít podobu hudebních tónŧ, které mají rŧznou délku, výšku, sílu a barvu. Vedle hudebních tónŧ mŧţe mít zvuk i formu hluku. Hluk je zvuk, který má neurčitou výšku a nemá stálou frekvenci. Pro lidské ucho je často nepříjemný aţ rušivý. Sound art nesoustředí veškerou svou pozornost pouze na práci s tóny, ale všímá si také oblasti hlukŧ a jejich potencionálního vyuţití v umělecké praxi. Sound art tedy rozšiřuje nejen hudební univerzum, ale i celkovou hudební produkci o další prvek, se kterým mohou nejen hudební skladatelé pracovat, kombinovat ho s dalšími prvky a dále ho rozvíjet. Co však sound art je? Dá se definovat, vymezit jeho oblast? Co je součástí sound artu a co uţ pod tento termín nespadá? Jak a kdy vznikl? Jací jsou jeho hlavní představitelé? Je to oblast, která se neustále vyvíjí, nebo stagnuje na stejném místě? Obohacuje nějakým zpŧsobem umění jako takové? Je sound art přístupný a srozumitelný široké veřejnosti, nebo je povaţován za specifický projev úzké skupiny umělcŧ? Je zvuk to hlavní, nebo je jenom vedlejším doprovodným jevem při vnímání uměleckých děl? Mŧţe být vŧbec zvuk v jakékoliv podobě povaţován za umění? Na tyto otázky se budu snaţit odpovědět ve své diplomové práci zaměřené na téma sound art. Mým cílem je vytvořit srozumitelný popis sound artu, jako specifické umělecké oblasti, vymezit jeho rozsah, představit hlavní osobnosti, které se nějakým zpŧsobem podílí (podílely) na jeho rozvoji a pomáhají (pomáhaly) definovat ho jako samostatný umělecký směr. Účelem této práce je poskytnout pedagogŧm nejen hudební výchovy ucelený přehled o oblasti sound artu a pomoci jim porozumět tomuto směru a orientovat se v něm. Jednotlivé kapitoly vychází z celkové koncepce práce. První kapitola se snaţí vymezit a definovat sound art jako samostatný umělecký směr. Popisuje jednotlivé prvky, se kterými sound art pracuje a jsou pro něj charakteristické. Cílem této kapitoly je poukázat na jednotlivé aspekty, které jsou pro sound art nepostradatelné a dělají ho - 6 - významnou uměleckou oblastí. Dále vymezuje definici sound artu, která by byla nápomocná při klasifikování a rozpoznání sound artových děl. Druhá kapitola popisuje sound art z historického hlediska. Přibliţuje jeho vývoj a jednotlivé umělecké směry, které ho významně ovlivnily především z hlediska rozšiřování zvukových materiálu a skrytého potenciálu nových zvukŧ. Třetí kapitola je věnována rozdělení sound artu do jednotlivých kategorií podle individuálních kritérií. Tato část práce má za úkol nastínit moţné členění směru z hlediska formy, prostředí a prvku. Neboli jak a kde je dílo prezentováno a z čeho se skládá. Tato kapitola také poukazuje, jak jsou jednotlivé oblasti umění vzájemně propojené. Ve čtvrté kapitole jsou představeny nejvýznamnější osobnosti sound artu, počínaje Johnem Cagem. Ačkoli se J. Cage neřadí mezi sound artisty jako takové, svou tvorbou velice ovlivnil celkovou koncepci tohoto směru, a proto je mu věnován začátek této kapitoly. U jednotlivých představitelŧ jsou popsána i jejich významná nebo všeobecně známá díla spadající pod termín sound art. Poslední kapitola je nazvaná Slovníček použitých pojmů a snaţí se zjednodušeně vysvětlit či popsat termíny, které se v jednotlivých kapitolách objevují. Tyto termíny nejsou pro sound art stěţejní, ale přiblíţení jejich významu ulehčí porozumění jednotlivým částem práce. Obrazová příloha ilustruje a dokresluje některá díla sound artu, o kterých se v textu hovoří, a dále zahrnuje portréty významných představitelŧ sound artu. Součástí práce je i audio CD s několika skladbami jako doplnění psaného textu konkrétními zvukovými nahrávkami. - 7 - 1. SOUND ART Sound art, v překladu zvukové umění, umění a zvuk nebo umění zvuku, je sám o sobě dosti nejasným termínem, který vzbuzuje u široké veřejnosti rozpačité a zmatené představy, asociace a názory, co se pod tímto názvem skrývá. Není pochyb o tom, ţe sound art je novým pojmem, který se vztahuje na hudební produkci 20. století, kdy se sound art začíná prosazovat jako samostatný umělecký směr. Co do této oblasti umění patří? Jak poznamenává Max Neuhaus ve své předmluvě k výstavě Volume: Bed of Sound 1, uvedené v P. S. 1 Contemporary Art Center, New York, v červenci roku 2000, sound art se zdá být uměleckou oblastí, do které se řadí všechno, co je schopné produkovat zvuk. A v mnoha případech i objekty, které primárně se zvukem mnoho společného nemají (viz kap. 3.1.3). V očích jiných umělcŧ a teoretikŧ je sound art synonymem pro hudbu menšinovou, experimentální a avantgardní. Umělci tvořící sound art jsou povaţováni za prŧkopníky a vizionáře, kteří se nebojí překonávat hranice, hledají nové moţnosti a snaţí se nahlíţet na hudbu i z jiné perspektivy. Výsledný produkt má mnohdy s hudbou zaloţenou na hlavních harmonických funkcích velice málo společného. Pro posluchače, jejichţ ucho je zvyklé poslouchat pouze konvenční, harmonickou hudbu, ve které je největší invencí mimotonální dominanta, je pak sound art něčím velice provokativním, nepochopitelným a z jejich hlediska často zbytečným. 1.1 CO JE SOUND ART? „The term sound art was coined by Canadian composer/audio artist Dan Lander in the mid-1980s […] however, that seems to have been another way of saying „new music“ or „experimental music“. […]Sound art has also been applied retroactively to noise music, sampling, and various forms of musical college”. 2 1 Hlasitost: Kolébka zvuku (přel. H. Z.) 2 „Termín sound art vytvořil kanadský skladatel a audio umělec Dan Lander v polovině osmdesátých let dvacátého století […] zdá se však, že je dalším názvem pro „novou hudbu“ nebo „experimentální hudbu“. […] Sound art byl také zpětně použit i pro hudbu hluku (noise music), sampling a různé formy hudebních koláží.“ (přel. H. Z.) - 8 - V revue Opus musicum se mŧţeme dočíst níţe uvedené vymezení sound artu. „Pod tento pojem [sound art], jehož definice momentálně prakticky neexistuje a výklady se různí, spadá celá řada dalších, již specifičtěji označovaných forem umělecké tvorby, jako jsou zvukové instalace, radioart, ars acustica, field recordings. Formy sound artu jsou více či méně závislé na rozvoji vizuálních a datových médií, digitálních technologií a virtuálních prostorů.“ 3 Z obou vymezení vyplývá, ţe sound art je tedy nový umělecký obor, který funguje na bázi experimentu a objevování nových a neotřelých postupŧ při práci se zvukem a zvukovým
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