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Six Theories About the Islamic Revolution's Victory

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Six Theories About the Islamic Revolution's Victory SIX THEORIES ABOUT THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION’S VICTORY Seyed Sadegh Haghighat (Editor) Table of Contents Introduction 5 Editor A Glance at Various Approaches in Studying the Iranian Islamic Revolution 13 Homeira Moshirzadeh Modernization and the Islamic Revolution 41 Nikkie Keddie Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective 85 Said Amir Arjomand The Role of Ideology, Leadership, and People in the Islamic Revolution 133 Manoochehr Mohammadi Religion, the Most Important Element in the Victory of the Islamic Revolution 183 Abbas Ali Amid Zanjani A Comparative Study of Various Theories on Causes of the Occurrence of the Islamic Revolution 209 Sadegh Zibakalam The Role of Religious Leadership in the Islamic Revolution's Victory 241 Seyed Sadegh Haghighat In the Name of Allah, the Mercy-giving, the Merciful Preface In the 100th anniversary of Imam Khomeini's birthday and at the threshold of the 22nd anniversary of the Iranian Islamic revolution's victory, we should admit that various aspects of this mass movement and its consequences have remained hidden. Introducing different and even contrary theories and viewpoints, the present book attempts to scientifically examine this important phenomenon of the 20th century. In the introduction, the editor explains how he has chosen the articles and their logical arrangement in the book. The existence of sympathetic and opposed positions on the Islamic Republic government and the employing of a descriptive language in investigating the realities of Iran make the book more attractive. We should thank all the scholars who contributed to this book, specially Dr. S. Sadegh Haghighat, the editor of the Persian text, and Mr. G. A'arabi, the translator. We are also grateful to Mr. Hassan 'Abd al - Rahman who edited the English text. We hope that political and social scholars will pave the way for further researches and publications by presenting their suggestions and critical comments. Islamic Studies dept. The centre for cultural and International studies Introduction The Islamic Revolution of Iran is in its 21st year. This phenomenon and its contradicting the expectations and theories of social scientists, had a deep effect on ideas extant in the field of social sciences, and engaged the attention of many thinkers. The "hows" and "whys" of the Islamic Revolution became the topic of an entire field of essays, books and articles in and out of Iran. How did the Shah of Iran, with the support of foreign powers and his 700,000 man army, collapse and lose power? This was a question that also occupied the mind of the Shah. Since he could not find a precise answer, he gave credence to the super powers' conspiracy against him. After two decades since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and with respect to the sea of writings in this regard, the real reasons for the Revolution's victory still remain a mystery to many, proof of this is the existence of conflicting opinions on the components of the victory of Iran's Islamic Revolution. The greatest challenge for foreign theorists in this regard is a lack of cultural context and the concomitant mis- understanding of the details of this phenomenon and the revolutionary movement of the Iranian people. Perhaps, the most important challenge for most local theoreticians is the lack of depth in their analyses and the resulting superficiality in their views of the event. There are also issues that relate to the essence of the Islamic Revolution. One is the rapid and unexpected victory of the revolution, as well as the disparateness of the forces involved in the victory. In fact, many reasons and factors, such as the leadership of Imam Khomeini, (R.A.), the role of Islam and Shi'i ideology, massive popular participation and the opportunity to mobilize them, the 6 Six Theories ... politically open environment (due to Carter's human rights slogan), dumbfoundedness of the super powers, Shah's illness, and the lack of coordination between economic development and cultural-political development (modernization factor) came together at a specific time and made the Revolution rapidly victorious. In this book, a number of important views on the root causes of the Islamic Revolution of Iran have been collected and edited. The ideas for the reasons of the victory of Iran's Islamic Revolution can be divided into six categories: 1- Conspiracy Theory, 2- Modernization Theory, 3- Theory of Economy, 4- Theory of Religion, 5- Theory of Dictatorship, and 6- Theory of Religious Leadership. From the above division, we introduce the seven articles presented in this collection. The conspiracy views are so far from reality that we have sufficed to give explanations on the topic in the sixth and seventh articles. In fact, time has proven the emptiness of the conspiracy theory approach and if in the early days of the revolution's victory there were doubts in the minds of a few people that the super powers may have had a hand in it, now in the 21st year of the event, very few give this credence. 1. The first article is titled "A Glance at Various Approaches in Study- ing the Iranian Islamic Revolution", by Homeira Moshirzadeh. It was first printed in Rahbord Magazine, Number 9 (Spring 1996). The inclusion of this article serves as an introduction to reviewing other opinions that will be discussed in detail. Besides pointing to non- scientific and journalistic analyses, Moshirzadeh discusses five important elements, emphasizing: Introduction - the importance of cultural factors, - the importance of socio-economic factors, - psychological factors, - political approach to the revolution, - multi-causal approach. She generally concludes that the multi-causal approach can best help in understanding and explaining this important historical event provided that its disparate elements are packed in an exacting theo- retical framework. Given that it points to different causes and factors, the multi- causal approach is more comprehensive than other explanations. The argument is that, firstly, we should introduce precisely these causes and factors; and secondly, take care that stressing the multi-causal approach doesn't lead us into too much generality, resulting ambiguity. A revolution, like any other social event, develops through a coalition of tens of different economic, political, social, and cultural factors. The important point is "Which factors, and how, were involved in the emergence of this phenomenon?" As stated, Moshirzadeh's article merely serves to introduce different techniques for analyzing the Islamic Revolution. Her division of these approaches is innovative and gives the reader the possibility to categorize and study each view on its own merits. She has placed Amir Arjomand's theory in the cultural approach section, while in our opinion, it is best suited to the multi-causal approach. This issue will be reviewed in detail in the seventh article. 2. The second article is called "Modernization and the Islamic Revolu- tion" and is a selection from the book Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Iran, by Nikkie Keddie. This book has also been translated into Persian by Abdolrahim Gavahi. Keddie also emphasizes on causes other than modernization, such 8 Six Theories ... as, revolutionary ideology and economic and political factors. However, her focus is on the larger issue of modernization. For this reason, we have titled this article "Modernization and the Islamic Revolution". Adherents to this theory seek the beginning of the revolution and its roots in the early 1960s. In that time, the Shah, under pressure from the United States, undertook his land reform and development programs. Since the progress of economic develop- ment faced many obstacles in Iran and was not coordinated with political progress, a crisis ensued in the years 1978-1979. The coalescence of other factors resulted in Iran's revolution. If this theory is thought to encompass the most important reason for the victory of the Islamic Revolution, it falls short of its grand aim. Mere incongruity between economic development and socio- economic progress can not explain the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution. If we posit factors such as the revolutionary Shi'i ideology and the unique leadership of Imam Khomeini as secondary factors, we move far from the truth. What seems logical is that the modernization theory can only justify the grounds for the appearance of the Islamic Revolution (and fading of the monarchy's legitimacy). This idea has been employed to make this same point in the seventh article, replete with witnesses to this end. 3. The third piece is "Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective", written by S. Amir Arjomand. This article was translated into Persian by Abbas Zarea and published in 1998, in a collection of articles titled Theoretical Approaches to the Islamic Revolution. The importance of this work is in the dissociation that the author has allowed between the causes and the conditions of the Islamic Revolution, and the teleology of the Islamic Revolution. In his construct of disconnection, Amir Arjomand places cultural, social and economic issues on one side; Introduction 9 and the moral motives of the revolutionary ideology of Shi'ism as the ultimate cause of the revolution in a second category. The partition presented is to some extent similar to the division presented in the seventh article. 4. The fourth article, "The Role of Ideology, Leadership and People in the Islamic Revolution", is a selection from the book tittled/ln Analysis of the Islamic Revolution.^ Mohammadi, in interpreting the causes of the revolution's victory, first introduces the people and then explains leadership and religion as the most important factors; however, he places greater emphasis on religion. For this reason, we have reversed the order of these three causes m the title of our article. As a matter of fact, this piece aims at proving the principal role of religion in the victory of the revolution.
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