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Notes and References Notes and References Introduction: the Republican Idea 1. I coined the term ‘corporate socialist’ as a parallel to the term ‘corporate liberal’ adopted by radical historians to describe a version of the trend in the United States – see Martin J. Sklar, The Reconstruction of American Capitalism 1890–1916 (Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 34–40. 2. As categorized by Keith Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (Andre Deutsch, 1979), chapter 13. 3. See J.G.A. Pocock, ‘The History of Political Thought: a Methodological Inquiry’, in Peter Laslett and W.G. Runciman, Philosophy, Politics and Society (second series, Basil Blackwell, 1967), pp. 194–5; Michael Freeden, in Ideologies and Political Theory: a Conceptual Approach (Clarendon Press, 1996). 4. See J.G.A. Pocock, ‘The Machiavellian Moment Revisited’, Journal of Modern History, 53:1 (March 1981), 51–2 – his interest in time has led him to write a series of nar- ratives in the history of political thought which have concentrated on the transmission and transformation of conceptual vocabularies over different his- torical periods; much thinking on this has been shaped by the use of para- digms, or controlling concepts and theories, by Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, 1962), chapter V. 5. J.H. Hexter, On Historians (Collins, 1979), p. 293. 6. See Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (Random House, 1991) for a recent restatement of the republican thesis. 7. John Adams, Works, Vol. X, p. 378, quoted in Correa Maylan Walsh, The Political Science of John Adams (G.D. Putnam and Sons, NY, 1915). Walsh points to the confusion in Adams’s terminology on the subject, p. 31. 8. Daniel T. Rodgers, ‘Republicanism: the Career of a Concept’, Journal of American History, 79:1, 38. 9. Bernard Crick, ‘Republicanism, Liberalism and Capitalism: a Defence of Parliamentarianism’, in Graeme Duncan (ed.), Democracy and the Capitalist State (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 63. 10. See Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America 1790–1820 ( Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), Ch. V, VI; Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America 1815–46 (Oxford University Press, 1991) Ch. 3, 4. 11. Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, 12 July 1816; Jefferson to John Taylor, 28 May 1816, in Merrill Peterson (ed.), Thomas Jefferson: Writings (Library of America, 1984), pp. 1396, 1392–3; Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation and University Press of Virginia, 1998), pp. 40–4; Joyce Appleby, ‘What Is Still American in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson?’, William and Mary Quarterly, 39 (1982), 287–309. 191 192 Notes and References 12. See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 5 for the distinction between a concept and conceptions. 13. See Michael Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory, pp. 69–75. 14. See Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Volume One, The Renaissance (Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 35–41, 49ff. 15. See Z.S. Fink, The Classical Republicans (Northwestern University Press, Illinois, 1945). 16. Caroline Robbins, Two English Republican Tracts (Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 49. 17. Philip Pettit, Republicanism: a Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 8, 27–30, 109; Michael Sandel, Democracy’s Discontents (Belknap Press, 1996), p. 26. 18. The phrase is that of G.D.H. Cole, in The World of Labour: a Discussion of the Present and Future of Trade Unionism (G. Bell and Sons, 1913), p. 17. 19. Algernon Sidney, Discourses on Government (London, 1698 edn), p. 65; Thomas Jefferson, letter ‘on the republic of the wards’, Joseph C. Cabell, to February 2nd, 1816, Writings p. 1380. 20. Algernon Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, p. 147. 21. See Quentin Skinner, Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Volume One, pp. 84, 149–50, 164–7. 22. Ibid., p. 166. 23. See Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, ed. Maurice Cranston (Penguin, 1968), pp. 63–4, 131–4; Judith Shklar, Men and Citizens: a Study of Rousseau’s Social Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1985 edn), pp. 100, 156. 24. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (Penguin, 1973 edn), pp. 135–46. 25. J.H. Hexter, On Historians, p. 294. 26. For a modern elaboration of this opposition to the liberal conception, see Michael Sandel (ed.), Liberalism and Its Critics (Basil Blackwell, 1984), Introduction; also Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge University Press, 1982). 27. Quentin Skinner, Liberty Before Liberalism (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 36–57. 28. See J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment, (Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 78, 80, 124–5, 190, 392. 29. See J.G.A. Pocock, Ibid. pp. 383–400 and passim for a compelling argument of the central importance of Harrington to the Anglo-American republican tradition, marking a turn froms arms to property ownership as a mark of political independence. 30. Thomas Jefferson, Writings, p. 290. 31. See Gordon Wood, Creation of the American Republic (University of North Carolina Press, 1969), pp. 25, 227–8; Bernard Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Belknap Press, 1967), pp. 296–7. 32. See J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment, p. 334, 423. 33. Sheldon Wolin, Tocqueville between Two Worlds (Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 71; Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p. 285. 34. Tom Paine, The Rights of Man (1791), in Philip S. Foner (ed.), The Life and Major Writings of Thomas Paine (The Citadel Press, 1974 edn) pp. 369–70; Isaac Kramnick (ed.) The Federalist Papers (Penguin, 1987), p. 4; Gordon Wood, Creation of the American Republic Ch. XIII for ‘the Repudiation of 1776’. Notes and References 193 35. Gregory Claeys, Citizens and Saints: Politics and Anti-Politics in early British Socialism (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 325; this is an excellent account of the changes taking place in radical thinking, especially the decline of republican thinking; also see Gareth Stedman Jones, ‘Rethinking Chartism’, in Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832–1982 (Cambridge University Press, 1983); for the earlier British repub- licanism and its close relationship to the American Revolution, see J.R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (Macmillan, 1966), Part Four. 1 Socialist Humanism and Republican Theory 1. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The British Communist Party’, in Political Studies, XXV:1(1954) 30. 2. George Thompson, ‘Our Cultural Work in the Light of Our Party Programme’, Communist Review (September, 1951), 272; Maurice Dobb, Political Economy and Capitalism (Routledge, 1944); also see Stephen Wren, ‘State Monopoly Capitalism Part One’, in Communist Review, (April 1951), 125 and Sam Aaronovitch, Monopoly: a Study of British Monopoly Capitalism (Lawrence and Wishart, 1955), p. 75. 3. Bill Schwarz, ‘ “The People” in History: the Communist Party Historians Group’, in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics (Hutchinson, 1982), p. 54. 4. The best source for the origins of the group is Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Historians Group in the Communist Party’, in Maurice Cornforth (ed.), Rebels and Their Causes (Lawrence and Wishart, 1978); Bill Schwarz, ‘ “The People” in History’ is a particularly useful account of the evolution of the group. 5. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Historians Group in the Communist Party’, p. 34. 6. A.L. Morton, ‘Socialist Humanism’, Communist Review (October, 1953), p. 300. 7. Christopher Hill, ‘The Norman Yoke’, in John Saville (ed.), Democracy and the Labour Movement (Lawrence and Wishart, 1954), pp. 11, 24. 8. Dona Torr, Tom Mann and His Times Volume One 1856–1890 (Lawrence & Wishart, 1956), pp. 120, 123. 9. Dona Torr, ‘National and International’, Communist Review (March, 1948), 72; A.L. Morton, ‘Socialist Humanism’, p. 300; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Who is for Democracy?’, review of J.L. Talmon’s book, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (1952), in Modern Quarterly, 8:2, 103. 10. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Historians Group in the Communist Party’, p. 26. 11. Dona Torr, ‘Productive Forces; Social Relations’, Communist Review (May, 1946), 16. 12. Christopher Hill, ‘Marxism and History’, Modern Quarterly, 8:2, 52. 13. Ibid., p. 53. 14. Christopher Hill, ‘England’s First Democratic Army’, Communist Review (June,1947), 178. 15. Christopher Hill, ‘The Norman Yoke’, p. 28. 16. Dona Torr, Tom Mann, p. 110. 17. John Lewis, in writing of the moral strength of the Soviet people, argued that ‘they owe much in this finely human attitude to Stalin, whose deep wisdom 194 Notes and References and broad humanity has long inspired the Party’, ‘The Moral Complexion of our People’, in Modern Quarterly, 6:1 (Winter 1950–51), 65; also see R. Palme Dutt, ‘Stalin and the Future’, in Labour Monthly (April, 1953), 145. 18. Reuben Falber, ‘Democratic Centralism’, Communist Review, (January, 1951), 19. 19. Edward Thompson, ‘Winter Wheat in Omsk’, World News (30 June 1956), 408; also see John Saville, ‘Problems of the Communist Party’, World News (19 May 1956), 314. 20. Editorial, The Reasoner, 1, (July, 1956), 4. 21. Steve Parsons, ‘1956 and the Communist Party’, Society for the Study of Labour History (Bulletin 47, Autumn, 1983), 9. 22. Editorial, The Reasoner, 1. 23. Interview with Eric Hobsbawm, Marxism Today (November, 1986), 21; Rodney Hilton, ‘Socialism and the Intellectuals Four’, Universities and Left Review (ULR), 2 (Summer, 1957), 20. 24. See Tribune, 22 March 1957, 3. 25. Lin Chun, The British New Left (Edinburgh University Press, 1993); and Michael Kenny, The First New Left (Lawrence and Wishart, 1995) present a history of the New Left, though the obscurities of its break-up remain obscure. 26. See Tribune, 9 November 1956, 6–7 for an account of this demonstration, particularly for the active role played by Oxford students. 27.
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