DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed firm the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Mortazavi, Fanimeh A BIOGRAPHY OF DR. FARROUKHROU PARSAY: AN ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND EDUCATION IN IRAN The American University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Mortazavi, Fahimeh All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A BIOGRAPHY OF DR. FARROUKHROU PARSAY: AN ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EDUCATION IN IRAN By Fahimeh Mortazavi submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Counseling and Student Development Signatures of Committe Chairman:a= jbll TtbiiuM he College ifle 14 1986 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 TBS AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT BY FAHIMEH MORTAZAVI 1986 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dedicated to my lovely parents Dr. and Mrs. Had! Mortazavi for their encouragement and dedication Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A BIOGRAPHY OF DR. FARROUKHROU PARS AY: AN ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EDUCATION IN IRAN BY Fahimeh Mortazavi ABSTRACT The history of women in Iran, their status in society, and their role in education was insignificant before the late 1800s. Only a very few and women who were members of the highest economic strata were able to break out of the mold in which society placed them. As the economic conditions in Iran began to change and trade with foreign countries expanded, so did the opportunities for women. A need for a larger, skilled work force provided the first impetus for women to enter into education and the work force. This economic expansion beginning in the 1890s and continuing until 1978 led to expanding educational opportunities for women. The women's role in modern education was initially nominal, but as wealth in Iran increased along with the driving efforts of a few select persons, so did the number of women in education. Once educated, the women became equipped to participate in the political process. By the late 1970s, although inequality still existed, women had been ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. integrated into all levels of the political process, except kingship. The key feature of this study is the examination of these events in the form of a biography. The person chosen, Dr. Farroukhrou Parsay, represented the emergence of education and women. Throughout her life, she held positions at all levels of the educational system, from teacher to the Minister of Education in the Cabinet of Iran. She also retained positions in the women's movement, from the lowest grass-roots level to the president of several of the most prominent women's societies in Iran in the twentieth century. This study is unique because it documents informa­ tion regarding the role of women in society and their education that has not been documented before. It draws on information gained through many interviews with persons who were actively involved in education and women's rights during Dr. Parsay's life. This study is a historical examination of the emergence of women and education in Iran from a perspective that has not before been documented: from a biography of Dr. Parsay, the first woman ever to achieve a Ministerial post in the Cabinet of Iran. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE This dissertation examines the life of Dr. Farroukhrou Parsay (1922-1980), the Minister of Education in Iran in the late Pahlavi dynasty, in the context of the development of education and women's rights in Iran. Her biography was chosen because her life mirrors the progress and achievements of education and women in a country that has been traditionally male dominated. Mrs. Parsay was the first woman ever to ascend to the position of Minister in Iran. Her rise to this post was demonstrative of a new chapter in Iranian women's struggle for freedom and emanci­ pation that began at the turn of the twentieth century and was halted abruptly with her execution in post-revolu­ tionary Iran. Undoubtedly, the subject matter of this dissertation can be probed in a variety of ways from different perspec­ tives depending on one's disciplinary and ideological interests. I found it useful and practical to study it from the historical point of view, and my objective was to include and evaluate the most relevant issues in the context of this dissertation. However, I do not claim to have covered all the relevant issues concerning iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dr. Parsay's biography, as many of them fall outside the scope of this dissertation. Very few studies have been undertaken on the women's movement and education in Iran in the twentieth century. This paper documents an era of educational and social history in the context of Dr. Parsay's life that otherwise might have not been possible, given the fact that most of the remaining information is resident only in the minds of those who lived during this time period. Considering that most of the sources available are in Iran, it was extremely difficult to gain access to reliable information and gather data. I obtained my data mostly through literature research, family documents, and personal interviews; over fifty persons were interviewed. Most of the interviewees who held high positions within the Shah's administration wished to remain anonymous for reasons of either personal or official secrecy. Therefore, in this paper many declarations are made that are attributed to unidentified sources. All those documents and interviews that were in Farsi were translated by the author. In completing this research, I owe much to many individuals. First, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Bernard Hodinko, who as chairman of my committee and advisor was always available and supportive. I also wish to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Carmen Neuberger, Dr. Roberta Rubenstein, v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. and Dr. Mohammad Farrokhshahab, for their assistance and valuable and essential guidance. This project would have been impossible without the assistance and cooperation of the individuals who gave generously of themselves for personal interviews to provide me with information. I am especially indebted for the encouragement, advice, and motivating confidence of Dr. Zari Mayvilla. I am grateful to my friend Mr. Paul Cooke, without whose direction and editing this dissertation could not have been produced. Finally, I am most sincerely indebted to my parents, Dr. and Mrs. Hadi Mortazavi, who without their concern, patience, support, motivation, and confidence none of this would have been possible. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................ ii PREFACE ........................................ iv Chapter I. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF EDUCATION AND WOMEN'S STATUS IN I R A N ................... 1 Introduction ........................... 1 Education and Women in Pre-Islamic Iran . 8 Education and Women Under Islam......... 15 Education and Women in Twentieth Century I r a n ......................... 41 Plan I .............................. 61 Plan I I .............................. 62 Plan I I I ............................ 63 II. ORIGIN AND FAMILY HISTORY................. 67 Fakher-Afagh Parsay ....................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26
    C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26 APPLIND1X A . ;hose Dil? An Abbreviated History of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute,-'194; -53 In 1372, the then Shah of Persia, rlaser ad-Din, in return for much needed cash, gave to Baron Paul Julius de Reuter. .'a concession to. exploit all his country's minerals (except for gold, silver, and precious stones'), all its forests and uncultivated land, and ail canals and irrigation works, as ;sell as a monopoly to construct railways and tranilways. Although the resulting uproar,-zsrac:.a11~ from neighboring Russiaraused this sweeping concession to be cancelled, de Reuter, who was a German Jew with British citizenship, persisted and by 1889 regained two parts of his original concession--the operation of a bank and the working of Persia's mines. Under the latter grant, de Reuter's men explored-for oil without great success, and the concession expired in 1999, 'the year the Baron died.` Persian oil right Shen passed to a British speculator, William Knox D'Arcy, whose first fortune had been made in Australian gold mines: The purchase price of the concession was about 50,000 pounds, and in 1903 the enterprise began to sell shares in "The First Exploitation Company." Exploratory drilling proceeded, and by 1904, two producing wells were in. a,+A - Shortly thereafter,Ainterest in oil was sharply stimulated by the efforts of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Lord of the Admiralty, to convert the Royal Navy.from'burning coal to oil.. As a result, the Burmah Oil Company sought to become involved in eersian oil and, joining with D "lrcy and Lord Strathcona, formed the new Concessions Syndicate, L d, which endured un'ti'l 1907 when Burmah Oil bought D'Arcy out for 200„000 pounds cash and 900,000 pounds in shares.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxists Into Muslims: an Iranian Irony Abdolrahim Javadzadeh Florida International University, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Florida International University Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-13-2007 Marxists into Muslims: An Iranian Irony Abdolrahim Javadzadeh Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Javadzadeh, Abdolrahim, "Marxists into Muslims: An Iranian Irony" (2007). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 36. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/36 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida MARXISTS INTO MUSLIMS: THE IRANIAN IRONY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh 2007 To: Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh, and entitled Marxists into Muslims: The Iranian Irony, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ____________________________________ Douglas Kincaid ____________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi ___________________________________ Barry B. Levine, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 13, 2007 The dissertation of Abdolrahim Javadzadeh is approved. ___________________________________ Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences ____________________________________ Dean George Walker University Graduate School Florida International University, 2007 ii © Copyright 2007 by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States
    THE SHAH, THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION AND THE UNITED STATES DARIOUSH BAYANDOR The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States Darioush Bayandor The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States Darioush Bayandor Nyon, Switzerland ISBN 978-3-319-96118-7 ISBN 978-3-319-96119-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952482 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of the MIDDLE EAST a Research Project of Fairleigh Dickinson University By
    HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST a Research Project of Fairleigh Dickinson University by Amanuel Ajawin Amer Al-Hajri Waleed Al-Saiyani Hamad Al-Zaabi Baya Bensmail Clotilde Ferry Feridun Kul Gabriela Garcia Zina Ibrahem Lorena Giminez Jose Manuel Mendoza-Nasser Abdelghani Merabet Alice Mungwa Isabelle Rakotoarivelo Seddiq Rasuli Antonio Nico Sabas Coumba Santana Ashley Toth Fabrizio Trezza Sharif Ahmad Waheedi Mohammad Fahim Yarzai Mohammad Younus Zaidullah Zaid Editor: Ahmad Kamal Published by: Fairleigh Dickinson University 1000 River Road Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA January 2012 ISBN: 978-1-4507-9087-1 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone, and should not be taken as necessarily reflecting the views of Fairleigh Dickinson University, or of any other institution or entity. © All rights reserved by the authors No part of the material in this book may be reproduced without due attribution to its specific author. THE AUTHORS Amanuel Ajawin, a Diplomat from Sudan Amer Al-Hajri, a Diplomat from Oman Waleed Al-Saiyani, a Graduate Student from Yemen Hamad Al-Zaabi, a Diplomat from the UAE Baya Bensmail, a Diplomat from Algeria Clotilde Ferry, a Graduate Student from Monaco Ahmad Kamal, a Senior Fellow at the United Nations Feridun Kul, a Graduate Student from Afghanistan Gabriela Garcia, a Diplomat from Ecuador Lorena Giminez, a Diplomat from Venezuela Zina Ibrahem, a Civil Servant from Iraq Jose Manuel Mendoza, a Graduate Student from Honduras Abdelghani Merabet, a Graduate Student from Algeria Alice Mungwa, a Graduate Student
    [Show full text]
  • Discursive Continuity of Political Nationalism As a Form of Opposition Politics in Modern Iran
    DISCURSIVE CONTINUITY OF POLITICAL NATIONALISM AS A FORM OF OPPOSITION POLITICS IN MODERN IRAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY PINAR ARIKAN SİNKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. İhsan Dağı (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak Aytürk (METU, IR) Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya Göçer Akder (METU, ARS) Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlker Aytürk (BİLKENT, POLS) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Pınar Arıkan Sinkaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT DISCURSIVE CONTINUITY OF POLITICAL NATIONALISM AS A FORM OF OPPOSITION POLITICS IN MODERN IRAN Arıkan Sinkaya, Pınar Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık September 2015, 392 pages The dissertation examines political nationalism as a transformative power of modern Iranian politics at the societal level through historical-sociological study of four mass opposition movements, which are the Constitutional Movement (1906-11), National Front Movement (1949-53), Iranian Revolution Movement (1978-79), and Green Movement (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Report
    DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence Report Centers of Power in Iran May 1972 No. 2035/72 . — • A Mountain Village, Typical of Most of Iran A Modern Housing Development, Still Limited to a Few Urban Areas CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Directorate of Intelligence May 1972 INTELLIGENCE REPORT Centers of Power in Iran The study of politics is the study of influence and the influential.... The influential are those who get the most of what there is to get. Those who get the most are the elite; the rest are mass. (Harold Lasswell) Summary One of the most dramatic efforts at modernization among the less developed countries is taking place in Iran. This modernization follows no bloody coup or overturn of the social order, but is an attempt by a long-established political and social system to adapt itself and its institutions to new needs. Power in Iran remains, as it has been, in the hands of a small segment of society which enjoys the available rewards of money, status, and political influence. Heading the list of the privileged few is the Shah, followed by the royal family, and courtiers, followed by politicians, influential businessmen, entrepreneurs, and educators. A new class of professional bureaucratic intel- ligentsia is beginning to emerge; if this group is not absorbed by the elite, it may play an increasingly important independent role. In the privileged group, but playing an essentially negative role at present, are those members of the educated professional class—some even from establishment families— who refuse to cooperate with the ruling elite, and the clergy, whose strength lies in the emotions of the Iranian masses and whose opposition to the Shah's government is nearly total.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah
    Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah presents a collection of innovative research on the interaction of culture and politics accompanying the vigorous modernization program of the first Pahlavi ruler. Examining a broad spectrum of this multifaceted interaction it makes an important contribution to the cultural history of the 1920s and 1930s in Iran, when, under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi, dramatic changes took place inside Iranian society. With special reference to the practical implementation of specific reform endeavors, the various contributions critically analyze different facets of the relationship between cultural politics, individual reformers, and the everyday life of modernist Iranians. Interpreting culture in its broadest sense, this book brings together con- tributions from different disciplines such as literary history, social history, ethnomusicology, art history, and Middle Eastern politics. In this way, it combines for the first time the cultural history of Iran’s modernity with the politics of the Reza Shah period. Challenging a limited understanding of authoritarian rule under Reza Shah, this book is a useful contribution to existing literature for students and scholars of Middle Eastern History, Iranian History, and Iranian Culture. Dr Bianca Devos is Assistant Professor/Lecturer at the Center for Near and Middle East Studies at the University of Marburg (Germany). Her main fields of research are Iran’s modern history, particularly the press and early modern entrepreneurship, and literary history. Professor Christoph Werner holds the Chair of Iranian Studies at the Center for Near and Middle East Studies at the University of Marburg (Germany). His main fields of interest are Qajar history, vaqf studies, and modern Persian literature.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Prime Ministers of Iran
    Born- Entered Name Left office Political party Head of State Died office • Sublime State of Persia (1907–1925) • 1840– 1 August 17 March Constitutional 1 Mirza Nasrullah Khan 1907 1906 1907 Movement 31 August Amir Mirza Ali Asghar 1843– 2 1 May 1907 1907 Independent Khan 1907 (assassinated) Mohammad-Vali Khan 1867– 13 September 21 December Constitutional 3 Tonekaboni 1926 1907 1907 Movement (1st Term) Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar 1857– 21 December 4 Hossein Mafi 21 May 1908 Justice Party 1934 1907 Morteza-Gholi Khan 1856– Constitutional 5 21 May 1908 7 June 1908 Hedayat 1911 Movement 1856– 6 Kamran Mirza 7 June 1908 29 April 1909 Justice Party 1927 Mohammad-Vali Khan 1867– Constitutional 7 Tonekaboni 29 April 1909 3 May 1909 1948 Movement (2nd Term) Saad ad-Daula 1851– Constitutional 8 3 May 1909 16 July 1909 (1st Term) 1931 Movement Mohammad-Vali Khan 1867– 6 October Constitutional 9 Tonekaboni 16 July 1909 1926 1909 Movement (3rd Term) Vosough od-Dowleh 1873– 6 October Constitutional 10 15 July 1910 (1st Term) 1950 1909 Movement Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 1875– Constitutional 11 15 July 1910 19 July 1911 (1st Term) 1932 Movement Vosough od-Dowleh 1873– Constitutional 12 19 July 1911 26 July 1911 (2nd Term) 1950 Movement Mohammad-Vali Khan 1867– 23 December Constitutional 13 Tonekaboni 26 July 1911 1926 1912 Movement (4th Term) Saad ad-Daula 1851– 23 December 11 January Constitutional 14 (2nd Term) 1931 1912 1913 Movement Mirza Mohammad-Ali 1867– 11 January 15 1 July 1914 Independent Khan 1914 1913 Constitutional Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 1875– 1 February
    [Show full text]
  • Six Theories About the Islamic Revolution's Victory
    SIX THEORIES ABOUT THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION’S VICTORY Seyed Sadegh Haghighat (Editor) Table of Contents Introduction 5 Editor A Glance at Various Approaches in Studying the Iranian Islamic Revolution 13 Homeira Moshirzadeh Modernization and the Islamic Revolution 41 Nikkie Keddie Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective 85 Said Amir Arjomand The Role of Ideology, Leadership, and People in the Islamic Revolution 133 Manoochehr Mohammadi Religion, the Most Important Element in the Victory of the Islamic Revolution 183 Abbas Ali Amid Zanjani A Comparative Study of Various Theories on Causes of the Occurrence of the Islamic Revolution 209 Sadegh Zibakalam The Role of Religious Leadership in the Islamic Revolution's Victory 241 Seyed Sadegh Haghighat In the Name of Allah, the Mercy-giving, the Merciful Preface In the 100th anniversary of Imam Khomeini's birthday and at the threshold of the 22nd anniversary of the Iranian Islamic revolution's victory, we should admit that various aspects of this mass movement and its consequences have remained hidden. Introducing different and even contrary theories and viewpoints, the present book attempts to scientifically examine this important phenomenon of the 20th century. In the introduction, the editor explains how he has chosen the articles and their logical arrangement in the book. The existence of sympathetic and opposed positions on the Islamic Republic government and the employing of a descriptive language in investigating the realities of Iran make the book more attractive. We should thank all the scholars who contributed to this book, specially Dr. S. Sadegh Haghighat, the editor of the Persian text, and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Musaddiq and the Bahais
    Dr. Muhammad Musaddiq and the Baha’is By Bahram Choubine Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: Dr. Musaddiq and the Baha’is Introduction: Iran and the Cold War Chapters 1. The Crime 2. Government Reaction 3. The American Baha’is 4. The Military Tribunal 5. The Trial and the Verdict Appendices 1. Sources for Studying Dr. Musaddiq 2. Primary Sources on the Abarqu Incident 3. British Support for Shi‘i Clerics 4. The Killing of Dr. Berjis 5. Defense of Dr. Musaddiq at the Tribunal 6. The Role of Ayatu’llah Burujirdi 7. Fada’iyan Islam 8. Appeals to the Shah and Clerics 9. Five Historical Documents 10. Eyewitness Accounts Part 2: Suppression of the Baha’is of Iran in 1955 About the Author Select Bibliography 2 Foreword This monograph consists of English translations of two research essays by Bahram Choubine.1 The first is Dr. Muhammad Musaddiq and the Baha’is , originally published in Persian by Sherkat Ketab in 2009. This learned article has been translated at the request of the author and the publisher and is presented below in an expanded form with additional annotations. The second translated essay by Bahram Choubine is entitled, “Suppression of the Baha’is of Iran in 1955.” Both articles have been translated and annotated by Ahang Rabbani and are briefly introduced below before their full translation is provided. 2 A Few Words about Dr. Musaddiq and the Baha’is The Baha’i community has had a presence in Yazd and its surrounding towns from the time of Baha’u’llah.
    [Show full text]
  • Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi & the Myth of Imperial Authority
    Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi & the Myth of Imperial Authority Ali Massoud Ansari School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS) University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD / mbiX (LONDON] \ir N r a / ProQuest Number: 10672656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672656 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract The thesis is an investigation into the concept of modem political myth and its relationship to ideology. It argues that political myth can best be understood as the personalisation or familiarisation of ideology, by which ideological constructions are identified either with an individual, normally a political leader, or are expressed in mythic representations familiar within a given state and drawn from the traditional myths which permeate the political cultures of that state. The thesis argues that the personalisation and possible personification of ideology is one of the most obvious methods of political myth production and notes that the inherent contradictions and tensions resulting from an attempt to identify an individual with a principle almost always results in the construction of political myth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oil Nationalization Crisis of 1951–53
    3 The Oil Nationalization Crisis of 1951–53 Tant pis pour nous. ­­—Mosaddegh to American envoy Walter Levy, July 1951 our years after the end of the Azerbaijan emergency, Iranians lived through another crisis, one that returned them to the forefront of Fworld affairs. Once again, Iranians found themselves negotiating with a weak hand against powerful opponents for the highest of stakes— their national wealth, their sovereignty, and their destiny. In this case, the outcome for Iran was unfortunate, and their British and American adver- saries won a Pyrrhic victory that would culminate in a disastrous defeat twenty-five years later. In this crisis, the Iranians found themselves opposing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company backed by the British govern ment and, eventually, the Ameri- can admini strations of presi dents Truman and Eisenhower. Once again, the Iranians had to negotiate against a backdrop of contentious domestic politics in which strong-willed individuals and opposing factions, many with power- ful foreign backers, pursued competing objectives and made and unmade fragile alliances almost every day. The events of that time have cast long shadows over Iran’s foreign and do- mestic politics. Today, more than fifty years after this crisis, these incidents— and Iranians’ perceptions of them—continue to bedevil both Iran’s internal politics and its relations with the rest of the world.1 In the long run, what happened in 1951–53—both its reality and the perception of that reality—had 1. For further discussion of the powerful mythology of the 1953 coup and its long- term effects, see the concluding chapter of this study, “Overcoming Mutual Myth- Perceptions.” 59 60 Negotiating with Iran the result of con verting the United States, in many Iranians’ eyes, from their friend to their enemy.
    [Show full text]