CO 2 Measurements in Helsinki Testbed

Helsinki Testbed

CO2 Measurements in a Mesoscale Weather Network Maria Uusimaa, Vaisala Corp. CO2 Measurements in Helsinki Testbed

• The study intended to demonstrate the use of a novel type of a CO2 transmitter in a dense weather network

• In the testbed, the existing surface weather observation network is supplemented with WXT510 Weather Transmitters

• A few of the sites are additionally supplemented with Vaisala CARBOCAP Carbon Dioxide Probe GMP343's and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors

• The sites for CO2 measurements were chosen to represent different kinds of environments (marine, in-land, urban, etc.)

• A cost-effective ecological measurement station was demonstrated in the study

©Vaisala | Page 2 Structure of the Cost-Effective Ecological Measurement Station

Vaisala Weather Transmitter WXT510

PAR Sensor

Vaisala CARBOCAP® Carbon Dioxide Probe GMP343

©Vaisala | Page 3 Communications and Components in the Helsinki Testbed

P, T, RH, WS , WD , rain

CO2

RS485 RH,P Integrated T sensor, internal P and RH compensations

Data collection and telemetry

©Vaisala | Page 4 Vaisala CARBOCAP® Carbon Dioxide Probe GMP343

©Vaisala | Page 5 Examples of the Studied Phenomena

• Variations in the daily CO2 concentration

• Variations in the seasonal atmospheric CO2 concentration

• Land-sea variations in CO2 concentration

• Soil CO2 respiration • Urban climate and strong inversion

• Correlation of aerosols, exhaust gases, and CO2 concentration

• Horizontal advection of CO2 concentration

©Vaisala | Page 6 Network of Stations, Southern Coast of Finland

©Vaisala | Page 7 Network of Stations: Downtown Helsinki

©Vaisala | Page 8 Stations with CO2 Measurement

Harmaja

• A site off the coast of Helsinki on a small rocky island. The CO2 was measured at 2 m and PAR at the top of a mast. The site was chosen for its marine location. Kaivopuisto Park

• A site on the tip of the Helsinki peninsula, both CO2 and PAR were measured. The site was chosen for its coastal location, represents a mixture of marine and continental environment. The Helsinki Olympic Stadium ticket booth and tower

• CO2 measured near the ground level as well as from the tower for vertical measurement in central Helsinki. Also PAR is measured from the tower. The area is fairly congested with buildings, though the southern edge of the central park is located north from the stadium. Vallila • This site is one of Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council's (YTV's) air quality measurement sites. Also CO2 is measured here. The site represents an inner city traffic site in central Helsinki from where air quality index and concentrations of pollutants can be retrieved. Tikkurila • Also one of YTV's air quality measurement sites. The site is a busy suburban center in Vantaa, which is part of metropolitan Helsinki. Kaukas, Hyvinkää

• CO2 is measured on the site in a GSM mast at three different heights. Also PAR is measured. This site was chosen for its location in the countryside and distance from the sea.

©Vaisala | Page 9 Example of an Setup: Kaukas, Hyvinkää PAR h = 81 m

h = 2 m Communications module and power supply

©Vaisala | Page 10 Variations in the Daily CO2 Concentration (1)

600 12

500 10 ] m 400 8 p ] p s [ / n m [ o i t d a e r t 300 6 e n p e S c d n n o i c

W 2

O 200 4 C

100 2

0 0 8-15-05 8-16-05 8-17-05 8-18-05 8-19-05 8-20-05 8-21-05 8-22-05 8-23-05 8-24-05 8-25-05 8-26-05 8-27-05 8-28-05 8-29-05 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 Date

Kaukas CO2 h=2m Kaukas CO2 h=81m Kaukas Wind Speed h=81m

©Vaisala | Page 11 Variations in the Daily CO2 Concentration (2)

600 1600

1400 500

1200 ] m 400 p p ]

[ 1000 s

2 n o m i / t l a o r t

300 800 m n u e [ c R n o A c P 600 2

O 200 C

400

100 200

Kaukas CO2 h=2m Kaukas CO2 h=81m Photosynthetically Active Radiation

©Vaisala | Page 12 Land-Sea Variations in CO2 Concentration

©Vaisala | Page 13 Land-Sea Variations in CO2 Concentration

500

480

460

] 440 m p p [ 420 n o i t a Harmaja r t 400 n Kaukas e c n o 380 c

2 O

C 360

340

320

300 8-15-05 8-16-05 8-17-05 8-18-05 8-19-05 8-20-05 8-21-05 8-22-05 8-23-05 8-24-05 8-25-05 8-26-05 8-27-05 8-28-05 8-29-05 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 Date

©Vaisala | Page 14 Urban Climate and Strong Inversion

700 600

600 500

500 400 Tik NO µg/m³ ]

m Tik NO2 µg/m³ p p [

Tik PM10 µg/m³

400 n o

i Val NO µg/m³ ³ t a m r Val NO2 µg/m³ / 300 t n g

e Val PM10 µg/m³ µ c

n Tikkula CO2

300 o c

2 Vallila CO2 O 200 C 200

100 100

0 0 10-10-05 0:00 10-11-05 0:00 10-12-05 0:00 10-13-05 0:00 10-14-05 0:00 10-15-05 0:00 10-16-05 0:00 10-17-05 0:00 Date

490

470

450 n o i t a r t n 430 e c n o C

2 410 O C

390

370

350 5-26-05 0:00 5-26-05 12:00 5-27-05 0:00 5-27-05 12:00 5-28-05 0:00 Date

Tikkurila Vallila Harmaja Kaivopuisto

200 500

180

450 160

140 ]

400 m p p [

120 n Tik NO µg/m³ o i t ³ Tik NO2 µg/m³ a m r / 100 350 t Tik PM10 µg/m³ g n µ e Tik O3 µg/m³ c

n Tikkurila CO2 80 o c

300 O C 60

40 250

0 200 8-8-05 0:00 8-10-05 0:00 8-12-05 0:00 8-14-05 0:00 8-16-05 0:00 8-18-05 0:00 8-20-05 0:00 8-22-05 0:00 Date

• In the Helsinki Testbed, a dense weather network with CO2 measurements was demonstrated • The ecological measurement station consisted of a Vaisala Weather Transmitter WXT510, a Vaisala CARBOCAP® Carbon Dioxide Probe GMP343, and a PAR sensor

• The CO2 measurement concept of Helsinki Testbed and the preliminary results are very interesting • The concept is suitable especially for ecological measurements • The correlation with the aerosols and exhaust figures in urban environment is another interesting measurement application

More information on the CO2 measurements in Helsinki Testbed from: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]