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YTK A32 Alku.Pmd Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Publications A 32 Espoo 2005 EXPERIENCE AND CONFLICT The dialectics of the production of public urban space in the light of new event venues in Helsinki 1993–2003 Panu Lehtovuori AB TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT HELSINKI UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE D’HELSINKI Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Publications A 32 Espoo 2005 EXPERIENCE AND CONFLICT The dialectics of the production of public urban space in the light of new event venues in Helsinki 1993–2003 Panu Lehtovuori Academic dissertation Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology to be presented with due permission of the Department of Architecture for public examination and debate in Auditorium B at Helsinki University of Technology (Espoo, Finland) on Saturday, 11 of June, 2005, at 12 o'clock noon. Helsinki University of Technology Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Distribution: Helsinki University of Technology Centre for Urban and Regional Studies PB 9300 FIN-02015 HUT Tel. +358-9-451 4083 Fax +358-9-451 4071 E-mail: [email protected] Http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/YTK/ Photos ‘Kide’ installation in front of the Helsinki Cathedral, January 2000 of cover (photo Panu Lehtovuori) Human Wall demonstration in Makasiinit, September 2000 (photo Laura Mänki) Layout Marina Johansson ISBN 951-22-7662-3 ISSN 1455-7789 Frenckellin kirjapaino Oy Espoo 2005 ABSTRACT Why do new urban spaces lack feeling, power and sensory quality? Why does ‘urbanness’ retreat from the newly produced public spaces? Why does the political significance of urban space seem to be lost? In this research, the structures of thinking in planning and architecture are identified as a key reason for those problems. Urban reality is never ‘transparent’ to the planners. Rather, planning is conducted in an artificial reality, which I call Concept City, characterised by a simplified and outdated conception of space. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to formulate a new, richer theory about space in general and public urban space in particular. The new theory includes physical space, its use and, as the most difficult aspect, the personal, singular moments of invention and existentially important experiences that are indispensable elements of the lived urban space. Instead of visual and practico-material, space is understood as socially produced. The central new notions the work develops, include 1) ‘weak place’, a new conceptualisation of place as the individual and singular moment of signification; 2) ‘spatial dialectics 2.0’, a development of Henri Lefebvre’s dialectique de triplicité; and 3) ‘quasi-object’, leading to a new interpretation of the role of material artefacts and spatial configurations in the production of space. The work contextualises Lefebvre’s ideas to urban planning and architecture. It aims at reconceptualising the notions of space and place in those fields in such a way that the conflictual coming-together of individual experiences, spatial practices and public perceptions can be understood as the constituent process of public urban space. Though the thesis is primarily a theoretical treatise, it is grounded on empirical observations in Helsinki, with references to Manchester and Berlin. Since the late 1980s, urban events have had an important role in the production of new public urban spaces in Helsinki. In events, citizens have claimed urban space, producing new meanings and new uses. Simultaneously, processes of commerciali- sation and routinisation of the event scene have taken place. The material of Expe- rience and Conflict focuses on the period, marked by two major events in Senate Square, the Total Balalaika Show (1993) and its tenth anniversary, the Global Balalaika Show. A juxtaposition of both symbolic and configurational centrality and marginality is found to characterise the most successful event venues. Töölön- lahti Bay area is emblematic in this respect. The struggle to save the old railway warehouses Makasiinit for event uses and its repercussions on the public imagination about desirable city life are seen as the culmination of the urban cultural change of that decade. Makasiinit also provides an important theoretical lesson, because there the material shell of the buildings momentarily acted as the ‘Other’ of the spatial dialectics, thus dynamising the socio-material situation. Finally, the influences of the new theory in planning and design methods are discussed through the author’s own projects. New approaches and tools leading to ‘experiential urbanism’ are suggested and developed. Keywords: urban planning, public urban space, urban events, spatial dialectics, weak place, Lefebvre TIIVISTELMÄ Kokemus ja konflikti. Julkisen kaupunkitilan tuottamisen dialektiikka Hel- singin uusien tapahtumapaikkojen valossa 1993–2003. Miksi uusista kaupunkitiloista puuttuu tunne, aistivoima ja laatu? Miksi kaupunki- maisuus pakenee kaupunkisuunnittelun tuottamia julkisia tiloja? Mihin on ka- donnut kaupunkitilan poliittinen merkitys? Tässä tutkimuksessa kaupunkisuunnit- telun valitsevat ajatustavat osoitetaan näiden ongelmien yhdeksi tärkeäksi syyksi. Urbaani todellisuus ei koskaan ole suunnittelijoille läpinäkyvä. Suunnittelussa eletyn kaupungin korvaa suunnittelun itsensä tuottama keinotodellisuus, jota kutsun ‘käsitekaupungiksi’. Käsitekaupunkia luonnehtii vanhentunut ja liian yksinkertai- nen tilankäsitys. Tästä lähtökohdasta väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteeksi muodostuu uuden julkisen kaupunkitilan teorian luominen entistä rikkaamman yleisen tilanteorian pohjalle. Uusi teoria pitää sisällään fyysisen tilan, sen käytön sekä tilan kokemisen henkilökohtaiset, singulaarit hetket. Eksistentiaalisesti merkityksellisten hetkien – havahtumisen tai valaistumisen kokemusten – sisällyttäminen teoriaan on haasta- vaa mutta välttämätöntä, sillä vain niiden kautta voi päästä käsiksi elettyyn kaupunki- tilaan: innostuksen, ilon, ihmetyksen, rauhan, epäilyn, pelon ja surunkin koke- muksiin. Tutkimus siis kritikoi tilan käsittämistä vain visuaalisena ja käytännöllisen materiaalisena, ja rakentaa käsitystä tilasta sosiaalisesti tuotettuna, ‘sekoittuneena’ ilmiönä. Tutkimuksen keskeiset uudet käsitteet ovat 1) ‘heikko paikka’, paikan uusi käsitteellistys henkilökohtaisena merkityksenannon hetkenä; 2) ‘tilallinen dialek- tiikka 2.0’, Henri Lefebvren ‘kolminaisuuden dialektiikan’ (dialectique de triplicité) kehitelmä ja 3) ‘melkein-esine’, Taina Rajannin esiin nostaman idean tulkinta, joka antaa mahdollisuuden materiaalisten esineiden ja tilakonfiguraatioiden tul- kitsemiseen tilallisen dialektiikan aktiivisiksi tekijöiksi. Tätä kautta työ kontekstualisoi Lefebvren tilanteoriaa arkkitehtuuriin ja kaupunkisuunnitteluun. Se pyrkii uudistamaan tilan ja paikan käsitteitä näillä aloilla siten, että yksittäisten kokemusten, tilallisten käytäntöjen ja jaettujen, tilaan liittyvien käsitysten yhteen tuleminen ja konflikteja synnyttävät törmäykset voitai- siin ymmärtää julkista kaupunkitilaa synnyttäväksi ja ylläpitäväksi tapahtumiksi. Vaikka tutkimus painottuu teoreettiseen kehittelyyn, se pohjautuu empiiriseen havainnointiin Helsingissä, Manchesterissä ja Berliinissä. Väitän, että 1980-luvun lopulta lähtien kaupunkitapahtumilla on ollut Helsingissä tärkeä rooli uusien jul- kisten kaupunkitilojen tuottamisessa. Tapahtumien yhteydessä kaupunkilaiset ovat vallanneet kaupunkitilaa, luoneet uusia tilankäytön tapoja ja antaneet kaupunki- tiloille uusia merkityksiä. Tosin samanaikaisesti on edennyt toisensuuntainen tapah- tumien kaupallistumisen ja tavanomaistumisen prosessi. Kokemus ja konflikti -tut- kimuksen aineisto keskittyy jaksoon, jonka määrittävät kaksi Senaatintorilla järjes- tettyä suurtapahtumaa, Total Balalaika Show (1993) ja sen kymmenvuotisjuhla Global Balalaika Show. Tärkeä havainto on se, että sekä symbolisen että konfigu- rationaalisen keskeisyyden ja reunaluonteen likeisyys tai ‘päällekäisyys’ luonnehtii Helsingin menestyksekkäitä tapahtumapaikkoja. Arkikielellä tämä tarkoittaa, että tapahtumien suosimat tilat ovat jollakin tavalla ambivalentteja, vaikeasti määri- teltäviä, monitulkintaisia ja monitunnelmaisia. Ne ovat ‘keskeisiä reunoja.’ Töölönlahden alue on tässä suhteessa mielenkiintoinen ja kuvaava: kes- kellä kaupunkia on omalaatuinen, kulutuksen ja vallan rakenteista irralliselta vai- kuttava vyöhyke, jonka kaupunkilaiset 1990-luvun lopulla ottivat omakseen. Tais- telu VR:n makasiinien säilyttämiseksi kaupunkilais- ja tapahtumakäytössä sekä kon- fliktin vaikutus laajempaan, jaettuun käsitykseen haluttavasta kaupunkielämästä näyttäytyy tutkimuksessa Helsingin kaupunkikulttuurisen muutoksen käänne- kohtana. Makasiinit tarjoavat tärkeän havainnon myös kaupunkisuunnittelun ja kaupunkiarkkitehtuurin kentälle. Makasiinikonfliktissa ja sen synnyttämässä jännitteisessä julkisen politiikan tilassa keskeinen osuus oli makasiinirakennusten materiaalisella tilalla ja sen tilakonfiguraatiolla. Materiaalinen ‘kuori’ toimi het- kellisesti tilallisen dialektiikan ‘Toisena’; kaupungin yleensä kuolleena ja staattisena pidetty materiaalinen aines synnytti liikettä sosiaaliseen tilaan, muutti käytäntöjä ja käsityksiä. Avainsanat: yhdyskuntasuunnittelu, julkinen kaupunkitila, kaupunkitapahtumat, tilallinen dialektiikka, heikko paikka, Lefebvre ‘What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning’ Werner Heisenberg 1959, quoted in Sandercock 1998, 67 ‘An Icarus flying above these waters, he can ignore the devices of Daedalus in mobile and endless labyrinths
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